INDOOR AIR QUALITY IAQ, POWERED FILTRATION, AND AIR CLEANING - Mike Farnsworth Regional Sales Manager Dynamic Air Quality Solutions - Varitec ...

INDOOR AIR QUALITY
IAQ, POWERED FILTRATION, AND AIR CLEANING

                                             Mike Farnsworth
                                      Regional Sales Manager
                                  Dynamic Air Quality Solutions

DYNAMIC
AIR QUALITY SOLUTIONS

Since 1982, Dynamic has
been manufacturing award
winning air cleaning systems
that improve IAQ, save
energy, and reduce
maintenance around the
world.
Including anthrax clean-up,
the world’s most valuable
art collection, mission critical
government facilities, and
the ASHRAE headquarters.
Many of which are LEED
buildings.

DYNAMIC AQS
POWERED FILTRATION
• Per ASHRAE – Improved Filtration
  or “Air Cleaner”
• Powered Filtration Technology
• Proven to Increase Particulate
  Filtration
• Removes UFP, TVOC, and Gas
  Phase Contaminants
• Greater Dust Holding Capacity

WHAT IS IAQ?

EVOLUTION OF INDOOR AIR

 First man wanted…

 1.   HEAT
 2.   COOLING
 3.   HUMIDITY CONTROL

 And now…
 CLEAN AIR (airborne contaminant control)

WHAT IS INDOOR AIR QUALITY?
FROM ASHRAE STANDARD 62.1 - 2012

 Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (IAQ):

 Air in which there are no known contaminants
 at harmful concentrations as determined by
 cognizant authorities; and with which a substantial
 majority (80% or more) of the people exposed
 do not express dissatisfaction…

BEYOND BASICS
IAQ ALSO APPLIES TO:

 Application Requirements:
 1. OSHA
 2. LEED
 3. WELL Buildings
 4. Healthcare
 5. Etc.

 Occupant Requirements:
 1. People need and expect clean air

COVID-19

IAQ, PEOPLE, PRODUCTIVITY
PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE BUILDING IS TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY

 Indoor Environmental Air Quality is Critical
 1. Health and Wellness
 2. Building Health
 3. Increased Productivity
 4. Operations

 1.   “The effects of Indoor Air Quality on
      Performance, Behavior and
      Productivity” - David P. Wyon

 2.   “Assessment of link between
      productivity and indoor air Quality”
      - Charles E. Dorgan & Chad B. Dorgan

WHAT IS IN THE AIR?

“AIR” IS MADE UP OF…
                78% Nitrogen

                 21% Oxygen

                  1% Argon

             0.04% Carbon Dioxide

                0.003% Other

 AND WHAT ELSE?...
                   Particles
                 Biologicals
                 Gas Phase

PARTICULATE
 1.   “Dust” measured in micrometers
 2.   1 micron = 1 millionth of a meter
 3.   Human hair is 50-100 microns
 4.   Smallest the eye can see?…
 5.   10 microns

Sources:
People, Textiles, Vehicles,
Agriculture, Pollen, Mold,
Combustion, Dust….

TYPICAL ATMOSPHERIC DUST

visible dust   pollen   molds   bacteria   smoke viruses ultrafine

1.   The basketball is 10 microns
2.   As particulate decreases in weight / volume
3.   There is an increase in count, or quantity

BY WEIGHT AND VOLUME

1. Most of what is in the air is
   “big”
2. 97% is bigger than 1 micron
3. What shows on gravimetric
   testing for PM10 and PM 2.5

*This is what builds up on coils and
diffusers and has been the target of
filters in most systems.

BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
A SUBSET OF PARTICLES…

 1.   Insects
 2.   Mold
 3.   Bacteria
 4.   Viruses…

Sources:
Animals, Soil, Plants, People,
Wet Building Products….

COVID-19
WHAT WE KNOW
 COVID-19’s travels through the air on droplet nuclei from
 sneezes, coughs, and breathing
 Nuclei size can range from 0.6 to 10+ micron in size. With
 the majority being 1-3 micron.
 The virus itself is ~0.15 micron.
 Droplet nuclei become smaller quickly as contained moisture
 evaporates
 Larger droplet nuclei, can remain in the air, but likely settle.
 Smaller nuclei can stay suspended and could make it into the
 HVAC system before settling.

ASHRAE  POSITIONAPRIL
ASHRAE POSITION ONDOCUMENT      ON
                      INFECTION AEROSOLS
                      2020
INFECTION AEROSOLS

BUT, BY COUNT?...
1.   98% of what's in the air is smaller
     than 0.5 microns
2.   Below effective range of many
     filters. HEPA = 0.3 microns
3.   Which can bypass the body’s
     defenses
4.   Almost always have a natural
     charge

*This is where you see health
effects and electronics failures

WHAT ADVERSELY IMPACTS IAQ?

*Ultrafine Particles (UFPs) are the most dangerous
 and most of what is in the air

   “…high pulmonary deposition efficiency, …UFPs
 surface can carry large amounts of adsorbed toxic
 air pollutants (oxidant gases, organic compounds,
 transition metals)”
                                (Oberdörster 2001)

WHAT ARE ULTRAFINE PARTICLES?

1.   Smaller than 0.1 micron
2.   Vast majority of what is in the air by count
     • Especially in an urban setting
3.   UFP’s carry adsorbed gas phase contaminants

NIH: Inhalation of UFP’s is a major source for introducing
cardiovascular and pulmonary stressors into the body.
UFP’s also deposit on electronic components and can lead
to premature failure.

GAS PHASE CONTAMINANTS
 1.   VOC’s
 2.   Carbon Dioxide
 3.   Hydrogen Sulfide
 4.   Carbon Monoxide
 5.   Etc.

Sources:
Vehicles, Industry, Urban
Environments, Agriculture, Forest
Fires, Cleaning Supplies,
People….

COVID-19
WHAT WE KNOW & SMALL PARTICULATES
 There has been a positive correlation between high levels of
 particles in outdoor air and transmission rates
   “Evaluation of the potential relationship between Particulate Matter (PM) pollution and COVID-
    19 infection spread in Italy” – Leonardo Setti

 In a recent study, researchers found Corona Virus attached to
 particles in the HVAC system of healthcare facility treating
 COVID-19 patients
   “SARS-CoV-2 in Healthcare HVAC Systems” – Patrick F Horve, Leslie Dietz

MAINTAIN IAQ

THREE PRONG APPROACH

1. Avoid:
   • Source control
   • HVAC design
   • Envelope design
2. Dilute:
   • “The solution for pollution is dilution”
3. Remove:
   • Filters
   • Air Cleaning Technologies

AVOID

1. Source Control:
   • No Smoking for Example
2. HVAC Design:
   • Air intake away from sources
      • Exhaust vents
      • Loading docks
3. Envelope:
   • Isolate & exhaust indoor sources

DILUTION

1. Solution is Dilution (Ventilation):
   • Replace IA with OA
2. ASHRAE 62.1 (IAQP):
   • Replace OA with cleaned IA
3. Natural Ventilation:
   • Open the windows
   • Smell the breeze

REMOVAL

1. Passive Filters
   • Most Common
   • Electrostatic Enhanced
2. Powered Filters:
   • Active Polarization
3. Other Air Cleaning Tech:
   • UVC
   • PCO
   • Ionizers
   • Activated Carbon

PASSIVE FILTRATION
•   Rated per MERV parameters (MERV Rating)
•   Essentially a sieve
•   Face loading
•   Efficiency increased with loading
•   Pressure resistance increases with loading

PASSIVE MECHANISMS

TESTING OF PASSIVE FILTERS

1. ASHRAE Standard 52.2
   • Single Pass
   • Particle counts in three size ranges
   • 72% SAE – 23% CB – 5% Cotton Liners
2. Eurovent EN 779
   • EU Standard M-Classification
3. ISO 16890
   • Proposed as International standard
4. DOP test for HEPA
   • Separate from MERV ratings

PASSIVE FILTER RATINGS

WHAT POSITIVELY IMPACTS IAQ?
FROM ASHRAE STANDARD 62.1 - 2012

 Air-cleaning system: a device or combination of
 devices applied to reduce the concentration of
 airborne contaminants, such as micro-organisms,
 dusts, fumes, respirable particles, other particulate
 matter, gases, and/or vapors in air.

ACTIVELY POLARIZED MEDIA

ACTIVELY POLARIZED MEDIA

1. Passive Mechanisms
2. Polarization & Electrostatic Attraction
   • Polarized fibers collect polarized particles
3. Agglomeration
   • UFP’s agglomerate to polarized particles
   • UFP’s adsorb VOC and gas phase
4. Different than “electrostatic filters”
   1. Which lose their charge over time

PASSIVE MECHANISMS

POLARIZATION &
ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION

AGGLOMERATION

POWERED FILTER
 FILTER RATINGS
• Pursuant to ASHRAE 52.2
• Single Pass Efficiency

                            Dynamic V8 in Operation

UFP & BLACK
  CARBON
 REDUCTION

 92-99% UFP
REDUCTION VS
 OUTSIDE AIR

    2121
K. STREET, D.C.

TVOC REMOVAL
CALGARY HOSPITAL

GAS PHASE & BIOLOGICAL
CONTROL
Germicidal (254nm) UVC
 Properly applied to inactivate surface and airborne
  biologicals
 Contact time and proximity are the key variables

Ozone Generators, etc.
 O3 is powerful oxidant and can react with biologicals
 No O3 in occupied spaces, it is harmful to occupants
 Can be effective in an exhaust stream

Photocatalytic Oxidization
 Ti2 and UVC reaction to create free hydroxyl radicals
 Requires contact with treated Ti2 media
 Relies on filtration for removal

Bi-Polar Ionization
 Positive and Negative ion additive promotes particle
  reductions (filtered or settled)
 Ions and plasma field break down RNA of biologicals
  and virus over time to inactivate.

                                       *Should be UL2998

COVID-19 BIOLOGICAL INACTIVATION
WHAT WE KNOW
 COVID-19 can live on a surface from 24 to 72 hours,
 depending on the material and environmental conditions
 This includes filtration media
 Over time, the virus can and will die on its own
 Given the chance and contact time, UVC can “kill” the virus
 UVC is recommended by ASHRAE (secondary to improving
 filtration), to accelerate the process

DYNAMIC AQS
STERILE SWEEP
•   Capture – Hold – Kill (CHK)
•   Applied Directly to Media
•   254nm (No Ozone)
•   Dedicated UVC Contact Time
•   Industry Proven                        UVC
     • Anthrax Cleanup
     • US Attorney Office
     • TB Hospitals
     • Mobile Hospital / Isolation Rooms

STERILE SWEEP
 CONTACT TIME
 • UVC Requires Contact Time
       • Also know as “dwell”
 •    Too Little = Active Virus
 •    Unlimited Contact Time at Media
 •    Giving Consistent Kill Rate
 •    UVC in duct work can require up
     to 6’-0” of airflow for proper
     contact time.

  UVC has been an industry              Up to 90% Kill Rate After Five
proven method for neutralizing           Minutes on Bacillus Subtilis
 viruses and other pathogens

OVER 90% OF
 THE COST OF
  FILTRATION
   IS ENERGY

* Dust holding
                        has direct
                        impact on
                        pressure and
                        energy.

IMPROVED DUST HOLDING

PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY
EXAMPLE: 60,000 CFM AHU

 1.   1” w.g. saving in mid-life static pressure
 2.   Saves 91,000 kWh per year
 3.   Reduces Fan by 11.7 BHP
 4.   Used for AHRAE 90.1
                                       kWh

ENERGY SAVINGS
EXAMPLE: SAVING 91,000 KWH

 1.   $8,000 - $12,000 saved
 2.   2.25 kWh/sf/year saved
 3.   123,000 pounds of carbon
 4.   2,500 trees (carbon credits)
 5.   107 cars not driven per year
 6.   Lower peak demand

  * Smaller and quieter fans

                                     Source: www.epa.gov/cleanenergy

ASHRAE
HEADQUARTERS
    BMS

PROVEN RESULTS
ASHRAE HQ BMS

MEASURE RESULTS
IAQ SENSORS          IAQ Sensor

                  Space Ion Counter

THANK YOU

                       Mike Farnsworth
                Regional Sales Manager
            Dynamic Air Quality Solutions