Heatwaves in Germany 2008 2015
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Heatwaves in Germany
2008
2015
Outline - Questions 1. Is heatwave a problem in Germany? 2. Why is it a problem? 3. What is scope of the problem? 4. What are the resilience mechanisms/strategies against heatwaves in Germany? 5. How is the problem addressed and are there successes or failures? 6. Who are the main stakeholders in this field? what are their roles? How they can be more effectively approached?
Background – Heatwaves in Germany
Emdat database – Germany
Natural disasters - 1900-2019
Home- Damage
Natural disasters N Deaths Injured Affected
less (M. US$)
Earthquake 3 1 60 1650 200 212
Epidemic 2 609 0
Extreme temperature 12 9420 165 2,030
Flood 24 74 120 547100 29,010
Landslide 1 Year N5 Deaths Injured Damage (M US$) 6
Storm 57 1979 710 1 755 30000 30,721 80
Wildfire 1 1997 1 30 0
Grand Total 100 10210 1 1100
2003 9355 579359 200 61979
1,650
2005 1 1 165 300
92% of deaths (mostly in 2003); 2006 2 12
46 % of damage costs 2009 2 15
2010 1 1
2012 2 6
2018 1
Total 12 9420 165 2,030
Noteworthy heat waves
Hot days and nights in Frankfurt-am-Main since 2001
Trend per Region: Number of Hot Days https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt-gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-hitze#textpart-3
Hot days 2018
(≥ 30°C)
2003 2015
https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt-gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-hitze
Nuits tropicales (≥20°C) 2003 2015 2018
Heat waves in Germany • Recurring more frequently • More hot days (≥ 30 °C) and tropical nights (≥20°C) • More extreme (higher temperatures) • City Heat Island
Scope & Impact (1)
• Environmental impact:
– Fish mortality and discharge of power plant effluents
into rivers
– Eutrophication and blue-green algae danger
– Danger for forest fires and tree dying is rising
– Effects of drought and heat on biodiversity and
endangered species
• Economic impact:
– Drought in agriculture
–…Scope & Impact (2)
• Health impact: mortality and morbidity
– Direct heat effect
– Mediated through worsened air quality
• Heat and sunlight “cook” pollutants present in the air
(e.g. NOx) increasing the levels of ground-level ozone and
other aerosols.
• Meteorological conditions contributing to stagnating
poor-quality air: high temperatures, low precipitation,
strong sunlight, and low wind speeds
• Worse in urban areas (higher air pollution)
• Increased risk of forest fires contributing to air pollution
(e.g. Russia, 2010)Nb of hot days with excess ozone level in Stuttgart https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt- gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-ozon#textpart-1
The 27 examined European countries are severely affected by heat waves. Over 28,000 people die every year due to exposure to extreme heat. On average, 0.61% of all deaths are caused by extreme heat events.
Responses
• Ministry of health (BMG)
• Ministry of environment (BMU)
• Robert Koch Institute (RKI)
https://www.rki.de/DE/Content/Kommissionen/UmweltKommission/Stellun
gnahmen_Berichte/Downloads/klimawandel_gesundheit_handlungsempfehl
ungen_2013.pdf?__blob=publicationFileResilience Mechanisms & Strategies
Germany
• Reduce air pollution
– keep NO2 and ozone levels down
• “Since January 2010, one cubic meter (m³) of
air in an 8-hour-average may not contain more
than 120 microgram (μg) of ozone. This value is
allowed to be exceeded 25 times in one year.”Stakeholders
• Government agencies
– Deutscher Wetterdienst (www.dwd.de): higher federal
authority under the Federal Ministry of Transport and
Digital Infrastructure.
– Deutsche Klimadienst (DKD) (created Oct 2015); network of
agrencies including Ministry of Env. and Federal
Environmental Agency
– CDC (Climate Data Center): weather and climate data +
analysis
– Umweltbundesamt (Federal environmental agency)
• Ministry of health (BMG)
• Ministry of environment (BMU)
• Robert Koch Institute (RKI)Stakeholders
• NGOs
– Bund – Friends of the Earth Germany (www.bund.net)
– NABU-Projekt „ StadtKlimaWandel“:
www.nabu.de/aktionenundprojekte/stadtklimawandel/
– GRaBS – Green and Blue Space Adaption for Urban Areas and Eco Towns:
www.grabs-eu.org
• Others
– Regionale Klimabüros der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft: www.klimabuero.de
– Regionaler Klimaatlas Deutschland: www.regionaler-klimaatlas.de
– KlimaMORO – Raumentwicklungsstrategien zum Klimawandel:
www.klimamoro.de
– KlimaExWoSt – Urbane Strategien zum Klimawandel; StadtKlima – Kommunale
Strategien und Potenziale
– zum Klimawandel: www.klimaexwost.de
– KLIMZUG – Klimawandel in Regionen zukunftsfähig gestalten: www.klimzug.de
– Klimalotse – Leitfaden zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel:
www.klimalotse.anpassung.netSummary / conclusions • Heatwaves: an actual and recurrent issue in Germany (“new normal”) • Preparedness to adaptation
Links/ references Gesundheitliche Risiken von Ozon und hoher Lufttemperatur https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/umwelt-gesundheit/gesundheitsrisiken-durch-ozon#textpart-1 https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/1410/publikationen/190211_uba_hg_luftqu alitaet_dt_bf.pdf#page=4&zoom=auto,-13,334 https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/4031/publikationen/uba_krug_muecke.pdf https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/klimawandel-gesundheit-anpassungsmassnahmen-im https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen/klimawandel-gesundheit Steffen Merte: Estimating heat wave-related mortality in Europe using singular spectrum analysis. In: Climatic Change. 2017, doi:10.1007/s10584-017-1937-9.
regulations Seit Januar 2010 darf ein Kubikmeter (m³) Luft im 8-Stunden-Mittel nicht mehr als 120 Mikrogramm (µg) Ozon enthalten. Dieser Wert durfte in einem Jahr 25-mal überschritten werden.
Extra slides
2018 - Hot Conditions
2003
2015
2008
http://wiki.bildungsserver.de/klimawandel/ind
ex.php/Hitzewellen_EuropaMonthly trends
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