Ecological Stewardship Volunteer Program - Managing Invasives Course - Forest Preserves of Cook County
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Ecological Stewardship Volunteer Program Managing Invasives Course
MANAGING INVASIVES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 4
Land Management 5
• Land Management Guidelines
• Natural and Cultural Resources Master Plan
• Chicago Wilderness Biodiversity Plan
• Management Schedules & Plans
• Forest Preserves of Cook County Staff Connections
• Conservation Corps, Contractors, FPCC Crews
• Volunteer Site Management Roles
Manual Removal 9
• Pulling
• Digging
• Cutting
• Composting
• Offsite Removal
Cutting and Sawing 12
• Pruners
• Loppers
• Bow Saws
• Scythe/Snaths
• Brushcutters
• Chainsaws
• Chipping
• Brush Pile Burning
• End of Day Considerations
Herbicides 17
• Types of Herbicides
• Herbicide Additives
• Herbicide Decisions
• Seasonality and Timing
• Calendar of Typical Stewardship Activities
Herbicide Handling 20
• Mixing
• Storage
• Transporting
• Container Recycling
• Recordkeeping
• Labels & MSDS/SDS Sheets
• Personal Safety
2021 edition 2
MANAGING INVASIVES
Herbicide Methods 22
• Foliar Spray
• Roller/Paintbrush
• Weed Wand
• Handwick/glove
Safety and First Aid 24
• Public Safety
• First Aid
• Herbicide Spills
Herbicide Licensing 27
• Operator vs Applicator
• Testing Process
• Renewal Process
Other Management Methods 29
• Prescribed Fire
• Biological Control
Administrative 30
• Tool/Supply and Herbicide Ordering
• Herbicide Ordering
• Loaner Tool Requests
Stewardship Day Considerations 31
• Before and After the Stewardship Day
• Flagging & Marking
• Working with Youth
• Managing Group Size
• Tool Management
• Group Safety
Engaging the Public 33
• Visitors and Preserves Users
Resources 34
2021 edition 3
MANAGING INVASIVES
INTRODUCTION
Managing invasive species is fundamental
to maintaining and improving ecosystem
health and function. This training is
designed to help Stewardship Leaders
lead effective workdays while employing
best practices for managing invasive
species.
Invasive species management occurs
year-round, utilizing a variety of control
methods and approaches. Effective
invasives management is based on
correctly identifying target species and
determining the appropriate method of
control. Stewardship Leaders are
responsible for instructing volunteers on
how to safely carry out stewardship
activities within the site’s approved
management schedule.
2021 edition 4
MANAGING INVASIVES
LAND MANAGEMENT
Land Management Guidelines Chicago Wilderness
The Land Management Guidelines (see Biodiversity Recovery Plan
Resources) is a document that reflects the The Biodiversity Recovery Plan was
land management policy and practices of developed in collaboration between
the Forest Preserves. It is approved by landowners, government agencies and
the Forest Preserve District Board of partner organizations to develop a
Commissioners and acts as the “pledge” strategic vision for protecting, managing
that is made to the Board that establishes and restoring natural communities in the
guidelines on how the Forest Preserves Chicago Wilderness region.
will operate. The revised edition was
approved in June of 2017 and includes a
provision requiring a review within five Management Schedules &
years so that the policy and practices stay Plans
current. Each of our volunteer managed sites has a
guiding document that defines all
The Guidelines govern all land approved stewardship activities that may
management activities conducted on be conducted by staff, Conservation
Preserve property by Preserve staff, Corps, contractors, and volunteers. These
contractors, other agencies, Conservation are either management schedules or
Corps and volunteers. It includes the management plans.
overall framework of our policy on land
management issues. This policy is then A Management schedule is a document
further defined in more specific that lays out the site management
documents such as management priorities and approaches for the short-
schedules, training manuals, procedures, term future (1-2 years). Typically,
etc. schedules do contain a general long-term
vision for the site as part of the site
Natural and Cultural Resources description. Management schedules are
Master Plan prepared collaboratively with the
This Master Plan aims to provide the Regional Ecologist and the Site
guidance needed to implement the 2014 Steward(s). These are living documents
Next Century Conservation Plan’s natural and may be updated as needed, although
resource goals. It also provides a natural they typically require an annual edit or full
and cultural resources framework for update. The Regional Ecologist and Site
future land acquisition, recreation Steward work together to develop
development, and capital improvement. management schedules for volunteer
managed sites. The Site Steward’s level of
involvement depends on their interest,
knowledge and time. The schedule
2021 edition 5
MANAGING INVASIVES
defines which stewardship activities are Stewards and Stewards, Stewardship
to be completed by volunteers and also Workday Leaders are also responsible for
states the role of contractors, knowing what activities are approved
Conservation Corps and/or Resource within the schedule and should plan their
Management crews in site management. workdays accordingly. There are many
tasks that go into the stewardship of a
Management plans are prepared for site. It is important to know how specific
dedicated Nature Preserves and Land and tasks and workdays fit in the overall
Water Reserves. Plans include a detailed sequencing of activities and goals for the
history of the site, what makes the site site. Performing a task in isolation is not
ecologically valuable and long-term (5 always the best decision for the overall
years) goals for site management. In goal for a site.
addition to the short-term stewardship
activities included in the management A sample management schedule is
schedule section. Besides the Site available in the Appendix.
Steward(s) and Regional Ecologist, plans
are developed in collaboration with the Forest Preserves of Cook
Illinois Nature Preserves Commission.
There are 27 Nature Preserves and 5 Land County Staff Connections
and Water Reserves within the Forest Stewardship volunteers in leadership
Preserves of Cook County. positions work with various departments,
units or sections within the Forest
Although the Site Steward(s) is the Preserves.
primary point person for FPCC in the
development and update of the Volunteer Resources (VR) – This unit
management schedules, input from other handles the human resource and
leaders at the site is strongly encouraged, administrative component of the
depending on their knowledge, time and relationship between the Stewardship
interest in leadership development. community and the Forest Preserves.
Minimally, all site leaders should be Within this unit are the Stewardship
familiar with the management schedule. Program Coordinator, Volunteer Program
The most current copy is available to site Specialists, Stewardship Program Aides,
leaders through Volunteer Resources. If a and an Administrative Clerk who support
new activity or area is identified for the Stewardship program. Areas that
possible stewardship efforts, the Site they coordinate include:
Steward(s) should discuss the proposed • Training and development of
changes with the Regional Ecologist so volunteers
that the schedule can be updated as • Recruitment of new volunteers
needed. • Connection to third-party monitor
agencies
All stewardship activities conducted at a • Connection to school groups,
site should be reflected in the community groups, and corporations
management schedule. In addition to Site for workdays
2021 edition 6
MANAGING INVASIVES
• Certification of volunteer leaders well as picnic groves, trails, building
• Online Volunteer System (OVS) grounds, etc. . Regional ecologists submit
support contractor requests on behalf of the Site
• Reporting volunteer work to Preserves Steward and Project Management
management oversees contract performance and
• Coordinating tool and herbicide communication with the Site Stewards.
supplies
• Permitting – regular workdays and Landscape Maintenance Department –
special events This department maintains picnic groves,
• Liaison with other Preserves staff picnic shelters, driveways, trash removal,
and restroom facilities.
Resource Management (RM) – This unit is
responsible for all the land management Role of Conservation Corps,
being done in the Forest Preserves. It Contractors, Resource
includes RM Crews, Ecology, Project
Management, Trail Maintenance, Wildlife Management Crews
and Fisheries sections. In many cases, there is overlap between
work conducted by third-party agencies,
Ecology – Ecologists collaborate with the Conservation Corps, contractors and RM
Stewardship community and FPCC staff, Crews. In all cases, the management
including Wildlife, Fisheries, and other schedule drives what work should be
Resource Management teams to develop done. Decisions on resource allocation
ecological management priorities and are based on the complexity of the
approaches. Forest Preserve sites are project, timing, availability, and urgency.
divided into five ecology regions, each Ecologists and Project Management
having its own designated Regional collaborate in this process and maintain
Ecologist. As a Stewardship Workday communication with the Site Steward.
Leader, you should know your Regional
Ecologist and will have opportunities to Volunteer Site Management
work with them. The Regional Ecologist
connects to the site via the Site Steward.
Roles
Site Stewards are responsible for
overseeing all volunteer stewardship
RM Crews – There are 5 RM crews that do
activities at their site. Site Stewards
the work in natural areas as well as picnic
collaborate with Forest Preserves staff
groves, trails, building grounds, etc. .
and other volunteers who are part of their
Because of their training, experience,
stewardship team to create or update
access to equipment, etc. they are able to
management schedules that guide all
work on larger scale projects at
stewardship work at their site. The
stewardship sites.
stewardship team may be composed of
the site stewards with other
Project Management – This unit oversees
knowledgeable volunteers.
all contract work done in natural areas as
2021 edition 7
MANAGING INVASIVES Stewards assist the Site Steward with overseeing volunteer work done at their site. A Steward has the skill set, knowledge, experience, and capacity to be a Site Steward but does not have the ultimate administrative responsibilities. While Site Stewards are the primary contact person for site management, Stewards play a pivotal role in stewardship efforts, stewardship volunteer days, planning, and site administration. Stewardship Workday Leaders are authorized to lead groups of volunteers (or work individually) in stewardship activities. All work requires approval and at least indirect supervision by a Site Steward. Stewardship Workday Leaders are responsible for immediate decisions at workdays in the absence of a Site Steward. 2021 edition 8
MANAGING INVASIVES
MANUAL REMOVAL
Effective invasive species management the potential for soil compaction. It is a
may involve multiple control methods method that is better employed in an area
employed at different stages through the with scattered invasives rather than a
growing and dormant season. Many mass population.
variables influence management
strategies including the target species, Digging
seasonality, the skill level of the For several reasons, digging is not
volunteer, community composition, recommended. Digging often causes even
available resources, etc. Effective control more soil disturbance than pulling; roots
may involve a combination of multiple can be cut and left to regenerate later
methods. (teasel). Time may be better spent
removing a species at a later stage when
Soil disturbance should always be pulling or seed head removal is more
considered when making the decision to efficient (garlic mustard). If digging is
use pulling or digging as a control used, it should be done only in degraded
method. The benefit of removing the areas and for very small isolated
plant(s) must be weighed against the populations and must be an approved
damage to the soil structure and the control method on the management
removal of organic material. Soil schedule.
disturbance can also facilitate
germination of the invasive being
controlled, although in some cases this Cutting
might be desirable if the goal is to exhaust A common characteristic of invasive
the seed bank, such as with garlic species is that they are prolific seed
mustard. Soil disturbance and the producers and their seed may be widely
removal of root systems can also lead to dispersed by wind, water or animals.
erosion issues. All of these factors should Ideally, these species are chemically
be considered before plants are pulled or treated or mechanically removed before
dug up. plants have set seed. However, when
treatment does not occur or was
ineffective, mechanical removal of seed
Pulling heads or the entire plant may be an
There are a few species that can be pulled effective management strategy.
out with their root system intact. These
are potential candidates for pulling since Seed Head removal is used on teasel,
regeneration from established root reed canary grass, and purple loosestrife.
systems does not occur. Pulling is the Seed heads should be cut by pruners/cut
primary control method for garlic ‘n’ holds then bagged and removed. It
mustard. It is an alternative method for has limited effect on garlic mustard or
purple loosestrife and sweet clover. Wet sweet clover since partial plants can
soils make pulling easier but can increase
2021 edition 9
MANAGING INVASIVES
regenerate a new seed head depending source. These pile areas can be reused
on seasonal conditions and growing cycle. year upon year.
Plant cutting is used on sweet clover and TIPS:
garlic mustard. Whole plants are • Fewer large piles are preferred to
removed by hand cutting, scything, many small piles as this practice will
mowing or brush cutting. Plants are often localize and limit potential seed
cut below seed head height. If any sources
generate new seed heads, they are cut • Public visibility should be considered.
again at a later date. This often requires a Compost piles in remote areas are fine
second and third cutting until but the placement of piles is
regeneration of seed heads no longer prohibited along paths, trails, parking
occurs. lots, driveways, etc.
• When deciding on composting vs.
TIPS: offsite removal, consider the distance
• Care should be taken not to spread or needed to remove plants from the
disperse seed while actively removing site. Composting may leave some
plants. Brushing against plants, viable seed and may require follow
shaking plants, etc. can disperse seeds up. Measure that against the risk of
quickly. spreading or carrying seed across long
• In all cases, work gloves are distances as well as the amount of
recommended. effort to physically remove the plants
• If seed heads are to be removed from from the site.
the site, always use a heavy-duty bag
or bucket. Avoid using plastic grocery Offsite Removal
sacks as they are easily snagged and Species that can re-establish easily from
torn which ultimately spreads seeds. composted seed heads should be
Contractor weight bags or yard waste disposed of rather than composted. Also,
bags with all seams taped to prevent in areas within public view, full removal
leakage of seeds can be effective. should be used instead of composting. As
• Remember to consider soil noted above, the distance to an off-site
disturbance in your decision on location needs to be part of the decision.
whether to use a manual method Although removal may be desirable, it
isn’t always possible.
Composting Heavy-duty plastic garbage bags (available
Certain species like garlic mustard or from FPCC) should be used. When bags
sweet clover may be composted on site. are full, tie a flagging ribbon around the
After removal, seed heads and/or full neck of the bag. Place the bags by the
plants may be piled in a degraded area or road sign for the site or next to the map
on an old brush pile burn scar. There still sign. Do not put these “yard waste” bags
may be some viable seed that germinates near the trash cans or dumpsters as they
but stacking the plants localizes the seed can be easily confused with other
2021 edition 10MANAGING INVASIVES
garbage. We do not want this “yard
waste” type material to go into our
regular trash system. Instead, we will
compost it in a controlled setting.
E-mail or call Volunteer Resources with
the number of bags and location.
TIPS:
• Any sites that have public visibility
issues should use disposal rather than
composting.
• Inform Volunteer Resources in
advance that “yard waste” pickup will
be needed at your Site. We like to
move these off site as quickly as
possible.
2021 edition 11MANAGING INVASIVES
CUTTING AND SAWING
Section VII of the Land Management manage without leaves, and brush pile
Guidelines covers Vegetation burns feel good. However, deep snow can
Management. Sections B & C addresses affect how we do the removal and care
removal of vegetation. Removal by for the site. See notes about working in
cutting or sawing is just one of the steps the snow at the end of this section.
to completing the work. Cutting stumps
to ground level (or no more than 2”) and
Pruners
herbiciding stumps are both necessary
Pruners can be used for seed head
additional steps that must be part of the
removal but are not practical for woody
workday plan. The Land Management
invasives removal. Even youth can
Guidelines also state the requirement that
operate loppers more easily than pruners.
the removal of any trees larger than 6”
dbh (diameter at breast height) must have
prior approval by Resource Management. Loppers
A good guideline is the “rule of thumb”:
Removing invasive species creates a loppers are good for cutting brush that is
disturbance. Major removal creates a the size of your thumb or smaller. It is
newly cleared open area which now has important to keep loppers sharp. They
more sunlight and low competition. This cut much more easily and are safer to use
can allow other invasives to rapidly when sharp. Loppers should be
colonize. It is important to frequently sharpened periodically using a flat file.
monitor recently disturbed sites to assure
early detection of any new invasives Leather gloves must be worn while using
which will enable a quick management loppers. Stems should be cut as low as
response. possible with a flush, level cut.
Angled/pointed stumps may not be left
Recommendations on seasonal on site for safety reasons. They become
considerations are in the management “impalers.”
schedules for each site. Seasonality can
help predict site conditions (i.e. the Instruction tips:
ground is typically frozen in winter and • Kneel or squat low to the ground,
wet in spring). However, actual site keep the lopper parallel to the ground
conditions on the day that work is being and cut as close as possible to the
done should inform the decision for ground.
management activities. Adjustments to a • When cutting down a larger shrub or
planned workday should be ground- tree, it is sometimes helpful to use
truthed and adjusted based on site and loppers to cut off branches for better
weather conditions. Winter is a great time maneuverability and for more direct
to do mechanical removal because the access to the base of the trunk. This
ground is frozen, specimens are easier to
2021 edition 12MANAGING INVASIVES
also helps prevent injury from being Angled/pointed stumps may not be left
scratched by branches. on site for safety reasons. Again, this can
• If the lopper is causing you to struggle create “impalers”.
or force a cut, the stem is too large Instruction tips:
and a bowsaw should be used • Kneel or squat low to the ground,
• Applying extreme force can bend or keep saw parallel to the ground and
break loppers cut as close as possible to the ground.
• If the effort being made is requiring • The pull stroke is the cutting stroke so
that you twist or turn the lopper, it is push saw forward with minimal effort
probably too big for a lopper and a and pull using a long, smooth stroke
bow saw should be used. through the wood.
• Don’t overpower the saw; let it do the
Bow Saws work.
Bow saws can be used for brush and trees • Brace the wood to be cut against a
up to the allowed 6” dbh maximum. solid support or grasp the upper
Trees over 6”dbh may NOT be felled with section firmly.
a bow saw. • If the cut starts to bind, apply pressure
to keep the cut open.
There are practical limits on size for each • With the proper technique, the two-
individual. Inexperienced volunteers and person method of cutting larger trees
youth should not fell larger brush or trees. is fast and requires less effort. The
Larger trees are sometimes best left for a two take turns pulling the saw
chainsawyer to do at a later date. (neither pushes). The result is easy
back and forth strokes, requiring less
It is important to always use a sharp saw. work for either sawyer.
When the blade becomes dull, rusty, or
bent, it should be replaced. Bow saws Scythe/Snaths
cannot be re-sharpened due to the
A scythe is an interesting tool that is
hardness of the blade. FPCC uses a live
effective for specific uses. The long-
wood blade that is different than the
curved handle is called a snath. Scythes
standard bow saw that is equipped with a
are very effective on stands of grasses or
dead-wood blade.
sweet clover. Be aware that there is a
different blade for sweet clover than for
Leather gloves must be worn while using
grasses. Scythes are useful for selective
bow saws. When transporting or walking
or “surgical” control of tall goldenrod,
with bow saws, sheaths should be used to
rubus, etc. in areas where there are other
cover the blade if available. If not
desirable species. Scythe blades are kept
available, saws should be carried by their
sharpened using a whetstone.
handles with the blade facing backwards
and close to your body. Stems or trunks
Instruction tips:
should be cut as low as possible to the
• The cutting stroke is a short, repeated
ground with a flush, level cut.
stroke, not a wide, golf type stroke
2021 edition 13MANAGING INVASIVES
• Different blade styles can be used for A full description of Chainsaw policy is
different target species presented in the Chainsaw Safety class
but a few main points are presented here.
Brushcutters
Brushcutters are line trimmers fitted with Personal Protective Equipment All
a round saw blade and a protective shield volunteers operating chainsaws on FPCC
over the blade. They are a very efficient property must be certified and outfitted
way of cutting grasses, resprouts and in the required personal protective
even small diameter trees or shrubs equipment (PPE). The minimum required
(recommended up to 3” diameter). They PPE includes Kevlar boots, chaps,
are much safer to operate than operator’s helmet with earmuffs, leather
chainsaws. There are several styles of gloves and eye protection. Kevlar boots
blades available for the full range from may be provided by the volunteer or can
grasses to small trees. be obtained through the District free of
charge with a chainsaw work
Operation tips: commitment.
• Brushcutters must be operated at a
Certification All volunteers, especially
safe distance away from other
volunteer leaders, are encouraged to take
volunteers
the chainsaw class even if they do not
• Long use can be tiring on shoulders
intend to become sawyers. Having a full
• When making a cut, keep saw at full
understanding of chainsaw safety will
throttle
keep our workdays safe. This class is led
• If cutting blade becomes loose,
by Resource Management.
tighten immediately
• Hard helmet, eye, and hearing In addition to classroom attendance, the
protection are required certification requires one field
• Leather boots are recommended but observation by RM staff. You do not have
not OSHA required to do the field observation if you do not
• Use the right style blade for the right intend to become certified to operate a
job chainsaw. Instead, you will be designated
o 3 or 4 tooth blade – Grass as a Chainsaw Operator Assistant.
o Chisel or sawtooth – Brush and
fibrous stemmed plants Size limits Certified sawyers may fell trees
up to 6 inches diameter at breast height
Chainsaws (DBH). An advanced sawyer certification
Chainsaws are powerful tools for is also available through classroom
removing brush and trees. However, training and field observation from
there are safety and noise issues to Resource Management. This class is by
consider when making them part of your invitation only. Candidates are selected
workday. by Resource Management, Ecology or
Volunteer Resources. Advanced sawyers
may fell trees up to 12 inches dbh with
2021 edition 14MANAGING INVASIVES
specific District approval. All tree removal the drop site must be accessible to a
must be approved in the management chipper. This will require brush to be
schedule for the stewardship site. stacked neatly 1 foot from a curb,
sidewalk or parking area. All stacked
Safety During chainsaw operation, brush should have the cut ends facing the
volunteers and members of the public direction of access by the chipper. All
must be kept at a safe distance from the chipping requests must be communicated
chainsaw operator. Non-certified to Volunteer Resources in advance of the
volunteers cannot enter the chainsaw workday.
worksite. All chainsaw required PPE must
be worn inside the worksite. Brush Pile Burning
Chainsawyers cannot operate alone. Burning is the most effective way of
There must be a designated Chainsaw eliminating cut brush. Brush pile burning
Operator Assistant who assists in brush at stewardship workdays requires a
removal, crowd control, and overall certified Brush Pile Burn Boss be on site.
safety. Although this person can be a To become a Brush Pile Burn Boss you
fellow sawyer, they cannot be sawing must complete the Brush Pile Building and
while performing the duties of this role. Burning class and then complete 2 field
They are also required to wear a helmet observations.
with earmuffs and must be certified as a Brush pile burn policy is presented in
Chainsawyer (Feller 1 or 2) or Chainsaw greater detail in the Brush Pile Building
Operator Assistant. and Burning class. The Brush Pile Burn
Boss or the Stewardship Workday Leader
When clearing brush, the Chainsaw is required to make all the pre-and post
Operator Assistant must maintain a safe calls to local fire or police, have Illinois
distance from the sawyer and may only EPA & Cook County Department of
approach the sawyer while the saw is in Environmental Control permits on site,
idle, assuring that the immediate area is check weather and Air Quality Index (AQI)
kept secure. When felling larger diameter and have sufficient suppression tools on
trees, the Chainsaw Operator Assistant is site as warranted by site conditions. They
monitoring a larger drop-zone which are also responsible for posting hot coals
includes 360° around the tree, not just the signs and must assure that there is no live
expected felling direction. The drop-zone flame when volunteers leave the site.
should be approximately two times the
height of the tree being felled.
End of Day Considerations
The Stewardship Leader must wind down
Chipping the workday in enough time to clean up
Chipping should only be utilized when the site and leave it in a tidy or at least
burning is not possible due to site organized state.
conditions, or if issues exist with smoke-
sensitive neighbors, volunteers or other Unburned brush should be stacked neatly
public concerns. If chipping is required, to be burned at the next workday.
2021 edition 15MANAGING INVASIVES
Ideally, this should be burned as soon as “buckthorn graveyard” and see the
possible. Mini workdays to finish the positive impact of stewardship work.
burning can be added. Waiting until next If the “buckthorn graveyard” with all
workday is also permissible if wildlife of its 3’ high markers are in a remote
habitat considerations are considered. area it still looks unsightly but is far
Policy on unburned brush is covered in less likely to generate negative
the Brush Pile Building and Burning class. comments from the public.
• Youth or inexperienced volunteers
Punji sticks, impalers and “buckthorn may not be physically able or don’t
graveyards” Our overall policy as stated in have the tool-savvy to get a good low
the Land Management Guidelines is to flush cut. In these cases, stumps may
leave all stumps (large or small) trimmed be cut at waist level at first and then
down to no more than 2” at the end of followed up with cutting down to the
the workday. Different circumstances below 2” level. If you are unable to
impact how strictly and how quickly that cut all the way to the base, higher is
policy is adhered to. better than almost to the base.
• Snow affects access to the base of the Bottom line, the very best option for
specimen being cut. If snow is light to efficiency, safety and beauty is to flush
moderate (2-4”), brush away the snow cut down to no more than 2” off the
and make a good low flush cut no ground. We recognize that this may not
more than 2” high. The snow removal always be possible.
also facilitates better and safer
herbicide stump treatment. If snow is • When snow is not an issue, the cutting
deeper, a higher cut may be the only should be done as soon as possible
thing possible that day. But a plan for and should not be left for more than a
trimming them down to 2” and day or two.
applying herbicide should be in place • When snow is an issue, the chainsaw
as soon as snow depth allows. finish needs to be addressed as soon
• Size of specimen impacts the decision as the snow has receded to a few
for safety reasons. Falling on inches. They should not be left
something that is 8” high and 1” in indefinitely or automatically delayed
diameter can impale and cause until spring. It should be on the
serious injury. Falling on something group’s radar to finish as soon as
that is 8” high and 6” in diameter can conditions allow.
still hurt and bruise but is not as likely • Contact Volunteer Resources if
to cause serious injury. stumps are left more than 24 hours.
• Visibility if the work area is visible to Re-application of herbicide is highly
the public, i.e. along a path, driveway recommended when cutting previously
or road, it creates a negative herbicided stumps, to prevent resprouts.
perception of the great work that we Herbicide should not be applied to tall
are doing. It is difficult to look at a stumps, apply once the stumps are flush
cut.
2021 edition 16MANAGING INVASIVES
HERBICIDES
Chemical management is one of the Types of Herbicides
primary methods used to manage invasive Contact herbicides: injure only the
plants. Herbicides are part of a broader portion of the plant contacted by the
group of chemicals called Pesticides which herbicide
are chemicals used for destroying insects Systemic herbicides: are translocated
or other organisms harmful to cultivated from the leaves to the roots causing plant
(desired) plants or animals. Chemicals mortality
that are toxic to plants are called
herbicides. Herbicides can efficiently and Broad Spectrum herbicides: kill or
effectively suppress or kill unwanted suppress all vegetation because they
plants and should be used judiciously, affect physiological processes common to
safely, and in a way that minimizes all plants. Example: Round-Up Custom
adverse effects on non-target resources. (glyphosate)
This section will cover who can apply Grass Specific herbicides: formulated to
herbicides, what herbicides may be used, kill or suppress only grasses without
how to obtain them when to use them harming forbs or sedges. Example:
and other policies related to herbicide Intensity herbicide
use.
Broadleaf herbicides: formulated to kill
The choice of herbicide and concentration forbs and other broadleaf plants without
level depends on the target species, stage harming grasses or sedges. Examples
of growth, time of year, the presence of include Vastlan & Transline.
desirable species that may be affected,
the proximity of water resources and
weather conditions (high winds and Herbicide Additives
temperatures). Additionally, there may be Surfactants are compounds that lower
some areas where chemical control is the surface tension of a liquid.
inappropriate, for example, if rare species Surfactants are adjuvants, chemicals that
are present. Herbicides must always be increase the effectiveness of herbicide
applied in accordance with the label. chemicals. Surfactants are used to help
herbicides adhere to plants, penetrate
Always use the lowest concentration of into the vasculature of the plant which
herbicide that is effective and allows more of the herbicide to be
preferentially use more selective retained by the plant after rainfall.
herbicides that degrade and break down Surfactants help spread out herbicide
quickly. General guidelines are in the over the leaves so that it does not run off.
Species ID section of this manual and in Surfactants can also make the herbicide
some management schedules. rain-safe faster.
2021 edition 17MANAGING INVASIVES Colorant is added to herbicide mixtures to allow the applicator to verify that the herbicide formulation was applied to the intended target and to provide notice to the others who may be using the site. Colorants are required by the FPCC. The following additives are also available: • Premier Typically used as a carrier oil for Garlon 4 • Colorant • Methylated seed oil: Used as a carrier oil for grass-specific herbicides • Surfactant Herbicide Decisions Characteristics, traits, limitations Round up Custom (Aquaneat, Rodeo) • Active ingredient is glyphosate • Broad spectrum, systemic herbicide for use near aquatic environments and over standing water • Kills anything green • Rainfast 6 hours after application • Restricted entry interval is 4 hours Vastlan • Active ingredient is triclopyr • Systemic, broadleaf specific herbicide mixed with water • Foliar application for Herbaceous and Woody Plants • Can be used near water or drainages but not over open water • Volatilizes at high temperatures and should not be applied over 85F • Rainfast 2 hours after application • Restricted entry interval is 24 hours Element 4 (Tahoe 4 or Garlon 4) • Active ingredient is triclopyr • Broadleaf specific herbicide mixed with oil for stump treatment or water for foliar treatment • Volatilizes at high temperatures and should not be applied over 85F • Rainfast 2 hours after application • Restricted entry interval is 12 hours 2021 edition 18
MANAGING INVASIVES
Intensity
• Active ingredient is Sethoxydim
• Systemic herbicide for control of annual and perennial grass mixed with water and
methylated seed oil
• Grass specific herbicide that will not damage forbs or sedges
• For control of reed canary grass, early season application is most effective
• Very expensive and labeled for low concentrations
• For use in uplands areas only
• Rainfast 2 hours after application with surfactant
• Restricted entry interval is 12 hours
Milestone
• Active ingredient is clopyralid
• Broadleaf specific herbicide mixed with water and is especially effective on legumes
including bird’s foot trefoil, crown vetch, sweet clover and is very effective at controlling
teasel, thistle, and tall goldenrod
• Cannot be applied in the presence of water. For use in upland areas only
• Rainfast 1 hour after application
• Restricted entry interval is 12 hours
Different brands of these herbicides are supplied. The chemical formulations will remain
consistent across these brands.
No other herbicides may be used in the Forest Preserves without the prior
approval of your Regional Ecologist. If you become aware of an herbicide that you think
may have some practical use at your site, please present it to your Regional Ecologist. They
can research it with area contractors and other agencies.
2021 edition 19MANAGING INVASIVES
HERBICIDE HANDLING
Mixing Storage
The Applicator is responsible for mixing The Applicator is responsible for setting
herbicides for themselves and all up the proper storage methods for each
Operators that work under their license. chemical and instructing Operators on
They must assure that they are mixed proper methods. Product labels must be
properly so that they retain their on all containers. In addition,
properties and toxicity. It is illegal to mix concentration levels of any herbicides
pesticides with other products that are that have already been mixed must be
prohibited on the label. indicated on the container.
Herbicide concentrate needs to be Transporting
carefully handled, measured and Never transport herbicide within a closed
transferred. Eye protection, long sleeves, cab vehicle. Herbicide should be stowed
and rubber/latex gloves must be worn in an open-air bed or in a closed trunk
when mixing herbicides. Always mix compartment. Double check all lids,
herbicide on flat, level surfaces and in fittings, nozzles, and containers before
areas that are well ventilated. placing herbicide sprayers/containers in
• Herbicide packs, sprayers, and storage vehicles to reduce the chance of spillage.
containers should be flushed after
each use with rinse water sprayed on
target species.
Container Disposal
Herbicide containers should be triple
• All containers must be clearly labeled
rinsed with water and then punctured so
and should include the name of the
that they can’t be accidentally
chemical, the percent solution and
repurposed. You can use the rinse water
what date the herbicide was mixed.
on a patch of invasives. Although this is
• When switching from a broad
highly diluted, it could have some positive
spectrum to broadleaf specific
effect and is better than running it into a
herbicide, all packs/applicators must
drain system. Check with your local
be triple rinsed or unintended plant
recycling to see if they recycle these types
mortality may occur after application.
of containers.
• All measuring cups, funnels,
containers, etc., must be triple rinsed
after usage. Recordkeeping
• If possible, mix herbicides out of FPCC requires that records are kept of
public view. herbicide usage. (See Appendix for a
• Dye is extremely concentrated and sample form). These forms can be kept
will persist on pavement long after by the Applicator and are turned into the
many rain showers. Forest Preserves periodically. The records
are useful to provide historical
information on what methods, chemicals
2021 edition 20MANAGING INVASIVES
and concentrations were used to inform Every chemical manufacturer, distributor,
future practices. They are also needed to or importer is required to make these
answer any complaints made by other available to the general public. They
agencies or the public. Data must be kept contain more information about chemical
for three years to prove that the composition, toxicity, exposure control,
herbicides were applied properly and first aid, disposal, and other topics. Safety
within the law. Data Sheets should be read by both
Operators and Applicators in conjunction
Labels and MSDS/SDS Sheets with the label, but it is not a substitute for
The label is a legal document. The reading and understanding a pesticide
Applicator and Operator are legally label. Stewardship Leaders should be
responsible for following the label aware of their content in particular as it
directions on the product container. As a addresses safety.
Stewardship Workday Leader, you should
also read the label before herbicide is Personal Safety
applied at a workday that you are leading. The herbicide label has minimum safety
requirements set by OSHA. In general,
Detailed information about labels and being dressed properly and avoiding spills
MSDS/SDS Sheets is given in the Herbicide and splashes are keys to safety.
training class but a few key points to look
for are: Minimum requirements:
• Closed toe footwear
• Product Information – Ingredients, • Long pants
EPA registration number, Emergency • Long sleeved shirt
Contact information and Danger rating • Protective eyewear – safety glasses or
• Precautionary Statements - Human goggles
and animal hazards, Personal • Chemical Resistant Gloves
Protective Equipment (PPE) needed, • Rinse water for first aid
First Aid and Hazard Statements
• Directions for use - Agricultural or Safe mixing setting:
Forestry Use Requirements, Worker • Funnel, measuring cups or other
Protection Standard (WPS), Reentry appropriate tools
information/notification (for • Level work surface
unprotected people) and PPE required
• Proper containers & labels
for workers; Directions for application;
• Water available for cleaning and for
Storage/ disposal directions; Use
first aid if needed
Restrictions
• First Aid Kit
• Emergency Spill Kit
Safety Data Sheets (SDS) communicate
the dangers of using hazardous chemical
products. They were formerly known as
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS).
2021 edition 21MANAGING INVASIVES
HERBICIDE METHODS
The method used to apply herbicide is Avoid over saturating rollers to the point
dependent on point in the annual growth of excessive dripping.
cycle, weather conditions, species, site
conditions, etc. All necessary tools are Wicking: small diameter brush can be
available from FPCC. effectively controlled with basal bark
herbicide application. Use the roller
Foliar Spray around the entire circumference of the
Herbicide application by foliar spray is one stem, applying herbicide evenly in a wide
of the most cost-effective methods for band. If possible, apply herbicide to the
treating many types of herbaceous and root crown. Avoid herbicide application
woody invasive plant species. With this to soil.
method, herbicide mixtures are applied to
the foliage and especially the growing tips Cut Stump: use the roller over the surface
of woody plants, or to completely cover of a cut stump and down the side of the
herbaceous plants. Backpack or handheld stem with an even application of
sprayers are effective tools for controlling herbicide. If possible, apply herbicide to
larger populations. the root crown. Avoid herbicide
application to soil.
Foliar treatment can only be used when
winds are low as winds can cause drift Weed Wand
and non-target damage. If non-target Handheld weed wands apply ultra-low
foliage is accidentally sprayed, clip or volumes of herbicide by wiping the mix
remove treated foliage to prevent onto the target leaf surfaces or bark. The
herbicide uptake. It is important to note herbicide mixture is contained in the
that Glyphosate is non-selective, meaning handle of the wand making this method
it will kill almost any plant. Thus, foliar effective for small infestations. It is
spraying is generally reserved for invasive efficient on small diameter items such as
“monocultures” and may not be advisable resprouts but would be too tedious to use
when desired native species are present on larger diameter growth.
in an area. In such cases, a more targeted
approach may be preferred (see below). Handwick/glove
Handwicking is typically used in wetlands
Roller/paintbrush to control reed canary grass, cattails and
Rollers are effective tools for applying low phragmites but can be used on a variety
volumes of oil-based herbicides directly to of species. If invasives are in dense
stems and cut stumps. Attached to pockets, foliar spraying might be the best
wooden extension rods, 2” paint rollers option. Handwicking is effective in areas
are dipped into a container of herbicide. with small, diffuse populations where
foliar treatment may be too detrimental
2021 edition 22MANAGING INVASIVES to surrounding native species. Size and density of the invasive population and quality of the surrounding plant community should always be taken into consideration. Handwicking is a slower process but is highly effective and greatly limits collateral damage. Handwicking requires rubber/latex gloves and a sponge or cotton glove. Place a cotton glove over a latex/rubber gloved hand or hold a sponge in a latex/rubber-gloved hand. Dip hand/sponge into the appropriate herbicide and limit the saturation so that herbicide does not drip or run. Wipe down both sides of the leaf blades from base to tip. Be sure to get complete coverage and to treat each leaf and all stems. Follow up treatment may be needed. 2021 edition 23
MANAGING INVASIVES
SAFETY & FIRST AID
Public Safety to return to the site the next day to
The Stewardship Workday Leader and the remove the sign and the flags.
Site Stewards are responsible for the Remember:
safety of the other volunteers during the • ALWAYS read and follow label
workday as well as the general public who
• Always wear appropriate personal
may be using the area after the workday.
protective equipment, including eye
In addition to requiring that colorant be
protection, rubber gloves, long sleeves
used in mixing herbicide, FPCC requires
and proper footwear.
the following signs be used to inform the
• Be aware of high wind speeds that
public that herbicides were used at the
cause drift and non-target damage.
site.
• Know rain-safe times & restricted
entry interval (REI) for each herbicide.
Herbicide Notice: This alerts volunteers
• Know how to engage the trigger lock
and other Forest Preserve patrons that
and always keep wand tip pointed low
herbicide has been applied to a
when spraying, transporting and
stewardship site. The sign indicates the
stowing
time when re-entry is safe. This reusable
sign should be posted in a highly visible • If wand tip is leaking, get it repaired.
location before herbicide application If it is a slow leak, keep wand tip up-
begins. It is commonly taped to a tree turned to avoid injuring desired
near the work site. The re-entry time and plants.
date are required. If the re-entry time is • Bend at the knees, not the waist.
not specified on the chemical label, use Herbicide can leak out the top of
the default of 12 hours from time of backpack sprayers.
application. • Use O-ring lubricant on O-ring on top
of backpack sprayer cap to avoid
Herbicide Notice Flags: Wire or plastic leakage.
staked flags that indicate the use of
pesticides at a stewardship site are placed • Always post Managed Area signage
around the perimeter of the area where and Herbicide Notice Flags when
herbicide was applied. Reasonable flag applying herbicide
intervals are recommended as dictated by
site conditions, proximity to trails, and First Aid
public use. Although immediate removal External irritants cause:
is not required, the less time the signs and • Redness, blisters, rash, and/or burns
flags are displayed the better. Leaving on skin
them out there for weeks at a time gives • Swelling, a stinging sensation, and/or
the impression that we are continually burns in eyes, nose, mouth, and throat
herbiciding It is desirable for a volunteer
2021 edition 24MANAGING INVASIVES
Pesticide in the eye:
Ingested (Pesticide poisoning) may • Flush eyes for 15 minutes with saline
cause: (first aid eyewash) solution or clean
• Excessive sweating, chills, and/or water
thirst • Seek prompt medical attention
• Chest pains • Do not use chemicals or drugs in the
• Difficulty breathing eyewash water
• Muscle cramps or body aches
Inhaled pesticide:
First Aid Treatment: The following are • Move the victim to fresh air
general guidelines for pesticide exposure. • Loosen any clothing that would
They are not a substitute for reading the constrict breathing
pesticide label to understand its toxicity, • If other people are in or near the area
effects, and specific first aid procedures. of contamination, warn them of the
Remember: The toxic effect of pesticide danger
exposure depends on the quantity of • Monitor breathing. Rescue breathing
pesticide involved and the duration of or CPR may be necessary. If required,
exposure. use barrier device to prevent direct
contact with the victim’s mouth
Get medical advice quickly if you or any of
your fellow volunteers have unusual or General precautions:
unexplained symptoms. Call 911 in an • Get medical advice quickly if you or
emergency. any of your fellow workers have
unusual or unexplained symptoms
Pesticide on skin: starting at work or later the same day
• Thoroughly flush or soak the victim’s • If other people are in or near the area
skin and clothing with water of contamination, warn them of the
• Wearing gloves, remove all danger
contaminated personal protective • Know where the nearest phone and
equipment hospital are located. Maps and phone
• Wash skin and hair with a gentle liquid numbers to the closest hospitals and a
detergent and water first aid kit should always be kept with
• Dry victim and wrap in clean, loose the pesticide.
clothing or blanket • Take the pesticide container (or the
Oral exposure: labeling) to the physician
• Thoroughly rinse mouth with water
• Provide the victim with up to one Reporting First priority is handling the
quart of milk or water to neutralize medical situation. After that, the spill
the pesticide itself should be handled and then last, the
• Induce vomiting only if instructions to Incident Report Form documenting the
do so are on the pesticide label incident should be completed and sent to
Volunteer Resources.
2021 edition 25MANAGING INVASIVES
Herbicide Spills absorbents. Absorbent material
Given the potential for many herbicides to includes cat litter, absorbent pillows
cause harm to humans and the or pads, soil, sawdust, or absorbent
environment, it is imperative that all clay to soak up the spill. It is
herbicide users understand the procedure important to prevent spilled herbicide
for dealing with spills. The priorities for from reaching water.
addressing spills should always be
preventing/treating injuries, containment, • Disposal: If there is no danger to
and disposal of the herbicide. employees or the public, shovel or
Considerations for dealing with spills may sweep contaminated material into a
vary slightly according to the quantity of leak-proof container for disposal.
herbicide spilled, type of herbicide, Consult the pesticide label for specific
concentration, and other factors as directions for other information about
determined by the herbicide label and herbicide disposal. Do not hose down
SDS. the area as this spreads the herbicide.
Always work carefully and do not
Minor Spills: hurry. Control access to the area until
• Prevent/Treat Injuries the spill is completely cleaned up.
o Control access to the area. Keep
others away from spilled Major Spills: The cleanup of a major spill
herbicides. If possible, rope off the may be too difficult for you to handle, or
area to prevent others from you may not be sure of what to do. In
coming into contact with the either case, keep others away, give first
herbicide. aid if needed, and confine the spill. Then
o Do not leave the area unless call 911 for assistance.
someone is there to confine the
Reporting of Spills
spill and warn of the danger
Applicators must report any major spills
o If the pesticide was spilled on
to the EPA. Notify the FPCC (Volunteer
anyone, wash it off immediately.
Resources or Resource Management) as
If necessary, begin first aid
well.
procedures outlined in this
manual.
• Containment: Spilled herbicide can be
confined through the use of
2021 edition 26MANAGING INVASIVES
HERBICIDE LICENSING
Categories of Licenses for supervision of the Operator while
herbicide is being applied. That means
All volunteers using herbicides at FPCC
that the Applicator cannot be unavailable
stewardship sites must possess a valid
while an Operator is applying herbicide.
Public Category Pesticide License issued
In some cases, an Applicator may be
by the Illinois Department of Agriculture.
willing to oversee Operators at multiple
Three levels of licenses are offered:
stewardship sites.
Operator, Applicator, and Alternative
Herbicide License. The operator or
While Operators make valuable
applicator must have their license with
contributions to the stewardship process,
them whenever they are applying
the Forest Preserves strongly encourages
herbicide.
all volunteers interested in herbicide
application to earn the Applicator license.
Operator
Is a person who uses herbicides at a
Alternative
stewardship site under the guidance of
the stewardship site’s pesticide Must attend the FPCC Practical Herbicide
Applicator. Operators cannot be licensed class and the license is only valid for the
without an Applicator being licensed. year that the class was taken. Someone
Operators are expected to be in contact with this license can only apply herbicide,
with their supervising Applicator the day they cannot mix nor refill the herbicide
of herbicide application. Operators may tool.
not legally work under another
supervising Applicator. Testing Process
Typically, two pesticide license exam
Applicator sessions – one on a weekday and one on a
Is a person who is responsible for Saturday - are offered each fall at a FPCC
herbicide ordering, storage, handling, facility. On-demand study materials are
mixing, transportation, and providing available upon request and a review
guidance to Operators working under workshop is also offered in conjunction
their license. Each stewardship site with these sessions to help aspiring
should have at least one person licensed license holders prepare for the exam.
as an Applicator. They must be available
Testing year-round is offered by the All pesticide exams are valid for a period
Illinois Department of Agriculture. of three years.
Operators must pass the 100-question Besides offering the review class and
General Standards exam. Applicators testing, the Forest Preserves provides
must pass the General Standards and pass manuals and practice workbooks to assist
one or more 50-question Category exams. in exam preparation.
2021 edition 27MANAGING INVASIVES Renewal Process The certification is valid for 3 years. To view your license online please visit: Testing is required every three years. All https://www2.illinois.gov/sites/agr/Pestic pesticide licenses expire on December ides/Pages/Pesticide-Licensee- 31st of the expiring year. Results.aspx Notices for testing will be sent by INPC Indemnification Form Volunteer Resources in early November. Volunteers are also required to fill out an The Forest Preserves pays for the licenses Illinois Nature Preserve Commission but not any late fees or duplicate license (INPC) indemnification waiver each year. fees. All paperwork must go through the For those who test at an FPCC-sponsored Forest Preserves for processing. The exam session, the INPC waiver can be license application forms must be completed on the day of testing. For all completed and returned to Volunteer others, the form will be sent out by FPCC Resources. The process has many steps with the application. and often takes several weeks to accomplish. 2021 edition 28
MANAGING INVASIVES
OTHER MANAGEMENT METHODS
Fire is essential to the diversity and Site Stewards submit burn requests to the
maintenance of natural communities of regional ecologist who collaborates with
Cook County; it helps restore soil fertility the Site Steward to refine the request,
through nutrient cycling, increases light before submission to Resource
availability to promote understory Management. Due to proximity to roads,
growth, helps control some aggressive homes and other development, certain
species, and enhances some native seed sites may have very specific fire
germination. Federal and state agencies, requirements including specified wind
accredited colleges and universities, and directions and fuel conditions. Weather,
the Chicago Wilderness consortium location, fuels, and crew size all
endorse prescribed burning as a vital determine burn feasibility. All burn
ecological management tool. The Forest schedules and prioritization is subject to
Preserves safely conducts controlled change.
burns in urban and suburban areas by
adhering to established guidelines and Biological Controls
policies. Section VII, Part A of the Land Animals, fungi, and pathogens can be
Management Guidelines covers our policy used as control mechanisms for invasive
on prescribed (controlled) burning. plant populations. Control organisms
usually come from the native range of the
Prescribed Fire at FPCC target species and require a period of
FPCC staff and contractors conduct study to ensure that they will remain
prescribed fire in spring and fall. The fire specific to the target population.
return interval and seasonal Biological control typically does not
considerations per site are covered in the eliminate the invasive species. However,
management schedule. Spring burning is biological control has been effective for
dependent on the rate of snowmelt, the some species. For example, the
timing of emergence of plants, reptiles, Galerucella beetle has been used with
amphibians, insects, and mammals. Fall some success to control the European
burning is more dependent on fuel perennial purple loosestrife (Lythrum
moisture and precipitation. salicaria).
2021 edition 29You can also read
