GEOCORRENTE BOLETIM Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí: what to do after PROSUB? - Marinha do Brasil
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
BRAZILIAN NAVAL WAR COLLEGE
BOLETIM
GEOCORRENTE April 08th, 2021 ISSN 2446-7014
JOURNAL OF GEOPOLITICS AND OCEAN POLITICS YEAR 7 • Nº 136
Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí:
what to do after PROSUB?
This and a further 12 articles in this edition
BOLETIM
RESEARCHERS OF THE CONJUNCTURE
GEOCORRENTE ASSESSMENT GROUP
Boletim Geocorrente is a fortnightly publication written
by the Conjuncture Assessment Group (NAC), which is part
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
of the Department of Research and Post-Graduation (SPP) at Ariane Dinalli Francisco (Universität Osnabrück)
Bruno Gonçalves (Ufrj)
the Naval War College (EGN). NAC studies the International
Franco Napoleão A. de Alencastro Guimarães (Puc-Rio)
Conjuncture from a geopolitical framework, in order to supply Isadora Jacques de Jesus (Ufrj)
the global demand for information, making it more accessible João Victor Marques Cardoso (Unirio)
for the general public. Moreover, it seeks to intertwine society Vivian de Mattos Marciano (Uerj)
into defense and security issues, and to disseminate updated
knowledge of international conflicts and crisis to meet the Naval SOUTH AMERICA
Staff's demands. Ana Laura Marçal Monsores (Uff)
The research group responsible for this Boletim is Bruna Soares Corrêa de Souza (UniLaSalle)
composed of members from different areas of expertise, whose Carlos Henrique Ferreira da Silva Júnior (Egn)
Matheus Souza Galves Mendes (Egn)
multiple backgrounds and experiences provide a comprehensive
Pedro Emiliano Kilson Ferreira (Univ. de Santiago)
approach to the latest international issues. It seeks to analyse the
major themes, motivational factors and the main actors regarding NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
the escalation of conflicts, ongoing crises and its outcomes. Ana Carolina Vaz Farias (Ufrj)
Thus, this journal aims to publish short articles concerning Jéssica Pires Barbosa Barreto (Egn)
current issues about ten macro-regions in the globe: South Rafael Esteves Gomes (Ufrj)
America, North and Central America, Sub-Saharan Africa, Victor Cabral Ribeiro (Puc-Rio)
Middle East and North Africa, Europe, Russia and former Victor Eduardo Kalil Gaspar Filho (Egn)
USSR, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania,
Arctic and Antarctic. Furthermore, some editions feature the ARCTIC & ANTARTIC
"Special Topics" section. Ana Carolina Ferreira Lahr (Egn)
Gabriele Marina Molina Hernandez (Uff)
BRAZILIAN NAVAL WAR COLLEGE'S Pedro Allemand Mancebo Silva (Puc-Rio)
DIRECTOR Raphaella da Silva Dias Costa (Ufrj)
Rear Admiral Silvio Luis dos Santos
EUROPE
RESEARCH AND POST-GRADUATION Marina Autran Caldas Bonny (Ufrj)
SUPERINTENDENT OF THE BRAZILIAN Melissa Rossi (Suffolk University)
NAVAL WAR COLLEGE Nathália Soares de Lima do Vale (Uerj)
Rear Admiral (Retd.) Marcio Magno de Farias Franco e Thaïs Abygaëlle Dedeo (Université de Paris 3)
Silva Victor Magalhães Longo de Carvalho Motta (Ufrj)
EDITORIAL BOARD EAST ASIA
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF João Pedro Ribeiro Grilo Cuquejo (Ibmec)
Captain (RETD) Leonardo Faria de Mattos (Egn) Luís Filipe de Souza Porto (Ufrj)
Marcelle Torres Alves Okuno (Ibmec)
EXECUTIVE EDITOR Philipe Alexandre Junqueira (Uerj)
Captain-Liutenant Bruno de Seixas Carvalho (Egn) Rodrigo Abreu de Barcellos Ribeiro (Ufrj)
SCIENTIFIC EDITOR Vinicius Guimarães Reis Gonçalves (Ufrj)
Captan (RETD) Francisco E. Alves de Almeida (Egn) MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA
ASSISTANT EDITORS Adel Bakkour (Ufrj)
Jéssica Germano de Lima Silva (Egn) Ana Luiza Colares Carneiro (Ufrj)
Noele de Freitas Peigo (Facamp) Dominique Marques de Souza (Ufrj)
Pedro Allemand Mancebo Silva (Puc-Rio) Isadora Novaes dos Santos bohrer (ufrj)
Pedro da Silva Albit Penedo (Ufrj)
GRAPHIC DESIGN
Ana Carolina Vaz Farias (Ufrj)
Bruno Gonçalves (Ufrj) RUSSIA & FORMER USSR
Isadora Novaes dos Santos bohrer (Ufrj) José Gabriel de Melo Pires (Ufrj)
Luiza Gomes Guitarrari (Ufrj)
TRANSLATION AND REVIEW Pedro Mendes Martins (Eceme)
Rodrigo Oliveira Dutra Marcílio (Ufrj) Pérsio Glória de Paula (Uff)
PUBLICATION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
To publish in the Boletim, the author is required to be a researcher SOUTHEAST ASIA & OCEANIA
of the Current Geopolitics Group of NAC and submit his article Maria Gabriela Veloso Camelo (Puc-Rio)
containing a maximum of 400 words to the peer review assessment Matheus Bruno Ferreira Alves Pereira (Ufrj)
process. Thayná Fernandes Alves Ribeiro (Uff)
Vinícius de Almeida Costa (Egn)
CONTACT
Brazilian Naval War College – Research and Post-Graduation SOUTH ASIA
Superintendency.
Av. Pasteur, 480 - Praia Vermelha – Urca - Postal Code: 22290-255 Iasmin Gabriele Nascimento dos Santos (ufrj)
- Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil João Miguel Villas-Boas Barcellos (Ufrj)
PHONE.: +55 (21) 2546-9394 | E-mail: geocorrentenac@gmail. Marina Soares Corrêa (Ufrj)
com Rebeca Vitória Alves Leite (Egn)
This and other editions of BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE, in SPECIAL TOPICS
portuguese and english, can be found at the Brazilian Naval War Alessandra Dantas Brito (Egn)
College Webpage and in our Google Drive Folder .
Guilherme Novaes Silva Pinto (Ufrj)
2
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
BOLETIM
GEOCORRENTE
INDEX
SOUTH AMERICA EAST ASIA
Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí: what to do after PROSUB?...........................5 Japan and Southeast Asia: new horizons?............................................................ 11
South Korea's national Defense and its modernization.........................................12
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
SOUTH ASIA
The US public shipyard infrastructure optimization project.....................................6
The United States Maritime Security: a balance between freedom.......................... India: diversification of trading partners and its relationship ....................................
of navigation and the Law of the Sea......................................................................7 with the Saudis......................................................................................................12
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA SOUTHEAST ASIA & OCEANIA
Election dispute in Somalia promises to worsen crisis with Al-Shabaab.................8 The future of the Indonesian Navy: the KRI Alugoro’s incorporation .......................
and the Defense plans...........................................................................................13
EUROPE
QUAD Summit: challenges to regional security in the Indo-Pacific.......................14
Brexit impacts on the Netherlands' position in the European Union........................9
SPECIAL TOPICS
MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA
One year of COVID-19 pandemic: economic and political balance.......................15
The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant as a catalyst over relations..................................
between Turkey and Russia....................................................................................9 Selected Articles & Defense News........................... 16
RUSSIA & FORMER-USSR Geocorrente Calendar.............................................. 16
The meeting between Serguei Lavrov and Wang Yi and the geopolitical................. References............................................................... 17
dimension of Sino-Russian relations.....................................................................10 Risk Maps................................................................. 18
TOP GLOBAL RISKS
Disregarding the COVID-19 pandemic
For more information on the criteria used, visit page 18.
3
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
BOLETIM
GEOCORRENTE
THE COUNTRIES WITH THE
MOST CASES
Data according to the "WHO COVID-19 Dashboard", published on April 08 th, 2021.
VACCINE MONITORING
Sources: World Health Organization; The New York Times
4
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
SOUTH AMERICA
Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí: what to do after PROSUB?
Matheus Mendes
T he Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí in Rio
de Janeiro grants Brazil an outstanding regional
position. The ongoing construction of conventional
Additionally, in 2019, the idea of transferring BN’s
operational submarines, based on the Naval Complex of
Mocanguê, to Itaguaí, in 2022 was deliberated. Although
submarines and the nuclear-powered submarine, under there is no evidence in this regard, it is a natural
the Submarine Development Program (PROSUB), movement, considering the existing structure, not only
represents a strategic benefit to the country, stepping for the construction of submarines but also the capability
up the Brazilian shipbuilding alongside the Tamandaré of maintenance and logistical support for them in the
Class Frigates Program in Itajaí. Moreover, it is necessary future.
to focus on replacing the current vessels in operation — Therefore, the Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí is
Tikuna and Tupi submarines — with the Scorpène ones. an opportunity for Brazil to stand out in the capacity to
In this sense, it is questioned how to take advantage of build new submarines by replacing them and increasing
this structure after the conclusion of PROSUB. the number of these units. Furthermore, it would allow
Recently, the specialized press made public Brazil's exports, especially to South American countries that
intention to sell two IKL-209 submarines to the do not have the same capacity to build submarines in
Indonesian Navy. The negotiation status is still unknown, local shipyards. It would also permit the maintenance of
but this issue is not new to the Brazilian Navy (BN). resources for BN and strategic partners. It is mandatory
Recently, countries like Poland, Peru and Argentina have to have an estimated use of the shipbuilding structure
already indicated the possibility of buying Brazilian the sooner, since the country currently lacks investments
units. Therefore, there is a leaning towards the direct in this area, being able to move the economy, generate
replacement of submarines in Brazil, considering the jobs, develop socioeconomically and contribute to the
construction of new vessels. technological and nuclear progress.
Source: Poder Naval
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p05.
5
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
NORTH & CENTRAL AMERICA
The US public shipyard infrastructure optimization project
Jéssica Barreto
T he public shipyards in the United States of America
(USA) have been in business for over a century. The
U.S. shipbuilding and repairing industry is vigorous.
At the end of 2017, the Senate requested from the
Navy a detailed report on the facilities deficiencies
and the solutions to avoid several delays in the
However, only four of its shipyards are public — vessels' maintenance schedule. In this regard, in
Norfolk (1767) in Virginia, Portsmouth (1800) in February 2018, the Navy concluded the Shipyard
Maine, Puget Sound (1891) in Washington, and Pearl Infrastructure Optimization Program (SIOP), a 20-year
Harbor (1908) in Hawaii. Currently, they are responsible centrally-managed program focused on boosting
for the maintenance of the country's submarines and efficiency. The project is divided into three areas:
aircraft carriers, but they have outdated infrastructure the modernization of dry docks, with a total cost of
because they were built in the past centuries. Therefore, approximately USD 4.1 billion; reconfiguration of all
it is necessary to analyze how this infrastructure can four facilities, estimated between USD 11.5 and USD 14
interfere in the acting capacity of the U.S. Navy and the billion; and improvements in infrastructure and human
government actions to mitigate this impact. capital, estimated at USD 4.5 billion.
Despite the construction of several public facilities One of the project's main points is the use of “digital
during World War I and II, the government has closed twin technology”, with modeling-and-simulation
these places since the 1960s, with the remaining ones software used in the reconfiguration of the shipyards.
being defined only for maintenance and repairs. The The Navy has used this technology to digitally
major problem in these structures is that the built space reproduce the infrastructure, simulating more efficient
has not evolved alongside the vessels. For instance, the space configurations. Each shipyard will have a unique
four shipyards tally 18 dry docks, but not all of them reconfiguration according to its functions and available
have the country's naval force's assets. Only two docks space. Regarding the lifespan of its vessels, besides the
can handle the Nimitz-class aircraft carriers. Besides physical issues, the Navy should also consider investing
the structural problem, the shipyards struggle with the in skilling the workforce and the possibility of sharing
lack of skilled technical workforce, causing delays in the maintenance functions with private shipyards in the short
projects. term.
Source Fonte: NBC News
Fonte: Insight Crime
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p06.
6
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
The United States Maritime Security: a balance between freedom of navigation and the Law of
the Sea
Ana Carolina Vaz Farias
I n the last decade, the leading powers have emphasized
the maritime security matters on their agendas. The
United States had a pioneering role in this setting when it
the agreement provisions, following the United States
Ocean Policy Statement from 1983, launched by
President Ronald Reagan at that time. This document
launched the National Strategy for Maritime Security in demonstrates the American recognition that UNCLOS
2005. However, operations involving maritime security reflects the customary international law, and it is through
have gained greater global relevance since 2008, with the this document that presidential administrations are based
increase in cases of piracy and tensions between States on legitimizing and guiding Freedom of Navigation
due to disputes involving their jurisdictional waters. Operations (FONOP) until now.
Since the document publication in 2005, there is a major FONOPs are naval operations that employ diplomatic
point to the American maritime strategy: preserving and operational efforts to challenge and prevent excessive
the freedom of navigation globally. So, how does the maritime claims inconsistent with the Law of the Sea.
United States, the world's largest maritime power, want On March 10th, 2021, the Annual Freedom of Navigation
to preserve freedom of navigation if the country is not a Report, a document published by the Department of
member of the United Nations Convention on the Law of Defense, was released, revealing that 28 excessive
the Sea (UNCLOS), the legal basis of this concept? maritime claims from 19 nations were contested in the
It is necessary to understand the historical origin fiscal year 2020. It is essential to note that, among these,
of this context. UNCLOS was established in 1982, 10 claims were challenged in the South China Sea, more
and it regulates signatory countries' sovereign rights than recorded in any other year.
concerning the use and exploitation of marine resources. Therefore, in a setting of increasing maritime tensions
Up to the present time, the United States is one of the few with geopolitical rivals, the need for ratification of the
non-member countries to the Convention, which Convention by the USA is noticeable, as it will bring
currently has 168 states and all other maritime powers, greater legitimacy and legal support since the country
such as China and the United Kingdom. However, in wants to maintain its hegemonic role in the International
reality, the United States accepts and complies with System.
Source: CSIS
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p07.
7
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA
Election dispute in Somalia promises to worsen crisis with Al-Shabaab
Franco Alencastro
I n a fragile context because of extremist groups' actions,
in recent weeks, Somalia has become the setting of a
different type of tension: a political-institutional crisis.
first one is a violent clash over state control and the
subsequent deterioration of the security environment. On
February 19th, Somali security forces fired on a protest
The dispute, which involves the government and the carried out by the opposition candidate, Hassan Ali Khaire,
opposition, tests the limits of the disturbed Somali in Mogadishu. Representatives of the European Union
political system, based on representation through and the African Union, who command the AMISOM
clans, and which is intertwined with the conflict with peacekeeping mission in the country, demanded caution
Al-Shabaab. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the from the political actors. During this period, Al-Shabaab
relationship between Somali politics and this conflict. did not suspend its activities, carrying out a bomb attack
Scheduled for February 2021, Somalia's general in Mogadishu on March 5th. The extremist group's
elections did not occur. Since last year, the opposition strengthening seems to be inextricable from the cause
has accused the government of adopting electoral rules and the consequence of the crisis.
that would undermine the fight against Al Shabaab. The The second risk concerns fragmentation since the
opposition accuses part of the several leaders of Somali Farmaajo government specifically accuses the leaders
clans, who compose the electoral college, of supporting of autonomous regions, like Puntland, of undermining
the extremist organization. The failure of the discussions the electoral process. Somalia already struggles with
between the government and the opposition on the electoral separatist matters in the Somaliland region, and with
process represented the indefinite postponement of the the recent crisis, these circumstances could represent
elections. This delay creates more doubts for Somalia: an incentive for Puntland to withdraw. The third risk is
President Mohammed Farmaajo's term officially ended related to the Suez Canal, which today carries 10% of
on February 8th; however, due to the absence of a new all global trade. The Somali instability may hinder this
election, he remains the country's president. traffic, besides the increase in piracy, which tends to go
Political instability brings up three main risks. The along with the Somali state's weakening.
Source: The Star
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p08.
8
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
EUROPE
Brexit impacts on the Netherlands' position in the European Union
Marina Autran and Victor Magalhães Longo
T he Netherlands historically influenced global
geopolitics. During the 17th century, the nation was
one of the leading imperial powers globally, but successive
by British companies in European cities, including
the Dutch capital, which seek to compensate for the
difficulties caused by Brexit by establishing operations
wars in Europe resulted in the downfall of its power and in the EU. It is noteworthy that the Port of Rotterdam, the
influence. After the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from largest in Europe, quickly restructured its logistics chains
the European Union (EU), power within the bloc will be for these changes. Having an essential port for European
rearranged. Although a greater centralization of decisions trade benefits the Dutch influence in Europe.
in Germany is expected, it is relevant to ask: how can Besides being a net contributor to the EU, the
Brexit impact the Netherlands’ position in the EU? Netherlands has a pro-EU government. Dutch Prime
Brexit provided the Netherlands with challenges and Minister Mark Rutte had a positive result in the March
opportunities. The United Kingdom is the third-largest 2021 general elections. After Merkel steps down as
trading partner of the Netherlands and, although the German chancellor in 2021, if Rutte succeeds in leading a
British withdrawal from the European Single Market coalition, he will be the longest-ruling (continuous) head
generates some obstacles for trade, the trade agreement of government of an EU country, and tends to naturally
between British and Europeans, struck in late 2020, did become a leadership in the Union.
not impose tariffs or quotas in any direction and made Political stability, a steady and developed economy
some improvements in the service sector, mitigating the and balanced finances constitute a triad that only a few
negative effects of Brexit on both sides. countries in the world have reached, and the Netherlands
Furthermore, Amsterdam overtook London as is one of them. Even though the country’s size does not
Europe's largest share trading center, with an average allow it to be a great power the nation can definitely be
daily trading volume of USD 10.8 billion. Even though more influential in the EU. The rearrangement of power
this fact has a minor economic impact, since it changes within the bloc caused by Brexit is a rare opportunity for
only where the shares are traded, such a transfer is the Dutch.
symbolic. More significant is the increase in investment
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p09.
MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA
The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant as a catalyst over relations between Turkey and Russia
Dominique Marques and José Gabriel Melo
T urkey was one of the first non-founding countries
to join NATO in 1952 as part of the United States'
strategy to contain the Soviet Union. However, after
of the third out of four nuclear reactors that will compose
the Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant in the province of
Mersin on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The plant,
more than fifty years, the context looks different, and which started to be constructed in 2018, in partnership
the relationship between the heiress of the Soviet bloc with the Russian company Rosatom, is planned to start
and the successor to the Ottoman Empire is on their operating in 2023, celebrating the Turkish Republic's
peak. Despite the antagonist positioning in the Syrian centenary. According to Erdogan, the project represents
and Libyan conflicts, investments in the energy sector a cooperation landmark between both countries, and
based on joint projects and cooperation in defense are once in operation, it will provide a supply of 35 billion
among the pillars of Moscow and Ankara's relationship. kilowatt-hours (kWh), which represents about 10% of its
However, this heyday between Turkey and Russia costs annual domestic consumption. The cooperation between
NATO's stability, raising the following question: how can them goes even further: in 2020, the gas pipeline that
this rapprochement affect Turkey's bond with its Treaty supplies Turkey with Russian gas across the Black Sea,
allies? the Turkstream, was inaugurated. Furthermore, also in
During a virtual conference on March 10th, the Turkish 2020, Turkey announced the largest gas field hitherto
president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, alongside his Russian discovery in the Black Sea, which can contribute even
counterpart, Vladimir Putin, announced the construction more to the approach between these Eurasian countries.
9
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021
Nuclear energy acts as an alternative source while Therefore, despite playing a critical geopolitical role,
gas prospecting and exploration maintain its relevance, Ankara's haughty posture may compromise the country's
mainly for European countries, as it is directly linked to cohesion with the alliance. However, it is essential to
its energy security. In this scenario, the strengthening ties stress that its relationship with Moscow is based on
between Turkey and Russia is seen as the main threat to shared interests and is permeated by challenges and
the European bloc and might a factor that can contribute opportunities.
to weaken Ankara's link to NATO.
Source: Tnpsc Thervu Pettagam
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n135.p09-10.
RUSSIA & FORMER-USSR
The meeting between Serguei Lavrov and Wang Yi and the geopolitical dimension of
Sino-Russian relations
Pérsio Glória de Paula
T he Sino-Russian relationship is an important global
geopolitical development. After the Cold War, the
rapprochement between Russia and China started in the
partnership that goes beyond bilateral issues: the meeting
addressed current international topics, such as the Iran
nuclear issue, the Afghan reconstruction, the war in
late mid-1990s and became a strategic partnership during Syria, the rapprochement with Sudan (Boletim 134), the
Putin’s government in the 2000s. After the Ukrainian coup in Myanmar and even climate change.
crisis in 2014, this relationship acquired economic It is noteworthy that the mentioned meeting
deepening and a high level of geopolitical coordination. happened a few days after the bilateral meeting of senior
The meeting of the Russian Foreign Minister, Sergei Chinese and U.S. officials in Alaska, which stresses
Lavrov, with his Chinese counterpart, Wang Yi, at the the close coordination between Moscow and Beijing
end of March 2021, is another important chapter for against the current Western pressures. This context of
understanding this articulation, mainly due to the context a dispute with the West emphasizes the tendency of the
of heightened tensions between the West and the two Russian-Chinese approach.
countries. As targets of recent Western sanctions, China and
The formal objective of the meeting between Lavrov Russia are articulating to control the United States'
and Yi was to celebrate, extend and deepen the Treaty double containment geostrategy, which seeks to recover
of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation and expand the Cold War's military and diplomatic
between the People's Republic of China and the Russian structures. A new polarization would be highly harmful
Federation, which will turn 20 in July 2021. However, both to the Chinese project of consolidating itself as a
the setting and context of this event indicate a global global superpower and to Russia's stabilization as world »
10
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021power pole. Therefore, at the meeting, both countries also the Sino-Russian strategic partnership, which currently
highlighted the multipolarity and the centrality of the UN constitutes one of the leading global geopolitical
to resolve conflicts and global crises as an alternative to articulations and its relationship with the current tensions
the unipolarity and unilateralism of the United States. between these countries and the Western bloc.
Given the above, it is perceivable the dimension of
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p10-11.
EAST ASIA
Japan and Southeast Asia: new horizons?
João Pedro Grilo
J apan's relationship with Southeast Asia countries,
formerly troubled due to Japanese imperialism, plays a
major role in Japanese foreign policy. The consolidation
have intensified in the military field, an unexplored area
until then. An example of this tendency is the agreements
allowing the transfer of Japanese military equipment
of the Fukuda Doctrine in 1977, also known as and technology for the Philippines and Vietnam in 2020
"heart-to-heart diplomacy", laid the groundwork for close and, on March 31st, 2021, for Indonesia. At the 2 + 2
cooperation in several ways, especially in the economic meeting, held by the two countries' Foreign and Defense
and social spheres, between Japan and the region. The ministers, it was agreed to execute naval exercises
subsequent and constant supply of Official Development between Indonesia and Japan and jointly develop remote
Assistance (ODA) — converted into investments and Indonesian islands in the South China Sea.
technical cooperation —, besides the promotion of The latest events indicate the gradual expansion and
exchanges between the civil society in both locations establishment of the Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)
and the Japanese assistance with the construction of vision, the driving force of Tokyo's foreign policy, by
the regional political framework, especially to the countries in the region that feel threatened by Beijing's
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), actions. Besides the gradual expansion of the Japanese
reestablished the Japanese prestige and confidence in the war industry, which, since 2014, can export military
area. However, how has this relationship been affected equipment and armaments, this alignment demonstrates
by the recent regional power clashes, and what can be the Japanese commitment and capacity to increase its
expected of it in the future? military relevance in the region.
The recent Chinese expansive claims in the South Finally, the strengthening of the defense articulation
China Sea and the Senkaku Islands have directly impacted between Japan and the region should be expected, setting
Japan and Southeast Asia's relationship. Due to China's the Japanese position as the third major force in Southeast
more aggressive stance, the dynamics between both actors Asia.
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p11.
11
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021South Korea's national Defense and its modernization
Marcelle Torres
A fter several defense reforms and modernizations,
primarily through Defense Reform 2.0, South Korea
aims to consolidate more efficient national defense,
missile and submarine threats and other emerging threats
and attain ocean capabilities.
North Korea has strived to boost its local underwater
emphasize its capabilities in advanced technologies, and assets, evolving its old submarines and improving its
stand out in defense exports. It is noteworthy that the ballistic missiles launched from submarines. It is believed
country is already the 11th largest exporter globally in that the North Korean Navy has around 70 submarines,
the Defense sector, standing out in firepower, aviation, most of which are outdated and unsuitable for operations
maneuvering, and shipbuilding. Following the LPX-II off the coast of the Peninsula; however, they remain
aircraft carrier program (Boletim 132) and the third stage difficult to be detected and are capable of interrupting
of the attack submarine construction program (Boletim South Korea's sea lines of communication.
130), the South Korean Navy focuses on acquiring the With the recent North Korean launches of
next batch of destroyers KDX- III Aegis. short-range ballistic missiles into the East Sea — the first
The first among three new ships - 170 meters long, after a one-year hiatus — in opposition to the joint Seoul-
8,100t, and in the construction stage by Hyundai Heavy Washington military exercises, North Korea shows that
Industries - will have enhanced capabilities to intercept it is a challenge to Joe Biden’s administration, which
ballistic missiles, launch SM-3 missiles, and perform is revising its policy regarding the country. Despite the
antisubmarine operations, besides tracking targets more South Korean efforts, Pyongyang has stayed away from
accurately and over greater distances. The first destroyer denuclearization negotiations since the summit between
is expected to be launched in 2022 and delivered in 2024, Kim Jong-un and Donald Trump in 2019, which ended
when the South Korean Navy intends to have the three with no agreements. As a new stage begins on the Korea
ships in the new batch by 2028. This movement reflects Peninsula, the South Korean Navy is advancing to
the Navy's intention to increase its fleet to strengthen execute another vital step in the development of its naval
its maritime combat capabilities against North Korean capabilities.
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p12.
SOUTH ASIA
India: diversification of trading partners and its relationship with the Saudis
Marina Corrêa
I ndia is the third-biggest energy consumer in the world
and the fourth-biggest oil refining country. The country
imports more than 80% of the oil consumed domestically
largest oil supplier for the South Asian country, a position
that has not been reached since 2006. This fact is a
consequence of the announcement made by OPEC+, still
and has Saudi Arabia as one of the leading suppliers. in 2020, to maintain oil prices but with rising oil prices.
However, with recent decision by the Arab country, India This pronouncement prompted the Indian government
has been trapped and forced to look for new partnerships to take new measures; the main one was to encourage
to diversify its portfolio. Therefore, it is worth asking Indian state refineries to cut imports in May and diversify
how the relationship with the Arab country will be. Does their purchases.
this trade gap and diversification indicate a subsequent On the one hand, the Indian government sought to
distance between countries? explain that the country honored its purchases from
New Delhi and Riyadh have friendly relations, Saudi Arabia despite the economic struggles of 2020.
and with the establishment of the bilateral Strategic In reply, the Saudi government recalled that India could
Partnership Council in 2019, they were deepened. use its stocks from last year and that Saudi Aramco, a
However, given the pandemic setting (cuts in production Saudi state-owned oil company, would keep supplying
and changes in trade flows) and several other exogenous the refineries in April. This shows that the interest in
factors to the relationship (like the low supply prices of maintaining relationships is mutual. In 2019, Saudi
American oil compared to that offered by Saudi Arabia), Arabia was the second-largest exporter to India, which
the Arab country reached the fourth position as the represented the second most expressive destination for »
12
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021its partner. podium, it is undoubtedly seen as a strong political
In this regard, it is essential to remember that the Saudis (supports the Indian side in the issue of Kashmir) and
are huge energy investors in India, with projects tally military ally (various spheres of defense cooperation),
more than USD 100 billion (Boletim 106). Furthermore, finally demonstrating an unlikely separation between the
even if the Kingdom no longer leads the major suppliers’ countries.
Source: Energy World
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p12-13.
SOUTHEAST ASIA & OCEANIA
The future of the Indonesian Navy: the KRI Alugoro’s incorporation and the Defense plans
Gabriela Veloso
S ince the Defense’s Strategic Plan’s outline in the early
2000s, the Indonesian Defense field has significantly
evolved. The regional power, which has been called
KRI Ardadedali (404). Although another commission
occurred in March 2021, with the incorporation of the
KRI Alugoro (405), the big news is that the latter was the
“the Global Maritime Axis”, has been firmly following first to be assembled in Indonesia. In fact, Alugoro, built
its policies for the sector’s improvement and expansion, in the PT PAL state shipyard in Surabaya, was the first
especially in the naval scope, because of its archipelago submarine ever assembled in Southeast Asia.
status, geographic location, and, consequently, its The assembly and the export of other types of
need to constitute and preserve its maritime power. vessels — such as the SSV (Strategic Sealift Vessel)
Since the current president, Joko Widodo, took over in for the Philippines — besides the recent incorporation
2014, the increase in investments and safeguards in the of a locally built submarine, emphasize Indonesia as a
Defense sector were notable. The dispositions regarding regional naval power and can put at stake the order made
acquisition, commission, and assembly of submarines to DSME of three more submarines in 2018. These events
deserve special attention and raise a question: what can and projects demonstrate a willingness to withstand the
be expected from this Indonesian Defense trend? South China Sea challenge and to protect its maritime
In August 2017, after decades of only renewing territory from potential threats.
and preserving its Cakra class submarines, the country To forecast the Indonesian Navy’s next steps, the
commissioned a new diesel-electric attack submarine, Ministry of Defense already discusses with the French
the KRI Nagapasa (403), an implemented version of consortium Naval Group the possibility of acquiring
type 209/400 Chang Bogo class, assembled by the South Riachuelo class submarines. Therefore, one can speculate
Korean company Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine that the Indonesian Naval Defense seems to have a bright
Engineering (DSME). In the following year, another future ahead.
diesel-electric attack submarine was commissioned, the
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p13.
13
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021QUAD Summit: challenges to regional security in the Indo-Pacific
Thayná Fernandes
T he Indo-Pacific has been a persistent setting in
the disputes over geopolitical influence between
China and other countries in the region. In opposition
technologies, climate change, and other common themes.
Some analysts highlight that operationalizing
the quadrilateral dialogue more robustly is possible,
to Beijing, one of the most thriving initiatives is the depending on the States' joint efforts based on naval
Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QUAD), an alliance exercises aimed at a coalition with a regional maritime task
between Australia, the United States, India, and Japan. force. The consequences are more delicate considering
The partnership has strengthened since 2017 and is the depth of bilateral relations between the countries of
becoming a more formal and strong initiative. However, the initiative: would an attack on the Senkaku Islands
the different internal and external dynamics of each mobilize Indian support? In the escalating tensions in
country brings up some questions: is it possible to the Galwan Valley, would Australia interfere? Regarding
operationalize QUAD? If so, what are the consequences Canberra, with the possibility of African countries taking
for the countries involved? their place as the leading ore exporters to Beijing, could
One of the most robust actions of this Dialogue is the Indian, Japanese and American markets fill the gap?
the performance of joint military exercises known as There are no conclusive answers to all these
“Malabar Exercises” between the Navies of the four questions; after all, everything will always depend on the
countries, improving interoperability. In the last edition engagement between the countries concerned. Currently,
of the exercise, in November 2020, it was expected China continues to advance its goals of dominating the
that the partnership would become more formal, like Indo-Pacific; in this sense, QUAD makes it possible
an “Asian NATO”. Despite being far from this model, to expand partnerships in the region, something that
in March, the leaders of the countries held, for the first countries would not be able to deepen, if alone. The
time, a virtual meeting and published a joint statement. joint conduction of the fifth edition of the French naval
In the document, the leaders emphasized that QUAD's exercise La Pérouse, between the 5th and 7th of April with
spirit is to guarantee a “free, open and inclusive region the participation of the QUAD’s navies, is an example of
unconstrained by coercion”, besides discussing new the expansion of partners in regional security.
Source: Indian Foreign Affairs
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p14.
14
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021SPECIAL TOPICS
One year of COVID-19 pandemic: economic and political balance
Guilherme Novaes
T he impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic went beyond
the sanitary field and profoundly affected social
and economic structures, such as multilateralism in
commodities like iron ore and copper, as well as oil, had
expressive reductions in global prices at the beginning of
the crisis considering the deceleration of the industry and
international relations. Nationalist governments that arose service sectors. The prices started to recover mainly in
in the past few years, like Donald Trump’s, questioned the second semester, and the Chinese economy's strong
the cooperative form of solving problems between recovery was an important factor for this. The exception
States and International Organizations. The struggle is the agricultural commodities, which had a minor
for a coordinated response to the crisis and the States’ reaction in terms both of price and marketed volumes.
decisions ignoring the World Health Organization’s The global dependency on health equipment
recommendations exposed this paradox: how is it possible manufactured in China became clear, bringing up
to demand effectiveness from multilateralism in a context reflections about this sector's strategic aspect in its in-
that States don’t try to internationally cooperate? state investments. The vaccine is also a part of this idea,
Intense economic downturns marked 2020. After the highlighting the importance of countries’ investment and
first months of uncertainty and the adoption of sanitary planning in scientific research, allowing a better strategic
measures to control the virus’ dissemination, the second position in global geopolitics.
semester was marked by a strong recovery in the 3rd The pandemic will be marked as one of the most
trimester, with the number of cases and deaths reduction important events of contemporary history. Ongoing
— there was a 7,8% growth in G20. In the 4th trimester, changes became explicit, and the countries were
the second wave of contaminations slowed down the challenged to manage the biggest sanitary crisis of the
economies, with a G20 grow of 2,1%. Currently, the last 100 years. The current question is if the States will
perspective is that the countries with more efficient be capable of maintaining this experience's lessons in
vaccination will be able to recover their economies faster. the future, paying attention to the errors, and preventing
International trade was also deeply affected. Mineral other possible situations of this great magnitude.
Source: World Bank
DOI 10.21544/2446-7014.n136.p15.
15
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021SELECTED ARTICLES & DEFENSE NEWS
► On the Suez Canal and Chokepoints
GEOPOLITICAL FUTURES, George Friedman
► Russia’s Weak Strongman
FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Timothy Frye
► China, EU and US cooperation on climate and energy
CHATHAM HOUSE, Antony Froggatt and Daniel Quiggin
► France: a Bridge between Europe and the Indo-Pacific
CSIS, Pierre Morcos
► The UK’s new model forces
IISS, Douglas Barrie, Ben Barry, Henry Boyd and Nick Childs
GEOCORRENTE CALENDAR
APRIL MAY
IX Summit of
5-8
Parliament
the Americas
(videoconference)
Elections in
Scotland
6
IMF and World Municipal
5-11 15-16
Bank meeting Elections and
(Washington, Constitutional
EUA) Conventional in
• General Chile
Elections in Peru
11 • Presidential
Elections in
Presidential
Elections in Syria 16
Ecuador (2nd
round)
Leaders’ Arctic Council
Climate
Summit 22-23 19-20 Ministerial
Meeting
African (videoconfe-
rence)
Federal Development
Reserve Bank Annual
27-28 Meeting
(United
Meeting and
the African 24-28
States) Development
Fund (Accra,
UN Meeting Ghana) Parliamentary
about Cyprus
(Genebra) 27-29 30 Elections in
Cyprus
Opening of EU
Green Week
(videoconference) 31
16
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021REFERENCES
• Naval-Industrial Complex of Itaguaí: what to do after HORIUCHI, Junko. Japan signs deal to export defense equipment to
PROSUB? Indonesia. Kyodo News, Tokyo, Mar. 30th 2021. Accessed on: Apr.01st
LOPES, Roberto; GALANTE, Alexandre. Marinha concentrará todos os seus 2021.
submarinos na base de Itaguaí a partir de 2022. Poder Naval, [s.l], Mar.
25th 2019. Accessed on: Mar. 19th 2021. • South Korea's National Defense and its modernization
LOPES, Roberto; GALANTE, Alexandre. Submarinos brasileiros para a CHOI, Si-young. S. Korea to invest W7tr for Aegis destroyers, attack helicopters.
Indonésia. Poder Naval, [s.l], Feb. 02nd 2021. Accessed on: Feb. 11th The Korea Herald, Seoul, Apr. 01st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 02nd 2021.
2021. YOON, Sukjoon. Expanding the ROKN's Capabilities to Deal with the SLBM
Threat from North Korea. Naval War College Review, Washington,
• The US public shipyard infrastructure optimization mar/2017. Accessed on: Apr. 02nd 2021.
project
NAVSEA. Building the Shipyards the Nation Needs. Naval Sea Systems • India: diversification of trading partners and its
Command, Washington, [n.d]. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021. relationship with the Saudis
TADJDEH, Yasmin. Navy Optimizing Shipyards With Digital Twin Technology. KEMP, John. Much at stake as India, Saudi Arabia spar over oil prices. The
National Defense, Arlington, Mar. 01st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021. Arab Weekly, London, Mar. 26th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021.
VERMA, Nidhi. India asks refiners to diversify, cut reliance on Middle East
• The United States Maritime Security: a balance between oil after OPEC+ decision. EnergyWorld, New Delhi, Mar. 10th 2021.
freedom of navigation and the Law of the Sea Accessed on: Mar. 20th 2021.
UNITED STATES. Annual Freedom of Navigation Report. United States
Department of Defense, Washington, Mar. 10th 2021. Acessed on: • The future of the Indonesian Navy: the KRI Alugoro’s
Mar. 17th 2021. incorporation and the Defense plans
ALMOND, Roncevert. U.S. Ratification of the Law of the Sea Convention. PARAMESWARAN, Prashanth. Indonesia’s Submarine Capabilities in the
The Diplomat, Washington, May 24th 2017. Accessed on: Mar. 17th 2021. Headlines with New Sea Trials. The Diplomat, Washington, Feb. 01st
2021. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021.
• Election dispute in Somalia promises to worsen crisis RAHMAT, Ridzwan. Indonesia in talks with Naval Group for variant of
with Al-Shabaab Riachuelo-class submarine. Janes, Coulsdon, Dec. 02nd 2020. Accessed
KAHIYE, M. Somali Opposition Refuses to Recognize President Farmajo as on: Apr. 01st 2021.
Term Expires. Voa News, Mogadishu, Feb. 08th 2021. Accessed on: Mar.
05th 2021. • QUAD Summit: challenges to regional security in the
Somalia leaders fail to reach deal on elections. The Guardian, London, Indo-Pacific
n Feb. 06th 2021. Accessed on: Mar. 05th 2021. HORNUNG, Jeffrey W. What to expect when you're expecting so much from
the Quad. CNN, Washington, Mar. 31st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021.
• Brexit impacts on the Netherlands' position in the VANAK, Jeffrey T.; SOUDERS, Jack; DEL MAZO, Kenneth. How to
European Union Operationalize the Quad. The Diplomat, Washington, Mar. 30th 2021.
SANDFORD, Alasdair. Brexit capital gains: Will Europe's financial hubs steal Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021.
London's crown now the UK has quit the EU?. Euronews, Lyon, Feb. 23rd
2021. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021. • One year of COVID-19 pandemic: economic and political
JANNING, Josef. Dutch courage: Is the Netherlands overconfident in its EU balance
influence?. The European Council on Foreign Relations, Berlin, Global Economic Prospects. World Bank, Washington, jan/2021.
Jan. 30th 2019. Accessed on: Apr. 01st 2021. Accessed on: Mar. 19th 2021.
ARAÚJO, Flavia L.; AGOPYAN, Kelly K. O paradoxo do multilateralismo em
• The Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant as a catalyst over tempos de pandemia. Nexo Jornal, São Paulo Jul. 27th 2020. Accessed
relations between Turkey and Russia on: Mar. 19th 2021.
GCR STAFF. Russia Turkey launch third reactor at world’s biggest nuclear
power site. Global Construction Review, London, Mar. 12th 2021. Cover: (Itaguaí - RJ, 11/12/2020) Batismo do Submarino Humaitá. Palácio
Accessed on: Mar. 20th 2021. do Planalto.
POPOVIC, Nemanja. The Energy Relationship Between Russia and the By: José Dias/PR
European Union. E-International Relations, London, Feb. 24th 2020.
Accessed on: Mar. 20th 2021. The initial maps (pages 03 and 04) of the Boletim were created with
Mapchart and follow the guidelines of Creative Commons.
• The meeting between Serguei Lavrov and Wang Yi and
the geopolitical dimension of Sino-Russian relations
ALBERT, Eleanor. China and Russia Show Solidarity at Meeting of Foreign
Ministers. The Diplomat, Washington, Mar. 24th 2021. Accessed on: Mar.
03rd 2021.
TRENIN, Dmitri. China, Russia have to forge close bonds. China Daily,
Beijing, Mar. 23rd 2021. Accessed on: Mar. 03rd 2021.
• Japan and Southeast Asia: new horizons?
STRANGIO, Sebastian. With an Eye on Beijing, Japan and Indonesia Sign
Arms Export Equipment. The Diplomat, Washington, Mar. 31st 2021.
Accessed on: Mar. 31st 2021.
17
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021RISK MAP
T he map entitled “Top Global Risks” on the 3rd page
of this Boletim was prepared by the Conjuncture
Assessment Group (NAC) members of the Brazilian
which may become red or orange, depending on the
conflict's aggravation.
Due to the increase in the number of cases (infected,
Naval War College (EGN). The appearance of the hospitalized and deaths) related to COVID-19, there
international phenomena on the map considers their was an adaptation in the analysis of the scenario.
relevance to Brazil, analyzed through criteria, namely Thus, a separate map was drawn up, with the 15
the number of Brazilians living in the region, direct countries with the highest number of infected people,
or indirect influence on the Brazilian economy, and according to the latest WHO report released to date
their impact on the Brazilian Strategic Surroundings. on this boletim. Thus, the countries were divided into
Besides, the interests of the United Nations Security red, orange and yellow according to the number of
Council permanent members will be considered. total cases.
After selecting the phenomena, they are categorized The analyzes are redone at each Boletim edition,
as high risk (red) or medium risk (orange), following aiming to reassess and update the demarcated regions
parameters that reflect the severity of the risk, and the color used in each one. Therefore, the main
namely: number of victims, the relevance of the phenomena are always observed, distributed at
actors involved, impact on the global economy, and high and medium risk. Below are links to the risks
the possibility of tensions escalation. The countries indicated on the map:
painted in gray represent conflicts under analysis,
► HIGH RISK:
• GULF OF GUINEA — Conjunctural maritime insecurity: Swim together or sink alone: African states
unite to confront pirate threat. The Christian Science Monitor, Mar. 29th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• YEMEN — Civil war and humanitarian crisis: Yemen ceasefire: The ball is in Al Houthi court. Gulf
News, Mar. 27th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• LEBANON — Structural crisis: Nobody Knows What Lebanon’s Currency Is Worth Anymore. Foreign
Policy, Apr. 05th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• VENEZUELA — Structural crisis: Human Rights Watch: “Las violaciones de DDHH cometidas por el
régimen de Nicolás Maduro en Apure son más evidencias para la Corte Penal Internacional”. Infobae, Apr.
03rd 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• MOZAMBIQUE — Conflict between government and insurgents forces: Mozambique town Palma
'retaken' from militant Islamists. BBC News, Apr. 05th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• MYANMAR — Military coup: Myanmar anti-coup protesters stage Easter Egg demo. DW, Apr. 04th
2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• ETHIOPIA — Conflict between government and insurgents forces: Ethiopia is fighting 'difficult and
tiresome' guerrilla war in Tigray, says PM. The Guardian, Apr. 04th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
► MEDIUM RISK:
• COLOMBIA — Border crisis: Venezuela lanza su mayor campaña militar en décadas y miles huyen del
país. The New York Times, Apr. 02nd 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• LYBIA — Civil war escalation: France’s Macron and Egypt’s El-Sisi discuss Libya, GERD. Arab News,
Mar. 30th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
18
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021• SOUTH AND EAST CHINA SEA, HONG KONG & TAIWAN — Chinese expansion on regions: China
tests Biden with South China Sea tactic that misled Obama. Bloomberg, Apr. 05th 2021. Accessed on: Apr.
06th 2021.
• EASTERN MEDITERRANENAN — Increasing tensions between Greece and Turkey and the occupation
of Cyprus: Greece accuses Turkey of trying to provoke it with migrant boats. Arab News, Apr. 02nd 2021.
Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• SYRIA — Tensions in the Idlib region: Syria war: After a decade of bloodshed, revolutionary dreams
live on. Middle East Eye, Mar. 28th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• NIGER — Escalating of terrorist activity in the region: Niger foils ‘coup attempt’ days before presidential
inauguration. France 24, Mar. 31st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• UKRAINE — Russia-Ukraine cross-border tensions: Is Putin about to launch a new offensive in Ukraine?.
Atlantic Council, Apr. 04th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
► MONITORING:
• AFGHANISTAN — Regional instability: Taliban insist US forces leave Afghanistan during meeting
with Khalilzad. Afghan Online Press, Mar. 31st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• BELARUS — Political crisis and tensions with the European bloc: Belarus's Ties With the West: The
Implacable Downward Spiral. The Jamestown Foundation, Mar. 31st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• BOLIVIA — Political and juridical crisis: Ex ministra Pinckert se declara en la clandestinidad y dice que
pidió asilo. El Deber, Apr. 04th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• BORDER CLASH BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN AND ARMENIA — Armed conflict in the region of
Nagorno-Karabakh: Biden Can Help Armenia and Azerbaijan Make Peace. Here 's How. Foreign Policy,
Mar. 30th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• SINO-INDIAN BORDER — LAC standoff: India-China border row: Air forces hold formation in
Ladakh. Hindustan Times, Mar. 31st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• GEORGIA — Opposition protests: EU-mediated Georgia crisis talks fail on second try. EURACTIV,
Mar. 31st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• SENEGAL — Political instability: Senegal’s violent protests reveal that its long-stable democracy is
fragile, after all. The Washington Post, Apr. 01st 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC — Conflict between government and insurgents forces: CAR militia
leader Sidiki Abass dies from injuries: Armed group. Aljazeera, Apr. 02nd 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• THAILAND — Resumption of protests against the monarchy: Thai police charge Thanathorn with
insulting king over vaccines. Nikkei Asia, Mar. 30th 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
• SOMALIA — Electoral instability: Explosions in Somalia kill at least 15; army bases targeted. AP
News, Apr. 03rd 2021. Accessed on: Apr. 06th 2021.
19
BOLETIM GEOCORRENTE • ISSN 2446-7014 • N. 136 • April | 2021You can also read
