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IAWAJournal, Vol. 24 (3), 2003 : 310-337
IAWA Pan-American Regional Group Meeting
July 13-17,2003
Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
Convened by the Pan-Ameriean Regional Group Comrnittee: Regis B. Miller,
Elisabeth A. Wheeler, Teresa Terrazas, Veronica Angyalossy, Les Groom
Loeal Host: Clyde Calvin
ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AND POSTERS
W.P. ABASOLOl , M. YOSHIDA2, H. YAMAMOT02, T. OKUYAMA2 : 'Department of Forest
Produets and Paper Seienee, College of Forestry and Natural Resourees, University of the
Philippines Los Bafios, College Lagun a, Philippines 4031 ; 2Bio-material Physies Laboratory,
School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601 , Japan
- Stress generation in Calamus merrillii Becc. - (Paper *)
Growth stress development was investigated in a monoeotyledons plant particularly rattan
eanes (Calamus merrillii Beee.). Following the procedures used in trees, longitudinal eompressive
stresses were observed at the peripheral region while longitudinal tensile stresses were deteeted
at the eore. This oeeurrenee was attributed to the cell wall structure of rattan fibers. The fibers are
polylamellated or are composed of several altemating broad and narrow layers. As a new layer
is being deposited on the fiber lumen aecompanied by a large microfibril angle (MFA) (> 20°),
it will cause fiber expansion. However, because of other cells adjacent to this particular fiber,
such expansion will be prevented, thus, compressive stress will be generated within that fiber.
The intensity of the stress varied from base to top and from periphery to core because of the
variation in fiber proportion along these points. For this reason, longitudinal eompressive stress
was higher at the base than at the top and very large at the peripheral region. As a response to
this peripheral stress, longitudinal tensile stress was indueed at the eore.
*) Not presented at the Portland meeting due to late cancellation .
SILVIA AGUILAR' , TERESA 1'ERRAZAS2, LAURO LOPEZ·MATA2 : 'FESI-UNAM, Av. de los
Barrios 1, Tlalnepantla, Estado de Mexico 54090. Mexico; 2prograrna en Bot änica, Colegio
de Postgraduados, Montecillo, Estado de Mexico 56230, Mexico - How latitude, c1imate,
and soil inftuence the wood of Buddleja cordata - (Paper)
Buddleja cordata is a species widely distributed in Mexico that is represented by shrubs
and trees. Wood variability of B . cordata was evaluated in relation to plant size as weIl as
latitude, altitude, soils , and climatic data . Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) showed
that two canonical correlations are significant (Wilkis' A, P =< 0.0001) and explained 76 %
of total variance. Redundancy analysis revealed that the first pair of canonical variates are
significant, thus the canonical variate named ' distribution' represents a gradient of maxi-
mum temperature of the warmest period, annual temperature range, and latitude in its area
of distribution; whereas the canonical variate named 'wood' represents number of vessels,
fibre length, and plant size, best associated to the environmental gradient. Number of ves-
sels expressed by their distribution in latewood and porosity type showed that ring-porosity
is common in individuals from high latitudes. Porosity variability in B , cordata may be
induced by temperatures below 0 °C or lack of precipitation during several months as sug-
gested by CCA. Plant size was also influenced by extreme temperature and precipitation.
Shorter plants are distributed in the northem population or driest sites located in north-central
Mexico, and in addition, fibre length followed an allometric relation with individuals'height.
Wood characters in B . cordata unaffected by plant size , climate, soil parameters, or species
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distribution are the occ urrence of simple perforation plat es, helical thicken ings, type s of
intervascul ar and vessel -ra y pits, scanty paratracheal parenchyma, and heterogeneous type
IIB rays. These features are common to the other spec ies of Buddleja.
GUILLERMOANGELES, JORGE LOPEZ-PORTILLO, IGNACIO SALOMON-QUINTANA, F'ERNANDO
ORTEGA-ESCALONA : Instituto de Ecologia, A. C. Km . 2,5 CarreteraAntigua a Coatepec No .
351 , Xalapa, Vera cruz 91070, Me xico - EfTect of the presence of unlignified parenchyma
on the biomechanical properties of stems of Urticaceae - (Pa per)
Th e sec ondary xylem of Urti cac eae forms unlignified and lignified parenchym a. In the
tropi cal rainforest ofLos Tu xtlas, Veracru z, Me xico the famil y is represented by Urera and
Myriocarpa, which can be shru bs or lianas. In lianas, unl ignified parenchyma is found mainly
in the radi al parenchym a, whereas in the shrubs , it is found main ly in the axia l parenchym a.
To det errnine how the presen ce of unligni fied parench yma affected the mech anical proper-
ties of sterns, we tested for elastic flexu re in fres h branches. Force was applied at constant
speed , until the maximum load wa s attained. Plotting force ver sus deformation, modulus
of ela sticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) were obtained. A one -centimeter seg-
ment of the middle portion of the specimen was taken to observe with the SEM under low
vacuum and without coating. In this wa y, we could preci sely identify which kind of cell s
failed under the applied force.
PrETER BAAS I, STEVENJ ANSEN2, EUSABETH WHEELER3: I Nation aal Herb arium Nederland,
P. O. Box 95 14, 2300 RA Le ide n, The Netherland s; 2Institute of Botany and Microbiology,
Laboratory of Plant System atics, K. U. Leu ven , Ka steelpark Arenberg 3 1, 3001 He ver-
lee , Belgium; 3North Carol ina State Uni ver sity, Department of Wood and Paper Scienc e ,
P. O. Bo x 8005, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005 , USA - Wood anatomy of the Tree of Life
- (Paper)
Reconstructing A Tree ofLife (ATOL) has been a great ch allenge for evolutionary biolo-
gists and (phylogenetic) sys tematists ever sinc e Ernst Haeckel proposed his ph ylogenetic
tree s for the animal and plant (including fun gal) kingdoms in the late 19 th century. Thanks to
DNA marker s reproducible phylogeny reconstruc tions are now available or within reach. In
this paper we will re view wh at the recent , mole cularly inspired ph ylogenetic classifications
(APG 11) tell us abo ut the evolution of woo d anatomical characters among some spec ies -
rich clades in the angiosperrns and to what extent the Baileyan model of the major trend s in
xylem anato my needs to be adjusted. Spe cial attention will be paid to ph ylogenetic sig nals
contained in func tionally adaptive features such as type ofvess el perforation , ves tured pits,
porosity, elem ent size , and paren chym a abunda nce and di stribution.
J.R. BARNETT, v.A. BONHAM: School ofPlant Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O.
Box 22 1, Reading, RG6 6AS, United Kingdom - Anatomical and structural analysis
of wood of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) - (Paper)
The wood of ten superio r genotypes of Betula pendula selec ted from sites in Germany,
Finland and Sweden has been analysed. Th e anatomical charac ters me asured were den sity,
fibre diameter, length and wall thickness, microfibril angle , vess el diameter and distribu-
tion and vessel/fibre ratio s. Th e most significant variations were in vessel nurnb er, size and
di stribution , microfibril angle and fibre length . In comm on with other species there was an
increase in fibre length fro m j uvenile to mature wood and an inverse relation ship between
microfibril angle and fibre len gth. Microfibril angle in ju ven ile wood was, howe ver, much
smaller than that measured in coniferous speci es and reported in the literature. It is suggested
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that the smaller microfibril angle in juvenile wood ofbirch and other diffuse porous species
may compensate for a reduction in stiffness caused by the presence of vessels interspersed
among the fibres. The smaller range of microfibril angle and fibre length found in birch as
compared with softwoods also makes it difficult to differentiate juvenile wood from mature
wood in this species.
CARLOS CASTANEDA-POSADASI , HUGO MARTINEz-CABRERA 2, SERGIO R .S . CEVALLOS-
FERRIZ3: IDepto . de Biologfa ; Fac. de Ciencias, UNAM; Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Mexico
D. E ; 2Postgrado en Ciencias Bio16gicas, UNAM ; Inst. de Geologfa; Cd. Universitaria,
04510 Mexico D.E; 3Depto. de Paleontologfa, Inst. de Geologfa, UNAM; Cd. Universitaria,
04510 Mexico D. E - Tropical Oligocene-Miocene woods from NW (BCS) and Central
Mexico (Tlaxcala) - (Poster)
Presence ofTertiary tropical taxa in Mexico can be traced to the Paleocene, and its di-
versity through time, increased towards the south. Woods collected in Oligocene-Miocene
sediments in Baja Califomia Sur (BCS) and Tlaxcala (Tlax) suggest that tropical elements
were present in Central and NW Mexico at that time, and that the vegetation represents
a climate that was more humid compared with contemporaneous communities in nearby
areas . Both assemblages are characterized by their variable percentages of solitary vessels,
vessel diameter range (100-150 pm), and growth rings frequently lirnited by marginal paren-
chyma.Axial parenchyma is a regular feature ofboth assemblages, but the presence ofbanded
or confluent types is more common in the BCS material. Ray width, measured as number of
cells , tended to be narrower in the Tlaxcala woods . All BCS woods are angiosperms, while
a sample from Tlaxcala represents a gymnosperm (Taxus?). They both contain representa-
tives of the Leguminosae, but the proposed taxa are different (Andira? in BCS vs. Cojoba
in Tlax) . Two BCS woods are similar to members of Euphorbiaceae subtribe Fluegge-
inae. A third wood has characters that suggest similarity with Anacardiaceae (Astronium,
Loxopterygium) or Burseraceae (Tetragastris), and a fourth wood is similar to Ruprechtia
or Coccoloba (Polygonaceae). From BCS, other documented woods described elsewhere
include Copaijeroxylon, Mimosoxylon (Leguminosae), Tapirira (Anacardiaceae), Ficus and
Maclura (Moraceae). In contrast, woods from Tlaxcala include Cedrela (Meliaceae), Ter-
minalia (Combretaceae), and Tectona (Verbenaceae) . More information on Tertiary tropi-
cal lineages and high quality taxonomie observations are needed to further evaluate the
integration and diversity of these communities.
GREGORIO CECCANTINII , RICARDO PEREIRA LOUR02, MARIO HENRIQUE FERNANDEZ3:
IUniversidade de Säo Paulo, Dept. de Botänica, P.O. Box 11461,05522-970, Säo Paulo,
SP, Brazil; 2Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioffsica Carlos Chagas
Filho, CCS, Bloco G, Ilha do Fundäo, 21949-900, Rio de Janeiro , RJ, Brazil; 3Universidade
Federal do Paran ä, Dept. de Botänica, P.O. Box 19031,81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Structure and ultrastructure of archeological wood preserved under dry conditions
in the Santa Elina archeological site, Mato Grosso, Brazil - (Paper*)
The Santa Elina archeological site in Mato Grosso, Brazil, consists of a limestone cliff that
afforded shelter for human habitation. Sediments at this site have been dated at 23,000 year BP,
and archeological remains, including human-made wooden stakes, have been dated at 5000 to
500 year BP. Sedimentation occurred mostly under dry conditions or, in some locations, with
carbon-dioxide-rich water. The wood anatomical structure of the stakes was examined by light
and scanning electron microscopy. Although they had a weathered appearance, the wood in the
stakes was sufficiently intact to make them useful for archeological analysis.
*) Not presented at the Portland meeting due to late cancellation.
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GREOÖRIO CECCANTINI 1, MARIoHENRIQUE FERNANDEZ3 : 1Universidade de Säo Paulo, Dept.
de Botänica, P. O . Box 11461,05522-970, Säo Paulo, SP, Brazil; 2Universidade Federal do
Paranä, Dept. de Botänica, P.O. Box 19031,81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil - Anatomy
of wood stakes from the Santa Elina archeological site, Mato Grosso, Brazil: paleo-
environmental and ethnobotanical interpretations - (Paper *)
Eighty hum an-made wood stakes from the Santa Elina archeological site, Mato Grosso, Brazil,
were identified microscopically to genus and asses sed for their technological and paleoenviron-
mental significance. These stakes were distributed in sediments dated from 5,000 to 500 years
BP, were made from trunks and branches, and had evidence of burning. Twenty-one genera in
fifteen families were identified. The only monocotyledon, and most common genus (39% of the
stakes), was bamboo (Guadua sp., Gramineae, Bambusoidae). The diversity and identity ofthe
species suggests that the users were not very selective in their choice of species, and that the
materials were normally not very durable. Many of the species identified are still present in the
area today, and a comparison was made between species found in the current flora and the stakes
using similarity indexes of Jaccard and Dice -Sorenson. A high degree of similarity was found
between the stakes and the species found in the deciduous, semi-deciduous and riparian forests
of today. This suggests that environmental conditions in the second half of the Holocene were
similar to those found today.
*) Not presented at the Portland meeting due to late cancellation .
SHAU-nNO CHIU: Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung,
Taiwan, Republic of China - The development of digital archives for wood database
- (Poster)
The National Digital Archives Program of Botany in Taiwan has digitized mostly For-
mosan specimens that are in the herbaria. The database includes digitized photographs of
herbarium specimens (including type spe cimens), morphological as weIl as ecological data,
writing descriptions, and relevant collecting information on certain taxa. This database will
serve as an effective tool for understanding our indigenous flora and their distribution. It
also provides a useful reference to the utilization and conservation of the plant re sources
of Taiwan. Furthermore, using this system, we plan to load into this database digitized
anatomical images including wood specimens and to link them to the related voucher
specimens as weIl as to knowledge networks. A developing architecture includes three
dimension sectioning images and reconstruction of the vascular system in certain selected
species. The ultimate aim is to provide a complete integrated flora information system and
also an application in research, education and knowledge extension. Using the biodiversity
informatics framework and multimedia database, the information standards and the herbaria
and xylaria profiles can be delivered in the future.
G. B.L. COCCOLINI : Universitä "La Sapienza", Dipart. di Biologia Vegetale, Eie A. Moro 5,
00185 Roma, Italy - Ancient forest stand records in northwest Italy - (Poster*)
In northwe st Italy, Stura di Lanzo, Piedmont, researchers have found the remains of an ancient
forest ofVillafranchian age. Some ofthe wood fragments were identified as species in the family
Taxodiaceae. One of the wood samples was identified as Glyptostrobus sp. This arboreal plant
usually grows in low damp riparian sites and has air roots similar to Taxodium that spread around
the lower part of the tree trunk . Today this tree attains a height of 20-35 m, has pale green leaves ,
a longitudinally fissured bark, and fine texture wood . The wood is resistant to insect attack and
is native to South-East Asia where it grows in pure stands or as a dom inant tree. Pollen analysis
in the Stura di Lanzo depo sit (Cerchio, 1990 QUAP 9: 19-21), suggests a rich Pliocene woody
forest that has mostly disappeared from Western Europe. In addition to Taxodiaceae, taxa include
Podocarpus, Dacrydium, Cedrus, Carya, Pterocarya, Liquidambar , and Zelkova .
*) Not presented at the Portland meeting due to late cancellation.
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S.V. DEORE, P.v. RAMAIAH: Center for Post Graduate Studies, Research in Botany, G.T.P.
College Campus, Nandurbar 425412, Maharashtra, India - Chemical regulation of
heartwood formation - (Poster*)
Regulation of heartwood fonnation is an important and less studied phenomenon. In the
present investigation, effect of ethylene releasing and inhibiting ehernieals on heartwood for-
mation and gummosis in 4 angiospenn trees, has been analyzed histochemically. Maximum
radial extension of heartwood occurred at 2000 ppm of ACC (aminocyclopropane carboxylic
acid), while inhibition was a maximum at 2000 ppm of sperrnine tetrahydrochloride in Acacia
auriculiformis. In Acaciaferruginea the radial extension of induced heartwood was less than
in Acacia auriculiformis even at 2000 ppm concentration of ACC. At this concentration, there
was an increased production of gum in Acacia ferruginea and Eucalyptus citridora. There were
marked histochemical changes at the treated zone of wood. Accumulation of lipids occurred at
the treated site with ethephon and ACC, while they were absent at the site treated with spennine
tetrahydrochloride. Elevated activities of acid phosphatase, peroxidase and succinic dehydroge-
nase were noted with ACC treatment. Even in the innennost sapwood, glucose-ö-phosphatase,
adenosine triphosphatase and acid phosphatase were intense with spennine tetrahydrochloride
treatment. In controls, all the enzymes showed a decreasing degree of localization from outer
sapwood inwards. In plants with both gummosis and heartwood formation, externally applied
ethylene releasing agents first affect the gummosis and the effect on heartwood fonnation follows
latter, probably because the conversion of storage material into gum/gum-resin is much faster
than that of synthesis of heartwood phenols. Ethylene induces gummosis and increases the gum
yield within 15 days.
*) Not presented at the Portland meeting due to late cancellation.
J.-c. DOMEC, B.L. GARTNER: Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Oregon
State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA - Pit aspiration, air-seeding, and membrane
rupture in earlywood vs, latewood of Douglas-fir - (Poster)
This research asked whether our understanding of the anatomy and mechanics of pit
structure supports the following assumptions from the literature. I) Earlywood pit (EW)
membranes become aspirated when the difference in water tension (ti.P) exceeds a critical
threshold. 2) Latewood (LW) pit membranes are too rigid to aspirate. 3) We also tested
the hypothesis that embolism begins to occur in earlywood when pit membranes break.
In previous research, we performed physiological measurements on xylem sampies from
vertical and radiallocations on the trunk and branches of six young (10 yrs .) and six mature
(110 yrs.) Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb .) Franco) trees to determine the vul-
nerability to embolism. From these measurements, we found the air entry point (the ti.P at
which the sampie has lost 12% of its conductivity, and at which their loss of conductivity
begins to increase exponentially). We critical-point dried sampies from two of the young
trees and one old tree, then made SEM images of their pits . We measured number and size
of strands in the margo , size of largest pores in the margo, and size of pit apertures and
borders, for both EW and LW. With light microscopy, we estimated widths of double cell
walls . Using equations from the literature, we used the anatomical measurements to estimate
membrane flexibility, and then estimated the ti.P required to reach maximum membrane
distortion (where the membrane contacts the pit border). We compared that value to the
estimate of the ti.P required for air-seeding. The results were consistent with assumptions
1) and 2) and hypothesis 3). Latewood pits will allow air seeding before the membranes
deflects sufficiently to aspirate. Earlywood pits will first aspirate (and not allow air-seed-
ing) but then at larger ti.P, the membranes will rupture. The ti.P required for EW membrane
rupture was similar to the air entry point, suggesting that EW embolism begin s when their
pit membranes rupture .
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GEOFF DOWNESI, LEITH KNOWLES2, JUGO ü,rc': ICSIRO Forestry and Forest Products,
Private Bag 10, Clayton, 3 I68,Victoria, Australia; 2Forest Research, Private Bag 3020,
Rotorua, New Zealand - Predicting stitTness in Douglas-fir wood: A comparison of
acoustic and SilviScan estimates with static bending data - (Paper)
The ability to accurately predict tree growth and wood quality is becoming increas-
ingly important, as plantation management focuses more closely on profitability, and on
product performance. Wood stiffness (MOE) is a major property in lumber and is typically
measured using static bending tests. Recently new technologies have emerged which hold
great promise for providing less expensive, non-destructive measurement options. This is
particularly important in screening breeding populations. This paper presents comparisons
in the prediction of stiffness between two different acoustic methods (Resonance and Ultra-
sonic time of flight), the SilviScan method and actual static bending data.
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga men ziesii (Mirb.) Franco) is the second most important tree
species for timber production in New Zealand, where it is mainly used for structural purposes.
A large project was initiated to investigate the wood and lumber properties of Douglas-fir
trees in a stand aged 41 years, grown at Rotoehu Forest from seed originating from Fort
Bragg (coastal Califomia). Eighteen trees were selected from 49 trees for intensive study
using a 'response surface' sampling design to cover the range for density, microfibril angle
(MFA) and branch size, and thus for stiffness (MOE). A range of wood properties includ-
ing MOE, strength (MOR), density and MFA were assessed from cores, discs, short clears
extracted from billets and timber recovered from sawlogs . These tests were designed to
cover the radial and vertical distributions within the trees. All properties improved with
increasing distance from the pith. Density showed much less of a radial trend than MFA
with MOE being intermediate.
R. R. DUTE : Department of Biological Seiences and Alabama Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, Aubum University, Aubum, AL 36849-5407, USA - The torus - ontogeny, phy-
logeny, and function - (Paper)
The torus is a thickening of an intervascular pit membrane and is believed to exist only
in gymnosperms, but in fact occurs in other plant groups as weil. In angiosperms, tori exist
in the genera Osmanthus, Celtis , Ulmus , Daphne, and Wikstroemia. In Osmanthus and
Daphne, tori are formed late in cell ontogeny, and torus develop-rnent is correlated with a
microtubule plexus and vesicles . In contrast, tori develop early in cell ontogeny in Ulmus
and Celtis without benefit of a microtubule plexus . In angiosperms, torus removal and subse-
quent air drying leads to membrane tearing at the site of the former torus. Not all species of
Daphne or Wikstroemia have tori, and torus presence is correlated with systematic position
of a species within its genus. In some Daphne species, and those species of Wikstroemia,
Celtis, and Ulmus that were investigated, torus thickenings are best developed in tracheids
and small vessel members and poorly formed (if at all) in large diameter vessel members.
Tori of Ginkgo, a gymnosperm, show many differences from those of angiosperms.
Ginkgo tori develop early in cell ontogeny, but as development progresses they become filled
with secondary plasmodesmata. As cellular hydrolysis proceeds, matrix material is removed
from torus as weil as margo. Perusal of the literature shows that early torus development
and plasmodesmata are also common to tori of many conifers.
Tori of Botrychium dissectum , a eusporangiate fern, develop early in tracheid ontogeny
and, like Ginkgo, ultimately lose their matrix material, although no secondary plasmodes-
mata develop.
Clearly, tori not only block the pit aperture during aspiration, but also serve to strengthen
the pit membrane and prevent rupture during membrane displacement. In some of the angio-
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sperm s, tori are best developed in the narrowest tracheary elements, thus reinforcing the
idea that these elements provide a reserve conducting system with a high safety factor.
HOWARD FALCON-LANG : Department of Earth Sciences, University ofBristol , Bristol BS8
IRJ, UK - Do tree rings in fossil woods give a palaeoclimatic signal? - (Paper)
Tree rings in pre-Quaternary fossi l woods have long been used as important quant ita-
tive indicators of palaeoclimate. In this paper, a global analy sis of the relat ionship between
c1imate and tree-ring parameters is presented that appears to invalidate the use of fossil
woods in this way. Three parameters, specifically mean ring width, mean sensitivity, and
percenta ge latewood, were analyzed from 500 sites worldwide using data reprocessed from
the Intern ational Tree-Ring Data Bank. Results reveal that variability in modem trees re-
lated to taxonomy, ontogeny, and ecology tend s to obscure the palaeoclimatic signal except
where sampie size is very large , and sample taxonomy and ontogenetic age is constrained.
As it is unlikely that such conditions can ever be met in fossil studies, the validity of us-
ing quantitative tree-ring parameters as indicators of Pre-Quaternary c1imates would seem
highly questionable.
LEAH FLAHERTY, ROD SAVIDGE : Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management,
University ofNew Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada - Effects ofl-naph-
thalene acetic acid and l-aminocyclopropane l-carboxylic acid on in vitro xylem cell
differentiation in Arabidopsis thaliana - (Paper)
In the past , exogenous ethylene has been shown to alter the nature of cambial growth but
has not been found to affect woody cell differentiation directl y. In contrast, exogenous auxin
is weil establi shed to induce differenti ation of cambial deri vatives into tracheary elem ents.
Recentl y, appli cations of exogenou s ACC to prophyll sheaths on debudded shoots of Pinus
spp. were observed to mimic the effect of pine needles in inducing tracheid differentiation
at the trace-cambium junction.
In this investigation , Arabidopsis thaliana inftore scence sterns were cut near the basal
whorl to provide segments having a single medial node. The leaf was removed and the petiole
stump was provided NAA , ACC or NAA + ACC in agar, with controls rece iving agar only.
After 3 weeks of culture under long-day conditions at ambient temperature, cro ss sections
ju st basal to the petiole stump revealed that the respon se to NAA + ACC was not different
from that of the controls. However, ACC alone and, to a smaller extent, NAA alone had
increased both radial and tangenti al doubl e cell-wall thickn ess of the last different iating
fibres and tracheary elements. Th is is evidence thatACC fulfils a role distinct from ethylene
in the regulation of wood format ion in Magnoliophyta as weil as Coni ferophyta.
B.L. GARTNERI , l-C. DOMEC I, EC. MEINZER2: lDepr. ofWood Science and Engineering,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA ; 2Pacific Northwest Experiment Station,
USDA Fore st Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA - Resistance to radial water transport
in sapwood of Douglas-fir - (Paper)
Sap ftow studies show that water ascends throughout the entire sapwood, but basic physi -
ology teils us that water only exits the stem's periphery through the leave s. Therefore, there
must be at least some radi al ftow of water. We have begun investigations of the pathways
and resistance to such ftow.
In one series of experiments, we remo ved cohorts of needle s and/or girdled through the
xylem at the stern bases of 4-year-old seedlings, then placed the stern bases in acid fuchsin
for several hour s. We then quantified the height of staining in each of growth ring. One
experim ent showed that significant radial flow occurred: when only the n-I needle s (those
produced in year n-l ) were left attached and then sterns were girdled through the n-I xylem ,
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flow increased in the n-3 wood. The other experiments showed the opposite, that there is sig-
nificant resistance to radial flow. Experiments with removal showed that the youngest
needles (year n-I ) had an effect on flow in all four rings, but the effect was largest on the
xylem made in year n-l , Next, we produced sampies with only the n-l needles attached,
and with only the xylem from rings n-I and n-2 in the stain (the central xylem was carved
out). This treatment decre ased the ascent of stain in years n-3 and n-4 without affecting
the ascent in years n-I and n-2. Lastly, when a vacuum was attached to the tips of 4O-cm-
long sterns placed in stain, stain was only pulled into only the outer earlywood. When the
vacuum was attached lower down the internode on 40-cm-Iong sterns, dye was pulled into
the entire earlywood .
We also studied radial pattern s of sap flow in 23-year-old trees. If there is no resistance
to radial flow, then the radial pattern of sap flow should match the radial pattern of specific
conducti vity. The two patterns matched in outer and middle sapwood. However, specific
conductivity showed less of a decrease from the middle to the inner sapwood than did sap
flow, indicating a decrease in the water potentia l gradient in the inner sapwood relative
to middle and outer sapwood. A possible explanation is an increase in resistance to radial
transport in the inner sapwood . Research is ongoing to further characterize patterns, mecha-
nisms for their format ion, and pathways for flow.
B.L. GARTNER1, G.R. JOHNSON2: 'Department of Wood Science and Engineering, Ore-
gon State University, Corvalli s, Oregon, USA; 2Pacific Northwe st Experiment Station,
USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. - Does Douglas-flr have speed wobble?
- (Paper)
Silviculturi sts have noted that Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in intensively man-
aged plantations often has rnany stern form defects, including sinuosity. A sinuous stern
is defined as one that has kinks (like the letter S) within one year's growth. The causes of
sinuosity in this species are unknown, although some genetic families are more predispo sed
to it than others. The 's peed wobble' hypothe sis of sinuosity holds that fast leader growth
is associated with sinuosity, possibly because a fast grown leader has a weaker tip (due to
lower wood strength or a longer expan se of primary growth before secondary thickening
comm ences). The weak tip flops to the side, then compressio n wood forms, displacing the
tip back toward vertical and leaving a kink in the stern. To determine the seasonal course
of leader growth, we measured of the totallength of the leader in 40 four-year-old saplings
10 times during the 14 weeks of leader growth. Additionally, we estimated the length of sec-
ondary (thickening) growth and the primary (elongation) growth by gently manipulating
the leader to feel for the demarcation in stiffness between the two regions. After growth
had ceased, we harve sted the leaders. In the lab, two independent observers classified
them into four sinuosity classes. The correlation between observers was strong (r 2 =0.80),
indicating a semi-objective means of evaluation. Each sapling was then placed into one of
three categories: non-sinuous (in which both observers gave it a score of I or 2), sinuous
(in which both observers gave it ascore of 3 or 4), or unclear (in which observers scored
it disparatel y). In general , the sinuous trees had higher growth than did the non-sinuou s
trees, but the correlations only accounted for about 17-25% of the total variation . The
length of the primary stern at mid-season was associated with sinuosity: sinuous trees had
significantly longer primary growth only on the sampling dates of 21 and 26 June. Both
secondary growth and total growth are cumulative values, and they were higher in sinuous
trees from 6 June until the end of growth, 25 August. These results suggest that sinuosity
in Douglas-fir is indeed associated with fast growth so the trees do have speed wobble, but
that the role of fast growth is very smalI, from a practical viewpoint.
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PETER GASSON, KATE WARNER, GWILYM LEWIS: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richrnond,
Surrey, TW9 3DS , United Kingdom - Wood anatomy of Caesalpinia L. (Leguminosae,
Caesalpinioideae, Caesalpinieae) - (Paper)
Caesalpinia s.l. cornprises c.140 species in the new and old world tropics. Several
are well-known, especially C. echinata, pau-brasil, the wood after which the country was
named, whose heartwood is used for violin bows and the source of dye, and C. pulcherrima
(Mexico, Guatemala), now widely cultivated as an ornamental. Most Caesalpinia woods
lack weIl defined growth rings , some vessels are in radial multiples, intervessel pitting is
alternate and vestured, fibres are mainly non-septate, parenchyma is aliform to confluent,
axial parenchyma irregularly storied and rays mainly non-storied, rays 1-2 cells wide and
of varying height, and prismatic crystals are in chambered axial parenchyma in all and in
rays in many species. Lewis recognises eight natural groups in Caesalpinia, which he is
reinstating to full genera. We have examined the wood of 49 species representing all eight
groups. Libidibia group is weIl defined on the basis of storied axial parenchyma and narrow
short storied homocellular rays , and no crystals in ray cells . The other groups are less weIl
defined by wood characters. In Caesalpinia s. s. the rays are not storied, and most species
lack crystals in ray cells . Russellodendron group (will be Tara) has non-storied homo-
cellular rays, and some ray cells have crystals. Brasilettia group (will be Coulteria) has
some species with storied rays; all have homocellular rays and crystals in ray cells . Poin-
cianellal Erythrostemon is particularly poorly defined, but some species have septate fibres
(as does C. platyloba in the Brasilettia group). Subgenus Mezoneuron has non-storied
rays and lacks clustered vessels which are usually present in other groups, and subgenus
Guilandina is variable.
We are also currently investigating in detail variation in wood anatomy of several caatinga
species with Brazilian colleagues, including one species (C, pyramidalis, Poincianellal
Erythrostemon group) that is highly valued locally as fuelwood. This will include varia-
tion within and between trees at two sites , and assessment of the quantity and 'quality' of
regrowth of coppiced, pollarded and crown-thinned trees .
AMY GROTTAI ,2, BARBARA GARTNER1,2, STEVEN RADOSEVICH2 : IDepartment of Wood
Science and Engineering and 2Department of Fore st Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR 97331, USA - Influence of red alder competition on cambial phenology
and latewood formation in Douglas-fir - (Paper)
To better understand the influence of competition on wood formation and wood quality
in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb .) Franco), annual patterns of cambial growth
and latewood production were examined in 15-year-old mixed plantations of Douglas-
fir/red alder (Ainus rubra Bong.). Cambial growth was tracked using the pinning method.
Cambial growth in most trees began between May 12 and May 23, and ended between
August 27 and September 10. Mean date of trans ition to latewood was July 5. Where red
alder made up 10% of total stand density and was planted in the same year as Douglas-fir,
Douglas-fir trees began cambial growth later and ended growth earlier in the year than in
pure Douglas-fir stands. There was no evident effect of competition from red alder when
it was planted five years later than Douglas-fir. In all treatments, the duration of cambial
growth was shorter in smaller-diameter trees . The date of latewood production was earlier
in the year in smaIler-diameter trees, and consequently small-diameter trees tended to have
higher latewood percentages. Because trees growing in stands mixed with red alder grew
more slowly, the mixed planting tended to cause higher percent latewood but slower radial
growth.
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E. GUTIERREZ1, M. Rrass', E. MARTiN2,A. BERNAL1 , E. BATLLORI1: lDepart. d'Ecologia,
Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; 2Unidad de Sanidad
Forestal, Diputaci ön General de Aragön, Zaragoza, Spain - Cambial activity and girth
growth rate patterns of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in northeast Spain - (Poster)
Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is the major component species of the evergreen forests of
the Mediterranean basin, where climatic conditions are characterized by summer drought
and low winter temperatures. In this study, we report the results obtained for cambial ac-
tivity and radial growth rate patterns monitored with band dendrometers in 25 trees. The
study was carried out in two locations situated in the northeast of Spain. One location was
established in the Garraf massif (a protected area 40 km south of Barcelona) where we
selected 10 trees, 5 on a north-facing slope and 5 on a south facing-slope at 300 m elev.
The other location was situated in the Prades Mountains, 100 km southwest from the first
location; here, 15 trees were sampled at 3 sites differing in altitude and aspect: 5 trees on
a southwest-facing slope at 370 m elev. , another 5 trees on a northwest-facing slope at
370 m elev ., and 5 trees on a northwest-facing slope at 850 m elev.
Girth increments were recorded to 0.01 mm every 15-30 days using an electronic vernier
calliper. There is a high synchronisation among tree growth rates as demonstrated, but two
distinct groups of trees were identified using principal components analysis. One group
comprised the trees growing in the Garraf, and the other the trees located in the Prades
Mountains. Holm oak cambial activity started at the beginning of March regardless of site
and aspect, and it ended by late November or later in the trees growing on the south-facing
site in Garraf. Annual growth rate pattern is bimodal: cambial activity stopped in winter due
to low temperatures and girth growth rates were lower during summer drought. Maximum
growth rates were always achieved in spring. Holm oak readjusted its growth rates to yearly
climatic conditions, and inter-annual variability in growth rates was the highest in 1994 due
to a very uneven precipitation during that year.
JUGO ILIC: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Private Bag 10, Clayton, 3168, Victoria,
Australia - How to separate logs of Eucalyptus globulus LabilI. and E, nitens Maid.
- (Paper)
The two main eucalypt hardwood plantation species planted for pulp production in Aus-
tralia and abroad include Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus. Both species are fast growing
trees but the former tends to have low density timber, and relatively low strength; whereas,
the lauer is more uniform and relatively high density and high strength even at a young age .
While these characteristics are eminently suitable for the production of pulpwood, the pulp
yield from E. nitens is lower that that of E. globulus and the latter is preferred. Apparently
in countries outside of Australia where both of these species are grown for pulpwood, some-
times E. nitens is substituted for E. globulus and a rapid means of differentiating between
the species would be useful.
Anatomically both species belong to the gum group (Series Globulares), and both have a
similar mature wood structure, but there are some differences. For E. globulus these include
higher basic density (610 kgm-t), slightly wider rays , a higher proportion of triseriate rays
(0-20%), and usually a greater amount of diffuse parenchyma and tyloses including the
occasional presence of calcium oxalate crystals. On the other hand E. nitens has a lower
density (500 kgm-i), no triseriate rays and no calcium oxalate crystals. Sometimes a buff
ash (burning splinter result) may distinguish E. globulus, but this is not consistent. It should
be noted that characteristics of non-plantation, natural forests of E. nitens and E. globulus
differ markedly from those of plantation grown material making the anatomical differences
less reliable.
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A rapid method that may be applied to potentially differentiate green logs of the two
species involves the measurement of acoustic velocity. This is based on the substantial dif-
ference in ben ding stiffness between the two species . The difference in mean velocities for
lO-year-old plantation grown E. nitens and E. globulus (3281 and 3660 ms-! respectively)
were highly significant. If this difference can be confirmed for a larger sampie , it may pro-
vide a very simple way of differentiating logs of these species .
STEVEN JANSENl, FREDERIC LENSl,PlETER BAAS2, PETER GASSON3, ERIK SMETSl : lLabora-
tory ofPlant Systematics, K. U. Leuven , Institute ofBotany and Microbiology, Kasteelpark
Arenberg 31, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium; 2Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Universiteit
Leiden branch, P.O. Box 9514, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; 3Jodrell Laboratory,
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3DS, United Kingdom - Ecologi-
cal trends in vestured pits - (Poster)
Data on the distribution of vestured pits are presented for different woody floras and
vegetation regions , Despite the conservative nature and high phylogenetic significance of
vestured pits in angiosperms, the floristic comparisons illustrate that this character increases
significantly from 0-15% ofthe woody species in cool temperate or arctic latitudes to circa
30-50% in both mesic and xeric vegetations in tropical areas. Except for some woody
legumes, vestured pits in temperate to cool areas are indistinctly present in members of
Elaeagnaceae, Oleaceae, and Thymelaeaceae, which also show non-vestured vessel pits.
The majority of the woody families with vestured pits have a mainly tropical to subtropical
distribution. Moreover, there is a considerable decrease in the distribution of vestured pits
from tropicallowlands to tropical mountains. The percentages of vestured pits in tropical
mountains (14-23%) are closerto cool temperate areas (11-24%) than subtropical or warm
temperate areas (22-34%). The strongly negative correlation between vestured pits and
scalariform vessel perforation plates (r 2 =0.69) suggests a functional role with respect to
water efficiency and safety. While freezing- induced cavitations may be reduced by scalari-
form vessel perforations in areas with freeze-thaw cycles , the association of vestures with
outer pit apertures may be instrumental in reducing drought-induced embolisms in tropical
species that experience a high negative xylem pressure.
PETER KITINl, RYO FUNADA2, TOMOYUKI FUJIIl , HISASHI ABEl: lLaboratory ofWoodAnat-
omy and Quality, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, P.O . Box 16, Tsukuba
Norin Kenkyu Danchi-nai, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan ; 2Department
ofForest Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
- Structure of cambium and differentiating xylem cells: The application of confocal
microscopy and resin casting with SEM - (Paper)
Confocal microscopy on thick slices of tissue and the resin casting replicas provide
three-dimensional (3-D) information, which can considerably improve our understanding
of the structure of the cambium and differentiating xylem. We analyzed morphological and
developmental aspects of cell structure such as shape and nuclear state (number of nuclei)
of the cambial cells, changes in the structure of the vessel mother cell walls and arrange-
ments of cells . We also considered possibilities to determine the fate of cambial derivative
cells by their position at the xylem boundary and attempted to analyze the position of the
vessel mother cells in respect to the development of vessel networks in species of Populus,
Fraxinus and Kalopanax.
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T. KOSTADINOV, S.M. HAYDEN, W. J. HAYDEN: Department ofBiology, University ofRich-
mond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA - Correcting the record: Wood of Dalechampia
(Euphorbiaceae, subfamily Acalyphoideae) lacks laticifers - (Paper)
The genus Dalechampia consists of ca 100 species of slender-stemmed lianas or de-
cumbent to erect subshrubs with distinctive bibracteate pseudanthial inflorescences. The
genus is poorly represented in xylaria and, apart from brief notations in general works, its
wood is little known . One frequently reported character, laticifers in wood rays, is based
on a single Panamanian specimen, Wetmore. Abbe 11. Rarity of laticifers in Euphorbiaceae
subfamily Acalyphoideae prompted critical study. Woody sterns from greenhouse-cultivated
plants representing seven species were studied and compared with herbarium and xy1arium
sampies of Wetmore. Abbe 11. Structurally, sterns from the herbarium sampie of Wetmore,
Abbe 11 match those of the other species studied, but its allegedly corresponding xylarium
sampie is discordant with all; we believe wood and herbarium materials of this collection
are mismatched. Wood of the genuine Dalechampia species studied can be characterized
as folIows : Secondary xylem is continuous and lacks anomalous structure except for fur-
rowed xylem and interxylary phloem in D. volubilis. Lianous species produce a ring of
fiber-dominated tissue upon initiation of secondary growth. Vessel pattern is mostly soli-
tary or clustered and fibriform vessels are frequent within vessel clusters. Perforations are
simple . Intervessel and vessel-ray pits are circular to elliptical and alternate. Tyloses are
present, sometimes with druses or prismatic crystals . Moderately thick-walled, non-septate
libriform wood fibers constitute the groundmass. Axial parenchyma includes paratracheal
and banded patterns. Rays are mostly uniseriate but some 2- or 3-seriate rays are present
in most species and larger rays, up to ten cells wide, occur intermixed with narrow rays in
D . stipulacea. Rays are dominated by square and upright cells, and are devoid of laticifers.
Further, laticifers are absent in pith and bark.
KATRI KOSTIAINENI, SEIJA ANTTONEN', PEKKA SARANPÄÄz, BJARNI SIGURDSSON3, SUNE
LINDER3, EUNA VAPAAVUORI' : IFinnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research
Station, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland; zFinnish Forest Research Institute, VantaaResearch
Centre, P.O. Box 18, FIN-0l301 Vantaa, Finland; 3Department for Production Ecology, Swe-
dish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7042, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden -
Effects of elevated [CO z] and nutrients on wood properties of Norway spruce -
(Poster)
Many studies have reported that an increase in atmospheric [COz] enhances photosynthe-
sis, growth, and productivity depending on plant species and growing conditions. Although
wood quality is of great importance in forest industry, few studies have so far examined
the effects of elevated [COz] on wood properties. The objective of the present study was to
investigate the effects of elevated [COz] and nutrient availability on wood properties of 40-
year-old Norway spruce trees (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) . Material for the study was obtained
from a COz-experiment in a long-term nutrient optimisation trial at Flakaliden, Sweden . The
treatments were obtained by means of temperature-controlled whole-tree chambers with
ambient [COz] and elevated [COz] (twice ambient) and outdoor controls. The trees, with
or without nutrient optimisation, had been exposed to the COz treatments for three years.
We investigated the interactive effects of elevated [COz] and nutrient availability on stern
wood structure (annual ring width , latewood percentage, tracheid length, tracheid lumen
diameter, cell wall index and thickness, and wood density) and chemistry (lignin, cellulose,
hemicellulose, acetone-soluble extractives, soluble sugars , starch, and nitrogen). Elevated
[COz] increased annual ring width and decreased radial tracheid lumen diameter of non-
fertilised trees. Decrease of concentrations of soluble sugars and nitrogen, and increase of
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acid-soluble lignin in elevated [C02] was dependent on sampling height and/or nutrient
availability. Nutrient optimisation affected both stern wood structure and chem istry. Cell
wall thickness of tracheid s, cell wall index, and latewood percent age decreased as an ef-
feet to nutrient optimi sation, while annual ring width and radial lumen diameter increased.
Nutrient optimisation increased concentrations of gravimetrie lignin and nitrogen .
F. LENsl, P. GASSON2, E. SMETSl , S. JANSEN1,2: lLaboratory of Plant Systematic s, K. U.
Leuven , Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Kasteelp ark Arenberg 31, B-300 I Leuven,
Belgium ; 2Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Garden s, Kew, Richmond , Surrey TW9 3DS,
United Kingdom - Comparative wood anatomy of epacrids (Styphelioideae, Ericaceae
s.l.) - (Poster)
The wood anatomy of 16 out of 37 genera within the epacrids (Styphelioideae, Erica-
ceae s.l.) is investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Several feature s
in the secondary xylem occur consistently at tribaI level: arrangement of vessel-ray pits,
distribution ofaxial parenchyma, ray width, and the presence and location of prismatic
crystals. The primitive nature of Prionoteae and Archerieae is supported by the presence
of scalariform perforation plates with many bars and scalariform to opposite vessel pitting .
The wood structure of Oligarrheneae is similar to Styphelieae, but the very narrow vessel
elements, exclus ively uniseriate rays and the lack of prismatic crystals in Oligarrheneae
distinguish these two tribes. The secondary xylem of Monotoca tamaris cina indicates no
affinity with Styphelieae, but there is also little wood anatomical support for a position
within Oligarrheneae. Like most Cosmeliea e, all Richeeae are characterised by exclu-
sively scalariform perforation plates with many bars, a very high vessel density and scanty
paratracheal parenchyma, although they clearl y differ in ray width (exclusively uniseriate
rays in Cosmelieae, uniseriate and wide multiseriate rays in Richeeae). Several wood ana-
tomical features confirm the inclusion of epacrid s in Ericaceae s.l. Furthermore, the wood
anatomical variation within epacrids agrees with the general ecological trends found in
various other woody plant groups. The small vessel diameter and high vessel frequenc y in
many epacrids is indicative of high conductive safety to avoid freezing-induced embol ism.
The transition from scalariform to simple vessel perfor ation plates and an increased vessel
diameter suggest a higher conductive efficiency, which is especially found in members of
the derived tribe Styphelieae growing in mesic temperate to tropical areas.
CARMENREGINAMARCA TI l, ARETHAMEDINA Dos SANTOS ÜLlVEIRA l, SILVIARODRIGUES
MACHAD02: 'Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciencias Agron ömicas, Depar-
tamento de Recur sos Naturais, Campus de Botucatu , C. P. 237, Botucatu , Säo Paulo, Brazil;
2Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociencias, Departamento de Bot änica,
Campus de Botucatu, C. P. 510, Botucatu, Säo Paulo, Brazil - Growth periodicity in cer-
rado wood species - (Poster)
Studies on growth periodicity in the xylem of tropical and subtropical species in Brazil
have demonstrated that rainfall variation defines the periodicity of xylem formation. Cerrado
is a typical Brazilian vegetation erroneously referred to as savanna. Information on growth
periodicity of its tree species is scarce. In order to fill this gap, we examined branches taken
from the basal part of the crown of 48 cerrado trees and shrubs representing 29 familie s
from the west central part of the state of Säo Paulo , Brazil. We verified the presence of
growth rings and analyzed growth markers and variations in growth layers. We observed
cross seetions with a stereomicroscope. Of the specie s studied, growth layers were not dis-
cem able in 6%; irregular or poorly defined in 40% and regular or weIl defined in 54%.
The following marker s were used to detect growth layers in various combinations: thick-
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walled latewood fibres; marginal bands or thin lines ofaxial parenchyma with or without
normal axial canals; diffuse-in-aggregates or aliform-confluent axial parenchyma forming
marginal bands; and semi-ring porosity. Variation within growth layers from earlywood to
latewood was also observed as folIows: axial parenchyma ranging from simple aliform
to short aliform-confluent and finally to long aliform confluent; and decrease in distance
between parenchyma bands. Presumably, the high occurrence of growth layers in these
species is related to an annual dry season in the areas studied.
HUGO MARTINEZ-CABRERA I, SERGIO R. S. CEvALLos-FERRIzz : I Postgrado en Ciencias Bio-
lögicas, UNAM; lust. de Geologfa; Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Mexico D.F.; zDepto. de
Paleontologfa, lnst. de Geologfa, UNAM; Cd. Universitaria, 04510 Mexico D.F - Wood
anatomical characters as indicators of environmental parameters influencing the
Miocene flora of the EI Cien Formation, BCS - (Paper)
The late Oligocene-early Miocene EI Cien Formation, Baja Califomia Sur (BCS), has the
most diverse flora in NW Mexico. To reconstruct environmental conditions based on wood
characters, two statistical analyses were performed; principle components analysis (PCA)
and cluster analysis. The PCA and cluster analyses included 3 mesomorphic Mexican com-
munities, 11 ecological categories described for Southem Califomia by other authors, and
11 wood features. Vesse1 frequency, grouping, diameter and mesomorphy index indicate
that wood physiognomy of the fossil assemblage is closer to Mexican deciduous, tropical
rain , or mesophytic forests, at least in conductive capacities. Based on the similarity with
these communities a simple regression analysis was carried out. Equations for MAT, MART,
CMMT, MAP, DMP and LDS suggest that the environmental variables range between
23.6-24. 8°C, 5.5-3.7°C, 21.1 and 2lYC, 2494-3968 mm, 14-28 mm, and 4 months
respectively. Using equations of other authors, the estimated TMA were 22.9 and 23.9°C.
The calculated parameters along with the grouping pattem of the ordination analysis, sug-
gest that the EI Cien Fm. Flora grew under warm and wet conditions, with little temperature
and precipitation variation. The temperature variables are similar to those of the Mexican
tropical deciduous forest, while the precipitation variables are closer to those of the tropical
rain forest. Although, the models have excellent diagnostic parameters (very low standard
errors, R 2 > 0.98, P < 0.01), the equations have not been proved at validation sites, and the
sampIe size over which the equations were constructed is smalI. Therefore, to support our
results it is necessary to increase the sampIe size of the extant communities.
JOÄO CARLOS F. MELOJR I, GREGÖRIO CECCANTINIZ, CLEUSA BONA I : I Universidade Federal
do Paranä, Dept. de Botänica, P. O. Box 19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; zUniver-
sidade de Säo Paulo, Dept. de Botänica, P.O. Box 11461,05522-970, Säo Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Ecological wood anatomy of Copaifera langsdorffii from different substrates in a
Brazilian savannah formation - (Poster*)
Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminosae, subfam. Caesalpinioideae), locally named "co-
pafba", is a tree widely distributed in Brazil. For an ecological understanding ofthe influence of
substrate type on the anatomical structure of the wood of this species, individuals were examined
and compared among three distinct substrate types in the "cerrado" of Paranä, Brazil: f1uvial
psamments (arenosols), red oxysol (ferralsol) and sandstone. Characteristics common among
plants in all substrate types were diffuseporosity,growth layers delimited by marginal parenchyma
with our without axial canals, gelatinous fibers and calcium oxalate crystals. However, important
differences were found among substrate types. Vessel diameter was largest in the psamments
substrate. Fiber dimensions were also greatest in the psamments; 39% greater than sandstone
and 28% more than in oxysol. Vessel element length was greatest in the oxysol and least in the
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sandstone while ray width was greatest in sandstone and least in oxysol. This evidence suggests
that the differences are due to water availability associated with the geomorphological structures
of the substrates, showing that plants may often have plastic responses to environmental condi-
tions.
*) Not presented at the Portland meeting due to late cancellation.
REGIS B. MILLER1, JUGO ILIC2: I USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gif-
ford Pinchot Drive, Madi son, WI 53726-2398, USA ; 2CSIRO Fore stry and Forest Products,
Private Bag 10, Clayton , 3168, Victoria, Austral ia - The wood anatomy of Stockwellia:
a new genus in Myrtaceae - (Paper)
The wood anatomy of a new genus and species of Myrtaceae is described based on speci-
men s from two different tree s. Stockwellia quadrifida D.J. Carr, S.G.M. Carr, B. Hyland
is a rainforest tree of restricted distribution on the Atherton Tableland, North Queensland,
Australia. The wood anatomy is typic al of Myrtaceae, but distin ctive in several aspe cts. It
is rather hard and heavy and the buming splinter test is charcoal. The heartwood is pinki sh
brown to reddish brown, and the sapwood is straw coloured. The grain is straight to inter-
locked and the texture moderately fine and even . Growth ring s are not distinct and vessels
are generally < 100 Jlm and mostly in short radial oblique multiples of 2-3(-4) with a
distinct oblique tendency. Tylose s are abundant, and white or creamy white deposits (remi-
niscent of Syncarpia) are occa sionally present. Fibers are nonseptate with small inconspic-
uou s pits. Axial parenchyma is vasicentric to aliform, tending to conftuent, with some dif-
fuse. Interve ssel pits are 8-10 Jlm and the ves sel-ray pits are euc alypt-like, simple and cir-
cular to vertically elongate. Rays are predominantly uniseriate, heterocellular with 1-3 row s
of upright cell s and typically < 300 Jlm in height. Crystals are absent, but small (6- 12 jlm)
circular silica bodies are common in the ray cells , particularly the upright cell s. Elagic acid
bodie s are scattered throughout the rays and axial parenchyma cells.
Botanically Stockwellia is similar to Eucalyptops is and Allosyncarpia. Macroscopically,
the wood anatomy resembl es Corymbia spp. and superfi ciall y Syncarpia via the creamy
deposits, but it differs significantly in vess el arrangement as the latter has exclu sively soli-
tary vessels. Microscopically, the wood anatomy is most similar to Eucalyptopsis and Ango-
ph ora , but the pre sence of silica and the predominantly uniseriate rays clearl y differentiates
it from both genera.
P. OVEN : Department ofWood Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, Uni versity
ofLjubljana, Rozna dolina VIII/34, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia - Response ofthe cambial
zone and the Iiving bark in silver fir and Norway spruce after wounding at different
times of the year - (Paper)
The sequence and rate of anatomical response of the cambial zone and the living bark
were studied in silver fir (Abies alba P. Mill.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.)
wounded in February, April , June and September 1995. Sampies for microscopy were re-
moved 14,28,42, and 56 days after wounding. The sequence ofresponse was the same in
both species . Exposed cells ofthe living bark and cambial zone died . A ligno- suberized layer
(L-S) formed in the living bark under necrotic tissue . Its formation included hyperplasia and
hypertrophy and cell wall thickening, lignific ation and suberization of phloem parenchyma
cells. New phellogen occurred under the L-S and gave rise to a wound periderm (WP) . Cell s
of the cambial zone , young und ifferentiated derivati ves, and the youngest phloem paren-
chyma were involved in callu s formation beneath the superficial necro sis. De velopment
of L-S and WP on the surface of the callu s resembled processes ob served in living bark.
A new cambial zone differenti ated within the callu s, producing wound-wood and wound-
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