Growth and accumulation of nutrients in bromeliads, in a greenhouse
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Brazilian Journal of Development 48630
ISSN: 2525-8761
Growth and accumulation of nutrients in bromeliads, in a greenhouse,
in Cerrado
Crescimento e acúmulo de nutrientes em bromélias com ocorrência no
Cerrado em ambiente protegido
DOI:10.34117/bjdv7n5-322
Recebimento dos originais: 14/04/2021
Aceitação para publicação: 14/05/2021
José Carlos dos Santos Júnior
Engenheiro Agrônomo
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres
Instituto Federal Goiano-Campus Ceres, Rod. GO - 154, km 03, Zona Rural, Ceres, GO.
E-mail: juniord286@hotmail.com
Cristiele dos Santos Souza
Mestra em Botânica
Universidade de Brasília
Universidade de Brasília - Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Laboratório de Termobiologia, Asa
Norte, Brasília - DF.
E-mail: cristiele24@gmail.com
Cleiton Mateus Sousa
Doutor em Fitotecnia
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres, Rod. GO - 154, km 03, Zona Rural, Ceres,
GO.
E-mail: cleiton.sousa@ifgoiano.edu.br
Leonardo Alves Carneiro
Doutor em Agronomia
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres, Rod. GO - 154, km 03, Zona Rural, Ceres,
GO.
E-mail: leonacw2014@gmail.com
Mariella Camargo Rocha
Doutora em Fitotecnia
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres
Instituto Federal Goiano - Campus Ceres, Rod. GO - 154, km 03, Zona Rural, Ceres,
GO.
E-mail: marigonnis@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The Bromeliaceae family shows great genetic diversity and ecological, industrial,
landscape, and food application. However, for most species, there exist no strategies for
their commercial exploitation. In order to contribute to the development of technologies
for the cultivation of bromeliads in Cerrado, the growth of three bromeliads in a
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ISSN: 2525-8761
commercial substrate enriched with or without organomineral fertilizer in a greenhouse
was evaluated. Periodically, the number of leaves, plant height (cm), leaf length (cm),
leaf width (cm), stem diameter (cm), and chlorophyll index (SPAD) were evaluated. Fresh
and dry mass, P (g kg-1), K (g kg-1), Ca (g kg-1), Mg (g kg-1), Fe (mg kg-1), Mn (mg kg-1),
and Zn (mg kg-1) in the aerial part and in the root system of the plants were evaluated.
Bromeliads showed specific responses to substrates and evaluation days. The substrates
enriched with organomineral fertilizer favored plant growth. During the evaluation
period, SPAD was reduced. Organomineral did not increase the nutrient content in the
aerial parts or in the root system of the plants. The three species of bromeliads showed
potential for cultivation in a greenhouse, without compromising the quality of the plants;
however, it is necessary to define the specific substrates to optimize the growth of each
species.
Keywords: Aechmea bromeliifolia, Aechmea distichantha, Ananas erectifolius,
greenhouse cultivation
RESUMO
A família Bromeliaceae possui grande diversidade genética e importância ecológica,
industrial, paisagística e alimentar. No entanto, para a maioria das espécies não há
estratégias para exploração comercial. Visando contribuir com o desenvolvimento de
tecnologias para o cultivo de bromélias com ocorrência no Cerrado, avaliou-se o
crescimento de três bromélias em substrato comercial, enriquecido ou não com
fertilizante organomineral, em ambiente protegido. Periodicamente, avaliou-se o número
de folhas, altura da planta (cm), comprimento da folha (cm), largura da folha (cm),
diâmetro do caule (cm) e índice de clorofila (SPAD), e aos 210 dias de cultivo, a massa
fresca e seca, os teores de fósforo (g kg-1), potássio (g kg-1), cálcio (g kg-1), magnésio (g
kg-1), ferro (mg kg-1), manganês (mg kg-1) e zinco (mg kg-1) na parte aérea e no sistema
radicular das plantas. As bromélias apresentaram respostas específicas aos substratos e
épocas de avaliações. O enriquecido com fertilizante organomineral favoreceu o
crescimento das plantas. No decorrer do período das avaliações, o SPAD reduziu. O
organomineral não proporcionou aumento no teor dos nutrientes na parte aérea ou no
sistema radicular das plantas. As três espécies de bromélias demonstraram potencial para
o cultivo em ambiente protegido, sem comprometer a qualidade das plantas, no entanto,
torna-se necessário definir substrato específico para otimizar o crescimento de cada
espécie.
Palavras-chave: Aechmea bromeliifolia, Aechmea distichantha, Ananas erectifolius,
cultivo em ambiente protegido
1 INTRODUCTION
The Bromeliaceae family has at least 3.650 species (Gouda et al. 2020), with
epiphytic, rupicolous, terrestrial, and perennial behavior, and reduced stem and leaves
arranged in rosettes (Forzza et al. 2020; Sanches 2009). Bromeliads have ecological
importance (Ladino et al. 2019), and some are explored in food and industry (Suárez et
al. 2020; De Souza et al. 2016), and landscaping, owing to the variable colors, shapes,
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ISSN: 2525-8761
and textures of their flowers (Sanches 2009) and fruits. In this scenario, it is noteworthy
that bromeliads have new species inserted in the ornamental plant trade annually
(Negrelle and Anacleto 2019; Anacleto et al. 2019).
Cerrado bromeliads can have potential ornamental (Zucchi et al. 2020). Ananas
erectifolius L. B. Sm. has increased ornamental use and high demands owing to the exotic
and colorful small fruits, which it produces (Souza et al. 2012). Aechmea bromeliifolia
(Rudge) Baker has ornamental potential and can still grow on phorophytes in the process
of forest restoration (Duarte and Gandolfi 2013). Aechmea distichantha Lem. has pink
inflorescence, bluish petals, high ornamental value and exploited in a predatory,
unsustainable way.
Production and commercialization of bromeliads have the potential to contribute
to flower and ornamental plant market; however, the plant poses a threat to the
maintenance of the diversity of these biological resources, especially in countries such as
Brazil, Bolivia, and Colombia (Negrelle et al. 2012), owing to the lack of information and
technologies for its production for commercial purposes with high productivity and
quality (Giampaoli et al. 2017), and in some cases, extractive exploitation occurs.
Production technologies of bromeliads are still restricted to some species. Young et al.
(2018) pointed out that the search for technologies to increase this plant productivity and
quality is still a major challenge.
In commercial cultivation, bromeliads are grown outside their natural habitat, and
generally show changes in growth and characteristics (Londers et al. 2005), making their
use unfeasible, and consequently limiting the diversity in landscape projects. Defining
the strategies for obtaining seedlings and growing bromeliads without compromising its
quality enables commercial exploitation without predatory exploitation; this had occurred
in many cases and can generate an alternative source of income for producers in rural
areas. Substrates and fertilizers are recommended for various crops (Coutinho 2017;
Sanches 2009; Ferreira et al. 2007); however, to our knowledge, there is no research
showing substrates for bromeliads, especially those found in the Cerrado.
Organomineral fertilizers, a mixture of minerals and organic residues, are
beneficial for the growth and yield of various crops (Chagas et al. 2018); they have the
potential to improve the production of seedlings and growth of bromeliads. However, to
our knowledge, there is no prior research showing the use of organominerals for the
production and growth of bromeliad seedlings. The benefits of organomineral fertilizers
in crops are associated with the role they play in the gradual release of nutrients, increased
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ISSN: 2525-8761
organic matter, biological activity in the soil, bioavailability of P, efficiency of nutrient
use, and availability of water. These roles make it possible to achieve better growth and
crop yield. Growth and nutrient accumulation were evaluated in three species of
bromeliads grown in protected environment with commercial substrate enriched with or
without organomineral fertilizer.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
The experiment was carried out at the Federal Institute of Goiano - Campus Ceres.
The climate of this region is classified as tropical (Aw) according to Koppen and Geiger.
Three bromeliads: A. erectifolius, A. bromellifolia and A. distichantha, were propagated
in vitro and acclimatized in polystyrene trays with 128 cells each, and then filled with
Tropstrato HA® substrate in a greenhouse, with intermittent irrigation using micro
sprinklers, from March to November 2017.
Plantlets were selected, based on height, number of leaves, and stem diameter, and
transferred to plastic containers with a capacity of 1.0 L, containing commercial substrate
enriched with or without organomineral. The plantlets were grown for 210 days in a
greenhouse covered with 100 µm thick transparent polyethylene film, and the side
covered with a black screen with 50% shading; intermittent irrigation of 5 min was
performed every 3 h in the daytime.
The substrate was prepared with a mixture of Tropstrato HA® and Carolina
Padrão® at a ratio of 6.25:1. Each recipient contained about 300 g of the mixture + 10 g
of the organomineral fertilizer. The treatments without organomineral fertilizer contained
only the substrate mixture. Their chemical compositions are shown in Table 1. The
formulation of the organomineral fertilizer was as follows: 670 g of bovine manure, 330
g of monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and 120 g of bentonite and 2% sodium silicate
solution, comprising 5.4% Nitrogen (N), 16% Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and 2%
Potassium Oxide (K2O).
Table 1. Chemical compositions of the substrates Tropstrato HA® and Carolina Padrão® with or without
organomineral fertilizer (OF) for the cultivation of three bromeliads: Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm.,
Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker and Aechmea distichantha Lem. in greenhouse.
pH MO Ca Mg Al H+Al K T K P V
Substrates
H2O g dm-³ -------------- cmolc dm-³ ------------ -- mg dm-³ --- %
without OF 6,98 65 8,45 6,90 0 1,80 0,33 17,48 129,0 189 89,70
with OF 6,62 88 8,91 5,80 0 2,20 0,35 17,26 137,3 413 87,25
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The experimental design for non-destructive variables was randomized blocks,
with plots subdivided on the basis of time in a 3 × 2 × 6 factorial arrangement comprising
three bromeliads (A. erectifolius, A. bromellifolia and A. distichantha), two substrates
(commercial substrate mixture with or without organomineral fertilizer), and six
evaluation periods (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 210 days of cultivation), with three replicates
and 10 plants in each experimental unit. For each evaluation period, the number of leaves,
plant height (cm), leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), stem diameter (cm), and chlorophyll
index (SPAD) were analyzed.
For destructive variables, the experimental design was a randomized block, in a 3
× 2 factorial arrangement comprising three bromeliads (A. erectifolius, A. bromellifolia
and A. distichantha) and two substrates (commercial substrate mixture with or without
organomineral fertilizer), with three replicates and 10 plants in each experimental unit.
At the end of 210 days, the fresh and dry mass, and contents of phosphorus (g kg-1),
potassium (g kg-1), calcium (g kg-1), magnesium (g kg-1), iron (mg kg-1), manganese (mg
kg-1), and zinc (mg kg-1) in the aerial part and root system of the plants were analyzed.
Data were analyzed using F test at 5% probability of error, means between
genotypes were compared using Tukey’s test, and regression analysis for response
tendency, according to the evaluation periods, were performed using the SISVAR
statistical program.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The plantlets of: A. erectifolius, A. bromellifolia and A. distichantha propagated
in vitro demonstrated potential and facility for acclimatization and cultivation in the
greenhouse. During the 210 days, there were no morphological changes of the species.
Bromeliads showed differences in their responses to substrates and evaluation
periods. Interaction of substrates with genotypes was significant (pBrazilian Journal of Development 48635
ISSN: 2525-8761
Table 2. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf length, and leaf width of three bromeliads:
Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea distichantha Lem. and Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker
grown on commercial substrate enriched with or without organomineral fertilizer (OF) in greenhouse.
Bromeliads Height of plant (cm) Number of leaves Stem diameter (cm) Length of leaf (cm) Width of leaf (cm)
With Without With Without With Without With Without With Without
OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF OF
A. erectifolius 10,51 Ac 7,12 Bb 21,98 Aa 17,37 Ba 1,96 Aa 1,41 Ba 13,05 Ab 8,60 Bb 2,17 Ab 1,55 Bb
A. distichantha 12,75 Ab 9,12 Bb 18,42 Ab 16,39 Ba 1,26 Ac 0,98 Bb 11,54 Ac 8,55 Bb 1,35 Ac 1,13 Ac
A. bromeliifolia 19,22 Aa 12,72 Ba 16,79 Ac 11,57 Bb 1,69 Ab 1,15 Bb 19,79 Aa 12,19 Ba 2,59 Aa 2,16 Ba
C.V. (%) 15,54 7,64 6,89 10,81 7,58
Fig. 1 Number of leaves in Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea distichantha Lem. and Aechmea
bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker and after 210 days of cultivation in greenhouse on the substrate with
organomineral.
25
20
Leaves per Plant (cm)
15
A. erectifolius ( x ______) = -0,0002x2 + 0,0744x + 13,961
10 R² = 0,9747
A. distichantha (• - - - - -) = -0,0003x2 + 0,0876x + 12,883
R² = 0,799
5
A. bromellifolia (▪ __ __ __) = -0,00009x2 + 0,0103x + 14,444
R² = 0,4784
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Cultivation Days
Fig. 2 Height (cm) of Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker and Aechmea
distichantha Lem. during 210 days of cultivation in greenhouse on the substrate with organomineral.
18
y= 0,0419x + 7,2977 R² = 0,9891
15
12
Height (cm)
9
6
3
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Cultivation Days
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Fig. 3 Stem diameter (cm) of Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker and
Aechmea distichantha Lem. with different days of cultivation on substrate with or without organomineral
fertilizer (OF).
2,5
With OF • _______ = 0,0062x + 0,9544
R² = 0,9367
2
Stem Diameter (cm)
1,5
1 Without OF ° - - - - - - = 0,0037x + 0,7816
R² = 0,9655
0,5
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Cultivation Days
Fig. 4 Relative content of chlorophyll (SPAD) in Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea bromeliifolia
(Rudge) Baker and Aechmea distichantha Lem. during 210 days of cultivation in greenhouse.
60 y = 0,0021x2 - 0,65x + 67,507 R² = 0,9678
Chlorophyll (SPAD)
40
20
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210
Cultivation Days
Enrichment of the substrate with an organomineral resulted in a greater number
of leaves, height, stem diameter, and leaf length in the three genotypes. However, each
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genotype showed an intensity of response to the enrichment of the substrate with the
organomineral (Table 2).
A. erectifolius had a higher number of leaves on the substrate with organomineral
than A. distichantha. A. bromeliifolia exhibited the highest response to the organomineral,
with an increase of about 45% in the number of leaves, whereas A. distichantha exhibited
the lowest response to the organomineral, with only 12.4% increase in number of leaves
(Table 2); A. bromeliifolia and A. distichantha had a greater number of leaves at 90 and
120 days, respectively. A. erectifolius showed a linear trend in the increase in the number
of leaves during the 210 days evaluation period (Fig. 1). Ferreira et al. (2007) observed a
greater number of leaves in Neoregelia cruenta after 120 days on the commercial
substrate Plantamax® in comparison to those on conventional substrates, which
comprises soil, sand, and rice husk. Coutinho (2017) initially found no significant
differences in the number of entire leaves of Bromelia reversacantha Mez., on different
proportions of substrates (soil, sand, and commercial substrate) up to 90 days, and 120
days for the number of green leaves.
A. bromeliifolia had higher plant height than A. erectifolius and A. distichantha,
irrespective of the substrate. In the substrate with organomineral, A. distichantha had
higher plant height than A. erectifolius, whereas in the substrate without organomineral,
their plant heights did not differ. Enrichment of the substrate with organomineral
increased plant height by 47.6% for A. erectifolius, 39.8% for A. distichantha, and 51.1%
for A. bromeliifolia. The presence of organomineral intensified the difference in plant
height among bromeliads (Table 2). During the 210 days evaluation period, there was a
linear increase in plant height (Fig. 2). Sanches (2009) observed a higher height in
bromeliad Aechmea fasciata, which leaf or root pathways received fertilization treatment,
than those without treatment. Baldotto et al. (2009) obtained a higher height in A. comosus
L. Merril (pineapple ‘‘vitória’’) on the commercial substrate Plantmax® Hortaliças with
application of humic acids on the basal leaves than those on control.
Enrichment of substrate with organomineral increased stem diameter by 39.0%,
28.57%, and 46.96% for A. erectifolius, A. distichantha, and A. bromeliifolia,
respectively. In the substrate without organomineral, no difference was detected between
the stem diameter of A. distichantha and A. bromellifolia, but in the substrate with
organomineral, their stem diameter differed (Table 2). Stem diameter increased linearly
with the evaluation period, with greater intensity in the substrate with organomineral (Fig.
3). Fertigation using cistern in Aechmea fasciata (Sanches 2009) and foliar fertilization
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in Cryptanthus sinuosus L. B. Sm. (Jasmim et al. 2006) did not increase stem diameter.
Cultivation of Alcantarea imperialis “Harms” plantlets on a substrate containing
carbonized rice husks (Rodrigues et al. 2004) and Bromelia reversacantha Mez. on
commercial substrate provided a larger stem diameter. This shows the divergences in the
nutritional requirements of bromeliads, making it necessary to define their substrates so
they could express their genetic potential, and consequently, become plants with better
quality.
Organomineral increased the length of the largest leaf in the three bromeliads. The
presence of organomineral increased the difference between the bromeliads (Table 2).
Among the bromeliads without organomineral, A. bromeliifolia showed the best result
(Table 2). The organomineral increased the leaf width of A. erectifolius and A.
bromeliifolia, but had no effect on the leaf width of A. distichantha (Table 2). The length
and width of a leaf are directly associated with leaf area and have a relevant role in the
production of photoassimilates. Plants with greater leaf length and width have a greater
capacity for production of photoassimilates, growth, and accumulation of dry mass (Table
4).
Bromeliad leaves have anatomical and physiological differences in apical and
basal regions. The apical region specializes in photosynthesis, whereas the basal region
specializes in water absorption (Freschi et al. 2010; Schmidt et al. 2001); thus, the larger
the leaf, the greater the area for photosynthesis and water absorption. Chlorophyll is a
pigment that absorbs the light necessary for photosynthesis. SPAD-502 is an effective
tool for estimating chlorophyll in leaves (Hawkins et al. 2009) and has a high relationship
with N content (Bassi et al. 2018; (Xiong et al. 2015). Chlorophyll content (SPAD) did
not differ between bromeliads and showed a trend of intensive linear reduction until 90
days of cultivation, but became stable afterwards (Fig. 4). Considering that there was no
fertilization during the experiment, the N available in the substrates probably limited the
synthesis of chlorophyll in bromeliads. Ferreira et al. (2007) associated chlorophyll
deficiency in Neoregelia cruenta (R. Graham) L. B. Sm. to the use of nitrogen in
substrate.
The presence of organomineral in the substrate increased the fresh and dry mass
of the aerial part in the three bromeliads. In the substrate without organomineral, there
was no significant difference in the fresh and dry mass of the aerial part. In the substrate
with organomineral, there were differences between the fresh and dry mass of the aerial
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part in the bromeliads, but did not show the same response trend between fresh and dry
mass (Tables 3 and 4).
Table 3. Fresh mass of the aerial part (g) of Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea distichantha Lem. and
Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker cultivated on substrate with and without organomineral fertilizer
(OF).
Bromeliads
Substrates
Ananas erectifolius Aechmea distichantha Aechmea bromeliifolia
With OF 59,15 Ab* 33,96 Ac 88,76 Aa
Without OF 21,06 Ba 16,62 Ba 29,94 Ba
CV 14,52%
* Lowercase letters compare substrate on each bromeliad and uppercase letters compare bromeliads on
each substrate, using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).
Table 4. Dry mass of the aerial part (g) of Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea distichantha Lem. and
Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker cultivated in substrate with and without organomineral fertilizer
(OF).
Bromeliads
Substrates
Ananas erectifolius Aechmea distichantha Aechmea bromeliifolia
With OF 7,99 Aa* 3,92 Ab 9,89 Aa
Without OF 2,69 Ba 1,59 Ba 2,98 Ba
CV 19,71%
* Lowercase letters compare substrate on each bromeliad and uppercase letters compare bromeliads on
each substrate, using Tukey’s test (P < 0.05).
The accumulation of dry mass in plants depends on the absorption and
assimilation of nutrients and CO2. It is evident in this study that the composition of the
commercial substrate and the absence of complementary fertilization limited the
accumulation of dry mass in the plants, considering that the plants were grown under ideal
conditions for photosynthesis. Thus, to increase the accumulation of dry mass in plants
and, consequently, greater growth of bromeliad plants, it is necessary to supplement the
plant with fertilizers.
The substrate without organomineral reduced the accumulation of P, K, and Mn
in the aerial part of the bromeliads. Among the bromeliads, there were no differences in
P content in the aerial part. A. bromellifolia had a greater accumulation of K and Mn than
A. distichantha and A. erectifolius. A. bromellifolia had a greater accumulation of Ca than
A. erectifolius (Table 5). Ca is associated with cell wall structure, membrane stabilization,
and vacuole osmotic control, and it also acts as a second messenger. The levels of Fe and
Zn in plants were not influenced by the substrates or species.
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Table 5. Contents of P, K, Ca, Mg and Mn in aerial part (g kg-1) of Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea
distichantha Lem. and Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker during 210 days of cultivation in greenhouse
in greenhouse on the substrate with organomineral.
Bromeliads P (g kg-1) K (g kg-1) Ca (g kg-1) Mg (g kg-1) Mn (mg kg-1)
Ananas erectifolius 3,79 a* 3,70 b 2,53 b 1,25 b 2,00 b
Aechmea distichantha 4,63 a 3,13 b 2,86 ab 1,78 b 2,98 a
Aechmea bromeliifolia 4,74 a 5,08 a 2,94 a 2,97 a 3,56 a
CV% 22,22 21,60 8,79 28,36 15,47
* Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ, using Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
In the root system, there was only a difference between species for K. Among the
species, A. distichantha had the highest K content, and A. erectifolius had the lowest
content (Table 6). Although K is not incorporated into biomolecules, it plays an essential
role in stabilizing the structures of many proteins and macromolecules and in water and
ionic balance of tissues.
Table 6. Contents of P, K, Ca, and Mg in root (g kg-1) of Ananas erectifolius L. B. Sm., Aechmea
distichantha Lem. and Aechmea bromeliifolia (Rudge) Baker during 210 days of cultivation in greenhouse
on the substrate with organomineral.
Bromeliads P (g kg-1) K (g kg-1) Ca (g kg-1) Mg (g kg-1)
Ananas erectifolius 2,27 a 0,50 c 2,23 a 0,74 a
Aechmea distichantha 2,16 a 0,80 a 3,08 a 0,91 a
Aechmea bromeliifolia 1,69 a 0,65 b 3,77 a 1,07 a
CV% 80,40 8,07 55,55 26,11
* Means followed by the same letter in the column do not differ by Tukey’s test at 5% probability.
In the three species of bromeliads, accumulation of P, K, and Mg in the aerial part
was higher than those found in the root system. For Ca, the values were similar (Tables 5
and 6), indicating no predominance among plant organs. P is involved in several
structures, such as phospholipid membranes, energy storage (ATP), and genetic
information (DNA and RNA).
Mg plays an essential role in the activation of several enzymes, carbon fixation by
the enzymes rubisco and PEPcase, and integration of chlorophyll molecule (Pereira
2017); if deficient, it compromises the production of photoassimilates, restricting the
growth of aerial part and increasing the ratio of aerial part/root system. The highest aerial
ratio of part/root system was found in the substrate without organomineral; A. erectifolius
was the one with the lowest ratio (tables 3 and 4). Among the species, A. erectifolius also
had the lowest Mg content in aerial part (table 5).
Accumulation of nutrients in plant tissues depends on the availability of substrate,
absorption and assimilation capacity, and mobilization of elements between plant organs.
The divergence between species in the accumulation of nutrients may be associated with
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specificity in the interaction of root system with the substrate, root anatomy, and element
carrier proteins in the cell membranes of each species; there, specific strategies for certain
cultivation conditions should be defined.
4 CONCLUSION
Bromeliads showed potential for cultivation in greenhouse and differed in terms
of growth and accumulation of nutrients, thus, the substrate for each species should be
defined. The addition of organomineral fertilizer to the commercial substrate favored the
growth of the three bromeliads species; however, it did not increase the content of the
elements in the plants. Complementary fertilization can improve the growth of bromeliads
grown on a commercial substrate in a protected environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
To the Botanical Garden of Brasília (JBB) and EMATER-GO for providing the genetic
materials of the bromeliads. To Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e
Tecnológico (CNPq) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás
(FAPEG) for financial support.
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