Factors Affecting the Adoption of Technologies on Goat Production Taught through the FLS- GEM* in the Philippines
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Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2018
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Technologies
on Goat Production Taught through the FLS-
GEM* in the Philippines
Patricia M. Barcelo 1, Juvidel Jaye P. Castillo 2, Rolando B. Hipe 3, Reynaldo L. Intong 4, Nathaniel D.
Naanep 5, and Anna Marie P. Alo 6
1
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University, Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture, Philippines
2
Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office 2, Upi, Gamu, Isabela, Philippines
3
Department of Agriculture-Regional Field Office 8, Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines
4
Central Mindanao University, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines
5
Sultan Kudarat State University, Sultan, Kudarat, Philippines
6
DOST-PCAARRD, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines
Email: barcelopatricia@rocketmail.com, {jaye.pcastillo, rolandohipe, maui.alo}@gmail.com,
reynaldointong@gmail.com.ph, nathanielnaanep@yahoo.com
Abstract—The Farmer Livestock School Goat Enterprise characteristics of the farmers trained and the available
Management (FLS-GEM) is an extension modality that resources in the locality.
teaches farmers the rudiments of goat raising for 12 weeks.
It involves “bit-sizes” of technologies to enable the adult Index Terms—Farmer Livestock School-Goat Enterprise
learners to understand fully the rudiments of goat raising (FLS-GEM), adoption, technologies, goat raising
thru hands-on experiences and farm experimentation. The
major management system adopted was tethering before I. INTRODUCTION
enrolling in the FLS-GEM to partial confinement after six
months and partial confinement two years after graduation A national goat research project entitled “National
then onwards. The other technology mixes adopted were Goat Farm Performance in the Philippines was conducted
provision of housing, establishment of pasture areas, in 2008-2010 to monitor the farm performances among
strategic deworming, stall feeding and upgrading. In Region the backyard and commercial goat farms in the five
1, the significant factors affecting the adoption of regions in the Philippines without introducing
technologies were availability of forage garden, rice and
technologies to the goat raisers. It was observed that
corn as the major commodity with a coefficient of
determination of 0.7954. The regression equation is among the five regions where the study was conducted,
y=286.68x-48.811. In Region 2, the major factors affecting the performances of the does and kids were poor. Kidding
the adoption of technologies were rice as the major interval at backyard and commercial farms stood at 8.37
commodity planted in their farms and the number of goats and 8.67 months, respectively, which were longer than
raised with a coefficient of determination of 0.7058. The the target of 8 months under the goat Industry Strategic
regression equation is 139.46x+2.805. Region 8 has coconut Plan (ISP). This relatively longer kidding interval
as its major commodity raised and the factors affecting the resulted in lower kidding index or less productive cycles
adoption of technologies were availability of forage garden, for the does. Because of poor dam performance, the
age and educational attainment with a coefficient of
resultant offspring also suffered. Kid mortality within the
determination of 0.9427. The factors affecting the adoption
of technologies in Region 10 were rice as the major pre-weaning months were 18.2% and 14.7% for Backyard
commodity raised in their farms, availability of labor and Farms (BF) & Commercial Farms (CF), respectively,
number of goats raised with a coefficient of determination of which increased to as high as 41.2% in calamity-stricken
0.94266 and the regression equation is y=306.42x-55.682. In areas. Overall, herd mortality for the 3-year observation
Region 12, the factors affecting the adoption of technologies period was high at 28.8% and 28.4% for BF and CF,
were educational attainment, ease of operation and better respectively [1]. Kids that survived weighed on average
income and the regression equation is y= 279.40x-54.292 .On 16kg and 20kg at 8 months for BF and CF, respectively.
a national scenario, the availability of labor was the These data, which are below the ISP target of 30kg,
significant factor affecting the adoption of technologies with
represent the actual performance of majority of goat
a coefficient of determination of 0.9593 implying that
95.93% cause of the adoption of technologies was due to farms that have not been reached by technological
labor availability while the other factors could be attributed interventions. Those reached by project interventions of
to experimental errors. The regression equation is y=6.6356 another PCAARRD-funded project, Upscaling Rural
x + 0.1565. This proves that the adoption of technologies Enterprise Development thru Innovative Goat Production
differed from one region to another depending on the Systems (URED), performed better in just two years [2].
URED preweaning mortality was on average 10.7%
Manuscript received December 10, 2017; revised May 10, 2018. while slaughter weight was 24.6kg. URED kidding
©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 182
doi: 10.18178/joaat.5.3.182-187
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2018
interval was 237days and conception rate, 91%. This farmers trained within two years was 2,539 in the six
showed that with proper technological interventions and participating regions.
training, goat raisers can really improve farm Farmers Trainings: Simultaneous trainings at the
performance. Hence, the FLS-GEM extension modality farmers’ level in the Local Government Units (LGUs)
was used to train goat raisers in the six participating were conducted in the six participating regions in the
regions in the Philippines. Philippines. This methodology ensures a more
The FLS-GEM is a technology transfer that was widespread and wider scope of training farmers at a wider
developed Anna Marie P. Alo of DOST-PCAARRD for scope using the same modality. Each regional trainer
teaching adults with goat as subject for training [3]. It would have produced 400 farmer trainees in the three
focuses not only on the technologies of raising goats but years duration of the project. To assess the impacts of the
also on building enterprises. The curriculum consists of FLS-GEM trainings in the six participating regions, 10%
the following management practices: 1) Production and of the farmers trained per region were tagged as
Housing, 2) Feeding, 3) Breeding, 4) Health 5) cooperators in which monthly farm performances were
Ecological and Nature and (6) Enterprise Development. It monitored on a monthly basis. These farm performances
is a long-season process of teaching adults and involves included the inventory, dam performance, kid
“bit-sizes” of technologies to enable the learners to performance, health, inflow and outflow. Furthermore,
understand fully the rudiments of goat raising. It allows the adoption of technologies and impacts of the trainings
the adult learners to have take-home assignments and were analyzed on a regional basis.
experimentation in their own farms. This allows the Determination of the Adoption of Technologies: The
farmers to have hands-on experiences in testing degree of adoption was determined using the technology
alternative technologies and assessing their relevance to testing timeline method. The timelines were clustered
their needs. This extension modality acknowledges the into three such as before attending the FLS-GEM, during
farmers’ ability to mix-match options suited to the the FLS-GEM training and after 2 years onwards from
farmers’ endowments. [4] FLS-GEM graduation.
The FLS-GEM modality was used initially to train Statistical Analysis: From the monitored farms, 10% of
community facilitators and eventually farmers. For this, the farmers trained per region were sampled as
the Community Facilitators’ Manual on Goat Enterprise discussants using the Focal Group Discussion method.
Management (GEM) was initially packaged. In addition, The adoption of technologies were analyzed using the
the requirements on farm recording were incorporated. stepwise regression analysis following the statistical
This paper discusses the factors affecting the adoption procedure of Microsoft Excel 2013. The adoption pattern
of technologies on management practices of the farmers of technologies as the dependent variable was assumed to
in Regions 1, 2, 3, 8, 10 and 12 regions in the Philippines. be affected by different independent variables such as
availability of forage garden, age, educational attainment,
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS major commodity, labor, number of heads of goats, ease
of operation, safety of animals from thieves, predators
Development of Modules: The key members of the
and increment weather, resource endowment, preserves
National Science and Technology on Slaughter Goat
relationship among neighbors, improved productivity of
Research and Development Program that was funded by goats and better income/financial security from goat
the DOST-PCAARRD assessed the matured techno- proceeds.
logies that have been generated from previous Science
Sites of the Participating Regions: Fig. 1 shows the
and Technology endeavors. These matured technologies
sites where the project was conducted. There were 6
were included in development of the Session Guide and regions, 20 provinces and 86 municipalities or local
Technical Modules of the FLS-GEM extension modality government units where the FLS-GEM trainings were
in addition to the modules used in the Integrated Goat
conducted.
Management options that were initially developed. [3]
Additional technologies and goat enterprises that were
newly developed were also incorporated.
Training of the Facilitators: After the development of
the session guides, technical modules and powerpoint
presentations, a national trainors’ training consisting of
23 participants was conducted in which at least three
members consisting of a technical person (Animal
Science of Veterinary Science major), a social scientist
and an economist composed the team of the six
participating regions. After the 12-weeks national
trainors’ training, the regional team also trained at least
40 regional trainers who in turn trained the farmers. The
regional trainings were done simultaneously in the six
participating regions. Aside from the technical aspects of
goat production, the trainors were also trained the Figure 1. The six participating regions where the FLS-GEM trainings
rudiments of teaching adult learners. The total number of were conducted.
©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 183
Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2018
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION There were 6.41% of the total discussants on
technology timeline who adopted the partial confinement
A. Technology Timeline of the FLS-GEM Graduates then shifted to complete confinement to complete
after Two Years confinement as their technology pattern. The other
An assessment of the impacts of the FLS-GEM technologies adopted by this group were housing (100%),
trainings was conducted using the focal group discussion pasture management (100%), upgrading using the natural
using 10% of the total graduates per region. From the mating (100%) and waste management (100%). There
10% randomly selected attendees to the focal group were 40% who adopted stall feeding.
discussion, only those who had already graduated for two There were 2.56% who adopted free grazing before
years or more were assessed. Based on these, there were their attendance to the FLS-GEM training then to
78 attendees who have qualified for the technology complete confinement during the training then to
timelines. The technology timelines were classified into complete confinement. The adoptors of this major
three as: (1) before the FLS-GEM training, (2) during the technology also adopted housing, stall feeding and forage
FLS-GEM training and, (3) two years after graduation. garden establishment.
As shown in Table I, there were 89.74% of the FLS- There was one (1.28%) of the FLS-GEM graduate
GEM graduate-discussants who tethered their goats discussants who adopted tethering then shifted to partial
before the FLS-GEM training then shifted to partial confinement then to partial confinement. The other
confinement during the FLS-GEM training and technologies adopted by this lone discussant were
maintained partial confinement two years onwards after housing, stall feeding and forage garden.
graduation. In addition, the other technologies that were As shown in Table II, the main reasons of adopting the
adopted by this group were: (1) housing with 44.57% technology patterns according to rank were (1) ease of
adoptors, (2) 51.43% practiced stallfeeding with 51.43% operation, (2) better income, (3) improved productivity of
adoptors, (3) 51.43% adopted forage area establishment goats as increase in weight and reduced sickness/
with 51.43% adoptors, (4) upgrading with 29% adotors occurrence of parasites. Goats are browsers, hence they
using the natural breeding, (5) upgrading using AI and (6) tend to destroy the plants of the farmers’ neighbors. One
7.14% adopted waste management. of the reasons why they adopted the major adoption
pattern was to preserve the relationship among neighbors
TABLE I. FREQUENCY OF FLS-GEM GRADUATES WHO HAVE that ranked no. 5 and goats also served as resource
GRADUATED FOR MORE THAN TWO YEARS WITH THEIR TECHNOLOGY endowments that ranked number 6.
MIXES ADOPTED (N=78)
ADOPTION REGION NATIONAL TABLE II. REASONS OF ADOPTING THE S AND T TECHNOLOGY
PATTERN 1 2 3 8 10 12 N % OPTIONS
A. T*-PC**-PC** 29 0 0 1 8 32 70 89.74
REASON RANK
Others
Ease of operation (can do other errands 1
1.Housing 29 0 0 1 0 4 (34) 48.57 simultaneously anytime)
2.Stall feeding 25 0 0 0 0 11 (36) 51.43
3.Forage garden 29 0 0 1 0 9 (39) 55.71 Safety of animals from thieves, predators, inclement 4
4. Upgrading weather
Resource endowment (availability of land, labor and 6
i.Natural mating 19 0 0 1 0 9 (29) 41.43 capital)
ii. AI 10 0 0 0 0 0 (10) 14.28
5.Waste Management 15 0 0 0 0 5 (5) 7.14 Preserves relationships among neighbors (prevents 5
B.PC**-CC***-CC*** 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 6.41 annoyances)
Others Improved productivity of goats (improved weight, 3
1.Housing (5) 100.00 increased resistance to illness)
2.Stall feeding (2) 40.00
3.Forage garden (5) 1100.00 Better income 2
4. Upgrading
i. Natural mating (5) 100.00 B. Factors Affecting Adoption Pattern
5.Waste management Different factors affecting the adoption pattern were
(5) 100.00
ADOPTION REGION NATIONAL
identified and analyzed using the stepwise regression
PATTERN 1 2 3 8 10 1 2 N % analysis following the statistical procedure of Microsoft
C.FG****-PC**-PC** 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 2.56 Excel 2013. The adoption pattern as the dependent
variable was assumed to be affected by these variables:
Others
1.Housing 2 (2) 100.00 availability of forage/pasture areas, age, educational
2.Stall feeding 2 (2) 100.00 attainment, major crop planted in the farm, number of
3.Forage garden 2 (2) 100.00 labor, number of goats raised, ease of operation, safety of
D. T* - CC***-CC*** - - - 1 1 1.28 animals from thieves and predators, resource endowment,
Others preserves relationship among neighbors, improved
1.Housing 1 (1) 100.00
2. Stall feeding 1 (1) 100.00 productivity of goats and better income/financial security
3.Forage garden 1 (1) 100.00 from goat proceeds. [5] Each region had its own
Legend: T*-tethering; PC**- Partial confinement; CC***-Complete characteristics, hence the factors affecting adoption
confinement; FG****-Free grazing pattern also differed.
©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 184Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2018
As shown in Table III, the significant factors affecting factors including the experimental errors. The regression
the adoption patterns in Region 1 were (1) availability of equation is 139.46x + 2.805.
forage gardens, (2) major crop planted in the fields, (3) The results of the Stepwise regression analysis in
number of goats raised and (4) ease of operation. The Region 8 as shown in Table III, reveals that the
major crop planted in their field and the number of goats significant factors affecting the adoption of technologies
were directly related to the adoption of technologies were age, educational attainment and major commodity.
while the ease of operation was inversely proportional to Coconut was the major commodity in Region 8. These
the adoption pattern. This means that if rice and corn factors have direct relationships with the adoption pattern.
were the major crops planted in their fields, more FLS- Majority of the FLS-GEM graduate discussants in Region
GEM graduates would have adopted the tethering to 8 were aged 40-60 years old, hence they can still manage
partial confinement to partial confinement adoption to feed their goats through partial confinement. Most of
pattern. Goats have the tendency to destroy crops, hence the FLS-GEM graduates let loose their animals for at
there is a need to adopt partial confinement. In addition, most 4 hours during good weather and stall feed them the
the more the number of goats raised by the FLS-GEM rest of the day. In addition, majority of the FLS-GEM
graduate, the higher is the tendency to adopt the tethering graduates were high school graduates, thus they do not
to partial confinement to partial confinement adoption have jobs that require them to stay at least 8 hours in their
pattern. The coefficient of determination was 0.7954 job sites. In addition, coconut is the major commodity of
indicating that 79.54% of the variations in the adoption Region 8, thus their goats can still graze beneath the
pattern of the FLS-GEM graduates were due to these coconut trees for some hours in a day and go home their
factors while the remaining factors could be attributed to houses at night time.
other reasons including experimental errors and the Table III further shows that the factors affecting the
characteristics of the graduates. The regression equation adoption of technologies in Region 10 were (1) major
is Y=286.68 x -48.811. commodity raised in the farm, (2) availability of labor
and (3) number of goats. There was an inverse
TABLE III. SIGNIFICANT REASONS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION relationship between the availability of labor and the
PATTERNS OF THE FLS-GEM GRADUATES
adoption pattern of technologies indicating that as the
FACTORS 1 2 8 10 12 National number of available of labor increased, there was a
Availability of decrease in the number of technology adoptors. Rice and
forage garden 0.000 0.000 0.000 corn are the major crops planted in the fields of the FLS-
Age 0.000 GEM graduates in Region 10. Like in Region 2, the
Educational -0.012 average landholding averages 4 has. The big landholdings
attainment 0.000 in Regions 2 and 10 provides enough pasture areas for the
Major 0.0095 goats at the backyard level to graze after harvesting rice.
commodity 0.000 0.000 Most often, the goats are let loose in the pasture area for
Labor 0.0018 0.000
about 4 hours and then confined the rest of the day. The
Number of
coefficient of determination (R2) is 77.08% which could
goats be interpreted that 77.08% of the variation in the adoption
0.0018 0.000 0.0004
pattern is being attributed to four (4) significant factors as
Better income 0.000
mentioned, while 22.92% was due to errors and other
Safety of
animals factors. The regression equation is y=306.42x-55.6823.
0.0.000
The adoption pattern of technologies in Region 12
R2 0.795 0.705 0.942 0.771 0.631 0.989
were (1) educational attainment (2) ease of operation and
(3) better income. There were direct relationships
On the other hand, the factors affecting the adoption of between the ease of operation and better income to the
technologies in Region 2 as shown in Table III, were (1) adoption pattern, however, an inverse relationship was
major commodity planted in the fields and (2) number of observed between the educational attainment versus the
goats. There was an inverse relationship between the number of adoptors of the technologies. This implies that
major commodity which is rice to the adoption pattern the less educated farmers had a higher percentage of
which implies that if the major crop planted in the fields adopting the technologies taught by the FLS-GEM
is rice, the lesser is the chance of adopting the partial training and furthermore, they are more receptive in
confinement. Compared to Region 1, Region 2 has a adopting science-based technologies compared to the
bigger landholding of 2has compared to Region 1 which educated goat raisers. The coefficient of determination
is around 450 square meters. As such, goats were just let (R2= 0.6314) indicating that the adoption pattern of
loose in the rice fields. As stated by a majority of the technologies was 63.14% due to these factors while the
focal group discussion, the animals are let loose or the rest were due to other factors including experimental
farmers practiced the free grazing pasture management if errors. The regression equation is y=279.4x-54.2923.
they rice as the second crop. The coefficient of On a national level, the stepwise regression analysis
determination was 70.58% indicating that the variation in following the statistical procedure of Microsoft Excel
the adoption pattern could be attributed to these factors 2013 as shown in Table III, reveals that the availability of
while the remaining percentage were due to the other labor significantly affected the adoption pattern of the
©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 185Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2018
FLS-GEM graduates in the country. This factor has a [5] P. M. Barcelo, A. Alo, A. T. Asuncion, J. P. Castillo, N. A. D.
Rosario, R. T. Hipe, R. L. Intong, and N. D. Naanep, “Livestock
direct relationship with the degree adoption of the
management LM 345-enhancing goat farm performance thru the
technology. The coefficient of determination was 0.9593 farmer livestock goat enterprise modality,” in Proc. 3rd
which means that 95.93% of the factors affecting the Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries, Pattaya,
degree of adoption of the FLS-GEM graduates were due Thailand, October 2015.
[6] V. M. Venturina and A. P. Alo, “Farmer developed worm control
to the availability of labor. The other factors were due to
options for goats in the Philippines,” Technical Advisory Notes on
experimental errors. The regression equation is y=6.6356 Sustainable Parasite Control for Small Ruminants in Southeast
X + 0.1565. Findings of this study confirm with the Asia, Los Banos, Laguna, Technical Report of the ILRI-IFAD
findings of Alo and Venturina in 2005 [6]. Sustainable Control Project, 2005.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based from the results of the study, it can be conclu- Dr. Patricia M. Barcelo was born in La
Union, Philippines on March 13, 1956. She
ded that the adoption pattern of a majority of the FLS- finished her Bachelor of Science Degree at the
GEM graduates was tethering to partial confinement to University of the Philippines, Los Banos,
partial confinement in combination to the other Laguna, Philippines, major in Animal
technology mixes as housing, stallfedding, forage garden Nutrition in 1978. She finished her Master of
Science degree, major in Animal Science at
establishment, upgrading and waste management. The top Benguet State University, La Trinidad,
three reasons cited for the adoption of this technology Benguet, Philippines in 1982 and her Ph.D.
mixes were ease of operation, better income and better degree at the University of the Philippiens,
performance of their goats due to improved gain inweight Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines major in Animal Nutrition and minor in
Ruminant Production in 1989.
and better resistance to diseases. On a national scenario, She is currently a professor at the Graduate School of the Don Mariano
the significant factor affecting the adoption the Marcos Memorial State University, Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines.
technology mixeswas the availability of labor. The She also teaches undergraduate courses at the Agriculture Department
significant factors affecting the adoption patterns amon of the same University. She had conducted several researches on
Vermiculture and frequently invited as resource speaker of the same
the six participating regions differed from one region to field. She had presented scientific papers in three international
another. conferences and had published five scientific publications.
Prof. Dr. Barcelo is a member of the European Academy of Sciences,
member of the Philippine Society of Animal Science, Philippine e-
V. RECOMMENDATION
learning association and the Philippine Agriculture, Forestry and
The partial confinement is the best recommended Natural Resources Extension Network.
management for goat raising in combination to the other
technologies to be adopted depending on the availability Dr. Juvidel Jaye Castillo was born in Region
of the resources and the endowment of the goat raiser. 2. She finished her Doctor of Veterinary
Medicne Course at the Isabela State University.
She is currently enrolled in the same
ACKNOWLEDGMENT University for her Master of Science in Animal
Science. At present, she is a Research
The authors wish to thank the Department of Science Specialist at the Department of Agriculture in
and Technology-Philippine Council for Agriculture, Upi, Gamu, Isabela.
Agroforestry and Natural Resources Research and
Development Council (DOST-PCAARRD) for the
financial support provided for the conduct of this study.
Sincere gratitude is also extended to the heads of the Mr. Rolando Hipe is a graduate of Bachelor
participating regions in this study, for their support of Science in Animal Science with some units
extended for the conduct of this study. in Masteral of Science in Animal Science. He
is currently designated as the Senior Scientist
Specialist of the Regional Field Office in
REFERENCES Tacloban City, Leyte. He leads the Special
Task Forces to rehabilitate Leyte due to the
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Asuncion, R. B. Hipe, J. E. Pepito, and R. Intong, “Farmer’s guide
to recording farm performances,” publication in process, 2011.
[2] W. A. Cerbito, E. A. Orden, J. N. Nayga, and J. M. Datuin,
“Upscaling rural enterprise development thru innovative goat
production systems in regions 1, 2, 3 and 8,” Tech. report Dr. Reynaldo Intong is a graduate in BS
presented during the Joint Terminal Goat Prog. Review, Panglao, Animal Science at the Central Mindanao State
Bohol, April 25-28, 2011. University, Musuan, Bukidnon. He took up his
[3] A. M. P. Alo, “ILRI-IFAD TAG 443 development and testing of Masteral Degree at the same University and
an integrated approach to the control of gastrointestinal parasites had his Ph. D. Degree at the University of the
in small ruminants: Participatory diagnosis in the Philippines,” Philippines at College, Laguna Los Banos. His
Progress Report, PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna, 2003. field of specialization is Animal Nutrition and
[4] P. M. Barcelo, A. P. Alo, E. Cruz, A. T. Asuncion, J. P. Castillo, is holding an academic rank of Associate
N. A. D. Rosario, R. B. Hipe, R. L. Intong, and N. D. Naanep, Professor at the Central Mindanao University
“Backyard goat farm performance in the Philippines (2008-2010; in Musuan, Bukidnon.
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©2018 Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies 186Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies Vol. 5, No. 3, September 2018
Engineer Nathaniel Naanep has graduated as Mrs. Anna Marie P. Alo is the Program
a Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Leader of the National S and T Program on
Engineering. He has finished his Masteral Slaughter Goats and currently the Senior
Degree at the Sultan Kudarat State University Research Specialist of the Department of
major in Agriculture. He is currently enrolled Science and Technology-Philippine Council
in his Ph. D. Program major in Animal for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural
Science in the same University. He is at Resources Research and Development
present teaching graduate and undergraduate Council (DOST-PCAARRD), Los Banos,
courses at the Sultan Kudarat State University, Laguna. She developed the Farmer Livestock
Tacurong, Sultan Kudarat. School on Goat Integrated Management
(FLS_IGM) and the Farmer Livestock School on Goat Enterprise
Management (FLS-GEM).
She graduated her Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
at the University of the Philippines at Los Banos, Laguna. She is a
member and an evaluator of various agri-based research and
development proposals and projects.
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