FINAL PROGRAM Magnesium Alloys and their Applications - 12th International Conference on - The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
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FINAL
PROGRAM
12th International Conference on
Magnesium Alloys
and their Applications
JUNE 15–18, 2021 | VIRTUAL EVENT
Sponsored by: This conference is sponsored by the Light Metals
Division and the Magnesium Committee.
www.tms.org/Mg2021
SCHEDULE
Monday, June 7, 2021
Contributed presentations available to view in the Mg2021 virtual platform On-demand
Tuesday, June 15, 2021
8:00 AM - 9:30 AM EDT Plenary Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
9:30 AM - 9:50 AM EDT Break
9:50 AM - 10:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Invited Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
10:50 AM - 11:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Video Discussions for Contributed Presentations Live
12:00 PM - 1:00 PM EDT Informal Networking: Forming and Thermo-mechanical Processing* Live
Wednesday, June 16, 2021
Informal Networking: Advanced Characterization and Fundamental
7:00 AM - 8:00 AM EDT Live
Theories; Solidification and Casting Processes*
8:00 AM - 9:30 AM EDT Plenary Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
9:30 AM - 9:50 AM EDT Break
9:50 AM - 10:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Invited Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
10:50 AM - 11:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Video Discussions for Contributed Presentations Live
Informal Networking: Primary Production; Other Manufacturing Process
12:00 PM - 1:00 PM EDT Live
Development*
Thursday, June 17, 2021
7:00 AM - 8:00 AM EDT Informal Networking: Modeling and Simulation I; Alloy Development* Live
8:00 AM - 9:30 AM EDT Plenary Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
9:30 AM - 9:50 AM EDT Break
9:50 AM - 10:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Invited Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
10:50 AM - 11:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Video Discussions for Contributed Presentations Live
Informal Networking: Recycling and Environmental Issues; Modeling and
12:00 PM - 1:00 PM EDT Live
Simulation II*
Friday, June 18, 2021
Informal Networking: Corrosion and Protection; Structural, Functional,
7:00 AM - 8:00 AM EDT Live
Biomedical, and Energy Applications*
8:00 AM - 9:30 AM EDT Plenary Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
9:30 AM - 9:50 AM EDT Closing and Award Ceremony Live
9:50 AM - 10:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Invited Presentations with Webinar-style Q&A Live
10:50 AM - 11:50 AM EDT Breakouts: Video Discussions for Contributed Presentations Live
Wednesday, June 30, 2021
Mg2021 virtual platform closes On-demand
*Informal networking sessions will have limited capacity
FINAL PROGRAM
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Sponsorship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Welcome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Meeting Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Conference Details. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Technical Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Proceedings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Plenary/Keynote Speakers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their Applications
WELCOME
Bienvenue! Tips for Participating in the Virtual Event
The 12th International Conference on Magnesium 1) Remove Distractions. Notify others that you
Alloys and their Applications (Mg 2021) is an are at a conference. Set your out-of-office
impressive showcase of work, carefully curated message in your e-mail client. Actively listen
for the global magnesium community. Originally and take notes during the presentations, as if
planned to be held in Montreal, the meeting you were attending in person.
pivoted to a virtual format to ensure participation
2) Attend in Real Time. Whenever possible,
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listen to presentations at their scheduled
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time so that you are able to ask questions and
from the COVID-19 pandemic. With a robust
engage in discussions.
technical program and speakers who are leaders
in their field around the world, Mg 2021 offers 3) Relax, and Enjoy! If you miss something, don’t
valuable opportunities to learn and network. worry. After all, One of the benefits of a virtual
Whether you have work to present, insight to event is the ability to access recordings of
share, or questions to ask, your participation is the presentations. You have access to the
greatly appreciated. recordings and the proceedings through the
end of June 2021.
CONFERENCE ORGANIZERS
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE • Shahrzad Esmaeili, University of Waterloo, Canada
• Manoj Gupta, National University of Singapore,
Co-Chairs: Singapore
• Norbert Hort, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht,
Alan Luo, Mihriban Germany
The Ohio State Pekguleryuz, • Hamid Jahed, University of Waterloo, Canada
University, USA McGill University, • In-ho Jung, Seoul National University, Korea
Canada • Nack J. Kim, Pohang University of Science and
Technology, Korea
Members: • David Klaumuenzer, Volkswagen AG, Germany
• Sean Agnew, University of Virginia, USA • Dietmar Letzig, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht,
• John Allison, University of Michigan, USA Germany
• Karl Kainer, Wrocław University of Science and • Jian-Feng Nie, Monash University, Australia
Technology, Germany • Rainer Schmid-Fetzer, Technical University of
• Eric Nyberg, Tungsten Heavy Powder & Parts, Clausthal, Germany
Wyoming, USA • Dimitry Sediako, University of British Colombia,
• Warren Poole, University of British Colombia, Canada
Canada • Wim Sillekens, European Space Agency, The
• Kumar Sadayappan, CanmetMATERIALS, Canada Netherlands
• Bruce Williams, CanmetMATERIALS, Canada • Dmytro Orlov, Lund University, Sweden
• Steve Yue, McGill University, Canada • Teresa Pérez Prado, IMDEA Materials Institute,
Spain
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• Ravi Verma, Boeing, USA
INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
• Jonathan Weiler, Meridian Lightweight
• Martyn Alderman, Luxfer MEL Technologies, UK Technologies, Canada
• Deniz Aydin, Tubitak Marmara Research Center, • Michael Worswick, University of Waterloo, Canada
Turkey • Peidong Wu, McMaster University, Canada
• Matthew Barnett, Deakin University, Australia • Bong Sun You, Korean institute of Materials
• Mert Celikin, University College Dublin, Ireland Science, Korea
• Ray Decker, Thixomat/Nano-Mag, USA • Mikhail Zheludkevich, Helmholtz-Zentrum
• Mark Easton, RMIT University, Australia Geesthacht, Germany
• Amir Eliezer, Sami Shamoon College of • Zisheng Zhen, Magontec Asia, China
Engineering, Israel • Fan Zhongyun, Brunel University, UK
www.tms.org/Mg2021 3
CONFERENCE DETAILS
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GETTING STARTED DOWNLOAD MG 2021
To participate in Mg 2021, you will need to PROCEEDINGS
log on to the virtual conference platform. All registrants receive
Upon registering, you will be e-mailed a free electronic access to
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4 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their Applications
PLENARY/KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
John Allison, to establish and understand the effects of
University of Michigan, USA material interfaces, whether they arise from free
Presentation Title: “Accelerating surfaces, grain boundaries, phase boundaries, or
Predictive Understanding of precipitates, on the expansion of twin embryos,
Microstructural Evolution and twin-tip propagation and twin boundary
Mechanical Behavior of Magnesium Alloys” migration. In this talk, recent results from a
number of modeling and experimental studies
Friday | 8:00 AM | June 18, 2021
will be presented and discussed.
The Center for PRedictive Integrated Structural
Materials Science (PRISMS) is creating and Nick Birbilis,
disseminating a unique open-source capability Australian National University, Australia
for accelerating the scientific understanding Presentation Title: “Breaking
of magnesium alloys. A central component of Expectations in Magnesium Alloys”
this framework is a suite of high performance,
open-source multi-scale computational Thursday | 8:00 AM | June 17, 2021
tools for predicting microstructural evolution
Magnesium (Mg) alloys are remarkable materials,
and mechanical behavior. These are used in
with several extremes in their properties (not
conjunction with advanced experiments in
always favourable). The opportunities from the
integrated scientific “Use Cases” focused on topics
low density of Mg are yet to be fully realised (in
such as predicting the evolution of precipitates in
spite of increased year on year usage). Some of
Mg-rare earth alloys, their subsequent influence
the challenges to Mg-alloy development have
on mechanical behavior and quantification of
been economic and geopolitical, others from
alloying effects on the evolution of deformation
competitor action – with the rate of Mg-alloy
twins during monotonic and cyclic loading. A
development not as significant as that of other
third thrust is providing this information to the
alloy systems. Recent years have seen unique
community via an information repository called
step changes in the understanding of Mg-alloy
the Materials Commons. This talk will review the
behaviour - particularly in ductility and corrosion
Center’s progress and plans.
performance. Enhanced understanding,
facilitates design opportunities, and the advent of
Irene Beyerlein,
more ductile magnesium, and corrosion-resistant
University of California Santa Barbara, USA
Mg-alloys is emerging. Examples covering
Presentation Title: “Effects of Interfaces
development of not-so-novel Mg-alloys, with
on Deformation Twinning Behavior at
very novel properties, are presented. Concepts
the Mesoscale”
are extended to Mg-alloys for use in batteries
Friday | 9:00 AM | June 18, 2021 and as functional materials (highlighting how
There are a wide range of structural applications versatile Mg-alloys are).
that desire advanced materials with high
strength-to-weight ratios in combination with Hamid Jahed,
other outstanding mechanical properties. Mg University of Waterloo, Canada
Presentation Title: “Magnesium
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alloys offer a potential solution, but successful
incorporation of Mg alloys into engineering Structural Application: A Case Study”
designs is, however, hindered by their limited
plasticity. One of the important and puzzling Thursday | 9:00 AM | June 17, 2021
underlying mechanisms governing their plastic Attractive specific strength and fatigue properties,
behavior is deformation twinning, which form in excellent machinability, and good dimensional
these materials under straining. The development tolerances in casting and forging of magnesium
of twins both inside the crystal and at crystalline captured the attention of automotive companies
interfaces has mostly been addressed at the as a potential candidate for weight reduction.
atomistic scale level. In our research, we employ
crystal plasticity-based micromechanics model
www.tms.org/Mg2021 5PLENARY/KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Lots of progress was made during past two Michele Manuel,
decades in weight saving from 10% to 70% University of Florida, USA
per part when original steel and/or aluminum Presentation Title: “Processing
parts were replaced with magnesium. Strong Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites
basal texture of wrought magnesium alloys Using Electromagnetic Acoustic
limits active slip systems at room temperature. Transduction”
Activation of prismatic and pyramidal slip
Wednesday | 9:00 AM | June 16, 2021
systems at temperatures above 225C, however,
enables forming. Leveraging the hot temperature A grand challenge of metal matrix nanocomposites
forming and fatigue properties, magnesium (MMNCs) lies in processing. Magnesium and
suspension parts manufactured through forging its inherently reactive properties has virtually
became the focus of a large-scale research eliminated the ability to use conventional
and development project led by the University techniques such as powder metallurgy. A
of Waterloo in collaboration with Multimatic, novel technology has been developed called
Canmet, Ford, and Centreline. The successful Electromagnetic Acoustic Transduction (EMAT)
design, manufacturing, and testing of front lower to process bulk Mg-MMNCs. EMAT transforms
arm suspension of a car with 37% weight saving is electromagnetic energy into high intensity
presented in this plenary talk. sonication to induce acoustic cavitation, with the
goal of disrupting particle agglomeration. This
Yoshihito Kawamura, plenary will explore the landscape of metal matrix
Kumamoto University, Japan nanocomposite fabrication techniques while
Presentation Title: “Research and introducing the EMAT technology and its inherent
Development Trends in LPSO advantages. Furthermore, the physics of acoustic
Magnesium Alloys for Structural and production and its connection to the resultant
Biomedical Applications” microstructure will be explained in the context of
potential material property improvements.
Thursday | 8:30 AM | June 17, 2021
LPSO magnesium alloys with a duplex Fusheng Pan,
structure of alpha-Mg and LPSO phases exhibit Chongqing University, China
a remarkable balance of properties of high Presentation Title: “Development
strength, heat resistance, flame resistance and Applications of High Plasticity
and reasonable corrosion resistance. Their Magnesium Alloys”
manufacturing technology and applications are
Tuesday | 8:30 AM | June 15, 2021
becoming more robust in Japan. Recently, we’ve
succeeded in developing incombustible LPSO It is well known that magnesium has a typical close
Mg-Zn-Y alloys. The ignition temperature was packed hexagonal structure with few movable
improved from 1,150 K to 1,300 K. The LPSO Mg- slip systems. Compared with aluminum alloys
Zn-Y alloys, produced by an RS P/M processing and steels, low plasticity and poor formability of
with optimized manufacturing conditions, have magnesium alloys seriously restricts their wide
excellent fracture toughness, with 20 MPa m1/2 application. How to improve the plasticity without
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or higher in fracture toughness KIc and >400 damaging strength or vice versa has become a
MPa in yield strength σy. We are now developing research hotspot and focus for development
manufacturing technology of RS P/M LPSO Mg- of new types of magnesium alloys in the world.
Zn-Y alloys with excellent fracture toughness In the past decade, Chongqing University
for aerospace application. Moreover, fine- and other units have done a lot of work in the
gauge wires with 30 μm in diameter have been development of high plasticity magnesium alloy
fabricated by drawing the RS/PM LPSO Mg-Zn-Y and proposed an alloy design theory of “solid
alloys. We are currently using these fine-gauge solution strengthening and plasticizing (SSSD).”
wires to design and develop bioabsorbable
medical devices.
6 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their ApplicationsPLENARY/KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
It is found that the solid solution of some specific Anil Sachdev,
atoms in magnesium can not only improve the General Motors Company, USA
strength by hindering the slip of basal plane Presentation Title: “Advances in
dislocation but also improve the plasticity by Magnesium Alloys for Automotive
narrowing the slip resistance gap between Applications”
the basal plane and the non-basal plane and
Tuesday | 8:00 AM | June 15, 2021
thus promote the activation of non-basal slip.
As a result, both strength and plasticity of the Innovations in the aluminum and steel
magnesium alloy are improved simultaneously. industries are providing significant challenges
The development of SSSD theory provided a new to widespread application of magnesium
way to balance and optimize the strength and components in automotive applications. Key
plasticity of magnesium alloys in the past ten barriers are mechanical properties including
years. Based on this theory, Chongqing University strength and ductility and corrosion mitigation.
has developed a variety of new high plasticity Alloying with rare earth elements can improve
magnesium alloys, of which more than 10 alloys mechanical properties but adds cost. This talk
have been listed in the National Standard or will demonstrate how multi-scale computational
International Standard. The elongation of ultra- methods, including a recently funded program
high plasticity magnesium alloy can reach to over by the Department of Energy, are addressing
65%, and the elongation of ultra-high strength the challenge of reducing cost and improving
wrought magnesium alloy with σ b > 500MPa can properties to make magnesium alloys
reach to more than 10%. competitive for high volume applications in the
automotive industry. The talk will address the
Maria Teresa Perez-Prado, needs and challenges and provide examples
IMDEA Materials Institute, Spain of alloy development for sheet, castings and
Presentation Title: “Dislocation-particle extrusions. A key driver is the need to reduce or
Interactions in Magnesium Alloys” eliminate the dependency on expensive rare-
earth alloying additions without compromising
Friday | 8:30 AM | June 18, 2021 properties. The discussion on sheet material will
Precipitation constitutes a microstructural additionally include the need for warm stamping
design tool that has been utilized successfully to and judicious choice of lubrication, corrosion
strengthen metals such as, for example, aluminum coatings, and joining techniques for large vehicle
alloys and nickel superalloys. However, particle body components. Finally, the talk will touch upon
hardening has proven significantly less effective in advanced materials models and their validation
magnesium, thus severely limiting the possibilities to predict material composition and processing
for structural alloy design. Exploiting the conditions for optimum use of magnesium for
hardening potential of precipitates in magnesium specific applications.
alloys requires a profound understanding of the
interaction between dislocations and precipitates.
Basal dislocations are usually the main strain
carriers, although non-basal slip systems may also
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become active and play a key role. The relative
contribution of each mechanism depends on
testing conditions, composition, microstructure
and texture. This lecture will review recent research
on dislocation-particle interactions in magnesium
alloys using a combined approach including
micromechanical testing, slip trace analysis, and
high resolution transmission electron microscopy.
The interaction of basal and non basal dislocations
with particles of different sizes and orientations
with respect to the matrix will be discussed.
www.tms.org/Mg2021 7PLENARY/KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Kwang Seon Shin, Michael Worswick, University of
Seoul National University, Korea Waterloo, Canada
Presentation Title: “Development of Presentation Title: “Characterization
High Performance Magnesium Alloys” and Continuum Modeling of a Rare-
earth Magnesium Alloy Leading to Full-
Wednesday | 8:00 AM | June 16, 2021 scale Auto Parts”
The global market for magnesium alloys Tuesday | 9:00 AM | June 15, 2021
has steadily expanded in the past decade,
stimulated by the strong demand for lightweight This presentation provides an overview of material
components from the automobile and electronic characterization and model development studies
industries. It is important to develop new performed on a texture-modified rare earth
advanced magnesium alloys with enhanced magnesium alloy sheet (ZEK100). Wrought
formability, high strength, and improved corrosion magnesium alloys are attractive for automotive
resistance to expand the application of Mg alloys. industry applications due to their low density
Mg sheet formability is an important requirement and high specific strength. However, commercial
for enclosure applications such as car doors, magnesium alloys, such as AZ31B sheet usually
hoods, and decklids, and necessitates further have poor formability at room temperature due
improvement. In addition, the corrosion to limited activity of slip systems. Additionally,
resistance of Mg alloys should be improved due to the twinning deformation mechanism
while maintaining high strength for automobile activated in specific loading directions,
and bioimplant applications. This study examines magnesium alloys exhibit an asymmetric
various approaches for increasing the formability stress-strain response in uniaxial tension and
of Mg sheets and develops magnesium alloys compression tests. The formability of magnesium
with high corrosion resistance and strength using alloys can be improved by deforming at elevated
severe plastic deformation (SPD) processes such temperatures; however, warm forming of AZ31B
as multi-directional forging (MDF) and screw requires a more complex heated tooling setup
rolling (SR). which increases the cost of the forming operation.
Alternatively, the formability can be improved
Jonathan Weiler, Meridian Lightweight, by the addition of rare-earth elements such as
Canada Ce, Nd, Y and Gd, for example, which have been
Presentation Title: “Contemporary shown to weaken the basal texture. Constitutive,
Magnesium Die-casting Research and formability and fracture characterization of
Technology: A Canadian Viewpoint” both AZ31B and ZEK100 sheet is presented,
considering both room and elevated temperature
Wednesday | 8:30 AM | June 16, 2021 conditions over a wide range of strain rate. The
For the last 20 years, Canada has been a world mechanical behavior can be related back to the
leader in magnesium die-casting research and initial crystallographic texture in light of known
development. The breadth of research faculty deformation mechanisms operating at different
and facilities, presence of a strong industrial orientations and strain rates. Extensive tensile
sector, and the participation of government and compressive constitutive characterization
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funded programs and agencies have fueled experiments were performed on both alloys,
significant developments. This paper provides an including characterization of anisotropy with
overview of the developments led by Canadian strain and material strain rate- and temperature-
researchers in the field of magnesium die- sensitivity. Forming limit characterization was
casting in alloy development, property and also performed at elevated temperatures
microstructural characterization, development of using in situ digital image correlation (DIC)
ICME models, joining and corrosion technologies, strain measurement. The ZEK100 alloy exhibits
and automotive product development with significantly higher formability at temperatures
focus on developments funded by large-scale below 250°C, whereas the two alloys have
government funded research programs. similar formability in the 250-300°C range.
8 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their ApplicationsPLENARY/KEYNOTE SPEAKERS
Yield criteria capturing the evolving anisotropy (LDR) experiments. Full-scale forming trials are
and asymmetry of magnesium sheet alloys performed considering prototype door inner and
are proposed to model the complex behavior roof outer tooling. AZ31B and ZEK100 blanks
of magnesium alloys at room and elevated were formed with initial elevated temperatures,
temperatures. At room temperature, the material but with room temperature tooling. The AZ31B
behavior of both alloys is highly anisotropic blanks failed during forming whereas the ZEK100
and asymmetric; however, the degree of blanks were successfully drawn for temperatures
asymmetry and anisotropy is diminished at above 250°C. Recent constitutive models suitable
elevated temperature. The proposed material for warm forming conditions using commercial
model is validated against several laboratory- forming software (Autoform) and are shown to
scale experiments: 3-point bending, limiting provide predictions in accord with the forming
dome height (LDH) and limiting draw ratio trials.
SPONSORSHIP
TMS would like to thank the following sponsors for their support of the event:
Headquartered in Denver, Colorado,
MAG provides customers with local
engineering, sales, and customer support.
Our manufacturing facility located in Nuevo
Laredo, Mexico utilizes advanced Dow
extrusion technology complemented by
intellectual capital accumulated over 75 years
of business in the magnesium industry.
Founded in 1943, the mission of the
International Magnesium Association (IMA) is
to promote the use of the metal magnesium in
material selection and encourage innovative
applications of the versatile metal. IMA’s
members consist of primary producers of the
metal, recyclers, foundries, fabricators, end-
users and suppliers. The global voice of the
magnesium industry, IMA serves the industry
and its membership through its Annual World
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Magnesium Conference, seminars, statistical
programs, research and publications. Through
IMA’s efforts, manufacturers and consumers
are increasingly aware of the numerous
options and benefits the metal magnesium
provides.
www.tms.org/Mg2021 9MEETING POLICIES
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abide by TMS policies, including the Meetings Code of Conduct and the TMS Anti-Harassment Policy.
For additional information on policies related to TMS events, visit the TMS Meetings Policies page
and the Code of Conduct portal. A complete listing of Society policies can be accessed through the
Society Bylaws & Policies section of the TMS website.
Refunds Language
The deadline for all refunds was April 30, 2021. The meeting and all presentations and program
No refunds will be issued at the congress. materials will be in English.
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10 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their ApplicationsTECHNICAL
PROGRAM
12th International Conference on
Magnesium Alloys
and their Applications
JUNE 15–18, 2021 | VIRTUAL EVENT
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www.tms.org/Mg2021
www.tms.org/Mg2021 11their low density and high specific strength. However, commercial
Applications magnesium alloys, such as AZ31B sheet usually have poor
formability at room temperature due to limited activity of slip
Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021 systems. Additionally, due to the twinning deformation mechanism
activated in specific loading directions, magnesium alloys exhibit
Session Chair: A. Luo, Ohio State University an asymmetric stress-strain response in uniaxial tension and
compression tests. The formability of magnesium alloys can be
improved by deforming at elevated temperatures; however, warm
8:00 AM Plenary
forming of AZ31B requires a more complex heated tooling setup
Advances in Magnesium Alloys for Automotive Applications: A.
which increases the cost of the forming operation. Alternatively,
Sachdev1; 1General Motors Company
the formability can be improved by the addition of rare-earth
Innovations in the aluminum and steel industries are providing
elements such as Ce, Nd, Y and Gd, for example, which have
significant challenges to widespread application of magnesium
been shown to weaken the basal texture. Constitutive, formability
components in automotive applications. Key barriers are
and fracture characterization of both AZ31B and ZEK100 sheet
mechanical properties including strength and ductility and
is presented, considering both room and elevated temperature
corrosion mitigation. Alloying with rare earth elements can improve
conditions over a wide range of strain rate. The mechanical
mechanical properties but adds cost. This talk will demonstrate
behavior can be related back to the initial crystallographic texture
how multi-scale computational methods, including a recently
in light of known deformation mechanisms operating at different
funded program by the Department of Energy, are addressing
orientations and strain rates. Extensive tensile and compressive
the challenge of reducing cost and improving properties to make
constitutive characterization experiments were performed on
magnesium alloys competitive for high volume applications in
both alloys, including characterization of anisotropy with strain
the automotive industry. The talk will address the needs and
and material strain rate- and temperature-sensitivity. Forming limit
challenges and provide examples of alloy development for
characterization was also performed at elevated temperatures
sheet, castings and extrusions. A key driver is the need to reduce
using in situ digital image correlation (DIC) strain measurement.
or eliminate the dependency on expensive rare-earth alloying
The ZEK100 alloy exhibits significantly higher formability at
additions without compromising properties. The discussion on
temperatures below 250°C, whereas the two alloys have similar
sheet material will additionally include the need for warm stamping
formability in the 250-300°C range. Yield criteria capturing the
and judicious choice of lubrication, corrosion coatings, and joining
evolving anisotropy and asymmetry of magnesium sheet alloys
techniques for large vehicle body components. Finally, the talk
are proposed to model the complex behavior of magnesium
will touch upon advanced materials models and their validation
alloys at room and elevated temperatures. At room temperature,
to predict material composition and processing conditions for
the material behavior of both alloys is highly anisotropic and
optimum use of magnesium for specific applications.
asymmetric; however, the degree of asymmetry and anisotropy is
8:30 AM Plenary diminished at elevated temperature. The proposed material model
Development and Applications of High Plasticity Magnesium is validated against several laboratory-scale experiments: 3-point
Alloys: F. Pan1; 1Chongqing University bending, limiting dome height (LDH) and limiting draw ratio (LDR)
It is well known that Mg has a typical close packed hexagonal experiments. Full-scale forming trials are performed considering
structure with few movable slip systems. Compared with prototype door inner and roof outer tooling. AZ31B and ZEK100
aluminum alloys and steels, low plasticity and poor formability of blanks were formed with initial elevated temperatures, but
magnesium alloys seriously restricts their wide application. How with room temperature tooling. The AZ31B blanks failed during
to improve the plasticity without damaging strength or vice versa forming whereas the ZEK100 blanks were successfully drawn for
has become a research hotspot and focus for development of temperatures above 250°C. Recent constitutive models suitable
new types of magnesium alloys in the world. In the past decade, for warm forming conditions using commercial forming software
Chongqing University and other units have done a lot of work in the (Autoform) and are shown to provide predictions in accord with the
development of high plasticity magnesium alloy, and proposed an forming trials.
alloy design theory of “solid solution strengthening and plasticizing
(SSSD)”. It is found that the solid solution of some specific atoms in
magnesium can not only improve the strength by hindering the Biomedical Applications I
slip of basal plane dislocation, but also improve the plasticity by
narrowing the slip resistance gap between the basal plane and the Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021
non-basal plane and thus promote the activation of non-basal slip.
As a result, both strength and plasticity of the magnesium alloy Session Chair: M. Manuel, University of Florida
are improved simultaneously. The development of SSSD theory
provided a new way to balance and optimize the strength and
9:50 AM Invited
plasticity of magnesium alloys in the past ten years. Based on this
In-vivo Degradation and Hydrogen Gas Development in Low Alloy
TECHNICAL PROGRAM
theory, Chongqing University has developed a variety of new high
Content Magnesium Alloys: M. Dargusch1; N. Yang1; J. Venezuela1;
plasticity magnesium alloys, of which more than 10 alloys have
N. Balasubramani1; S. Johnston1; K. Mardon1; C. Lau1; R. Allavena1; D.
been listed in the National Standard or International Standard.
St John1; 1University of Queensland
The elongation of ultra-high plasticity magnesium alloy can reach
The in-vivo degradation rates of a range of low alloy content
to over 65%, and the elongation of ultra-high strength wrought
magnesium alloys suitable for the manufacture of medical
magnesium alloy with s b > 500MPa can reach to more than 10%.
implant devices has been explored and compared to the in-vivo
9:00 AM Plenary corrosion rates of the commercial WE43 alloy. The degradation
Characterization and Continuum Modeling of a Rare-earth behaviour of the alloys was carefully measured using in-vivo
Magnesium Alloy Leading to Full-scale Auto Parts: M. Worswick1; weight loss measurements and the biocompatibility of each
T. Skszek2; S. Kurikuri3; C. Butcher1; A. Abedini1; M. Boba1; K. Omer1; of the alloys has been evaluated using detailed histological
1
University of Waterloo; 2Magna International Inc.; 3National analysis. Differences in the corrosion behaviour are explained in
Research Council of Canada terms of alloy microstructure. Degradation behaviour was found
This presentation provides an overview of material characterization to be associated with the development of hydrogen gas in the
and model development studies performed on a texture-modified implanted specimens. The evolution of hydrogen with time and
rare earth magnesium alloy sheet (ZEK100). Wrought magnesium related histological effects were also examined in this study using
alloys are attractive for automotive industry applications due to CT scan information and related histological evaluation.
12 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their Applications10:20 AM Invited 10:20 AM Invited
Effect of LPSO Phases on Crack Propagation in an Extruded Micro-alloying as a Novel Strategy for Developing High-
Mg-Dy-Nd-Zn-Zr Alloy Influenced by Heat Treatment: P. Maier1; performance Mg Anodes for Aqueous Mg-air Batteries: M.
B. Clausius1; N. Hort2; 1University of Applied Sciences Stralsund; Deng1; L. Wang1; D. Hoeche1; S. Lamaka1; P. Jiang1; D. Snihirova1; N.
2
Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht Scharnagl1; M. Zheludkevich1; 1Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht
The effect of LPSO-phases on the crack propagation in different Aqueous Mg-air batteries can be used in many fields like as power
microstructures modified by heat treatment is investigated. sources for marine equipment and as biodegradable batteries
Solution heat treatment on a hot extruded RESOLOY (Mg-Dy- for implantable bioelectronics. Nevertheless, the applications of
Nd-Zn-Zr) has been done to change the initial fine-grained aqueous Mg-air batteries are still limited due to unsatisfactory
microstructure, consisting of lamellar LPSO structures within the practical performance mainly related to anode surface blockage
matrix, into coarser grains of less lamellae but more bulk LPSO- by Mg(OH)2/MgO precipitates and severe self-corrosion during
phases. Crack initiation and propagation are of interest. Since the discharge. In the present work, we introduce micro-alloying as a
coarser microstructure tends to twin under plastic deformation, novel strategy for developing high-performance Mg anodes. The
the crack propagation is also influenced by twin boundaries. The preliminary results have demonstrated that lean binary Mg-Ca is
bulk LPSO-phases clearly hinder crack growth, either by increasing a good anode material showing better discharge properties than
the energy to pass through the phase or along its interface. Twin high purity Mg and some commercial alloy anodes. Here we show
boundaries and LPSO-phases are also responsible for crack that the Mg-Ca anode performance can be further enhanced via
initiation. The microstructural features were characterized by indium (In) micro-alloying. Mg-air battery exhibits simultaneously
micro- and nanohardness as well as the amount and location of increased power and energy density adopting micro-alloyed Mg-
LPSO-phases in dependence on the heat treatment condition. Ca-In anodes. With addition of minor In, self-corrosion of the anode
Bulk LPSO-phases show a higher hardness than the grains with or is suppressed and, at the meantime, chunk effect is limited.
without lamellar LPSO-phases.
Structural Applications
New Applications
Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021
Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021
Session Chair: W. Poole, University of British Columbia
Session Chair: F. Pan, Chongqing University
9:50 AM Invited
9:50 AM Invited Elevated Temperature Formability of Texture-weakened
The Research Progress of Magnesium and Alloys Based on Magnesium-sheet Alloys: Strain-rate Sensitivity Effects: D.
Bibliometric Analysis: X. Peng1; Y. Yang1; 1Chongqing University Klaumunzer1; M. Imiela1; 1Volkswagen Group Innovation
Based on the bibliometric analysis of scientific articles published Recent work in the development of novel magnesium sheet alloys
in the field of magnesium alloys during 2015-2019, it is aimed to has been focussed extensively on improving the room-temperature
reveal the emerging and important research hotspots and frontiers stretch formability. In most alloy systems, such improvement is
of basic research and technology development in magnesium attributed to a texture-weakening effect by the addition of zinc
alloy field, as well as the main countries/regions and research in combination with either rare-earth elements or calcium. While
institutions. At the same time, it provides a prediction for the such an improvement is significant compared to standard alloys
future research direction of magnesium alloys and applications. showing a strong basal texture, such as AZ31, the formability
The analysis results show that significant progresses have been enhancement is still insufficient to form real components, e.g. for
achieved in high-performance magnesium alloys, magnesium- the automotive industry, at room temperature. Additionally, some
based composites, processing technologies and functional of the recently developed alloys show a retarded enhancement
magnesium materials. Corrosion resistance and coatings, texture of formability at elevated temperatures making them inherently
and twinning, grain refinement and dynamic recrystallization, difficult to form into complex geometries. We can show that this
biocompatibility and biodegradability, rare earth and LPSO phases can be attributed to a strain-rate sensitivity effect which attains
are the main research hotspots in the latest years. It is proved that low values at intermediate temperatures. Based on these findings,
the bibliometric analysis provides a new way for the research and alloy design guidelines can be established that help to improve
discovery of the latest progress and development direction in the formability also in an industrially relevant context.
field of magnesium alloys.
10:20 AM Invited
Process Map and Extrusion Properties of New ZAXEM11100 Alloy:
T. Avey1; J. Caris2; A. Luo1; 1The Ohio State University; 2Terves LLC
Recently, a new magnesium alloy ZAXEM11100 (Mg-1.0Zn-1.0Al- TECHNICAL PROGRAM
0.5Ca-0.4Mn-0.2Ce, wt. pct.) has been developed for automotive
sheet forming applications. In this collaborative work between
Terves and OSU, ZAXEM11100 alloy has been evaluated for
extrusion applications. CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams)
modeling is used to design a simplified multi-stage solution
treatment schedule (T4) and aging treatment (T6) after extrusion.
A process map is generated for the new alloy based on Gleeble
thermomechanical testing results at various temperature and
strain rates. Room temperature tensile results will be presented
in the T4 and post-extrusion T6 conditions with corresponding
microstructures in comparison with the alloy sheet samples
processed via hot rolling and heat treatment.
www.tms.org/Mg2021 13geometries required for implants. Advancing manufacturing
Wrought Alloys I technologies could open a new window of opportunity for Mg
alloys. This study aimed to develop an end-to-end manufacturing
Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021 solution that enables the fabrication of customized porous Mg
implants for craniomaxillofacial applications. Powder-bed inkjet
Session Chair: B. Williams, CanmetMATERIALS 3D printing method followed by a sintering process was used to
fabricate implant-like Mg components with an interconnected
porous structure having more than 10 % of overall porosity. Then,
9:50 AM Invited
clamping fixtures for a three-step machining process together
Some Fundamental Questions on Wrought Mg Alloys: J. Nie1;
with the adaptive CAM program for tool path planning and collision
1
Monash University
checking were successfully developed, enabling automated
Significant progress has been made in the past 20 years on
milling of the near-net-shape fabricated Mg implant. Overall, this
wrought Mg alloys at fundamental and technological levels. At
combination of AM and the automatic post-machining process
the fundamental level, textures formed in sheets and extrusions
introduced in the current work will revolutionize the future of Mg
of different alloy compositions and produced under different strain
alloys for implant applications.
paths or thermomechanical processing conditions are relatively
well established, with the assistance of advanced characterisation Effect of Adding Zinc and Calcium Solute on Mechanical
techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction. At the Properties in Magnesium Fine Wires: H. Sannomiya1; 1Kobe
technological level, room temperature formability of sheet has University
been improved, and tension-compression yield asymmetry of In recent years, surgical sutures are made from bioabsrbable
extrusion is also remarkably reduced. This presentation starts polymers due to the benefit for avoiding removal operation.
with some questions on dislocation dissociation, stacking faults, Magnesium alloys are possible candidates for bioabsorbable
solute segregation, texture, and room temperature deformation sutures because of their biocompatibility and degradability. Since
behaviour of pure Mg and Mg alloys. With these questions, texture, the drawing is suitable for manufacturing a metallic fine wire,
grain size and deformation of sheets and extrusions produced we clarify the effect of additive elements, calcium or zinc, on
under different processing conditions will be systematically mechanical properties of drawn magnesium wires. Binary alloys of
examined and compared. Remaining and emerging scientific Mg-Ca (0.1 to 0.3 at%) and Mg-Zn (0.1 to 0.3 at%) were cast followed
issues are then highlighted and discussed in the context of texture by extrusion. The extrusions were drawn to fabricate a fine wire
and grain size. having a diameter of 0.2 mm. Tensile tests were conducted for the
wires. As a result, yield stress increased with increasing the content
10:20 AM Invited
of solute elements, while the work hardening rate and tensile
Strategies to Achieve Excellent Room Temperature Formability
ductility were varied with the kind of additive element. Inspect of
and High Strength in Wrought Magnesium Alloy Sheets: T. Sasaki1;
the drawn microstructure revealed that the additive element plays
M. Bian2; Z. Li1; T. Nakata3; S. Kamado3; K. Hono1; 1National Institute
an important role for microstructure evolution in magnesium.
for Materials Science; 2National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology; 3Nagaoka University of Technology
Heat treatable wrought magnesium alloy is promising as a strong
and formable alloy sheet because Mg-Al-Zn-Ca-Mn and Mg- New Materials / Processes; LPSO & MFS Structures
Zn-Ca-Zr alloys demonstrated comparable room temperature
formability and strength with 6XXX series aluminum. This Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021
presentation will discuss strategies to achieve excellent room
Session Chairs: M. Celikin, University College Dublin; K. Aizawa,
temperature formability and high strength in magnesium alloy Japan Atomic Energy Agency
sheets. The addition of Zn is beneficial in achieving good room
temperature formability in the Mg-Ca-Al dilute alloy by texture
weakening because the Zn addition facilitates the nucleation Magnesium Hydride Slurry Aerospace Fuel with Net-zero or
of weakly textured grains along twin boundaries during the Net-negative Emissions: Y. Wu1; J. Scarponi1; N. Dexter-Brown1; J.
solution treatment. However, the Zn content should be optimized Jayachandran1; A. Powell1; 1Worcester Polytechnic Institute
to achieve satisfactory bake-hardenability, which is a unique Metals such as aluminum have been used in solid fuel systems for
feature that occurs in the dilute magnesium alloys strengthened their high energy density. Magnesium has the advantage of low
by the precipitation of Guinier Preston (G.P.) zones. These bake- toxicity – indeed, it is a nutrient. The basicity of magnesium oxide in
hardenable alloys exhibit high thermal conductivity. Therefore, the combustion exhaust can react with atmospheric CO2 and tie it up
bake-hardenable magnesium alloy sheet is expected to broaden in precipitation. A slurry of magnesium hydride in a hydrocarbon
the application of wrought magnesium alloys. with 1:1 Mg:C ratio has lower specific energy than jet fuel, but higher
energy density which could lead to longer aircraft range. And the
MgH2 can be produced from sea water and electricity with zero
TECHNICAL PROGRAM
Biomedical Applications II emissions. Thermodynamic calculations presented here indicate
that this slurry fuel may burn with higher efficiency under engine
Tuesday AM | June 15, 2021 conditions, particularly at high temperature, if combustion reaches
equilibrium. Experiments were carried out to compare slurry
Session Chair: M. Gupta, National University of Singapore droplet combustion kinetics with hydrocarbon fuel. Atmospheric
equilibrium and condensation kinetics experiments estimate
potential for carbon removal from the atmosphere.
Towards Digital Manufacturing of Biodegradable Magnesium
Implants: M. Salehi1; V. Rudel2; E. Berckmann3; S. Kaabi4; G. Ong1; J.
Seitz5; J. Reisberg2; P. Ganser2; H. Seet1; S. Nai1; T. Bergs6; 1Singapore
Institute of Manufacturing Technology; 2Fraunhofer Institute for
Production Technology IPT; 3ModuleWorks GmbH; 4Syntellix Asia
Pte Ltd; 5Syntellix; 6Laboratory for Machine Tools and Production
Engineering (WZL) of RWTH Aachen University
As the third generation of biomaterials, magnesium (Mg) is a
promising candidate for biomedical applications. The traditional
manufacturing methods are unable to produce complex
14 12th International Conference on Magnesium Alloys and their ApplicationsImproving Adhesive Bonding of Explosive-welded Magnesium/ Classification of Oxide Films of Mg-X Binary Alloys and Application
Aluminum Joints by Interface Design: M. Bian1; X. Huang1; N. to LPSO-typed Multicomponent Mg Alloys: S. Inoue1; M. Yamasaki1;
Saito1; I. Nakatsugawa1; Y. Chino1; 1National Institute of Advanced Y. Kawamura1; 1Kumamto University
Industrial Science and Technology Mg alloys have high strength-to-weight ratios. However, Mg alloys
Multi-material lightweight materials have recently attracted easily burn and oxidize at high temperatures. To overcome the
considerable attention in the automotive industry, in particular problem of flammability of Mg alloys, some reactive elements
where a trade-off between reduced weight and improved were added to Mg alloys. The reactive element oxide film formed
performances is required. Nevertheless, joining of dissimilar on the Mg alloy surface may play an important role in improving
lightweight magnesium (Mg) and aluminum (Al) alloys is incombustibility of the alloys. However, it is hard to find systematic
challenging due to the marked differences in their metallurgical investigation for the characterization of surface oxide film of Mg
and physical properties and the formation of brittle intermetallic alloys in previous literatures. In this study, we have attempted to
compound layers: an Al3Mg2 layer on the Al alloy side and a classify the oxide films of Mg-X alloys and multicomponent Mg
Mg17Al12 layer on the Mg alloy side. In this study, the feasibility alloys such as LPSO-typed ones. The proposed classification
of improving adhesive bonding of an explosive-welded AZX611 comprises three main types of oxides (MgO, XmOn, and XmOn/
(Mg-6Al-1Zn-1Ca-0.3Mn in wt.%)/A6N01 (Al-0.7Mg-0.5Si-0.3Cu MgO) and two subgroups (thermally grown and thermal barrier) of
in wt.%) joint was explored by conventional hot-rolling process. 7 each oxide type. The formation of thermal barrier type oxide film
mm thick plates were rolled to 1 mm thick sheets with different tends to improve non-flammability of Mg alloys regardless of sort
rolling temperatures and thickness reduction per pass to provide of main oxide types.
an in-depth understanding of the relationship between the rolling
Plastic Deformation Behavior of Lamellar-structured Mg-based
condition, adhesive bonding and interface microstructure of the
Eutectic Alloys, as the “Mille-feuille Structured Material”: K.
AZX611/A6N01 joint sheet.
Hagihara1; K. Miyoshi1; K. Hayakawa1; 1Osaka University
Understanding the Poor Hardening Potential of Nanoprecipitates LPSO phase is known to contribute to increase in both of strength
in Highly Alloyed Magnesium Rare Earth Alloys: X. Jin1; W. Xu2; D. and ductility of Mg alloys. As a deformation mode in it, kink-band
Shan2; B. Guo2; B. Jin3; M. Pérez Prado1; 1IMDEA Materials Institute; formation is recently focused. However, its formation criteria have
2
Harbin Institute of Technology; 3University of Southern California not yet been clarified. According to the study on the LPSO phase,
This work investigates the inefficiency of a dense distribution of its unique crystal structure which is constructed by the alternative
nanoprecipitates to strengthen a weakly textured Mg-Gd-Y-Zr alloy stacking of soft and hard layers, called mille-feuille structure,
by micropillar compression and analytical electron microscopy. are supposed as plausible factors to govern the formation of
The research shows that, in grains oriented favorably for basal deformation kink bands. To confirm these assumptions, we
slip, nanoprecipitation leads to pronounced slip localization due examined the deformation behavior of several directionally
to dislocation shearing, resulting in a modest strengthening of solidified Mg-based two-phase eutectic alloy with lamellar
basal systems. Additionally, in grains with the c-axis close to microstructure as a model material, such as Mg/Mg17Al12, and
the compression axis, hard basal slip dominates deformation confirmed the formation of kink-bands as expected. The details on
and nanoprecipitation promotes the activation of pyramidal this is discussed in the presentation.
slip, but also with a minor effect in the strength. Finally, in grains
Influence of Crystallographic Orientation on Corrosion Behavior
with the c-axis almost perpendicular to the compression axis,
of Mg-Zn-Y Alloys with Multimodal Microstructure: M. Yamasaki1;
prismatic slip dominates deformation in the solid solution state
A. Furukawa1; Y. Kawamura1; Z. Shi2; A. Atrens2; 1Kumamoto
and nanoprecipitation favors twinning due to solute depletion,
University; 2The University of Queensland
leading to significant softening. The modest hardening response
Mg-Zn-Y alloys containing a long period stacking ordered (LPSO)
of the weakly textured alloy is mostly attributed to the softening
phase have received a large amount of attention, due to its
associated to basal slip localization due to particle shearing.
improved mechanical performance. With respect to the Mg/LPSO
The Effects of RE-RE Elements on the Phase Stability and two-phase alloys, a heterogeneous multimodal microstructure
Mechanical Properties of LPSO Phase in Mg-TM-RE-RE Quaternary develops during thermo-mechanical processing such as extrusion
Alloys: K. Ikeda1; S. Miura1; F. Miyakawa1; S. Takizawa1; T. Horiuchi2; S. and rolling. The alpha-Mg matrix is bimodally grained; that is, it
Minamoto3; T. Itoi4; 1Hokkaido University; 2Hokkaido University of consists of fine dynamically recrystallized grains and strongly fiber-
Science; 3National Institute for Materials Science; 4Chiba University textured coarse grains. The former contributes to an improvement
LPSO (Long-Period Stacking Ordered) phases in various Mg-TM- in ductility, while the latter contributes to mechanical strengthening
RE (TM: transition metals, RE: rare-earth elements) ternary alloys of the alloy due to texture strengthening. Dispersion of LPSO
have attracted attention for high strength Mg alloys. In this study, phase is also effective for alloy strengthening. In other words, the
it is attempted to confirm the existence of stable phases around extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloys involve electrochemical and geometrical
the LPSO to substitution behavior of Mg-Zn-RE LPSO phase. heterogeneities. In this study, therefore, we have investigated
Furthermore, the mechanical properties of each phase in Mg-Zn- influence of electrochemical and geometrical heterogeneities on
RE-RE alloys are investigated by indentation tests. Quaternary corrosion resistance of extruded Mg-Zn-Y alloys with multimodal TECHNICAL PROGRAM
alloys were prepared by melting Mg, Zn and several RE metal microstructure. Meticulous attention was paid to crystallographic
blocks in a high-frequency furnace under argon atmosphere, orientation dependence of corrosion behavior of the extruded
and casting in a mild steel mold. It was found that almost no Ce alloys.
substitutes for Y in Mg-Zn-Y-Ce based LPSO, while Dy substitutes
for Y in several Mg-Zn-Y-Dy based LPSO.
www.tms.org/Mg2021 15You can also read
