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Farm Information Bureau
English journal
The Incredible Rice As New Generation Super Food
e-journal
1
KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
INSIDE
JANUARY 2020 Volume - 7Issue -7
KERALA KARSHAKAN
English journal
Mail: editorejournalkkfib@gmail.com Log on to http://www.fibkerala.gov.in
Phone: 0471-2314358
The First English farm journal from the house of Kerala Karshakan
FARM INFORMATION BUREAU 04 GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAPS) FOR
MEMBERS, ADVISORY COMMITTEE
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
CHAIRMAN SUNIL KUMAR1, RAVINDRA SINGH2, PANDURANG A KALE3
Devendra Kumar Singh IAS PRATIBHA B THOMBARE4, CHANDRAKANT V DHANDORE5
Agricultural Production Commissioner,
Principal Secretary (Agriculture)
MEMBERS
10 E-NAM, ONE NATION-ONE MARKET OF INDIA
Dr. Rathan U. kelkar IAS RANJIT S. PATIL, MAHESH M. KADAM, DEEPAK SAPKAL AND NALEENI
Special Secertary (Agriculture) RAMAWAT
Director I/C
Department of Agriculture & Development
17 MANAGEMENT OF INVASIVE FALL ARMYWORM
Dr. Subhash T.V. IAS
Director (I&PRD) Spodoptera frugiperdain MAIZE
OMPRAKASH NAVIK, JAGADEESHPATIL, G. MAHENDIRAN
Dr. M.K. Prasad
Director (Animal Husbandry)
22 VULNERABILITY OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE TO CLIMATE
Abraham T.Joseph
Director (Dairy Department) CHANGE
RAMA PAL1, R K DUBEY1, S K DUBEY1, ANAND GUPTA2, DINESH JINGER3
Station Director, All India Radio
Director 25 ZEOLITE FARMING:
Doordarshan, Thiruvananthapuram
A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PROSPECTIVE
P.V. Manoj 1
C. KRITHIKA, 2 B. BALAGANESH
Sayujyam, Manakkad P.O., Thiruvananthapuram
Sandhya R.
Adarsham, Anandeswaram, Chempazanthy
P.O., Thiruvananthapuram
C.R. Mahesh
Kailas Nagar, Kizhakkekkara, Kottarakkara
Renjan S. Karippai
Mission Director, State Horticulture Mission
Kerala
T.K. Bhaskara Panikkar
Renfru Cottage, USRA-72, Udarasiromani Road
Vellayambalam, Thiruvananthapuram -10
Dr. Jalaja S. Menon
Assi. Prof. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara
Thrissur
Dr. P. Indira Devi
Prof. & Head, Centre for Enviornmentel
Economics,
31
College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur
C.D. Suneesh
ATTENTION AUTHORS
Chittilappally House, Thrikkaipatta P.O.,
Wayanad
Dr.Mohan P.V
Karuna, Near Kannur Spinning Mill
Kakkad P.O., Kannur - 670005
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2
CONVENOR
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
Dr. T.V. Rajendralal
JANUARY
Principal 2020
Information Officer relevant.
39
Farm Information Bureau
English journal
31 GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION IN POTATO BASED
AGRO-ECOSYSTEMS AND ITS CONTROL
PARTHA DEB ROY1*, TANIA SETH2, RATNESWAR PODDAR3
The Incredible Rice As New Generation Super Food
37 BLACK RICE – THE INCREDIBLE RICE AS NEW GENERATION SUPER
FOOD Chief Editor
ANU.V, STEPHY DAS, DR. MANJU K.P Dr. T.V. Rajendralal
39 BURMESE GRAPE: AN UNDEREXPLOITED FRUIT CROP WITH EXCELLENT Editor
Sajeev Chandran A.
NUTRITIVE POTENTIAL
KARISHMA SEBASTIAN, NIHALA JABIN P.P. Asst. Editor
Suresh C
42 EDIBLE LANDSCAPING FOR A BETTER LIVING
JAYANTH S, NAVYAVISHWESHWARBHAT, NARENDRA SINGH Editorial Assistant
Akhil S.S.
45 GLOBE ARTICHOKE – A WINTER VEGETABLE FLOWER BUD WITH EN-
RICHED NUTRITIVE PACK Design & Layout
SHRUTI P. G., BASAVARAJA N. V. Rajesh
Articles/ Features appearing in this e-journal are either commissioned or assigned Neverthless, other articles of
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KERALA
JANUARY 2020 3
GOOD AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICES (GAPS)
For Sustainable Agriculture
Introduction and a decrease of the rural SUNIL KUMAR1
A g r i c u l t u r e i s population (Veltenet al., 2015). RAVINDRA SINGH2
continuallyable to provide food Current conventional farming PANDURANG A KALE3
and other resources to a growing can however be improved PRATIBHA B THOMBARE4
world population are of crucial by adopting appropriate CHANDRAKANT
importance for human existence. technologies of crop production, V DHANDORE5
However, there are a great post-harvest processing and 1,3,4&5
Subject Matter Specialist
number of problems that threaten by improving quality so that (Agricultural Extension) Krishi
agriculture becomes not only Vigyan Kendra, Kolhapur-Ii,
this ability of agriculture to fulfill Maharashtra
human needs now and in the sustainable in long term but a 2
Senior Scientist & Head, Krishi
future, including climate change; profitable business (Gahukar, Vigyan Kendra, Kolhapur-Ii,
Maharashtra
a high rate of biodiversity loss; 2009). For centuries, the Corresponding
land degradation through soil agriculture in India relied upon Author:sunilkumar05143@Gmail.
the local resources such as com
erosion, compaction, salinization
and pollution; depletion and local indigenous varieties and
pollution of water resources; knowledge, which was achieved
rising production costs; an ever through sustained interaction
decreasing number of farms with the nature (Umaraniet
and, linked with that, poverty al.,2000). Recently, search for an
4 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journal
alternative, low-input, resource capitalizes on a holistic monsoon showers (during May)
use efficient and sustainable management of belowground to recharge the soil profile.
agro-management has got interactions than off-farm inputs It facilitates to sow the crops
momentum due to economic (i.e. a trademark of industrial immediately after onset of
pressure on farmers, and climate agriculture) to achieve efficiency southwest monsoon. Off season
change.Sustainable agriculture and resilience, therefore, it is tillage increases water content
is the effective management of a farming practice based on of soils and reduces runoff. It
resources to fulfill the changing ecological principles, i.e. the also reduces pest and weed
human needs, while maintaining relationships between organisms infestation.The number and
the quality of environment and and their environment (Altieri, depth of ploughing depends
conserving the natural resources, 1995). In this scenario adoption on weed intensity. At best two
involving conservation of crop of good agricultural practices for summer ploughings are done
diversity, conservational tillage, farming is needed. Some of the prior to advent of monsoon
efficient water management, practices are Summer ploughing, at an interval of 15-20 days.
integrated management of crop rotation, sowing of crop at Third ploughing can be done
nutrients, weedsand pests with right time & right geometry, use once with the help of harrow
crop diversification. In this of pest and disease resistant or cultivator to pulverize the
respect, labor-intensive and varieties, use of good quality soil and prepare field beds for
low-input ecological organic organic and green manure sowing/transplanting soon after
agriculture having stringent crops and some of Indigenous the first monsoon rain.
on-farm resource management technical knowledge (ITK) .Lets 2.Crop rotation: Rotating
seems a promising and potentially discuss it in brief: crops in diverse and complex
sustainable agricultural system 1 . S u m m e r p l o u g h i n g : patterns is one of the oldest
in India (Srivastavaet al, Perform deep summer ploughing agronomic approaches used
2016). Sustainable agriculture (off season tillage) with pre- by farmers to control nutrient
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 5
and water balances, weed, pest 90 cm instead of 60 cm in order of whiteflies in the greenhouse (Lu
and disease infestations and risk to accommodate an intercrop) ,et al.,2012). Most pheromone
exposure, and to improve system Skip row (A row of planting is traps attract males, which are
resilience as well as to fulfll skipped) and Triangular method indirect indicators of potential
human and livestock food and of planting is generally used. pest problems. Also, when
feed needs (Castellazzi,et al., 4.Control of disease and females are in the area, they
2008,Chongtham,et al.,2017 insect-pest: The pest and can be more successful than
). Because they have a signifcant disease management options traps at attracting the males.
impact on agroecosystem in organic farming are heavily Pheromone traps can also be
functioning as well as on the dependent on preventive effectively used to monitor levels
economic and environmental measures rather than curative of insecticide resistance in the
consequences and performances practices which are based on the population (Riedl,et al.,1985).
of cropping systems, diversifed ecologically safer management Border crops can be used like
rotations are essential to design methods (Haldhar, et al.,2017). taller non-host border crops
more sustainable agricultural Some of the practices can be like maize, sorghum and pearl
systems (Schönhart,et al.,2011). followed for controlling the millet as a barrier for whitefly
3.Sowing of crop at right population and incidence of (KrishinaMoorthy et al., 2006).
time & right geometry: it is insect pest are: Whereas trap crops attract pest
one the important practices that a) Use of resistant Varieties: species away from the cash
every farmers should adopt. Plant size, shape, coloration, crop to be protected and into a
In this various methods like leaf hairs, andnatural chemicals specific area where they can be
Broadcasting, Dibbling, Sowing (both attractants and repellents) destroyed (Haldhar, et al.,2017).
behind the country plough is affecting the outcome of 5.Use of good quality
(manual and mechanical insect crop colonization. Use of organic manure: Usually, it
drilling), Seed Drilling and resistant varieties has reduced the is mixed with crop residues or
Nursery transplanting are disease incidence. Farmer needs straw to increase water retention
some important. Different to go for improved varieties over and facilitate its subsequent
crop geometries are available regular varieties that he/she is fermentation (Omariet al.,2016).
for crop production. Some using for crop production. Cow manure is one of the most
of them are: Broadcasting, b) Integrated Pest Management commonly used manures; other
Results in random geometry, (IPM): In this some of the manures produced by poultry
no equal space is maintained, practices are: Selection of have highly rich in nitrogen,
and resources are either under crops which are having relatively phosphorus, and potassium
exploited or over exploited. few pests problems, Selection contents. Compost is mainly
Square method or square of right planting time to avoid waste or remnants of other
geometry in which plants are the insect peak populations, activities, has an important effect,
sown at equal distances on either As much as possible, use of increasing the concentration
side. Mostly perennial crops, tree resistant varieties, practicing of carbon, usable nitrogen,
crops follow square method of crop rotation; destroy old crop and/or phosphorus (Meena et
cultivation. Rectangular method residue soon after final harvest; al.,2016). The application of
of sowing in which there are rows Eliminate weeds before planting biochar can be a tool in the
and columns, the row spacing and control while crops are in transition from conventional
are wider than the spacing the field; this helps to keep a to sustainable and ecological
between plants. In this mainly number of insect pests under systems, allowing us to rapidly
Solid row (Each row will have control including: cutworms; increase the percentage of
no proper spacing between the false chinch bugs; vegetable organic matter due to its high
plants), Paired row arrangement weevils; spider mites; slugs and C/N ratio (Plazaet al., 2016).
(a rectangular arrangement, crickets. Use of yellow sticky Green manures involve several
crop requires 60 cm x 300 m plate for control of insect, yellow crops, mainly legumes, which
spacing and if paired row is to be sticky traps can be used as an are cultivated after the main crop
adopted the spacing is altered to effective method for the control harvest or during its standard
6 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journal
Table 1. Biomass production and N accumulation of green manure crops
Crop Age (Days) Dry matter (t/ha) N accumulated
Sesbaniaaculeata 60 23.2 133
Sunnhemp 60 30.6 134
Cow pea 60 23.2 74
Pillipesara 60 25.0 102
Cluster bean 50 3.2 91
Sesbaniarostrata 50 5.0 96
Source: TNAU portal.http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_green%20manure.html
growing season (Flores-Félix material a matter of survival to the people
et al., 2019). Crops used as g)Water hyacinth, weeds and who generated these systems
green manures (Table.1) are tank silt, and long back (George et al., 2000).
planted with the objective of h)Green manure crops and In general the ITKs are based on
being incorporated back to the green leaf manuring material three categories viz., (a) Cultural
land without proceeding to the 6.Concentration on practices (field sanitation; proper
collection of the vegetal matter livestock: Livestock-based seed and variety selection;
or at least of the aerial biomass farming systems can have an proper seedbed preparation;
(Talgreet al., 2012) is very useful important role in coping with planting date; row spacing;
in protecting the roots of the environmental problems such as seeding rate; fertilization; water
plants from heat, cold. Mulch is declining soil fertility, soil erosion,
management; crop rotation;
used to cover soil surface around and water contamination planting of trap crops and hedge
the plants to create congenial (Bakeret al., 1990). Ruminants rows; companion planting; and
condition for the growth. This will continue to serve a intercropping) contribute to
may include temperature valuable role in sustainable prevent, suppress, or eradicate
moderation, reduce salinity agricultural systems. They are pest) (b) Physical and mechanical
and weed control (Kumar,et al., particularly useful in converting methods (Bright yellow sticky
2012). Plastic mulching has vast renewable resources from traps are used for monitoring/
been used widely due to the rangeland, pasture, and crop controlling aphids, thrips and
significant benefits it confers residues or other by-products into whiteflies. While, bright blue
in terms of yield increase and humanly edible food (Oltjenet traps can exclusively be used
water conservation (Haqueet al., 1996). Ruminant systems for monitoring thrips and bright
al., 2018). Major sources of in developing countries can be white sticky traps for flea beetles
manures are: considered relatively resource- (Bissdorf, 2008) and (c) Use of
a)Cattle shed wastes-dung, urine use inefficient. Because of the botanicals (This Aloe vitex extract
and slurry from biogas plants high yield gaps in most of these is reported to control armyworm,
b)Human habitation wastes- production systems, increasing hairy caterpillar, rice leaf folder,
night soil, human urine, town the efficiency of the livestock rice stem borer, semi-looper,
refuse, sewage, sludge and sector through sustainable bacterial and fungal diseases,
sullage intensification practices presents Coriander (Coriandrumsativum)
c)Poultry Jitter, droppings of a real opportunity where research for spider mite control, Marigold
sheep and goat and development can contribute and chilli extract for controlling
d)Wastes-bone meal, meat to provide more sustainable most agricultural pest).
meal, blood meal, horn and solutions (Herrero,et al., 2013). Conclusion:
hoof meal, Fish wastes 7.Indigenous technical Presently agricultural food
e)Byproducts of agro industries- k n o w l e d g e ( I T K ) : T h e production in a good condition to
oil cakes, press mud, fruit and development of indigenous fulfills the demand. Sustainable
vegetable processing wastes etc. technical knowledge (ITK) agricultural practices have a
f)Crop wastes-sugarcane trash, systems, including management vital role to play in sustaining
stubbles and other related of natural environment, has been the growth and development of
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 7
farming. Considering the fact and cow urine for preparation of How to Grow Crops without
that soil remains the most critical urine based protectant for insect Endosulfan – Field Guide
factor for production need to and pest. After all this farmers t o N o n - c h e m i c a l Pe s t
be sustain the production and need to be focus on focal point Management, (Ed: Carina
maintaining the good health of for encouraging for use of Webber), Pesticide Action
soil. Adoption of these practices sustainable agricultural practices Network (PAN), Hamburg,
have facilitated the quality for reduction of externalities on Germany: pp 71.
produce from chemical free or farming. • Castellazzi, M. S., Wood,
no use of chemical by practicing References: G. A . , B u r g e s s , P. J. ,
different cultural operations • Altieri, M. A. (1995). Morris, J., Conrad, K. F.,
like field sanitation, proper Agroecology: the science & Perry, J. N. (2008). A
seed and variety selection, of sustainable agriculture. systematic representation of
planting date, row spacing, Boulder. Westview Press. PART crop rotations. Agricultural
seeding rate, fertilization; water THREE: DEVELOPMENT, Systems, 97(1-2), 26-33.
management; crop rotation; CLIMATE AND RIGHTS, • Chongtham, I. R., Bergkvist,
planting of trap crops and hedge 238, 12052-57. G. , Wa t s o n , C . A . ,
rows; companion planting; and • Baker, F. H., Busby, F. E., Sandström, E., Bengtsson, J.,
intercropping. A package of Raun, N. S., Yazman, J. &Öborn, I. (2017). Factors
practices should be facilitated A., JE Oldfield, L., Boyd, influencing crop rotation
benefiting to thefarmers and L . J. , & S i m m s , R . H. strategies on organic farms
regular update of information (1990). The relationships with different time periods
should be provided with in time. and roles of animals in since conversion to organic
The focus on livestock should be sustainable agriculture and production. Biological
the key for basis of sustainable on sustainable farms. The agriculture & horticulture,
agriculture, provides the cow Professional Animal Scientist, 33(1), 14-27.
dung used for preparation of 6(3), 36-49. • Flores-Félix, J. D., Menéndez,
FYM and other compost material • Bissdorf, J.K. (2008). In: E., Rivas, R., & de la
8 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journal
Encarnación Velázquez, M. and Applications Volume Fernández, J. M., López-
(2019). Future Perspective 2: Princiles, Eds. Singh, de-Sá, E. G., Polo, A.,
in Organic Farming Amerika., Sharma, O. P. and Gascó, G., &Zaccone, C.
Fertilization: Management Garg, D. K. CBS Publishers (2016). Response of different
and Product. In Organic and Distributors, New Delhi, soil organic matter pools
Farming (pp. 269-315). pp. 340-92. to biochar and organic
Woodhead Publishing. • Kumar, S. D., &Lal, B. R. fertilizers. Agriculture,
• Gahukar, R. T. (2009). (2012). Effect of mulching Ecosystems & Environment,
Sustainable agriculture in on crop production under 225, 150-159.
India: Current situation and rainfed condition: A Review. • Riedl, H., Seaman, A.,
future needs. International Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ, & H e n r i e , F. ( 1 9 8 5 ) .
Journal of Agricultural 2(2), 8-20. Monitoring susceptibility
Sciences, 5(1), 1-7. • Lu, Y., Bei, Y., & Zhang, J. to azinphosmethyl in
• George, V., Rajasekharan, (2012). Are yellow sticky field populations of the
S. and Nair, G.M. (Edns). traps an effective method codling moth (Lepidoptera:
(2000). In: Proceedings of for control of sweetpotato Tortricidae) with pheromone
the Workshop on indigenous whitefly, Bemisiatabaci, in traps. Journal of Economic
knowledge strategies for the greenhouse or field?. Entomology, 78(3), 692-
Kerala, October 7 to 9, Journal of Insect Science, 699.
2002, Kanakakunnu Palace, 12(1), 113. • Schönhart, M., Schmid, E.,
Thiruvananthapuram. • Meena, M. D., Joshi, P. K., & Schneider, U. A. (2011).
• Haldhar, S. M., Jat, G. C., Jat, H. S., Chinchmalatpure, CropRota–A crop rotation
Deshwal, H. L., Gora, J. S., & A. R., Narjary, B., Sheoran, model to support integrated
Singh, D. (2017). Insect pest P., & Sharma, D. K. (2016). land use assessments.
and disease management Changes in biological and European Journal of
in organic farming. Towards chemical properties of saline Agronomy, 34(4), 263-277.
Organic Agriculture. Today & soil amended with municipal • Srivastava, P., Singh, R.,
Tomorrow’s Publishers, New solid waste compost and Tripathi, S., &Raghubanshi,
Delhi, 359-390. chemical fertilizers in A. S. (2016). An urgent
• Haque, M. A., Jahiruddin, a mustard–pearl millet need for sustainable
M., & Clarke, D. (2018). cropping system. Catena, thinking in agriculture–An
Effect of plastic mulch on crop 140, 1-8. Indian scenario. Ecological
yield and land degradation • Oltjen, J. W., & Beckett, J. indicators, 67, 611-622.
in south coastal saline soils L. (1996). Role of ruminant • Talgre, L., Lauringson, E.,
of Bangladesh. International livestock in sustainable Roostalu, H., Astover, A.,
Soil and Water Conservation agricultural systems. Journal &Makke, A. (2012). Green
Research, 6(4), 317-324. of Animal Science, 74(6), manure as a nutrient source
• Herrero, M., Grace, D., Njuki, 1406-1409. for succeeding crops. Plant,
J., Johnson, N., Enahoro, D., • Omari, R. A., Aung, H. P., Soil and Environment, 58(6),
Silvestri, S., &Rufino, M. C. Mudan, H. O. U., Yokoyama, 275-281.
(2013). The roles of livestock T., Onwona-Agyeman, S., • Umarani, R., &Subramaniyan,
in developing countries. Oikawa, Y., &Bellingrath- K. (2000). Modernization
Animal, 7(s1), 3-18. K i m u r a , S. D. ( 2 0 1 6 ) . of agriculture–A boon or
• K r i s h n a M o o r t h y P N, Influence of different plant bane?. Current Science,
Pandey K K, Pandey K K and materials in combination 79(11), 1515-1515.
Krishna Kumar N K. (2006). with chicken manure on • Ve l t e n , S . , L e v e n t o n ,
Status and prospects of soil carbon and nitrogen J., Jager, N., &Newig, J.
integrated pest management contents and vegetable yield. (2015). What is sustainable
strategies in selected crops: Pedosphere, 26(4), 510- agriculture? A systematic
Vegetables. In: Integrated 521. review. Sustainability, 7(6),
Pest Management. Principles • Plaza, C., Giannetta, B., 7833-7865.
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 9
E-NAM, ONE NATION
ONE MARKET OF INDIA
T
he e-National Agriculture with this information, can take RANJIT S. PATIL
Market (e-NAM), touted as his produce for sell wherever he MAHESH M. KADAM
the ‘turning point’ of India’s gets the desired price, thereby DEEPAK SAPKAL
Agriculture sector, was launched connecting producers directly NALEENI RAMAWAT
by Prime Minister Shri. Narendra to consumers, processors, Lokmangal College of Agribusiness
Management, Wadala, Solapur
Modi in April, 2016. The e-NAM exporters or large retailers. The Amity Institute of Organic
platform is expected to provide intent is to accrue maximum Agriculture, Noida, Uttar Pradesh
information to both buyers and benefit to both farmers and
sellers on produce available, its consumers as farmers decide
quality and price at the bidding “when, where and at what
markets. A farmer, empowered price” they sell their produce by
10 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journalState No. of APMC
Total Number Percentage
proposed to be of Wholesale of proposed
Integrated Yards integration
Himachal Pradesh 19 56 34%
Telangana 44 180 24%
Haryana 54 281 19%
Uttar Pradesh 100 623 16%
Andhra Pradesh 22 188 12%
Madhya Pradesh 58 545 11%
Gujarat 40 400 10%
Uttrakhand 5 66 10%
Jharkhand 19 190 8%
Chhattisgarh 14 187 7%
Rajasthan 25 454 6%
Maharashtra 45 902 5%
Odisha 10 436 2%
6(Since no APMC
Act, Primary
Wholesale Rural
Markets focused(Anayara
and Nedumangad in
Kerala
Thiruvananthapuram, 1014 NA
Maradu and Muvattupuzha
in Ernakulam, Vengeri in
Kozhikode and
SulthanBathery in Wayanad)
collapsing the long supply chain expected to expand inter-state. regulated by societies. Need to be
and removing the profit of the AGMARKNET, an online portal is reformed and made to deliver by
middle-man (arhtiya). NAM is already up indicating daily prices giving license to private markets
not a parallel agriculture market of agricultural commodities. , e-payment of market fee,
but a trading portal supported by In Kerala, the agriculture giving representation to farmer
existing physical mandis creating marketing is taken care by producer companies introducing
a unified national market – Cooperative societies and quality and open auction-based
an intra-state portal now but the marketing practices are price discovery, investment
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 11Farmers comes to Gate entry Unique lot number with
e-market details
Produce displyed on Bidding is from at
aution platfrom 10.00am to 2.00pm
Post aution activity
Bid finalization Sale bill
Highest bidder wins lot Payment to Farmers
SMS sent to Farmers Delivery by commission agent to
trader
E- permit
Figure 1: Process Flow of E-Market
in market infrastructure like retailing activities while APMCs Bathery in Wayanad — with the
warehouses ,cold storage, pack are a platform for wholesaling online trading platform. Each of
house to bring efficiency in activities. the markets will become eligible
supply chain. Among the states under for an assistance of ₹30 lakh
Status of e-NAM markets all this category, progressive from the Centre for upgrading
over India states are Himachal Pradesh, facilities and installation of
M o r e t h a n 4 0 0 Telangana, Haryana, Uttar software.
agricultural markets in 13 States Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Process flow of e-market
have joined the eNAM portal Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Figure 1 presents process
since it was launched in April In these states, more than 10 flow of e-market. In e-markets,
2016. The Union government percent of total wholesale all related activities starting from
expects the common e-market market yards of the states have gate-entry receipt to farmer
platform to be deployed in 585 been notified for integration with (registration of farmer’s name,
wholesale agriculture markets E-NAM. commodity name, bank account
across the country by March In case of Uttrakhand, number, lot number and quantity)
2018. only 5 out of 66 wholesale market to allocation of commission
Some of the major states yards have been proposed for agent, bidding by each trader,
where APMC and Panchayat/ integration. Similarly, in case selection of highest price bidder
Municipal markets co-exist of Rajasthan, the percentage of and announcement of final bid
without hampering the business yards proposed to be integrated winner with sale price are done
of each other are Andhra with E-NAM is limited to 7 percent, online. Traders can bid from
Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, followed by Maharashtra (5% ). 9.30 am to 1.30 pm, and final
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, The government of Kerala bidders will be announced by
Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, is working on a proposal to 1.30 pm. After e-auction, the
Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, integrate the six agricultural system notifies the highest bidder
Uttrakhand, etc. In these states, wholesale markets in the State for each lot. Notified information
there is a clear demarcation in — Anayara and Nedumangad will be disseminated through
activities of APMCs and rural in Thiruvananthapuram, Maradu announcement, scrolling on
markets. Rural markets are and Muvattupuzha in Ernakulam, TV screen in the market and
engaged in consumer-oriented Vengeri in Kozhikode and Sulthan by SMS to farmers, traders and
12 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journalcommission agents regarding Efficient supply chain is critical large companies.
the price, name of the farmer, for any industry, more so for Responsibility of States for
trader and commission agent food industry with perishable Effective Implementation:
5,6. If a farmer accepts the products. One major challenge The states must make
price, sale bill will be generated, in India has been the seasonal sure about the restructurings in
and money transfer and delivery spike in prices of perishables their APMCs/Wholesale Markets
will take place by 2.30 pm. that pushes up food inflation. are carried out both in letter
Money transfer is done from Inflation is a tax on the poor. and spirit. To make the initiative
trader’s account to exchange E-NAM is expected to address efficacious, the states have to
account and in turn will be the supply-side reforms in embark on the following reforms
transferred to farmer’s account agriculture market, increase 1) Provision for electronic
after deduction of commission investments in cold chain, and auction for price discovery.
and other charges. E-permit will discourage hoarding leading to 2) Provide a single license to
be generated online by 2.30 lower food inflation. be valid across the state. 3)
p.m. on the same day. Challenges and outlook Provision for a single point levy
Figure 1: Process Flow of Without reforming the of market fee. It should also be
E-Market state APMC Acts, it is not possible noted that only those states/ UTs
Benefits of e-NAM to integrate the mandis with which live up to the above three
As against information NAM. According to Agriculture conditions will be authorized for
asymmetry, lack of transparency ministry, only 17-18 states have assistance under this scheme.
in price and fee under APMC Act, amended APMC Act till now to The Government’s decision to
the e-NAM platform will increase invite more competition. Large form National Agriculture Market
competition and information farming states like Punjab and (NAM) e-platform for farmers will
flow as local traders as well as Haryana have only done partial eliminate inter-state obstacles in
those on NAM portal can bid amendment. moving farm produce and can
for the produce leading to better The first step is to delist be a game changer provided the
price discovery. In NAM, single the perishables commodities conditions are fulfilled by states.
license is required to operate from Schedule-I of the APMC Act Pa t h w a y s t o i n t e g r a t e
across the state. through an administrative order Farmers to market
Farmers will have the that would allow farmers to sell Linking sellers and buyers
freedom to take his produce to these commodities anywhere. to markets is a key factor that
any market that gives him better It may not be easy as most will bring better participation
price instead of mandatorily APMC committees enjoy political in the evolving markets and
selling it in the local mandi. patronage. The Maharashtra ensure better returns to both
Local traders will get access to government that has recently sellers and buyers . Owing to
larger national market. amended the APMC Act, faced the fact that the sellers are small
The NAM platform will strong opposition from powerful holder producers and have
allow private players (bulk traders. constraints in access to markets
buyers, processors, exporters) Moreover, awareness the task of integrating small
to buy directly from farmers so about the platform is low. holder producers to E-NAM is
far not allowed under APMC. Broadband penetration and going to be a daunting one .
This will shorten the supply chain digital infrastructure in rural 1. Linkages with Market
and efficiency gains will be India are poor. Internet-literacy Understanding the
transferred to both farmers and is minimal among farmers which inter-linkages in resources ,
consumers in terms of fair price. might lead to a new kind of production, risk, price and
Private investment can flow-in exploitation by middlemen. Most market and how they affect
to improve infrastructure in cold farmers in India are marginal the capability small holders to
storage, warehouses, logistics, with small land holdings. It is participate in new opportunities
packaging etc. which will reduce not exactly clear how bargaining is critical to draw a path for
wastage of perishables and power of these farmers will be integration of regulated markets
create employment. protected as they negotiate with with E-NAM.
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 13Incentives and constraints to Market information an important role in supporting
market integration are realized encompasses re liable farmers to trade in the market
differently by farmer producers price, buyer contact, market place and understand the trends
and change as a result of market channel, grades and standard in marketing.
development. As the increasing specification, post-harvest FPO and collective action
opportunities are becoming handling advice and storage can help to enhance farmers ‘
available to farmers as alternative and transport recommendation. competitiveness and increase
markets such as E-NAM, the To achieve this pathway using the ir advantage in emerging
process of integration of buyers the information technology not marketing system of E-NAM.
and sellers need to have a only to disseminate price but Collaboration between FPO
pathway. also to reduce transaction cost and Private sector built on their
The ability and willingness need to be in place. Investing in shared interest in achieving scale
to participate in the emerging the communication infrastructure and market power will be critical
markets driven by information such mobile phones network, in integrating Farmers to market.
technology will depend on: internet linked rural kiosk which Indian agricultural market is
- Well-functioning markets to a id in strengthening market fragmented and E-NAM, if
give them appropriate incentives information, extension and other implemented properly, can help
- Farmers have access to services to farmers needs to be the farmers and reach the goal
finance and information - made. of ‘One Nation One Market’.
Efficient infrastructure to s tore 3. Producer organization to offer Much more groundwork is still
and transport the produce at a vital link to market needed to make it a reality.
reasonable rate Technical and institutional 4. Market-Led Extension and
If one component is missing the innovations that reduce capacity building
farmer producers will not be transaction cost have proven to Market-led extension to
willing to participate to the same be enablers especially the wider transmit signals to farmers on
extent. Therefore, concentrating use of information technologies- new market opportunities will
on these components to bring mobile phone , the internet, make physical markets relevant
a holistic approach to market social networks for vertical to buyers and sellers .
development is imperative to coordination arrangements with Extension functionaries
have better market integration farmers or producer organization. have a key role to play in
2. Enabling market connectivity Producer organization including engaging farmers with markets
through market information agricultural co-operatives plays . SWOT analysis of the market,
14 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journalPhases Phase I Phase II Phase III
Components (0-2 years) (3-6 years) (7-12 years)
Enabling environments Legal (single license, Complete reforms Facilitating role
unified license,
e-trade and others)
Infrastructure Hardware and Up-gradation Creation of physical
software of Mandies de livery centres and
collection centre
Grades Selected Comprehensive All commodities
commodities coverage
Functions e-price discovery Bank settlement, MIS promotion,
NWR and logistics demand creation
Farmers participations Individual/groups Farmers groups FPOProducers company
Skill development Mass awareness Specialized As per global requirements
(extensive)
Institutions Establishing national Institute for functions
level agencies like training, research,
Identification of defining grades and
Special Purpose international trade
Vehicle
Promotion NAM Portal Product Branding
Finance and insurance Direct payment Payment and credit Complete risk coverage
Input and extension Information Advisory Delivery of physical and
dissemination technical inputs
Focus Regional National Global
Agri Ecosystem Post-Harvest Sanitary and Zero carbon footprint
Management phytosanitary
(Source www.ccsniam.gov.in)
organizing commodity based transportation from village level market to market competition
farmers? interest groups and to wholesale market. It has been will follow. This approach is what
farm management capacity advised to build on the available will make the markets function
building, backward and forward infrastructure and experience and provide services that add
linkage , Farmer’s exposure of the RPMs to establish a value and better re turns
to market intelligence and large number of primary rural 6. Adopting Model Agriculture
guidance for a quality decision agricultural markets (PRAM) Produce Livestock Market Act
about the market. Empowering to provide the following two (2017)
farmers by linking them to services: As per new Model
E-NAM information, services I. Direct marketing between A g r i c u l t u r a l Pr o d u c e a n d
and linkages through Market Led producers and consumers livestock marketing Act 2017,
Extension is a long-term solution. II. Aggregation platforms for the the new definition of market area
5. Linking rural periodic markets small lots of farmers is now extended to the whole
by upgrading them as PRAM In pursuing the establishment of State /UT as one unified market
A s p e r t h e PRAM, the capability to connect area for regulation of marketing
recommendations of report on produce in suitable quantities of all or any of the kinds of
doubling farmer’s income, the with a market of choice will agricultural produce. This will
rural periodic markers need to be developed. Further with go in a long way in removing the
be upgraded into a function farmers enabled with a choice entry barriers to markets and at
that enables aggregation and of markets, the element of the the same time arrest the problem
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 15of fragmentation of markets standards and monitoring their the accessibility of market to
within the State. implementation - It ensures farmers through warehouse
7. Warehouses and silos to be transparent and hassle-free based sale and obviates the need
declared as market points payment process for the to transport the produce to the
The new legislation producers. Mandis. For local traders e-NAM
also provides for declaring • It improves the regulatorywould provide an opportunity to
warehouses/silos/cold storages process and enhances service access the National Market while
or another place as market sub orientation. for bulk and big traders it would
yards. This will provide better • It mandates stipulation provide an opportunity to directly
market access to farmers. and regulation of standards for participate in local Mandis and
In order to declare a agriculture commodities in an will reduce the intermediation
warehouse as a sub-market effective and efficient manner cost. However, it will happen
yard, warehouses which that increases farmer welfare. when e-Nam become fully
are fit to serve the purpose • It upgrades the skill operational throughout the
may be notified. Generally, level of personnel operating country and the eventual goal
warehouses accredited by WDRA in the agriculture market and of ‘One Nation One Market’
may be selected to be notified create economic opportunity for for agricultural produce will
as a sub-market yard as the youth to participate in emerging become a reality. Briefly, the
accreditation norms of WDRA formats recent initiatives certainly will
requires warehouses to follow Future Outlook of e-NAM help in strengthening the rural
scientific storage practices which E-National Agriculture economy and would generate
ultimately results in the quality Market needs to be implemented more rural employment. It would
keeping of the produce. The in a phased manner to achieve help in increasing productivity
concept has been shaping up a fully integrated market of the and in achieving goal of food
in Karnataka through initiatives nation. The various components
of Rashtriya e-Market Services of the market that may be References:
Private Limited. A similar initiative achieved over a different period 1. A.Amarender Reddy (2018).
has been seen in Punjab where of time are depicted in Table II. Electronic national agricultural
silos have been notified as Conclusions: markets: the way forward Current
Mandis. Agriculture sector with its share Science Journal VOL. 115, NO.
8. Good governance and in employment of around 50% 5, 10 September 2018.
innovations contributes only around 15% to 2. Bushan and Singh (2019),
Efficient markets require real GDP. It is announced in the e-NAM: A Reforming Agriculture
good governance and policy budget that interventions in the Market, Bulletin of Environment,
infrastructure, institutions and farm sector will be reoriented to Pharmacology and Life Sciences
services that provide market double the income of farmers Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci.,
information, establish grades by 2022. It is necessary to Vol. 8 [2] January 2019: 21-24.
and standards, manage risk understand that ‘farm loan 3. HemaYadav, et.al.(2018),
and create better opportunity to waiver’ and ‘hike in MSP’ cannot National Institute of Agricultural
enhance income and upgrade help farmers. Loan waivers only Marketing Report, Linking
the existing markets and create moral hazards and most Farmers To Electronic Markets
marketing system to integrate marginal farmers do not have (E-Nam): Current Scenario And
with National Markets. It will access to institutional credit. A Way Forward.
require innovative pathways to Moreover about 75% of farm 4. T. Nandakumar (2017), State
achieve following produce is outside the purview to join e-farm market, The Hindu
• High level of private of MSP. Article.
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n g r a d i n g, Formation of the National 5. Geetima Das Krishna (2016),
warehousing and scientific Agriculture Market is a landmark e-NAM & the dream of ‘One
movement of commodities. initiative. It would provide the Nation One Market’, The Times
• Coordination between farmers more option of sale of India Article.
various stakeholders for setting of their produce and increase 6. Source www.ccsniam.gov.in
16 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journalOMPRAKASH NAVIK
Management JAGADEESHPATIL
G. MAHENDIRAN
ICAR – National Bureau of
Of Invasive Fall
Agricultural Insect Resources,
Bengaluru – 560 024
Email – omnavikm@gmail.com
Armyworm
Spodoptera
frugiperdain
maize
F
a l l a r m y w o r m ( FA W ) , America. This pest is native of the first time in early 2016 in
Spodoptera frugiperda theAmericas and considered Africa and rapidly spread in
(J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; to be the most destructive Central and Western Africa to
Noctuidae), is apolyphagous pest of maize.Fall armyworm most of sub-Saharan Africa.
pest of maize in North and South outbreaks were recorded for This pest feeding on over 274
Fig 1. Identification of larval and adult stages of fall armyworm
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 17Fig 2. Life stages of fall armyworm on maize (A-A1: Eggs; B1-
B6: Larval stages; C-Pupa; D-E: Adult stages)
plant species with preference to fall armyworm was first detected
maize and other poaceaecrops. in Chikkaballapur, Karnataka
Further, it alone feeds on 106 in the mid of 2018 on maize
plant species belonging to the (Zea maysL). Since, then FAW
family Poaceae. In the absence has become a serious pest of
of maize, this pest feed on maize in the maize producing
economically important crops states of India. The presence of
such as sugarcane,sorghum, fall armyworm has already been
rice, cabbage, soybean, onion, reported from Karnataka, Tamil has spread to Tripura,Nagaland,
tomato, potato and cotton.Fall Nadu, Maharashtra, Madhya Meghalaya, Manipur, Sikkim
armywormpossesses a migratory Pradesh, Gujarat, Telangana, and Arunachal Pradesh states of
behavior, ableto travel long Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, West northeast India.
distances on prevailing winds Bengal, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Host range of FAW
and survivedin the area with Kerala and Bihar at mild to high Fall armyworm capable
climatically suitable. infestation level in the farmer to feed on over 274 plant
Fall armyworm invasion and its fields. In March 2019, FAW species from different families.
distribution in India presence was detected from the FAW prefers to feed on maize,
In India, the presence of Mizoram, NortheastIndia. Later, it but in absence of maize it able
18 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journalto feed on sorghum and other
plants such as sugarcane, rice,
wheat, ragi and fodder grasses
of the grass family Poaceae.
FAW also feed vegetable crops
like cabbage, onion, tomato,
potato, soybean and cotton. In
India, FAW infestation recorded
on maize, sorghum, sugarcane
and cotton.
Identification of fall armyworm
Fall armyworm adults possess
both migratory and localized
dispersal habits. Adults are
strong fliers and can fly over
100 km in search of preferred
host plants. Adult moths are
nocturnal in habit, active in the
evening and hide in the day
time between maize leaves or in
whorls. The forewings of male
moth are shaded gray and Fig 3. Damage symptoms of fall armyworm at different stages of maize
brown with triangular white spots
at the tip of the wing and light eggs ranged from 2-3 days. Upon hatching larvae disperse and
browned coloured spot near the start feeding on epidermal layers of leaves. Total larval periods
center of the wings (Fig 1. D). ranged from 14-20 days and the pupal period varies from 8-14
The forewings of females are days. Adult moths can survive 7-12 days.
grayish brown, less marked and Nature of damage
without white spot near the tip A field infested with FAW can be identified based on superficial
of wing (Fig 1. C). The medium feeding of first instar larvae. The first instar feedssuperficially on one
to larger larvae has a dark head side of a leafor inside whorls and spread to a new host plant by
with inverted ‘Y’ shape pale ballooning mechanisminthe prevailing wind. Later instar larvae
marking on the head region and reach leaf whorl and feed under protected conditions. Due to larval
four large dark spots arranged in feeding inside the whorl gives an identical shot hole appearance
a square on the dorsal surface on the leaves and this large hole surrounded by larval droppings
of the second last body segment on the leaves or inside the whorl. As the larvae grow, they move
(Fig 1. A-B). deeper into the whorl and difficult to detect the infestation.Once
Fall armyworm life cycle larvae reached the third or later instar, their feeding causes a
completed in about34 to 46 large holes (window) on leaves which often accompanied by larval
days on maize leaf. The life excreta. The size of feeding holes by the larvae increases with the
cycle of FAW passes through the growth of larvae.The fifth and sixth instar are voracious feeders and
egg, six larval stages, pupa and completely defoliate the maize leaves. Larger larvae are cannibalistic
adults. A female moth lay over and often feed on younger larvae, thus in leaf whorl one or two
800-1000 eggs in a group either matured larvae generally observed. On mature plants, larvae infest
single or in multiple layers. These the reproductive stage of maize like tassel and cob (ear) where they
eggs mostly laid in leaf whorl, or feeds on developing on tassels, kernel and silk hairs (Fig 3). Larvae
on under or the upper surface burrow into developing cobs from the side, damage the grains which
of leave and also sometimes on lead to rot that reduce the grain quality and yield.
the stem. The laid eggs may be Management of fall armyworm
covered with scales or without Fall armyworm management required detail and stepwise
scales.The incubation period of strategy to control the pest outbreak and their further spread to maize
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 19growing areas. As suggested, taken to control the pest. At reproductive stage, insecticide
if few plants indicating FAW application avoided and if any infestation found, larvae should
infestation and the incidence level be picked manually.
below the economic threshold, • Intercropping of maize with suitable pulse crops of a particular
no insecticide application region. eg. Maize + pigeon pea/black gram /green gram.
required, further,it would not be • Bird perches should be erectedin maize field (10 /acre) during
economical also. Furthermore, early stages of the crop (up to 30 days).
chemical applications are • At border, sowing of napier grass in 3-4 rows act as trap crop
notadvisable on the reproductive for fall armyworm. As soon as larval incidence noticed on trap
stage of maize, as tassel may crop, spray with 5% NSKE or azadirachtin 1500 ppm.
not affect the yield and spraying • Manually hand pick of egg masses and neonate larvae and
on ear may not reach burrowed then destroy them by crushing or immersing in kerosine water.
larvae due to their concealed • Apply dry sand in maize whorl as soon as incidence of FAW
feeding inside ears. Therefore, observed.
followingthe integrated pest • Mass trapping of male moths by installing pheromone traps 15
management approach, an traps/ acre.
area wide can reduce the fall • • Conserve and increase the natural enemies’populations in
armyworm population below the field by habitat manipulation and increase the plant diversity by
threshold level. growing pulses, oilseeds and ornamental plants.
• Deep ploughing before • An inundative release of egg parasitoids
sowing of every crop season Trichogrammapretiosumand/orTelenomusremus @ 50,000
e x p o s e FAW p u p a e t o per acre at weekly intervals or based on trap catch of 3 moths/
predators and sun light. • If infestation from seedling to early stage is at 5%
• Select and grow maize and 10% ear damage during reproductive stage
hybrids with tight husk cover spay of bio-pesticides like entomopathenic fungi like,
will reduce ear damage by MetarhiziumanisopliaeMetarhiziumrileyi (=Nlomuraearileyi) at
FAW. 5g/lit (1×108 cfu/g) and Bacillus thuringiensis (2%/lit) applied
• Timely and community level during whorl stage and repeat spray after 10 days.
sowing over large area • A spray of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN),
should be followed and Heterorhabditisindica (Hi) at 4-5 kg/acre applied at whorl
avoid staggered sowing. stage of maize to control the larvae and also near the root
• Monitoring the pest activity zone of plant to control the pupae in the soil.
by installation of pheromone • Chemical control: As per package of practice (POP) released
traps (5 traps/acre)required by Government of India for the management of fall armyworm
to assess the pest arrival and recommended different stages of maize. During seedling to
their build up in the field. early whorl stage indicating 5% damage, spray 5% NSKE or
• At the seedling stage of Azadtrachtin1500ppm @ 5m/l of waterto control the neonate
maize, farmer can observe larvae and reduced the hatchability of freshly laid eggs on
the pest incidence in field plants.At mid to late whorl stage to control the 2-3rd instars
by walking in ‘W’ manner. larvae measuring 10% foliage damage, spray Spinetoram
During seedling stage to 11.7% SC or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC orTlriamethoxam
early formation of the whorl 12.60/o + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZCupto early tasselling
(3-4 weeks old crop) and stage maize.Poison baiting is recommended to kill the late instar
action can be taken if 5% larvae by keeping the mixture of 10 kg rice bran + 2kgjaggery
damaged plant observed. At with2-3 liters of waterfor 24 hours to ferment and then Add
whorl stage i.e mid to late 100gThiodicarb just half an hour before field application. These
whorl stage (5-7 weeks old bait should be applied into the whorl of the plants. However,
crop), if damage reaches to after 8-10 weeks of crop coinciding with reproductive phase
10 and 20% whorl damage, of maize i.etasselling stage to cob formation and development
respectively, action must be stage, insecticide management is not cost-effective. Although,
20 KERALA KARSHAKAN
JANUARY 2020
e-journalbio-pesticides can be used asrecommended in the package of 100gThiodicarb just
practice. Further, the hand picking of the larvae is advisable. half an hour before field
MetarhiziumanisopliaeMetarhiziumrileyi (=Nlomuraearileyi) at application. These bait
5g/lit (1×108 cfu/g) and Bacillus thuringiensis (2%/lit) applied should be applied into the
during whorl stage and repeat spray after 10 days. whorl of the plants. However,
• A spray of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), after 8-10 weeks of crop
Heterorhabditisindica (Hi) at 4-5 kg/acre applied at whorl coinciding with reproductive
stage of maize to control the larvae and also near the root phase of maize i.etasselling
zone of plant to control the pupae in the soil. stage to cob formation
• Chemical control: As per package of practice (POP) released and development stage,
by Government of India for the management of fall armyworm insecticide management is
recommended different stages of maize. During seedling to not cost-effective. Although,
early whorl stage indicating 5% damage, spray 5% NSKE or bio-pesticides can be
Azadtrachtin1500ppm @ 5m/l of waterto control the neonate used asrecommended in
larvae and reduced the hatchability of freshly laid eggs on the package of practice.
plants.At mid to late whorl stage to control the 2-3rd instars Further, the hand picking of
larvae measuring 10% foliage damage, spray Spinetoram the larvae is advisable.
11.7% SC or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC orTlriamethoxam References
12.60/o + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZCupto early tasselling 1. Firake DM, Behere
stage maize.Poison baiting is recommended to kill the late instar GT, BabuSubhash, Prakash
larvae by keeping the mixture of 10 kg rice bran + 2kgjaggery N. 2019. Fall armyworm:
with2-3 liters of waterfor 24 hours to ferment and then Add Diagnosis and Management
100gThiodicarb just half an hour before field application. These (An extension pocket book).
bait should be applied into the whorl of the plants. However, ICAR Research Complex for
after 8-10 weeks of crop coinciding with reproductive phase NEH Region, Umiam-793 103,
of maize i.etasselling stage to cob formation and development Meghalaya, India. 48p.
stage, insecticide management is not cost-effective. Although, 2. Prasanna BM, Huesing
bio-pesticides can be used asrecommended in the package of JE, Eddy R. &Peschke VM.
practice. Further, the hand picking of the larvae is advisable. 2018. Fall armyworm in Africa:
• trapMetarhiziumanisopliaeMetarhiziumrileyi a guidefor integrated pest
(=Nlomuraearileyi) at 5g/lit (1×108 cfu/g) and Bacillus management. 120p.
thuringiensis (2%/lit) applied during whorl stage and repeat 3. Revised Package
spray after 10 days. of Practice (POP) for the
• A spray of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN), management of Fall Army
Heterorhabditisindica (Hi) at 4-5 kg/acre applied at whorl Worm (FAW). Published at 16
stage of maize to control the larvae and also near the root August 2019. Govt. of India
zone of plant to control the pupae in the soil. (F. No. 3-15/201 8-19/IPM/
• Chemical control: As per package of practice (POP) released DAC&FW(Pt.)
by Government of India for the management of fall armyworm 4. ShyleshaAN et al. 2018.
recommended different stages of maize. During seedling to Studies on new invasive pest
early whorl stage indicating 5% damage, spray 5% NSKE or Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E.
Azadtrachtin1500ppm @ 5m/l of waterto control the neonate Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
larvae and reduced the hatchability of freshly laid eggs on and its natural enemies. Journal
plants.At mid to late whorl stage to control the 2-3rd instars of BiologicalControl, 32(3):1-
larvae measuring 10% foliage damage, spray Spinetoram 7.
11.7% SC or Chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC orTlriamethoxam 5. Suby SB et al. 2019.
12.60/o + Lambda cyhalothrin 9.5% ZCupto early tasselling Identification and management
stage maize.Poison baiting is recommended to kill the late instar of fall armyworm Spodoptera
larvae by keeping the mixture of 10 kg rice bran + 2kgjaggery frugiperda. ICAR-IIMR Folder
with2-3 liters of waterfor 24 hours to ferment and then Add Publication No./2019/02.
KERALA KARSHAKAN e-journal
JANUARY 2020 21You can also read
