GCSE Revision 2018 Graphic Products - Standish Community High ...
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GCSE Revision 2018 Graphic Products
Revision Timetable (Lessons)
13th April 20th April 27th April 4th may 11th may 18th may 25th May 8th June
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8
30 Minute Exam Prep – The Design Materials and Graphical Packaging and Society and the Exam Technique – Practice
Time Slots Section A Process Components Techniques industry environment Section B Questions
Answering the design How to pick up
part of the exam easy marks in the
paper. exam.
• Logo/brand • Product • Paper and • Sketching • Nets and • Signs and • Managing time • Section
1 identity. Lifecycle. Boards. Techniques. Packaging. labels. – Quick
sketching
A
(Paper
• Slogan. • Adhesives. • Symbols. techniques. 1)
• Ideas for self • Product • Laminating • Pictorial and • Scales of • Branding. • Annotation of • Section
2 assembly
decorations for
Analysis. and Tubing. working
drawings.
Production.
• Social
ideas &
presentation.
B
(Paper
an event • Tools and • Industry Responsibility. 2)
• Name stands for Equipment. Processes. • Evaluating ideas
an event in detail.
• Fonts and • Development • Smart and • Printing • CAD & CAM • The 6R’s. • Reading the • Section
3 typographical
styles for events.
of designs &
Evaluation.
Modern
Materials.
Processes.
• Sustainability.
question. B
(Paper
• Understanding 1)
the marks.
• Exam technique • Influential • Plastics. • Autonomy of • Charts and • Working • High level • Section
4 •
for section A
Practice for
Designers.
• Jigs &
Typography. Graphs. Safely. vocabulary &
correct
B
(Paper
homework Moulds. technology 2)
terms.
Exam Revision 2018
Section B
(Theory Questions)
Week 2:
The Design Process
• Product Lifecycle
• Development & evaluation
• Product analysis
• Influential designers
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE 1. Introduction – gap in the market launch DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION
of a new product. Expensive to begin with
MODELS
as you have to pay the designer and
spend money on marketing.
Can be 2D or 3D drawings done by
hand or using CAD. Sketch- up shows
a virtual 3D model from all angles. 3D
2. Growth – if a product is
successful sales will
models can be hand made and
increase. Manufacture scaled down to check the shape of a
costs go down as you can design.
mass produce them. Profits
increase. Competitors MOCK-UPS
introduce similar products. Are usually full scale and made of
4. Decline – the sales cheap material (card, paper or
fall, your profits shrink clay). You might make a mock up
and eventually the 3. Maturity – product is well known. to quickly check a net or design will
product is replaced Sales are high but there are more look right when made.
by a new one. Then it competitors. The product may
goes back to the have to be reduced in price. There
beginning. are fewer new customers. PROTOTYPES
Mock-ups are called prototypes if they’re a full scale
working product. they include working mechanisms
OBSOLENCE PLANNED OBSOLENCE and components, and they’re made using the right
1. Products can become out of date or Advantages – drives innovation and materials and construction methods. It may have
break. The consumer has to replace the keeps designers and manufacturers
product. This is called obsolescence. in jobs.
limited features but will work for testing purposes.
Disadvantages – consumers may get
2. Designers sometimes deliberately annoyed if products break. It is not
design stuff so it becomes useless quickly.
Such as make it poor quality, hard to
good for the environment if you end
up with loads of throw away
INFLUENTIAL DESIGNERS Harry Beck – maps and systematic
drawings.
repair, go out of fashion quickly. E.g. I products using resources, energy Jock Kinneir & Margaret
phone charger shape. and pollution. Calvert The map only has
straight lines, running
vertically or
horizontally or at 45º
PRODUCT ANALYSIS ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
to make your product the right size you must The layout is simple and uses colours for
consider the body measurements of your user. Road signs – uses curvy letters that each line. Other maps have been
drivers can read easily. They also
Measurements of body parts are called designed pictograms for warning signs.
designed in this style.
anthropometric data.
What products would need hand
Whalley Ollins Robert Sabuda Alberto Alessi
measurements? Height measurements? Head
measurements? Corporate Product design – his idea
identity was to produce simple
Designing logos products but keep them
ERGONOMICS and images that stylish and fun.
Making a product easy and comfortable for people to make a The designs are always
use. Lettering must be legible. Correct size font and clear. company distinctive and often
Products must be the right size for the intended user. If a recognisable. Paper engineering – colourful.
folding and cutting paper
product needs to be gripped the texture might be
to create models that
important. If the product needs to be moved or carried unfold and move. Known
the weight needs to be kept to a minimum. for making pop up books.
(A product lifecycle is the life of a product from start to finish – or birth to
Product Lifecycle death like in humans) Companies like Apple purposely give their products a
short lifecycle so that consumers will have to buy the next upgraded model
What is it? – this ensures the company is consistently making money. It also ensures that
the consumer is happy because they are never bored with their product.
1) Introduction – Companies see a ‘gap in the
market’ so they launch of a new product. This is
expensive to begin with as you have to pay the
designer and spend money on marketing.
2) Growth – If a product is successful sales will
Sales
increase. Manufacture costs go down as you can
introduction
maturity
Decline
mass produce them. Profits increase. Competitors
growth
introduce similar products.
3) Maturity – Product is well known. Sales
are high but there are more competitors.
The product may have to be reduced in
Time price. There are fewer new customers.
4) Decline – The sales fall, your profits shrink
and eventually the product is replaced by
a new one. Then the cycle goes back to
the beginning.
Play Me!
When analysis a design you can use a method called ACCESS FM to ensure
Product Analysis you remember to write about each area of the design. Make sure you use
lots of adjectives and high level vocabulary!
ACCESS FM
(Describing Words)
Adjectives
➢ Attractive ➢ Geometric
➢ Appealing ➢ High-end
➢ Aesthetically-pleasing ➢ Inexpensive
➢ Beautiful ➢ Luxurious
➢ Clear ➢ Low-end
➢ Colourful ➢ Modern
➢ Cluttered ➢ Masculine
➢ Complex ➢ Old-fashioned
➢ Distinctive ➢ Plain
➢ Dull ➢ Professional
➢ Detailed ➢ Powerful
➢ Elegant ➢ Simple
➢ Effective ➢ Symmetrical
➢ Expensive ➢ Silhouetted
➢ Eye-catching ➢ Traditional
➢ Fancy ➢ Unusual
➢ Feminine ➢ Unique
Product Analysis
Ergonomics & Anthropometrics
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA
To make your product the right size you must consider
the body measurements of your user. Measurements
of body parts are called anthropometric data.
What products would need hand measurements?
Height measurements? Head measurements?
ERGONOMICS
Making a product easy and comfortable for people to
use. Lettering must be legible - correct size font and
clear.
Products must be the right size for the intended user. If
a product needs to be gripped the texture might be
important. If the product needs to be moved or
carried the weight needs to be kept to a minimum.
Design Development
Play Me!
Modelling & Prototypes
PROTOTYPES
Prototypes are working models of ideas for new products.
Toys
Prototypes are used to test a final design
A good prototype is able to show potential users or clients
how the proposed product will work and therefore get
feedback to improve it before it is made.
They are cheap but often use similar materials to the final
product.
Not a final product.
Cars
MODELS
Representation of a real object.
Presents a simplified version of something.
Can be very simple or very complicated.
Allows the designer to develop and improve an idea.
Used in business to present an idea in detail .
Uses cheap materials such as card , balsa wood etc.
Control
Design Evaluating
Evaluating ideas in detail
Success Criteria
▪ Good sentence structure – Capital letters,
punctuation.
▪ Connectives have been used to back up
statements – for example: The design uses
bright colours and modern designs, therefor, it
appeals to the target market of young children.
▪ Correct Spellings and Technical
language.Influential Designers
Harry Beck
• Design is based on
electrical wiring.
Now used for other
transport systems
worldwide.
• The map isn't
geographically
correct – it shows
which station comes
next, but the layout
is not accurate to
real life.
• The map only has
straight lines going
London Underground Map vertical or horizontal
In reality = wiggly
1933 lines all over the
place.
• Features of the map
make it easy to use
and its been a huge
success. Other
transport networks
now use Beck’s
style.Influential Designers • He ran a
Alberto Alessi kitchenware
company, but did
not create the
designs for
products himself!
• He employed
designers to
come up with
creative and fun
designs which
were then
manufactured by
his company.
• A key part of his
Kitchenware Company idea was to mass
1970’s produce products
while keeping the
designs stylish and
unique.
• A well known
example is
Philippe Starcks
lemon squeezer.Influential Designers • Were hired to
design the new
Jock Kinneir & Margaret Calvert road signs needed
when motorways
were first opened in
GB.
• The signs had a
simple map showing
the road layout
ahead.
• For the font
(Typeface) they
developed a new
font which used
curvy letters that
were easier for
drivers to read.
Road Signs • They also
1957 developed the
colour scheme for
different types of
sign.
• The designs were
successful because
they were easy to
read and
understand!Influential Designers
Robert Sabuda
• He is famous for
developing a
different style of
paper
engineering.
• Paper
engineering
means cutting
paper to create
models that
unfolded and
moved.
Paper Engineering
• He is well known
1990’s-Now for creating pop
up books.Influential Designers
Wally Ollins
Famous for
designing
many logos
such as BT,
Volkswagon
and Lloyds.
London Olympics Logo
2012Week 3:
Materials and Components
• Paper & Boards
• Adhesives
• Plastics
• Laminating & Tubing
• Smart Materials
• Jigs & Moulds
• Tools & EquipmentPAPER – Below 200gsm (grams per square BOARD – when it is more than 200gsm THERMOSETS – Can only be heated and shaped once. E.g. UREA
metre) FORMALDEHYDE – good electrical insulator, resists chemicals, hard –
CARTRIDGE PAPER – good for sketching and is textured. WHITE BOARD – high quality bleached surface. Used printed circuit boards, plugs, kettles, surface coatings, table tops).
for packaging. THERMOPLASTICS – Can be heated & reshaped many times.
LAYOUT PAPER – thin and translucent used for general MOUNT BOARD – used to mount drawings and photos. ACETATE –
design work. flexible, PVC – cheap, POLYPROPYLENE
transparent durable, different (PP) – strong,
BLEED PROOF PAPER – used when drawing with felt CORRUGATED BOARD – fluted inner core and two , thin, can thicknesses,
HIPS – high impact flexible, tough,
tips and markers and does not bleed. outer layers. Light weight and strong. print on blister packs,
polystyrene, rigid, lunch boxes,
TRACING PAPER – translucent and is used to trace DUPLEX BOARD – different colour or material on each variety of colours, insulation chairs, car parts
(copy) images. (more expensive than layout paper). side. One surface smooth for printing. vacuum forming
GREY BOARD – rigid and easy to cover. Used for board ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: PLASTICS
games, book covers and ring binders. Does not biodegrade,
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES: made from finite MODELLING
A lot of board is made resource (oil), pollution
Corrugated plastic sheet –
from recycled paper. If
the wood pulp comes
PAPER AND BOARDS from processing and
transportation, energy lightweight, impact resistant,
from well managed
used in processing and waterproof, modelling objects with
extraction, disturbing
Standard paper sizes
forests it is fairly natural habitats at sea.
large flat surface.
sustainable. Wood and Can be recycled and Expanded polystyrene – lightweight.
board is bio degradable. reused. Shape with a craft knife or hot wire
White card uses bleach cutter. Can be crumbly. Needs the
which can damage the surface filling before painting.
environment.
Machining foam – more compact
and less crumbly, can be painted.
ENVIRONMENTA
SPIRAL WOUND TUBE – FILLERS AND FINISHES MATERIALS WHICH ENVIRONMENTAL MODERN MATERIALS
L ISSUES:
Made from paper wound
composite PLASTER FILLER - powder mixed REACT TO THE CORNSTARCH – made from maize. Can be made
in a spiral and held with water to make a paste. ENVIRONMENT AND in clear, flexible form for sandwich packaging.
materials have
together with glue. They Applied to surface and left to dry. CHANGE THEIR POTATOPAK – made from potato starch baked
to be separated
are strong and Can be sanded and painted to inside moulds. Fairly rigid, makes food packaging.
before they are PROPERTIES
light weight. finish. PAPER FOAM – potato starch and paper fibers.
recycled.
PAINTS – made up of pigment and Can make phone, DVD and CD packaging.
a vehicle. Vehicle evaporates and Thermochromic
LAMINATING AND TUBING leaves the pigment on the surface. pigments react to
VARNISH – man made resin. The changes in temperature
solvent evaporates to leave a (thermometers, food SMART AND MODERN
transparent protective layer. packaging).
COMPOSITE MATERIALS – made MATERIALS
up of more than one material. Photochromic
pigments- react to PRECIOUS METAL CLAY
ALUMINIUM – tetra packaging is changes in light levels Contains particles of metal
made from aluminum, card and (sunglasses). (often silver) in a binding Holographic Lenticular
ADHESIVES
polystyrene. This keeps flavours in material. Often used to paper sheet
Phosphorescent – react
and air out. E.g. drink carton. to light (glow in the make jewellery.
PVA Double Glue stick The clay is easy to
POLYTHENE – paper can be dark)
sided tape roll out and work
coated with polythene to make Hydro chromic – Reacts
with.
it waterproof. E.g. paper cups. to water (umbrella Polymorph – modelling material
The clay is heated that can be bought in pellets.
changes colour) and metal fuses
POLYSTYRENE – foam core board When put in warm water goes
together to create soft and malleable. Can be
is made by laminating a solid metal moulded to shape and sets
polystyrene between card. Making Glue gun object. It can then when cooled.
Adhesive
tape be polished.
sprayPLASTICS USES: Used for bending plastic
in a straight line. Signs
BENDING WITH STRIP HEATER
Thermoplastics cannot be bent when cold.
They are bent using a strip heater or line
bender which will heat the plastic in a straight
line, so it can be bent by hand.
mould screw Pellets of PP/PET
INJECTION MOULDING hopper
A metal mould is used heater
and softened or motor
molten plastic is forced
into the mould by
pressure from a screw
thread. The mould is USES: Complex plastic shapes.
made in two parts to
allow the moulding to
Children’s toys, school chairs,
be removed. trays, containers.
1. Parison inserted BLOW MOULDING
into mould. A tube of softened plastic
2. Base of parison called a parison is extruded
squeezed by into a mould.
mould.
3. Air blown in to USES: Plastic
parison, parison bottles/buckets
expands to fill and other similar
mould.
4. Finished product.
hollow shapes.
VACUUM FORMING
USES: Hollow
1. Plastic placed
over mould. food
2. Plastic heated. packaging,
3. Air in mould planters, trays,
removed by bathtubs, shop
vacuum fittings.
JIGS AND MOULDS
PAPER CAN BE PROTECTED BY ENCAPSULATION JIG - used to make sure that parts are made exactly the same, without the need
1) Encapsulation is done using a laminating machine. for marking out. For example, when drilling through a block of wood with two holes
2) The paper is enclosed in a plastic pocket. in, it will make sure that the holes are drilled in the same place in each component.
3) The sandwich is then inserted into the laminating TEMPLATE - something that you can draw around to mark a shape onto material.
machine. The machine heats the plastic and seals the
paper. MOULD - a hollow shape used when casting metal or plastic resin. Moulds for
casting metal can be made in a special type of sand, in metal or in plaster. Moulds
Encapsulation (laminating) can be used to make a product for casting resin can be made of plaster or rubber.
stronger, waterproof and look more professional. However it
is expensive and not environmentally friendly.Types of Materials
Papers and Boards
Paper sizes
Paper is available in sizes from A0 (biggest) to
A6 (smallest). The most common size is A4.
Each size is half the one before, eg A4 is half
the size of A3.
Main Advantages of Paper and Board
• Flexible
• Cheap to purchase
• Sustainable & RecyclableTypes of Materials
Adhesives & Fastenings
Adhesives Fastenings
An adhesive is a substance that bonds surfaces Fastenings attach two things together.
together. They can be permanent or temporary.
• Drawing pins fix paper and card to wooden
backing or hold model parts together while
working on or painting them.
• Mapping pins are used to locate information
on a chart.
• Dressmakers' pins are used to fix work on
display boards.
• Paper fasteners fix moving parts in pop-up
models and books. Use with brass eyelets for
more robust work.
• Paper clips can be bent into small hooks for
models.
• Rubber bands and elastic are used in pop-up
models and crashlock models.Types of Materials
Plastics
Thermo-Plastic uses Principal uses Thermo-Set Plastics Properties Principal uses
Toys, Telephones,
Phenol formaldehyde handles, connectors
(ABS)
Signs, covers for car
lights, wash
(Acrylic) basins and
baths Urea formaldehyde Electrical fittings,
and control
knobs,
adhesives
Food trays,
Polystyrene containers,
(High impact) lids, plates,
HIPS trays, model
making
Packaging,
Polythene especially
(Low density) bottles,
packaging
film and bags.
Pipes, guttering,
bottles,
Polyvinyl chloride window
(uPVC) framesSmart Materials
Definition
Smart materials react to changes in
their environment, such as
temperature, light, moisture or
electricity.Smart Materials Smart Materials
Types
THERMOCHROMIC
Changes with temperature
HYDROCHROMIC
Changes with moisture
PHOTOCHROMIC
Changes with light
ELECTROLUMINESCENT
Changes with electricity
PHOSPHORESCENT
Absorbs light and changes once its darkSmart Materials
Thermochromic
1) Thermochromic
Reacts to a change in temperatureSmart Materials
2) Photochromic
Reacts to a change in day lightSmart Materials
3) Phosphorescent
Reacts to a change in dark light (after absorbing daylight)Smart Materials
4) Hydrochromic
Reacts to a change in moistureSmart Materials
Polymorph • Polymorph is a special plastic, often used for
5) Poly Morph modeling in technology, which stays hard and
white at room temperature, but can be
softened at 60 degrees Celsius. You can then
easily mould it into shape using your hands,
much like plasticine.
• Polymorph is ideal for ergonomic designs,
such as handles, torches and games consoles.
• Polymorph can also be classed as a smart
materials as it can return to its original form
when heat is removed.Components Play Me Various Techniques
Audio case study on kerboodle
Complete questions on page 75
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=dnsy70Wa5vw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LRBq2W7U9TM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=IZHuH27jLUQComponents
Jigs & Moulds
Moulds Jigs
What is it? A hollow container What is it? A manufactured piece
used to give shape to hot liquid that ensures that ensures that
material when it cools and parts are made identically
hardens. without the need for marking out.
Moulds can be made from a For example: When drilling through a block
of wood with two holes in, it will make sure
range of materials such as MDF. that the holes are drilled in the same place
in each component.Components
Templates & Formers
Templates Formers
What is it? something that you What is it? used to make sure that
can draw around to mark a parts are shaped or bent to
shape onto material, so that it exactly the same shape..
can be cut or shaped.
Fashion designers use cutting
templates to create clothing
that is identical.Week 4:
Graphical Techniques
• Drawing Techniques
• Working Drawings
• Colour
• LetteringCRATING PICTORIAL AND WORKING DRAWINGS
Drawing ONE AND TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE ORTHOGRAPHIC
Techniques Start by drawing
the vanishing 1) Draw the front
point then the view.
from of the 2) Add
THICK AND THIN LINES shape. Draw the construction
Start by drawing a box construction lines going up
‘crate’ and gradually lines. to draw the
add bits. plan view.
The object can then be 3) Add
drawn within the box. Draw the front, construction
Details can be added vertical edge lines to the righ
by drawing more first then the to draw the
geometric shapes for construction end view.
Thin lines show adjoining surfaces and thick guidance. lines to meet the
lines are used when only one side can be vanishing points.
seen.
Wood can be Tone can be shown by Shades of grey
drawn using using shading, patterns can be used to
EXPLODED SECTIONAL
coloured pencils of lines, or dots. show reflection to
to represent the represent a metal
colour and grain. effect. Shows how a
product fits together.
Draw the product
with each separate
part of it moved out
COLOUR FUSION AND SEPERATION SCREEN as if it’s been
PRINTING exploded.
COLOUR SEPERATION - Anything Dotted lines show
that is printed is made up of the 4 where each part has
colours below. When you send a been exploded Show what the product would look like if you
document to print the printer from. cut it in two (internal detail.
recognises the 4 colours to make
the required image. A front view shows where the cut has been
made. The hatched lines show where the
product has been cut.
The screen is made from mesh and a stencil
underneath. The material is put under the stencil. The ISOMETRIC SCALE / ENLARGEMENT
dye is put on top of the nesh and a rubber
squeegee is used to push dye through the mesh and To draw a big object
the gaps in the stencil to make a pattern on the on a small piece of
material. paper you need to
use scale.
1:2 means the
LETTERING drawing is half th
Different lettering styles (fonts) are used for different size.
purposes. 1:4 means the
drawing is a
There are 2 main font styles, Serif (with a flick) and • Vertical edges are drawn as vertical lines. quarter of the siz
san serif (without a flick). • Horizontal edges are drawn at 30° 2:1 means the
Other styles of lettering are Italic and BOLD. • Parallel edges appear as parallel lines. drawing is doubl
the size.
Parts of lettering have different names as you can 1:1 is full sized.
see in the image on the right.Drawing Techniques
CRATING
Lines & Shading
THICK AND THIN LINES
Start by drawing a box
‘crate’ and gradually
add bits.
The object can then be
drawn within the box.
Details can be added
by drawing more
geometric shapes for
Thin lines show adjoining surfaces and guidance.
thick lines are used when only one side
can be seen.
Wood can be Tone can be Shades of grey
drawn using shown by using can be used to
coloured shading, show reflection to
pencils to patterns of lines, represent a metal
represent the or dots. effect.
colour and
grain.Working Drawings Isometric Projection
Isometric Projection What does it mean?
A design of a 3D shape on a 2D surface.
Isometric projection uses vertical lines and lines drawn
at 30° to horizontal.Graphical Techniques Isometric Projection
Isometric Drawing What is it for?
Q: Why do we draw in isometric?
Answer: So that designs can be seen from different angles –
good for showing measurementsWorking Drawings
One & two point perspective
ONE AND TWO POINT PERSPECTIVE
Start by
drawing the
vanishing point
then the from of
the shape.
Draw the
construction
lines.
Draw the front,
vertical edge
first then the
construction
lines to meet
the vanishing
points.Working Drawings
Orthographic & Exploded
ORTHOGRAPHIC EXPLODED
1) Draw the Shows how a
front view. product fits
together.
2) Add
construction Draw the product
lines going up with each
to draw the separate part of it
plan view. moved out as if
it’s been
3) Add exploded.
construction Dotted lines show
lines to the where each part
right to draw has been
the end view. exploded from.Working Drawings
Sectional & Scaled
SCALE / ENLARGEMENT SECTIONAL
To draw a big
object on a small
piece of paper you
need to use scale.
1:2 means the
drawing is half
the size.
1:4 means the
drawing is a
quarter of the Show what the product would look like if
size. you cut it in two (internal detail.
2:1 means the
drawing is A front view shows where the cut has been
double the size. made. The hatched lines show where the
1:1 is full sized. product has been cut.Colour The meaning of
Meanings & Processes Colour
COLOUR FUSION AND SEPERATION SCREEN
PRINTING
COLOUR SEPERATION - Anything that
is printed is made up of the 4 colours
below. When you send a document PANTONE PANTONE
PANTONE PANTONE
to print the printer recognises the 4 GREEN YELLOW
BLUE TURQUOISE
colours to make the required image.
AUTHORITY, HEALTH, NATURE, HAPPINESS,
CONFIDENCE, CLEANLINESS, HEALTHY, FRESH, WARMTH,
LOYALTY, CALM, MONEY, CAUTION, JOY,
SUCCESS, TRANQUIL, ENVIRONMENT, PLAYFULNESS,
SECURITY. TRUSTING. JEALOUSY. HUNGER.
The screen is made from mesh and a stencil
underneath. The material is put under the
stencil. The dye is put on top of the nesh and a
rubber squeegee is used to push dye through
the mesh and the gaps in the stencil to make a
pattern on the material.
PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE
PURPLE PINK RED ORANGE
LUXURY, FEMININE, ACTION, PLAYFUL,
EXPENSIVE, FLORAL, LEADERSHIP, AFFORDABLE,
ROYAL, ROMANTIC, DANGER, CREATIVE, FUN,
MYSTERIOUS, INNOCENT, DRIVE, PASSION, YOUTHFUL,
SOPHISTICATED. DELICATE. STRENGTH. ENERGETIC.
PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE PANTONE
BROWN GREY WHITE BLACK
NEUTRAL, CALM, AUTHORITY, PEACE, PURITY, BOLD, CLASSIC,
DEPTH, EARTH, CORPORATE, CLEANLINESS, SOPHISTICATED,
ROUGHNESS, PRACTICAL, SIMPLICITY, AUTHORITY,
SERIOUS, RESPECTFUL, TRUTHFUL, POWERFUL,
NATURAL. STABLE, NEUTRAL. INNOCENCE. SERIOUS.Lettering
Typographic Styles
Bold Serif Display
Used to make words stand out. Used on traditional pieces of Used on displayed items such
text. as posters or signs.
Italic Sans Serif Script
Used to stress important words Used on more modern pieces Used on fancy designs to make
or quotes. of text. them look luxury/expensive.Lettering Typography Anatomy Leading = The Vertical Space between lines of type. Kerning = Space between each letter in a word. Tracking = Space between each word in a sentence.
Lettering Exam Question
Week 5:
Packaging & Industry
(Product Lifecycle, development & evaluation,
product analysis, influential designers)ONE OFF PRODUCTION Week 5: Packaging and Industry NETS AND PACKAGING
Making one product – every item will be different.
It is time consuming.
Expensive. NETS (SURFACE DEVELOPMENT)
Labour intensive. CAM
Concerned with aesthetic appeal and detail.
Glue area
E.G painting, sculpture, made to measure furniture.
Glue tab
….
BATCH
MASS • Making a specific quantity e.g. 10 or 2000.
Fold line VINYL CUTTER – an image from a computer
can be printed but instead of ink a blade will
• Used to make thousands and thousands of • Batches can be repeated as many times as necessary.
identical products. • One process e.g. cutting out is completed on the whole Cut line cut out the shape either in card or vinyl
• Simple, repeptitive tasks which are easy for batch. Then a second process and so on. (stickers).
people to learn. • Quicker than one off. Dust flap
• Uses an assembly line. • Machinery and labour need to be flexible.
• Usually uses CAM and expensive specialised • Down time: time between batches when machinery
equipment. may need to be changed or set up differently.
• Costs a lot to set up but is much faster. • Not as efficient as mass production as you may get CAD can be used to
• Does not require highly skilled staff. products waiting for a slow process e.g. paint drying. design packaging.
• Jigs and templates are used. Advantages – more
E.g. Cars, televisions. E.g. Clothing, newspapers, books accurate, replicate easily,
quicker, make DIE CUTTER – a die cutter presses out the net
complicated designs from a sheet of material using a sharp blade
quickly. shaped to the outline of the net.
JUST IN TIME CONTINUOUS
• Highly automated.
In batch production lots of
Creases can be made by rounded creasing
bars.
• Just in time production means just that. This involves the arrival of
• Uses expensive machines. nets can be printed using Advantages/disadvantages – expensive as
parts at just the exact time that they are required in the factory. tessellation to ensure
• This means that less storage space is needed at the factory, so
• Runs 24 hours a day. the mould is made from metal, great for
• Equipment is built to make huge minimal waste. making large quantities accurately.
saving space at the factory.
amount of only one thing.
• If the flow of parts is stopped or is late the line will stop and this
• Very efficient.
production technique could then become very costly.
E.g. Tin cans.
CHARTS AND GRAPHS
BAR CHART – equally
QUALITY ASSURANCE – what will you QUALITY CONTROL – how will you spaced bars the same FLOW CHARTS
check? check it? width. Drawn A flow chart shows a
Includes: • Testing samples of components to see horizontal or vertical. number of events in the
• Good staff training if they meet manufacturers compare results in a order they take place.
• Procedures for checking quality of materials specifications e.g. for colour, faults, visual way.
• Systems for keeping machinery maintained size… The feedback loops and
• Also includes quality control checks. • Tolerance: When checking the size, decisions show you how to
components must be within a specific fix a problem if something
This is to ensure products: tolerance e.g. 0.5mm larger or smaller PIE CHART – make sure isn’t right.
• Conform to a specification than the specified size. the sections add u to
• Do a job they were designed to do Advantages: 100%. Label each
• Meet the standards e.g. British Standards • Prevents waste section and could add
• Keep customer happy • Once a problem is spotted it can be a key on the side.
• Are manufactured consistently put right.
PICTOGRAPH –
CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacture). charts made of
Examples of CAD; photoshop or any other 2D drawing software and 3D modelling software pictures. Use SEQUENTIAL ILLUSTRATIONS
(google sketch-up, Pro/DESKTOP) symbols or simple Instead of a flow
Examples of CAM; CNC cutters, milling machines, laser cutter, vinyl cutter and a 3D printer. pictures makes the chart you can use
graph look more a series of
ADVANTAGES; can easily make changes to designs, faster, more accurate, reduced labour costs, interesting. illustrations. For
can leave to run through the night. Use a key. example flat pack
DISADVANTAGES; initial cost of software and hardware, expensive and lengthy training, work can furniture
be disrupted if the computers get a virus or files are corrupted.Scales of Production
Industry Practice
In school, you may make
something by hand or
use some CAD/CAM
equipment such as this
small laser cutter.
In industry, however, most things are scaled-up.
Industrial standard
equipment is used and
each process may be
done by different people,
with the product moving
between them on a
conveyor belt. This is
called a production line.Scales of Production
One-off & Batch
One-off
A one-off product is made for
a particular purpose or to be
unique. Large sculptures or
small hand-made products
are both examples of this.
Batch production
Batch Batch production is
production is also used for
for products products where
that may not design is very
be in demand important. High-end
all the time, sports cars are
such as this produced in small
souvenir tea numbers to stimulate
towel. demand and keep
them exclusive.Mass-produced products and continuously
Scales of Production produced products are also made on
Mass & Continuous production lines. The difference is in the
amounts made.
Mass production Continuous production
The washing machine is mass The tablet containers are a
produced. It is a functional product continuously produced standard
with some element of design to make product. They are made as blanks for
it stand out and attract the buyer. a number of different manufacturers
There is competition from different to add their own designs or labels at
manufacturers and tens, or possibly a later stage. They are purely
hundreds of thousands may be functional and produced in millions
made. around the world.Scales of Production Play Me
Just-in-time (JIT)
This is a very simple concept. A company will only order enough raw
materials or blank components for their exact needs at that time. There
is nothing stored and taking up space in the warehouse, so money is
saved in transport and storage costs.
Before AfterDesign in Industry
Quality Assurance & Control
Quality Assurance Quality Control
The plans for any project must include
what everyone should be doing to
ensure the product is fit for purpose and
is of the highest quality.
Quality control measures are built
into the QA plan. They are the tests
and checks that are carried out
to training during production.
all the staff
All these checks are recorded at
QA covers every aspect,
every step so the QA manager has
from buying the best raw all the data.
materials
Very accurate measuring
equipment, such as Vernier gauges
and working closely and digital micrometres, are used in
with the client to
agree industry.
the standards.Design in Industry
Visual Checks & Tolerances
Visual checks are also part of QC. Ensuring
the colour or finish of an object looks right is
very important.
Tolerance is the acceptable range of accuracy. The QA manager
agrees the tolerances with the client and these are put in the plan.
+ or – 0.05mm + or –
This means that this particular size 0.001mm
can be no more than one
Tolerances in some industries, such
twentieth of a millimetre bigger or
as car engine manufacture, can
smaller when it is measured.
be as low as one thousandth of a
millimetre.Nets
Definition
A net is a 2D plan for a
3D object. Nets are
also called ‘surface
developments’Nets
Continued
…
When Drawing a Net…
• Solid Lines to show edges you are supposed to cut.
• Dotted lines to show edges which fold.
Benefits of Nets
• Great for modelling ideas.
• They produce a 3D model quickly.
• They are cheap to manufacture.
• Can be printed on easily as a 2D
shape as it is difficult to print on 3D
shapesNets
Industry Manufacture
CAD – 2D Design
• Nets in industry are designed using CAD program 2D
Design. This is good because you can easily amend it
until it is correct.
CAM - Die Cutter - Laser
cutters – 3D printers
• Once the net is designed, it is
http://technologystudent. pressed out using a Die Cutter.
com/rmprp07/glidr2.html • Using CAM is good because it is
more accurate and quicker than
doing it by hand.Packaging
Packaging Functions
1) 3)
To Preserve the To make the
product. For product more
example, food attractive to the
packaging is consumer so that
sealed to stop they purchase it.
food from
expiring quickly.
2) 4)
To Protect the To make it easier
product from to transport the
damage using product. For
durable example some
materials and a packaging is
secure design. designed to
stack.Packaging Packaging Functions 1) Protection during transport When products are transported they need to be protected to stop them getting broken – cardboard or polystyrene is strong enough to protect products from knocks. 2) Storage Packaging is often stored in warehouses or on shop shelves. This means it has to be strong enough to hold the weight of one on top of the other. Well designed packaging fits neatly together – this will also save space! 3) Display Packaging is displayed in shops for the customer to see. Designed to make it clear what the product is (transparent window) and entice people to buy it. Companies need to be creative to make their product stand out – bright colours and large logo.
Packaging Packaging Functions 4) Security Packaging is also used for the security of the product it contains. Electrical equipment may contain anti theft devices/ink. Many food items have tamper evident seals to show whether they’ve been opened. 5) Product Information Companies have to provide customers with certain information about their products – this is displayed on the packaging. Food products – sell by dates, ingredients, allergy information. Symbols – Mobius Loop, Tidy man, barcode.
CAD & CAM
Definition
CAD – Computer Aided Design
The designing of products on a computer
Advantages Disadvantages
Ensures very high accuracy levels. Expensive to set up
Can E-mail designs Can lose work if not saved properly
Can save designs for future reference Staff need training
Can see what designs look like in more detail Need a computer
Photoshop 2D design Google Sketch up AutoCAD
CAM – Computer Aided Manufacture
The manufacture of products using machinery & computers
Advantages Disadvantages
✓ In large-scale production, the results are consistent (always X The software is expensive so initial costs are
the same). high.
✓ Ensures very high accuracy levels. X Staff need to be trained how to use the
✓ Quicker production. software and machinery, which adds to costs.
X Not everyone has a computer – additional
✓ Don’t need to employ a lot of staff (machine does the work)
costs
Laser Cutters 3D Printers Die CuttersWeek 6:
Society & Environment
(Product Lifecycle, development & evaluation,
product analysis, influential designers)Week 6: BRANDING AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
SIGNS AND LABELS
Society and the CORPORATE IDENTITY – the image the company wants the
consumer to have of the company. So consumers should know
environment ICONS – appear MANDATORY – must follow what the company is about and what it does.
on your
computer BRANDING – memorable graphics are a good way to make sure
screen as consumers recognise your products. Many companies often
shortcuts to apply their logo and colour scheme to all printed material.
software, files or Strong branding means that consumers recognise the company
program tools. from its logo alone without the need for words.
Icons are usually CAUTIONARY – caution
small and easily sign MORAL RESPONSIBILITY – companies want consumers to view
recognisable their company as morally responsible. So they should consider
the materials so it does not harm the environment, ensure the
product would not harm the consumer or cause any harm
SYMBOLS ON PACKAGING
during the manufacture of the product e.g. cause pollution or
exploit workers.
INFORMATORY – for SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – Designers need to be sensitive to the
information. feelings of different groups in society. They need to make sure
KEEP designers do not put off, insult or offend people for political,
BRITAIN ESTIMATED FAIRTRADE USE WITHIN
BARCODE religious, gender or cultural reasons.
TIDY AMOUNT
Many symbols have an agreed meaning throughout THE 6 R’S REDUCE REUSE RECYCLE REPAIR RETHINK REFUSE
Europe that people recognise. This helps with language
barriers and helps to communicate quickly and easily.
BRITISH (KITEMARK) AND EUROPEAN
Symbols STANDARDS
The symbols opposite represent that the
LION MARK product inside has been tested to British WORKING SAFELY RISK ASSESSMENT
This means the manufacturer has and European safety standards. These • The key to safe working is to do a
agreed to the ‘British Toy and Hobby WEAR APPROPRIATE CLOTHING
symbols that are normally applied to non- written risk assessment. This outlines
Associations’ Code of practice. It make sure sleeves are rolled back, tie and
food products such as electronic products any hazards that might arise during the
represents the manufacturers promise apron strings are tucked in. Tie long hair back.
or toys. However, they may still be applied project.
to conform to all relevant safety Protect yourself from hazardous substances by
to the packaging as a reference to the • If it is not possible to remove the
information. Also, it means that the wearing gloves.
package itself being safe. hazard, then the risk should be reduced
manufacturer will not copy existing toys by the use of protective equipment,
and will advertise the product so that HANDLE MATERIALS AND WASTE SENSIBLY
FSC Varnishes and glues can give of harmful fumes such as guards on machines,
advertisements state the truth about extraction systems, or personal-
the way the toy performs. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) logo so work in a well ventilated area.
identifies products which contain wood from Beware of hot heating elements and keep protection equipment.
well managed forests independently certified away from flammable substances. • If the hazard cannot be reduced to an
RECYCLING acceptable safe level then the process
These are internationally in accordance with the rules of the FSC. Dispose of waste properly. Store material
safely so it does not injure anyone. should be stopped, and an alternative
recognisable symbols for process should be found.
recycling. They are seen on many Use a brush to clear away sawdust.
COPYRIGHT – protects written, drawn and
packages. Again, it is to remind
recorded work., e.g. books, art, music. It runs
the consumer of the potential TAKE CARE WITH TOOLS AND MACHINERY
out after a certain amount of time.
recycling properties of the
REGISTERED DESIGN – protects a new designs
package he/she is about to 1) Always use a cutting mat and safety ruler when
shape and appearance. For example a car or
throw away. It is aimed at using craft knives.
phone. It can be protected for 25 years.
encouraging the consumer to 2) Always secure work safely.
TRADEMARKS – are the symbols, logos, words,
recycling packaging rather than 3) Know how to isolate and switch of machinery.
or slogans that are used to represent
throwing it into a general rubbish 4) Never adjust machines unless you have switched it
companies. Registered trademarks are shown
bin. off.
by an R.
This symbol is to show people 5) Never leave machines unattended.
PATENTS - protect a new invention. Only the
what material something is made 6) Don’t use machines or tools unless you have been
designer has the right to have the product
from so that they know how to shown how.
manufactured , unless they sell the patent. For
recycle it. 7) Carry tools safely.
example cats eyes on roads or the paper clip.Mobile phones and computers use Icons as
Society Symbols shortcuts to the main software or file. Mobile
Icons phone app’s are also icons.
Icons should be simple and clear to read with
a small selection of colours.Pictograms are used on signage instead of text.
Society Symbols This is because they can be understood in any
language and are quick to read. They are Simple
Pictograms and easily recognisable.Packaging Symbols
British Standards
General Packaging
Trade Mark Green dot symbol
European
Standards
Registered Recyclable
Trade Mark (Mobius Loop)
Fairtrade Logo
Copyright Keep Britain Handle This Way
with care Up
Tidy(Tidy man)
Estimated
Amount Forest Stewardship
Council Logo
Fragile Keep DryPackaging Symbols
Food Packaging
Nutrition
Ingredients
Use by/Best before
Storage Information
Vegetarian
120ml
100g
Weight or Volume
Allergy InformationDesign Symbols
Trademarks
Trademark protects the design of a
logo/brand/company name.
Expensive to register – designs have to be 2D.Design Symbols
Copyright
Copyright protects written, theatrical, musical
and artistic works as well as film, book
layouts, sound recordings, and broadcasts.
Copyright is an automatic right, which means
you don't have to apply/pay for it.Design Symbols
Patents
Patents protect the methods and
processes that make things work.
Your have to apply for a ‘patent’ and
they can be expensive.Task – How would you protect these designs? In your book write the name of the
image and then how it would be protected.Sustainability
How can a design be
Definition made sustainable?
Using the 6R’s
RETHINK - our current lifestyles and the
way we design and make.
A design that does not REFUSE - to buy materials and products
that are unsustainable.
cause permanent
REDUCE - the amount of energy and
damage to the materials used to manufacture a
environment and does product.
not use up finite REUSE - the product for something else so
you don't need to throw it away.
resources.
REPAIR - the product so you don't need to
throw it away.
RECYCLE - finally take the product apart
and categorise the parts ready for being
converted into another product. This uses
a lot of energy.Sustainability
Sustainable Materials
All raw materials are taken from the planet
and waste products remain with us in some
form:
• Renewable materials are grown from
plants or animals.
• Non-renewable materials are taken from
oil and minerals and cant be replaced
(they are finite).Everyone involved in designing and making products has a responsibility
Health & Safety to minimise risks to themselves or others. Any activity, substance or tool
that could potentially cause harm is a hazard. There are different
Risk Assessments hazards during production, when the product is finished, and when it is
being disposed of.
Tool Hazard Risk control measure Symbol Meaning
•- hold the work
Cuts caused by
correctly
Craft knife incorrect and careless
•- use safety ruler
use
•- use a cutting mat
•- cuts caused by Eye protection must be worn
•- use a cutting mat
incorrect and careless
•- check drill bits are not
use
Paper drill damaged
•- puncture wounds
•- clean drill bits with
caused by broken drill
caution
bits
•- hold the work
Cuts caused by
Scissors incorrect and careless
correctly Danger: high voltage
•- carry with the blade
use
enclosed
•- wear safety goggles
•- wear an apron and
no loose clothing
•- use dust extraction
•- flying debris
•- hands in contact
•- hold the work firmly, Ear protection must be worn
Sanding disc but do not apply
with abrasive surface
excessive pressure
•- inhalation of dust
•- hold work flat on the
bed of the sander
•- do not sand short
pieces of material
•- flying debris
•- wear safety goggles Flammable
•- wear an apron and
•- hands in contact
Fretsaw no loose clothing
with the blade
•- use dust extraction
•- inhalation of dust
•- hold work flatUseful Information
Revision Websites (You should be revising each topic at home as well as in lesson time!)
BBC Bitesize Graphics
Technology Student GraphicsAdditional Help & Support (Exam Date: Tuesday 21st June 2016)
After School Revision Sessions
If you are still unsure about certain theory topics AFTER going
through it in lesson time, additional revision sessions will be held
after school with Miss Welsh/Mr Malone on the below dates @
15:05-16:00
(Please let us know that you will be attending via email or in
Teacher Emails:
Email your teacher if you are unsure
person, and what it is that you would like us to revise with you). about anything at all…
Wednesday 20th April – MME welshs@standishchs.wigan.sch.uk
Thursday 21st April – SWH malonem@standishchs.wigan.sch.uk
Wednesday 27th April – MME
Thursday 28th April – SWH
Wednesday 4th April – MME
Thursday 5th May – SWH
Wednesday 11th April – MME
Graphics Twitter:
Thursday 12th May – SWH Reminders, Revision Material and
Resources will be posted on the subject
Wednesday18th May – MME twitter:
@SCHSgraphics
Thursday 19th May – SWHYou can also read
