Literature Review S. M. Sohel Mahmud, Ph.D - ARI, BUET Assistant Professor Email
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Literature Review
S. M. Sohel Mahmud, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
ARI, BUET
Email: smsohelmahmud@gmail.com
(Koons, et al., 2019).
In this Module Part 1 • - What is a literature review • - How to select reference sources • - Critical review of literature Part 2 • - Managing references • - Writing a literature review
Structure???? • Research report • Scientific paper • Thesis • …. Examples
Source: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/361132463865912068/
What is a literature review? • A literature review is a survey and critical analysis of what has been written on a particular topic, theory, question or method. (Source: UQ library)
What is a literature review? • …a text of a scholarly paper, which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. • ... a well thought out and organised search for all of the literature published on a topic • …brief description of ongoing research and published works on a specific topic
Purpose of Literature Review • In writing the literature review, the purpose is to explore • what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, • what approaches and viewpoints have been adopted, and • what are their strengths and weaknesses.
Why conduct a literature review? • … seeking to comprehensively confirm what is already known on a particular topic, to: ✓establish the current body of knowledge ✓provide a rationale for your research, especially gaps in previous work ✓enable you to make a claim for originality ✓clarify relevant concepts and theories. ✓ confirm that further research is needed.
Why are reviews needed? • Massive numbers of publications • Both print, and electronic media • Diverse languages • Different countries • Primary studies can appear contradictory
Types of literature reviews
• Narrative or traditional literature review -
• is an overview of the significant literature on a topic
• typically includes a critical analysis of each work included
• demonstrates the reviewers knowledge of the topic
• Annotated bibliography -
• is a list of citations of research sources (books, journal articles, websites etc) on a topic
• includes a brief summary and analysis or evaluation of each citation = the annotation
• Systematic literature review -
• a critical assessment of all research studies on a particular research question
• has specific criteria for collecting and evaluating the literature
• includes a synthesis of the findings of the included studies
• Systematic quantitative literature review -
• This method developed by Griffith University's School of Environment bridges the gap
between traditional narrative review methods and meta-analyses to enable student's to
produce results that are reliable, quantifiable and reproducible.
http://guides.library.uq.edu.au/research-techniques/literature-reviews/introductionWhat is the difference between a literature review and a systematic review?
Characteristic Narrative Systematic
Scope Presents the significant literature, or A comprehensive, systematic search
a sample of the literature, on a topic for all the relevant literature on a
topic must be conducted
Search strategy Search strategy does not have to be Details of the search strategy are
included included
Inclusion/exclusion criteria The criteria for selecting what Inclusion/exclusion criteria for
literature to include does not have selecting the literature is
to be documented documented and defined in
advance
Quality and methodology The quality and methodology of the Comprehensive assessment of the
literature may not affect the quality and methodology of each
decision to include it study is conducted to decide on
inclusion
Presentation of included literature A summary of the included A synthesis of the findings of all the
literature is provided included studies is provided
Interpretation The reviewer’s own beliefs may The reviewer must present an
influence their interpretation of the unbiased, objective interpretation
findings of the findings
http://guides.library.uq.edu.au/research-techniques/literature-reviews/introductionWhat is a systematic review?
“collates all empirical evidence that fits
pre-specified eligibility criteria in order
to answer a specific research question”
http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/What is a systematic review?
• clearly stated objectives with pre-defined eligibility criteria for studies
• explicit, reproducible methodology
• a systematic search that attempts to identify all studies
• assessment of the validity of the findings of the included studies (e.g.
risk of bias)
• systematic presentation, and synthesis, of the characteristics and
findings of the included studies
http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/What is a meta-analysis? “the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of independent studies ” i.e. a specific type of systematic review
Why are systematic reviews needed? Literature/narrative/critical review: • Often not replicable/updated • May be biased by prior beliefs • May be commissioned due to published opinion • Often miss small but important effects • Different reviewers reached different conclusions • Affected by subspecialty of reviewer • Little attempt to discuss heterogeneity
Why are systematic reviews needed? • As part of student dissertation/PG thesis • To secure grant funding for research • To propose future research agenda • To establish clinical or cost-effectiveness • To establish feasibility of an intervention • To allow information to be assimilated quickly and easily • To reduce delay of research to clinical practice • Note this is as substantial a piece of work as original research
Problems with systematic reviews • Vary in quality • Require updating (often by time of publication) • May not include all studies • Non-English • Grey literature • Early literature • Quality assessment can still be subjective
What is literature? • Journal articles • Conference papers • Books • Theses • Trade magazines • Newspaper • Web sites • others
Get started
• Plan your search
• Identify the main concepts and keywords on your topic. Think about
synonyms for the keywords and variant spellings.
• Choose where and how to search
• Choose the right system or database to find information on your topic.
• Our subject guides list the key databases and journals for your area.
• Learn how to focus your search in databases to find relevant results.
• Do quick preliminary searches to see the kind of literature available
and the terminology used on your topic.Six Steps of a Literature Search • Step 1: Define the Search Topic and Scope • Step 2: Choose the Resources to Search • Step 3: Choose Search Terms • Step 4: Compile the Search Strategy and Run the Search • Step 5: Review the Search Results • Step 6: Organize the Results
Step 1. Define the Search Topic and Scope
• What is the ultimate goal of the literature search?
• How thorough should the literature search be? Is the goal
• Who is the client?
• Are there date parameters in terms of the relevance of material?
• Are there geographic parameters in terms of the relevance of material?
• Are there language parameters in terms of relevance of material?
• Are there format parameters in terms of relevance of material?
• Are there any known examples of the type of information being sought?
• If conducting a comprehensive search, would a pilot search, retrieval, and
review of selected items be useful?Step 2. Choose the Resources to Search
• Internet Search Engines
https://scholar.google.com/
✓Variety of credible sources
✓Learn to evaluate the source
• e.g. Wikipedia: information can be changed at any time by anyone. No way of
knowing the credentials or biases of those adding to, or deleting from the
research.
• Databases https://trid.trb.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia
• Library Catalogs
http://lib.buet.ac.bd/
https://www.worldcat.org/Some Major databases • Web of Science • Web of Science will find citations for most items (including books, songs, movies, famous letters and works of art) as long as it's been cited by something indexed in Web of Science. • Go to the Web of Science: Core Collection Cited Reference Search guide for details on how to do a Cited Reference Search.
Some Major databases…
• Scopus
• Scopus will find citations in major journals and scholarly websites.
• Enter the title of the reference in the search box, enclosed in double
quotation marks
• If necessary, add a second search field to also search for the author’s last
name
• If you can't remember the full title, try adding just the author's name and a
few words from the title e.g. watson molecular structure nucleic acids. This
example would find results
where watson, molecular, structure, nucleic, and acids are in the same
reference.
https://www.scopus.com/sources?zone=TopNavBar&origin=NO%20ORIGIN%20DEFINED.Some Major databases …
• Google Scholar
• Google Scholar will find citations in electronic journal websites and
scholarly websites.
• Go to Google Scholar Advanced Search to display all the search options
• Use the exact phrase search box for the title of the reference
• For where my words occur select in the title of the article
• Use the return articles authored by search box for the author’s last name
• Search to locate the reference
• Click on Cited by to display the references which cite the reference.
• Other approaches
https://scholar.google.com/Some Major databases… • JSTOR • ScienceDirect • You can also use databases which contain the full text of books, such as Google Book Search. • Contact your librarian for further help with cited reference searching.
Step 3. Choose Search Terms • Think of synonyms, plurals, and different word endings (e.g., climate and climatic) for these words. • Consider technical, local, and international terminology as well as acronyms and abbreviations that are related to these words. • Take spelling variations into account (e.g., behavior and behaviour). • Check on the availability of a thesaurus, subject headings, and index terms from the search resource and look up related terms.
Step 4. Compile the Search Strategy and Run
the Search
• put some time into developing a search strategy instead of simply
adding any potential words into a single search field.
• Acquiring a few basic search skills will help to improve the quality of
the results
• Boolean Operators: And, Or, Not
Most databases and search engines support Boolean logic• And • Or • Not
• Advanced Search Tips
✓Exact Phrase Searching
✓Truncation
Truncation can be useful, but needs to be used with care.• Advanced Search Tips… ✓Wildcards Wildcards are used to substitute a symbol for one character. The symbol for wildcard is often (but not always) a question mark (?).
• Advanced Search Tips…
✓Proximity Searching
• Proximity searching allows the searcher to specify how close together two
words must appear within a retrieved item.• Advanced Search Tips…
✓Controlled Vocabulary
• Controlled vocabulary may also be referred to as subject areas, descriptors,
thesaurus, or index terms.
✓Keywords
• Keywords are search terms chosen by the searcher.• Advanced Search Tips…
• Field Searching
• The information in databases is organized into fields.
• Common fields include
‒ title,
‒ author,
‒ abstract, and http://lib.buet.ac.bd/
‒ index terms (or subject headings).
https://www.library.uq.edu.au/For any really relevant article or resource • Check: • The reference list for more relevant articles • The author/s - have they published other articles on this topic? • What keywords are used to describe the topic. Add those keywords to your search. • Who has cited the article. What they have written may be relevant to your topic.
Step 5. Review the Search Results • Review the initial results of the search by skimming titles, abstracts, and keywords or subject areas. • Then organize the citations into three categories: ▪ Definitely related to your topic. ▪ Possibly related to your topic. ▪ Not related to your topic.
• Looking Beyond Online Resources
• Relevant information may be found as a component of a larger document and
may not be indexed separately (e.g., a table within an article or a chapter
within a book).
• Some documents may exist only in print format.
• Subject experts are often happy to share their expertise• Knowing When to Stop • The world of research is always in motion and scholars are always generating new content. • The law of diminishing returns and Pareto Principle (sometimes called the 80–20 rule) should be considered. • An initial, focused effort of 3 to 5 h of proper searching may yield 80% of all relevant citations
Plenary Discussion
•What has been your experience and
lessons learned in doing a literature
review?Step 6. Organize the Results • When you start finding useful resources, collect them. • For each useful item, record full bibliographic information: • title, • author, • year of publication, • journal title, and • volume number (if applicable). • Keeping good records helps you locate relevant resources at a later date.
Managing references: note taking
The Cornell Note-taking System
• Cornell Method: provides a systematic format
for condensing and organising notes. Use the
left-hand space to label each idea and detail
with key words. Keep details of reference
http://lsc.cornell.edu/study-skills/cornell-note-taking-system/Evernote
https://www.evernote.com/
• https://www.evernote.com/Home.action?login=trueMicrosoft OneNote
•Free on all devices
• Clip any web page and view it later, online or offline.
• Send emails to onenote.com and into notebook
• Book, Section, Page
https://www.onenote.com/notebooks?wdorigin=ondc&auth=1https://www.onenote.com/notebooks?wdorigin=ondc&auth=1
Microsoft tools
Bibliographic Management Software
• Maintaining reference sources
• ENDNOTE
• A sophisticated citation manager:
• create a list of references from your searches
https://endnote.com/
• insert citations into a document
• produce a bibliography in any style within your document
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3xo6ZjBV6U
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_1K_7JDSiI• An online research management, writing and collaboration tool,
designed to help researchers easily gather, manage, store and share
all types of information, as well as generate citations and
bibliographies
• create an online list of references from your searches
• insert or paste citations into a document
• insert or produce a bibliography in a selection of styles
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mTYGIOBvag
https://www.refworks.com/refworks2/default.aspx?r=authe
cation::init• Zotero [zoh-TAIR-oh] is a free, easy-to-use tool to help you collect, organize, cite, and share your research sources. • It is a free, open-source research tool that can be • downloaded as a browser extension for Firefox, Chrome, • and Safari and as a standalone program that works with • Windows, Mac, or Linux systems. • zotero.org https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HwCL3qozuB4
Part 2 Literature Reviews How to Put It All Together
•Despite its importance, the literature review
is a relatively poorly understood component
of research, and many authors in a number
of fields have lamented the poor quality of
literature reviews submitted for publication
(Randolph (2009); Boote & Beile (2005); Webster & Watson (2002))• Some examples of Literature review papers • Transport Review (Journal) https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ttrv20
• Evaluate the research (Levy & Ellis, 2006)
1. Know the material.
2. Comprehend the material.
3. Apply the material.
4. Analyze the material.
5. Synthesize the material.
6. Evaluate the material.Literature Review Writing
a. Theories, constructs and concepts (journal articles,
textbooks and relevant publications)
i. Describe related theories used to explain issue or theories used to
propose a solution to the issue
ii. How were concepts or theoretical constructs defined?
iii. Describe relevance of major theories used to explain the issue
https://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.htmlLiterature Review Writing…
b. Empirical literature (journal articles)
i. Overview of relevant empirical studies done to date
ii. Summary of methodology
iii. What were the major findings of your study?
iv. What were limitations raised regarding findings of the study?
https://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.htmlLiterature Review Writing
c. Your pathway – based on what you discovered in literature review
i. Whose concept(s) and definition(s) are you going to borrow or use in your
own research (if applicable)?
ii. Describe unique aspect(s) of issue that you will be examining
iii. Based on what you read so far, describe method that suits best for your own
research
https://www.aresearchguide.com/1steps.htmlImportant to know
• what a literature review is not.
• A bibliography, for example, is merely a list of published works with author,
publisher, date, etc.
• An annotated bibliography includes a summary or evaluation with each
work, but it is still not a literature review.
• A literature review is not a list
• but rather a narrative, organized by topic, with connections between papers made as
appropriate.
• cited works should be given prominence according to their importance and relevance
rather than being presented equally• A good literature review comprises
• a flowing,
• easy-to-understand,
• written in the author’s own style,
• chronological order
• well organized, and
• gives the reader a brief and complete picture of the status of the research in
the subject area reviewed (Washington et al., 2001)•Some literature review platforms
Introduction to Cochrane
• Archie Cochrane (1909-88)
• British epidemiologist
• Advocated RCTs to inform healthcare practice
The School of Medicine,
Cardiff University and the
Cochrane Archive
• Cochrane collaboration
• Cochrane Reviews (>4,000) registered
• Identify, appraise and synthesise research-
based evidence and present it in accessible
format; regularly updated
• Focus on interventions
• Outstanding general resource
https://www.cochrane.org/search/site/road%20safety%20educ
ation http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/Introduction to Campbell Collaboration
• Systematic reviews of the effects of social
interventions
• Prepare, maintain and disseminate systematic
reviews in education, crime and justice, and
social welfare
• Register relevant reviews
• Links to useful methodology sites
• Effect sizes
• Campbell Collaboration Resource Centre
http://www.campbellcollaboration.org/Introduction to EPPI-Centre
• Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-
ordinating Centre
• Systematic reviews of public policy
• Education, health promotion, employment, social care,
criminal justice
• Online evidence library
• Methods, tools and databases (quantitative and
qualitative)
• EPPI-Centre (March 2007) EPPI-Centre methods for
conducting systematic reviews. London: EPPI-Centre,
Social Science Research Unit, Institute of Education,
University of London.
https://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/cms/
http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/Introduction to PROSPERO
• Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, York
• Evaluate the effects of health and social care interventions
and the delivery and organisation of health care
• Guidance on systematic reviews
• PROSPERO
• International prospective register of SRs
• DARE
• abstracts of quality assessed systematic reviews and details of all
Cochrane reviews and protocols
• NHS EED
• HTA https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/Introduction to EQUATOR
• Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health
Research
• Started March 2006
• Grew from guideline development groups (including
CONSORT)
• Aim to:
• provide resources and education enabling the improvement of
health research reporting
• monitor progress in the improvement of health research
reporting
http://www.equator-network.org/Introduction to EQUATOR
• Detailed reporting guidelines
• CONSORT Statement (reporting of randomized controlled
trials)
• STARD (reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies)
• STROBE (reporting of observational studies in epidemiology)
• PRISMA (reporting of systematic reviews), which replaced
QUOROM
• MOOSE (reporting of meta-analyses of observational studies)
• Minimum Information for Biological and Biomedical
Investigation (MIBBI) portal
• e.g. minimum dataset for fMRI studies
http://www.equator-network.org/resource-centre/library-of-health-research-reporting/Potential research topics • Pedestrian behavior and attitude • Ride share safety • Metro with safety • BRT with safety • Motorcycle Safety • Questionnaire development • Social impact of crash • Driver behavior • Bicycle safety • Speeding • Economic lose of Crash • Social burden
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