Development of Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Systems at UT - Rasmus Palm
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Development of Solid-State
Hydrogen Storage Systems at UT
Rasmus Palm
rasmus.palm@ut.ee
1
Properties of hydrogen
• Low density at ambient conditions: 0.08988 gH2/L
• Low volumetric energy content: 3 Wh/L vs 9500 Wh/L of gasoline or 11 Wh/L of
methane
• High gravimetric energy content: 33.3 kWh/kg vs 12.9 kWh/kg for gasoline or 15.4
kWh/kg for methane
• High diffusion coefficient in air: 0.61 cm2/s vs 0.16 cm2/s for methane
• Main problem: Increasing density of H2
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 2
Hydrogen system requirements
• In case of a refuelling station:
• Fill of 5 kgH2 in 5 minutes
• Higher pressure achieved through
gas compressors and cascade
tubes
• Hydrogen cooled to counter heat
up during filling
• In case of state-of-the-art 700
bar, pressurized H2 storage
cascade tubes pressurized up to
950 bar
X. J. Li, et al. Clean Energy 4, 1 (2020) 26
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 3
Contemporary hydrogen storage methods
• Contemporary:
• Pressurized (41 gH2/L at 273.15 K and 700 bar)
• Liquefied (70 gH2/L at 20 K)
• Likely to be applied in close future:
• Low-pressurized (up to 14 gH2/L) in salt caverns
• High-pressurized
(up to 52 gH2/L at 273.15 K and 1000 bar)
https://www.fibatech.com/2014/11/24/type-2-hydrogen-vessel/ D. G. Caglayan, et al. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 45, 11 (2020) 6793
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 4
Hydrogen storage methods under development
• Under research:
• Chemically bound (up to 150 gH2/L reversibly)
• Adsorption systems:
• Higher T and lower p conditions vs contemporary
• Up to 3 weight% at 77 K and 1 bar
• 3 weight% ~ 20 gH2/L
M.U. Niemann et al. J. Nanomater. 2008, Article ID 950967
Q.-L. Yan et al. Nanoscale 8 (2016) 4799
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 5
Chemically bound hydrogen storage systems
• In liquid form, e.g. Methanol or
ammonia:
• Conversion costs
• Toxicity
• Easier transportation
• Commercial solution by Lavo:
• Metal-hydride for hydrogen storage
• 1 kg of H2 at 30 bar
• Integrated system which includes an
electrolyzer, fuel cell, battery and
necessary support capabilities
https://lavo.com.au/lavo-hydrogen-battery/
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 6
Nanoconfinement of hydrides
• Bulk hydrides have various Degradation of
material over
limitations application-wise application of use
• Confinement of hydrides in cycles a considerable
problem
the porous structure of
carbons:
• Considerably lowers the
temperature of H2 release
• Supports the formation of
amorphous/small particles
during cycling Bulk NaAlH4
• Inhibits the formation of
crystalline Al phase Bulk-deposited NaAlH4
nanoconfined NaAlH4
R. Palm et al., Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 264 (2018) 8
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 7
Nanoconfinement of hydrides
• H2 release from complex
metal hydrides is a multi-step
process
• By separating different H2
release steps:
• Showed the much more
favourable H2 release from truly
nanoconfined phase
• Very quick H2 release kinetics
from truly nanoconfined phase
• H2 release near ambient or at
ambient conditions
K. Tuul et al., Reactions 2, 1 (2021) 1
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 8
Optimized porous adsorbents
-15
C-TiC 950 2.0 mmol g-1
C-SiC 1000 5.4 mmol g-1
C-Mo2C 900 3.1 mmol g-1
-16
• Hydrogen adsorbents are highly
ln(DT) (ln(m2 s-1))
porous -17
• In addition to specific surface
area and pore size, pore shape -18
has a critical role for H2
confinement -19
0.01
-1
1/T (K )
0.02
• H2 is strongly confined in At equally low
spherical and cylindrical pores vs loadings H2 immobile
inside spherical pores!
slit-like pores
R. Härmas et al., Carbon 155 (2019) 122
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 9
Optimized porous adsorbents
Carbon structures can be reversibly changed with the control of temperature under H2
loading
Opens up new possibilities for carbon materials in a multitude of potential
applications
M. Koppel et al., Carbon 174 (2021) 190
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 10European Spallation Source (ESS)
• Estonia a founding member
• Brightest upcoming source of neutrons in the world
• Start of scientific user program – 2023
Projected pulse brigthness from ESS Current construction progress On the outskirts of Lund, within
a short train drive distance from
Kopenhagen airport
https://europeanspallationsource.se
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 11Acknowledgments
• Enn Lust •
• Martin Månsson Margarita Russina
• Riinu Härmas •
• Nami Matsubara Veronika Grzimek
• Miriam Koppel •
• Ola Kenji Forslund Eneli Härk
• Kenneth Tuul •
• Elisabetta Nocerino Gerrit Günther
• Maarja Paalo
• Yasmine Sassa
• Ove Oll
• Many more
• Jaan Aruväli
Funding from projects: PUTJD957, TK141 2014-2020.4.01.15-0011, SLTKT16432T, IUT20–13, PUT55, and PRG676.
Estonian Hydrogen Days 2021 12Thank You!
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