LIVING IN THE DUNES A HOMEOWNER'S GUIDE TO POLLINATOR GARDEN LANDSCAPING IN INDIANA'S COASTAL COMMUNITIES
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LIVING IN
THE DUNES
A HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE TO
POLLINATOR GARDEN LANDSCAPING IN
INDIANA’S COASTAL COMMUNITIES
VOLUME 2
Acknowledgments Introduction
This project would not have been possible without our supportive staff, expert advisory “Knowing that you love the earth changes you, activates you to defend and protect and celebrate.
committee, skilled project team, and generous funding partners. Save the Dunes greatly But when you feel that the earth loves you in return, that feeling transforms the relationship from a
appreciates those who dedicated their time, knowledge and energy to complete this guide. one-way street into a sacred bond.”
– Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous
Advisory Committee Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants
Name Affiliation
Karl Ackermann Wild Ones - Gibson Woods Chapter Save the Dunes has long been a champion for defending, protecting and
Eric Bird Shirley Heinze Land Trust celebrating the rich diversity of life, or biodiversity, found in the Indiana
Laura Henderson Naturalist/Member - Indiana Native Plant Society dunes. This Guide endeavors to empower residents of the Indiana coastal
Susan Kirt Susan Kirt Photography and Chicago State University region with tools and inspiration to transform home gardens with beautiful
Brianne Lowe USDA - Natural Resource Conservation Service
native plants that support an incredible diversity of native pollinators.
Laura Milkert The Field Museum
Moving south from the sandy Lake Michigan shoreline, successional changes
Joel Perez-Castaneda The Nature Conservancy
take shape through marram grass-covered coastal dunes that soon give way
Desi Robertson-Thompson, Ph.D. Indiana Dunes National Park
to towering woodland-covered dunes and a myriad of wetlands. Dune and
Steve Sass Indiana Nature LLC
swale remnants outline the historic Lake Michigan shoreline, while rare oak
Ron Trigg Naturalist/Photographer
savannas, riparian woodlands and sun-filled prairies form a mosaic across
the region. Each ecosystem boasts an impressive assemblage of plants and
wildlife that collectively support one of the most biodiverse regions in the
Project Team country – the Indiana Dunes – significance embodied by the Indiana Dunes
Name Affiliation National Park, the Indiana Dunes State Park, countless nature preserves and
Victoria Wittig, Ph.D. Save the Dunes (Project Lead) conservation organizations like Save the Dunes that are working to preserve
Gina Altieri Phenix7 Mktg, Inc. and protect these areas in perpetuity.
Joel Baldin Hitchcock Design Group
Kate Bulin Hitchcock Design Group Pollinators are hard-working creatures that enable flowering plants to
Nathanael Pilla Orbis Environmental Consulting
complete their life-cycle in a rhythmic symbiosis that evolved through the
ages. In this way, native pollinators are an intricate, irreplaceable member of
Barbara Spies Labus Artist/Illustrator
the region’s ecosystems. Habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, and
Betsy Serdar Phenix7 Mktg, Inc.
chemical pesticides are driving alarming declines in pollinator populations
worldwide – including right here at home. Owing to its natural biodiversity,
a garden in the Indiana coastal region has nearly endless possibilities for
helping pollinators not only survive - but thrive - when they feature native
plants linked to pollinator life cycles. A native gardening approach transforms
gardeners into powerful protectors of native plants and their pollinators by
increasing ecosystem connectivity across the region’s fragmented landscape
and building plant and pollinator populations resilient to climate change
This publication was made possible by a grant from the National Oceanic and impacts and other stresses.
Atmospheric Administration and the Indiana Department of Natural Resources
Lake Michigan Coastal Program. Matching support was generously provided by BP, the This Guide provides rich content on six ecosystems, seven groups of
McDougal Family Foundation, NIPSCO and the Unity Foundation. Printing and outreach pollinators and dozens of native plants found throughout the region.
support was provided in part by a grant from the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. It builds on this information by offering six ecosystem-themed template
garden designs suitable for regional landscaping. Gorgeous illustrations of
seasonal changes in a pollinator garden will fill any gardener with inspiration
for the possibilities that await. Stunning photographs showcase the majesty
of each species and their close associations. Finally, cultivated resources
provide the tools and information needed to develop, maintain and enjoy
the bounties of your native pollinator garden for years to come.
2 Printed on Recycled Paper. Photo © Susan Kirt
1
Lake Michigan
Ecosystems of the Indiana Coastal Region
An ecosystem is defined as all of the plants and wildlife
that coexist in an area characterized by similar abiotic, or
non-living environmental conditions. This includes annual
and seasonal precipitation, temperatures, soil types and
solar exposure. The Indiana coastal region boasts one of
ings
the most diverse assemblages of ecosystems in the United
ound
LA PORTE COUNTY
u rr
States with coastal dunes, dune-and-swale remnants,
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ga
woodlands, wetlands, oak savannas, and prairies woven ic
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Lak
across the landscape.
PORTER COUNTY
LAKE COUNTY
© Susan Kirt
© Susan Kirt Woodland
Woodlands are dominated by trees that
Oak Savanna
© Ron Trigg form high canopies and promote a
proliferation of shade-loving plants in
Wetland
Wetlands are often described by their
Savannas are rare ecosystems that are
part prairie and part woodland. Savannas
the understory. Canopy gaps and edges
enable partial-sun-loving plants to take
root. Woodlands are further described by
are described by the dominant tree species
water depth, acidity and associated plant that occur, even though the trees never the type of trees that dominate the canopy.
© Nathanael Pilla species. There is a great diversity of form a complete canopy cover. Black oak In the Indiana coastal region, black oak
wetland types in the Indiana coastal region. savannas are the most prominent in the woodlands dominate mature dune systems
Dune and Swale
© Susan Kirt Interdunal wetlands are connected to the Indiana coastal region. Large-crowned, further inland from the shoreline. Some
water levels of Lake Michigan; riparian open-grown black oaks dot the savanna black oak woodlands are thought to be
Coastal Dunes
Coastal dunes occur between the shoreline
Dune and swale is a unique landscape
feature formed thousands of years ago
wetlands are in floodplains associated
with streams and rivers; fens are wetlands
that have a high pH; bogs are wetlands
landscape and are interspersed with
swaths of sunny areas. This solar exposure
is maintained through the regular fire
savannas that transitioned to woodlands
due to a lack of fire disturbance which
allowed trees to mature and fill in canopy
© Susan Kirt during the retreat of glaciers and the
of Lake Michigan and the older more subsequent retreat of the Lake Michigan with a low pH; sedge meadows are disturbance that prevents open areas gaps. Woodlands dominated by a variety
Prairie
Prairies are dominated by grasses and
established dunes further south. This
system is ever changing as the wind pushes
the dunes further away from the beach,
coastline. It is characterized by alternating
low-dune ridges alternating with wetland
shallow wetlands dominated by sedges;
swamps are wetlands with trees. More
generally, wetland plant communities can
from becoming overgrown with trees and
shrubs. Historically this was a disturbance
of oaks, hickories, maples, and beeches
also occur in ravines and other low wet
areas throughout the region. Understory
swales. Several dune and swale remnants regime maintained by indigenous people.
flowering plants with little to no tree cover. and new dunes form as sand is deposited are found in northern Lake County, be divided into submergent (underwater Now, land managers replicate this plants tend to be shade-loving with an
Prairies once covered large areas of the from wave and wind activity of the lake. Indiana. Dune ridges are often black oak plants in deep water) and emergent plant disturbance in spring and fall seasons abundance of spring ephemerals that
Midwest including areas of the Indiana The most actively moving dunes are often savanna systems, while swale wetlands communities (plants that grow above the with the application of prescribed fires. bloom early in the year before the trees
coastal region. There are several distinct dominated by marram grass, a highly can be submergent and emergent water line). While some wetlands contain The wet, dry, sunny, and shady habitat have leafed out. Ferns, trilliums, violets,
types - sand prairies, tallgrass prairies, and rhizomatous grass species adapted to the wetlands. Depending on distance from water year-round, ephemeral wetlands found throughout savanna systems allows bloodroot, wild ginger, hepatica, and
mesic prairies - characterized by soil type disturbance of the shifting sands. These the lake, swales may be wet year-round or tend to be wet in the spring and/or fall and for a great amount of plant diversity. other flowering spring ephemeral plants
and moisture regimes. Prairie plants thrive grasses form some stability that allows ephemeral wetlands with high water levels dry in the summer. Wetlands support an Characteristic plants of savanna systems provide an important source of nectar for
in full sun, have deep roots, and support a other plants to find a place to establish in the spring and fall and low water in the astonishing diversity of plants and animals, include sundial lupine, tickseed, blazing early-emerging pollinator species that may
large number of pollinators. Intermittent, themselves. These other plants include summer. Plant communities found here help prevent flooding, and store large stars, asters, goldenrods, indigo, and more. reproduce and/or hibernate in the trees
prescribed fire management prevents milkweeds, flowering spurge, sand cress, are fire-adapted and depend on regular quantities of carbon, thereby mitigating A variety of grasses, both sun- and shade- and shrubs of the woodland ecosystems.
encroachment by woody plants. creeping juniper, St John’s wort, little disturbance to maintain open savannas climate change. loving, also dominate the herbaceous layer
bluestem, starry false Solomon’s seal, on dune ridges. Many of the same plants of savannas and provide much of the fuel
sand cherry, and goldenrods. found in savanna and wetland ecosystems needed for regular fire disturbance.
2 can be found here.
3
Native Pollinators
© Susan Kirt
Euphydryas phaeton
Baltimore Checkerspot
• Flight time: June-August
• Habitat: Wetlands–bogs, fens and marshes; wet prairies
• Life stages: 1 generation per year; caterpillars
Introducing seven groups of native pollinators: bees, butterflies, moths, birds, beetles, flies, and wasps. overwinter in rolled leaves
In addition to ensuring native plants complete their life cycles - their fascinating ecology, diversity, host • Caterpillar host plant: Turtlehead (Chelone glabra)
plant requirements, floral associations and more are sure to captivate the native gardener. • Floral preferences: Nectars on milkweeds and a variety of
lt h
y Be other flowers
© Jeff re
Monarch Butterfly
© Susan Kirt
Andrena species Limenitis artemis
Mining Bees Red-Spotted Purple
• Sociality & diversity: Solitary; ~30 species in Northwest • Flight time: April-October
Indiana (NWI) • Habitat: Woodlands and woodland edges Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) are one of the most
• Active period: One of earliest bees to emerge in spring • Life stages: ~2 generations per year; overwinters as recognizable and celebrated butterflies across
• Nesting habits: Ground nesting bee caterpillars the nation. Their striking beauty, impressive long-
• Floral preferences: Many species are floral specialists • Caterpillar host plant: Willows, poplars and birch trees distance migration—up to 3,000 miles spanning
• Pollen collection: On upper part of hind legs • Floral preferences: Nectars on white flowers; spoiled fruit three countries—and large winter gatherings in
an
lab irt • Mimicry: Pipevine swallowtail mimic Mexico and California, coupled with their cultural
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© John © Susa
connection for many people, make them icons
of transformation and resilience. But monarch
European Honey Bee
Bombus species Papilio glaucus populations are plummeting—they have declined
more than 80% in just two decades—largely due
Bumble Bees Eastern Tiger Swallowtail to habitat loss. Once widespread across North
• Sociality & diversity: Colony forming; 6 species in NWI • Flight time: April-September America, milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) that provide
• Active period: Early spring-October; Queens require European honey bees (Apis mellifera) have received • Habitat: Woodlands, prairies and wetlands critical food for monarch caterpillars and nectar-rich
early blooming flowers a lot of attention due to significant declines from • Life stages: ~2 generations per year; overwinters in native plants that provide nourishment for adult
• Nesting habits: Colonies nest in ground and leaf litter; colony-collapse disorder. This species is not chrysalis butterflies, have been replaced by monoculture
queen overwinters underground however native to North America; it was imported • Caterpillar host plant: Trees such as tulip tree stands of crops treated with chemical pesticides
• Floral preferences: Floral generalists from Europe for large-scale agriculture and (Liriodendron tulipifera), and black cherry (Prunus serotina) harmful to insects. Increased stress from climate-
BUTTERFLIES
irt • Pollen collection: On hind legs honey production. While these honey bees have irt • Floral preferences: Nectars on a wide variety of flowers
© Susa
nK
© Susa
nK change-related events such as severe storms,
become naturalized in some places (i.e. they have droughts and wildfires make this untenable
established populations within natural settings), situation much worse.
Halictidae family in actuality they are more akin to agricultural Papilio troilus
livestock managed by humans for crop production.
Sweat Bees European honey bees can provide important Spicebush Swallowtail Home gardens and green spaces in neighborhoods
and communities can play an important role in
• Sociality & diversity: Solitary; ~70 species in NWI pollination services for agricultural crops, but • Flight time: April-October
helping monarch populations to recover. Some
• Active period: April-October; varies among species • Habitat: Woodlands, savannas, prairies and wetlands
BEES
their role in pollination is far less important than butterflies are specialists – meaning they will only
• Nesting habits: Ground nesting bee; often nests near that of local, native pollinators. Native bees do • Life stages: ~3 generations per year; overwinters in
lay their eggs on specific “host plants” that provide
other sweat bees not just supplement honey bee pollination within chrysalis; late instar caterpillars are snake mimics
food for their hungry caterpillars. The monarch is a
• Floral preferences: Most species are floral generalists agricultural landscapes, they provide significantly • Caterpillar host plant: Spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and
wonderful example; it only lays eggs on milkweed,
• Pollen collection: On hind legs greater pollination efficiency in natural areas. sassafras (Sassafras albidum)
irt irt or Asclepias species. Caterpillars
© Susa
nK
© Susa
nK • Floral preferences: Nectars on a wide variety of flowers
that eat milkweed obtain
Increasingly, evidence shows that a large presence a chemical defense that
of European honey bees can overwhelm local persists in adult monarchs
Megachile species pollinators, including native bees, by consuming Speyeria cybele to ward off predators who
Leafcutter Bees pollen resources in high quantities. This depletes Great Spangled Fritillary simply cannot stand the
available pollen for and reproductive success taste! This strategy is so
• Sociality & diversity: Solitary; ~12 species in NWI • Flight time: June-September
of native species. Honey bees do not share the effective that the viceroy
• Active period: May-October • Habitat: Woodlands, savannas, prairies and dunes
mutualistic pollinator-plant relationships our native butterfly evolved similar
• Nesting habits: Hollow cavities of stems and logs; cut • Life stages: 1 generation per year; overwinters as newly
pollinators have. This results in cascading impacts, patterns and coloration elt
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leaves to line nest hatched caterpillars yB
including less successful pollination of native plants so predators will avoid it too. © Jeff re
• Floral preferences: Some are aster specialists • Caterpillar host plant: Violets (Viola spp.)
and more successful pollination of invasive species Slightly smaller and with distinct lines across
il • Pollen collection: Under abdomen • Floral preferences: Nectars on a wide variety of flowers
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lP that are then able to continue their spread. As the g the middle of the hindwings, viceroys are easily
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© Nath number of hobby beekeepers grows, it is important © Ro n
mistaken for monarchs by even seasoned butterfly
to ensure there are sufficient habitat and plant enthusiasts.
resources available for native species, so they are
Osmia species not unintentionally out-competed by populations Vanessa cardui
You can join the effort to save the monarch
Mason Bees of non-native honey bees. Painted Lady butterfly by planting milkweed species such as
• Sociality & diversity: Solitary; 8 species in NWI, some • Flight time: April-November prairie, common or butterfly milkweed (Asclepias
species dark metallic blue-green The native bee groups and associated native plants • Habitat: Woodland edges, savannas, prairies and dunes sullivantii, A. syriaca, A. tuberosa). You can go further
• Active period: May-June featured in this guide showcase the wonderful • Life stages: Number of generations varies; migrates by creating high-quality pollinator habitat with the
• Nesting habits: Nests in hollow cavities of plant stems possibilities for supporting them so they may north from warmer climates native plants and practices featured in this guide.
and logs; leaf tissue and mud to divide nest cells continue their important work pollinating plants in • Caterpillar host plant: Primary host plant are thistles To learn more about monarch conservation in the
• Floral preferences: Some species are Penstemon specialists our natural areas. (Cirsium spp.) region, visit: www.Fieldmuseum.org/monarchs.
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• Pollen collection: Under abdomen © Ro n
Trig • Floral preferences: Nectars on a wide variety of flowers
4 5
© Susan Kirt © Susan Kirt
Ctencucha virginica Chauliognathus pensylvanicus
Virginia Ctencucha Goldenrod Soldier Beetle
• Flight time: May-July • Activity time: July-September
• Habitat: Prairies • Habitat: Open habitats including old-fields and meadows
• Life stages: 2 generations per year; overwinters as • Life stages: Pupation occurs in spring when larva feeds
caterpillars in leaf litter on eggs of locusts, cucumber beetles, and other insect
• Larval host: Sedges, grasses and iris species larvae
• Floral preferences: Nectars on many flowers like il • Floral preferences: Adults eat pollen of goldenrods
la
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y Be goldenrods (Solidago spp.) an ae (Solidago spp.), milkweeds (Asclepias spp.) and many others
© Jeff re © Nath
Eumorpha pandorus
Pandora Sphinx Metamorphosis Oncopeltus fasciatus
Large Milkweed Bug Where Do Pollinators Live?
• Flight time: May-October • Activity time: June-October
BEETLES
• Habitat: Prairies Metamorphosis is one of the most • Habitat: Open habitats with milkweed (Asclepias spp.) Pollinators live in different places depending on
• Life stages: Night-flying moth magnificent transformations in • Life stages: Like monarch caterpillars, they eat milkweed the stage of their life cycle and the time of year.
• Larval host: Grape (Vitis spp.) and Virginia creeper nature. Performed by members for chemical defenses that keep predators away Butterflies for example, live on host plants while
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of the order of Lepidoptera – the sa they are caterpillars, rely on stable structures to
(Parthenocissus spp.) © Su • Larval host: Milkweed (Asclepias spp.)
• Plants associated: Nectars on campions (Silene spp.) and butterflies and moths – it features four • Floral preferences: Milkweed (Asclepias spp.) transform inside a chrysalis and need sheltered
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elt distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. lab spaces to survive as adults during periods of high
© Jeff re
yB the eastern prairie fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea) © John
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wind, rain or severe storms. Adult butterflies can
Egg: Butterflies “oviposit” (lay) eggs be found sheltering under leaves, using them
Haematupis grataria on the surfaces of “host plants” Trichiotinus species like umbrellas in the rain! Winter presents many
edible to their caterpillars. The challenges for butterflies, which may weather the
Chickweed Geometer Hairy Flower Beetle season as an egg, caterpillar, chrysalis or adult. Eggs
eggs are small and depending
• Flight time: May-October • Activity time: May-August and caterpillars need snug spaces in leaf litter near
on species may be laid singly or
MOTHS
• Habitat: Prairies • Habitat: Prairies, woodlands, savannas host plants so that when they emerge in the spring
in clusters. They are often found
• Larval host: Low-growing plants like chickweeds and • Larval food: Dead hardwood they have food ready and waiting. An overwintering
protected from the elements on
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smartweeds Be • Floral preferences: Adults feed on pollen, transporting
the underside of leaves. © Jeff r
ey chrysalis is often formed under a sturdy branch or
• Floral preferences: Nectar on goldenrods, milkweeds, the excess to the next flower they visit on their hairy backs under the awning of a house. Adult butterflies may
it and Joe-Pye-weed • Mimicry: Bee mimic overwinter in leaf litter or are camouflaged on the
Larva:
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S After about a week, a tiny, voraciously nK
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bark of trees.
© Ama © Susa
hungry “larva” or caterpillar, eats its way out of
its egg and continues eating the host plant until Native bees have wonderfully complex lives; the
Hemaris species nearly bursting. It then sheds its Helophilus species majority are solitary while a few species live in
outer skin and resumes eating as colonies. In fact, 90% of native bees are solitary,
Hummingbird Moths a new “instar.” Caterpillar species Hoverfly meaning that a single female builds her own nest,
• Flight time: April-August vary in the number of instars, • Activity time: April-October lays eggs, and feeds her own young. About 70% of
• Habitat: Prairies come in many colors and shapes, • Habitat: Wetlands solitary bees nest underground, excavating vast
• Life stages: Caterpillars spin cocoons at the soil surface sometimes with armor, are often • Life stages: Eggs laid on vegetation overhanging water; tunnel systems. The other 30% of solitary bees
• Larval host: Cherries, honeysuckles and others camouflaged to match their host g larvae falls into water where they feed on submerged nest above ground, in holes of old logs, crevices
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• Floral preferences: Preference for bee balm (Monarda plant, or mimic snakes to avoid being © Ron plant material between stones, or in the hollow or pithy stems of
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fistulosa) eaten by hungry birds! • Floral preferences: Adults nectar on asters (Asteraceae)
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flower stalks or shrubby branches.
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us • Mimicry: Common yellow jacket mimic
©
• Mimicry: Hummingbird mimic ©S
Bumble bees are the only native example of the
FLIES
Pupa: A caterpillar ready to social colony lifestyle that includes a division of
transform will search for a secure labor and cooperative care of young. Bumble bee
Hyles lineata place to attach before shedding Bombylius major
colonies begin with a single queen female that
White-lined Sphinx its final skin to reveal a jewel- Great Bee Fly mated near the end of the previous summer.
elth
• Flight time: March-November like chrysalis. Several weeks pass • Flight time: March-June She overwinters in a sheltered spot a few inches
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• Habitat: Dunes and prairies before the caterpillar’s organs f • Habitat: Woodlands underground. In the early spring, she emerges,
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• Life stages: Caterpillars pupate in soil for 2–3 weeks; transform into a butterfly. ©
• Life stages: Bumble bee mimicry enables it to lay eggs builds her nest, and begins provisioning it with
overwinters in soil near wasp and bee nests; its larva parasitizes wasp and pollen, which she shapes into a ball. She lays her
• Larval host: Primrose and rose families Adult: As the butterfly emerges from bee larvae; non-aggressive eggs on the pollen ball, and larvae hatch a few
• Floral preferences: Preference for bee balm its chrysalis, it unfurls its wings and n • Larval host: Tulip tree, black cherry and others days later. They feed on the pollen ball, growing
elt
h ba
ey B hangs from the chrysalis until its ala • Mimicry: Bumble bee mimic and molting several times until they are ready to
© Jeff r • Mimicry: Hummingbird mimic © John
B
wings are fully extended and dry. spin a silken cocoon in which they pupate for about
The butterfly then takes flight two weeks. The first adult bees to emerge are all
ittig
Archilochus colubris in search of flowers to drink Sphex ichneumoneus female workers and forage to feed the developing
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energy-rich nectar to find a mate. larvae as the colony grows. The queen continues
Ruby-Throated Hummingbird Great Golden Digger Wasp
or
Vi
ct
Fertilized females lay their eggs on © to lay eggs; some will become males, workers, and
• Flight time: Active in the region from April-September host plants to begin the cycle anew. • Flight time: June-September
some new queens. Toward the end of the summer,
WASPS
• Life stages: Overwinters in Mexico and Central America • Habitat: Open habitats including dunes and prairies
BIRDS
the new queens and males mate. The old queen,
• Floral preferences: Tubular flowers; drawn to red/ Butterflies may have multiple generations each • Life stages: Solitary species; nests in the ground
workers, and males then die; only the new queens
orange flowers such as red columbine and cardinal flower; year - each species is different. Some overwinter • Floral preferences: Milkweed (Asclepias spp.),
survive to begin the next colony in the spring. If you
also nectars on bee balm as an egg, caterpillar, adult or like the monarch, rattlesnake master (Eryngium yuccifolium), and others
would like to learn more, Pollinators of Native Plants
• Coevolution: Flowers shapes and colors designed to attract migrate to warmer climates. an
• Beneficial insect: Preys on garden pests; non-aggressive;
t lab
by Heather Holm provides exquisite details and
n Kir hummingbirds Ba only stings if harassed
© Susa © John information.
6 7
Seasonal Features of Pollinator Gardens Native pollinator gardens change through the seasons in extraordinary ways. These illustrations
showcase beautiful plantings that serve as food and shelter as pollinators move through their
life cycles. Pollinator-friendly tips highlight activities to enjoy as your garden grows.
View of Shade Garden: Early blooming native flowers provide critical food for hungry pollinators emerging from hibernation, such as this queen
Spring bumblebee. Don’t be too quick to clean up leaves and stems. This tiny great spangled fritillary caterpillar has overwintered in the leaf litter to feed only on
the leaves of violets. Spring is a good time to divide and transplant your native plants.
Summer View of Sun Garden: Pollinators are in full swing during the summer. Sit back and enjoy the show as busy bees, beautiful butterflies, and other
pollinators visit your garden buffet of nectar and pollen. Observe the life cycle of the monarch butterfly on milkweed plants.
Swallowtail
Chrysalid
Great Spangled Bumblebee Miner Bee
Fritilary Larva Queen Pupae
View of Rain Garden and Partial Sun Garden: Fall-blooming native flowers provide critical nourishment for monarch butterflies on their annual View of Sun, Partial Sun, and Shade Gardens: Winter is a time of rest for gardeners and insects, but not for hungry birds! Dried standing seed
Fall migration south. This final brood of butterflies travels all the way to Mexico! Leave the leaves and hollow plant stems in your flower beds as shelter and
nesting sites for bees and other overwintering pollinators.
Winter heads leftover from the fall become food for birds. Enjoy the view of your snow-covered landscape knowing you have provided good habitat for the next
year’s pollinators.
8 9
Template Garden Designs 1
1 1 5
5
5
2
3
2
3
3
2
1
4
1
4
4
5
4
5
4
As you use these garden designs to help you arrange your 6 1 5
6 6
native plantings make sure to review each native plant’s ideal
Garden
conditions, height, and bloom season to help you choose thePlant List
6
Dune and Swale
Woodland 6
1: Meadow Anemone, Anemone canadensis
best plant for your landscape. 2: Eastern Red Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis
Example plant list for 3:aSundial
SlopedLupine,
GardenLupinus perennis
1: Eastern Red Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis 4 4: Showy Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa
2: Dutchman’s Breeches, Dicentra cucullaria 1. meadow anemone, Anemone canadensis
5: Spiderwort, Tradescantia ohiensis
3: Spotted Crane’s-bill, Geranium maculatum 6: Common
2. Eastern red columbine, Aquilegia Bluecanadensis
Violet, Viola sororia
4
4: Virginia Bluebells, Mertensia virginica
5: Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis 4 3. sundial lupine, Lupinus perennis
2 6
6: Great White Trillium, Trillium grandiflorum 4
4. showy goldenrod, Solidago speciosa
7: Common Blue Violet, Viola sororia
2 3 1 5. spiderwort, Tradescantia ohiensis
3 3
4
1 6 6. common blue violet, Viola sororia
4 1 3
4 3 3 3
4 2 3 1: Purple Joe-Pye Weed, Eutrochium purpureum 1
3 2: False Sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides
1 2 Alternatives
2 6 5 Dunefringed
and Swale Plant List
1 2 3: Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis 5 1 greater gentian, Gentianopsis crinita
Wetland
3 4: Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa
4
1
false sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides
7 3 5: Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta var. hirta
4
4 1
7 6: Showy Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa F: Buffer1 5
5 5 cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis
foxglove beardtongue, Penstemon digitalis
1 7 Example plant list for a Rain Garden
Woodland
4
5 1
1 obedient plant, Physostegia virginiana
5 1. white turtlehead, Chelone glabra 1 1
1
New England American aster, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
2. greater fringed gentian, Gentianopsis crinita
1 5 Example plant list for Shade Garden Wetland Plant List 3. cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis
Black Oak Savanna Plant List
2 4. bee balm, Monarda fistulosa
2 6 1. Eastern red columbine, Aquilegia canadensis
2. Dutchman’s breeches, Dicentra cucullaria Understanding the Guide: 1: White Turtlehead, Chelone glabra
5. obedient
2: Greater Fringed Gentian, plant,
Gentianopsis
6. cardinalis
Physostegia virginiana
crinite
New England American aster, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Understanding the Guide:
2 3: Cardinal Flower, Lobelia
6 3. spotted crane’s-bill, Geranium maculatum
6
4. Virginia bluebells, Mertensia virginica A: Partial Sun Garden
The following garden template designs4: Bee Balm, Monarda fistulosa
feature plant lists specific to one of the5: Obedient Plant, PhysostegiaAlternatives
virginiana
3 7 5. bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis six ecosystems described on pages 2 6: New England American Aster, meadow anemone, Anemone canadensis
Symphyotrichum 5
6. great white trillium, Trillium grandiflorum novaeangliae Eastern red columbine, Aquilegia canadensis 5 3
and 3.
3
7
7. common blue violet, Viola sororia The following diagrams have a plant false sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides 5
7 Woodland - Shade Garden dense blazing star, Liatris spicata 3 3
3
5
Alternatives
5 white false indigo, Baptisia alba ecosystems described on pages 2 and 3: foxglove beardtongue, Penstemon digitalis
Prairie - Sun Garden 5
5
5 purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea common blue violet, viola sororia
purple Joe-Pye weed, Eutrochium purpureum Wetland - Rain Garden 6 4
false sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides Woodland
Dune - Shade
& Swale - Sloped Garden
Garden 6
cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis 5 4
4
black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta Prairie
Oak - Sun
Savanna Garden
- Partial Sun Garden 5
4 6
4
showy goldenrod, Solidago speciosa 6 2
Coastal Dune - Buffer 3 3 3 3
Wetland - Rain Garden 3 1 6 6 2
6 5 1 3 3 3 4
2
Dune & Swale - Sloped Garden 4 6
Prairie
6 1 1 6
6
6 1 5
Oak Savanna - Partial Sun Garden 4 1
7 Example plant list for Sun Garden 1 5
Dune
Coastal
- Oak Savanna
3
1. prairie milkweed, Asclepias sullivantii 2
3 4 3 5
1
7 2. white false indigo, Baptisia alba
3
5 5
3. lanceleaf tickseed, Coreopsis lanceolata
Example plant list for Partial Sun Garden
6 4 2 3 3
6
7 5 4. purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea 1. purple Joe-Pye weed, Eutrochium purpureum
1 5. purple Joe-Pye weed, Eutrochium purpureum 2. false sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides
6 2
4 6. dense blazing star, Liatris spicata 3. cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis
4 1 2
7. foxglove beardtongue, Penstemon digitalis 4. bee balm, Monarda fistulosa
Coastal Dunes
1
4 2 5. black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta
2 Alternatives
6. showy goldenrod, Solidago speciosa
2 false sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides
4
cardinal flower, Lobelia cardinalis Alternatives Example plant list for a Buffer
2 obedient plant, Physostegia virginiana meadow anemone, Anemone canadensis 1. meadow anemone, Anemone canadensis
1
1 black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta lanceleaf tickseed, Coreopsis lanceolata 2. Eastern red columbine, Aquilegia canadensis
7 7 showy goldenrod, Solidago speciosa spotted crane's-bill, Geranium maculatum 3. purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea
1 New England American aster, Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
5 sundial lupine, Lupinus perennis 4. false sunflower, Heliopsis helianthoides
spiderwort, Tradescantia ohiensis spiderwort, Tradescantia ohiensis 5. sundial lupine, Lupinus perennis
3
5 5 3 3 common blue violet, Viola sororia common blue violet, Viola sororia 6. common blue violet, Viola sororia
10 11
Native Plants for Native Pollinators
Aquilegia canadensis © Susan Kirt
Eastern Red Columbine
Ecosystem: Woodland, wetland, dune and swale,
coastal dunes
Host plant for: Columbine Duskywing (Erynnis lucilius)
The following native plants support native pollinators. They are listed according to bloom time to Pollinated by: Bees, hummingbirds
enable gardeners to select plants that will provide pollen and nectar for pollinators that are active Tips: Many colors available in garden centers
from early spring through late fall. g
Trig Bloom Time
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
Common Misconceptions
Dicentra cucullaria © Victoria Wittig Geranium maculatum
Dutchman's-Breeches Spotted Crane's-Bill
Ecosystem: Woodland Ecosystem: Woodland edges, savanna
Pollinator host plant: Moths Host plant for: White-marked Tussock Moth (Orgyia For many people, the word “pollinator”
Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, flies leucostigma) is synonymous with bees, and the two
Tips: Compliment’s sister species, bleeding hearts, and Tips: Long-blooming flowers that grow in clumps; words most associated with bees are
native squirrel corn; loamy, rich soil; goes dormant in ideal for borders “honey” and “sting.” While it is true that
summer - plant within garden bed instead of borders many insect pollinators have defense
Trig
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Bloom Time © Susan Kirt Trig
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Bloom Time © Susan Kirt mechanisms capable of rendering
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D © Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
painful stings, most are non-aggressive,
many are docile, and others merely
What is Pollination?
Mertensia virginica Lupinus perennis look intimidating. We can minimize
our chances of having unpleasant
Virginia Bluebells Sundial Lupine interactions with insect pollinators by
Ecosystem: Woodland Ecosystem: Savanna, dune and swale, coastal dunes
learning more about them. Most bees
Pollinated by: Bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, Over the ages, flowering plants - the Host plant for: Karner Blue Butterfly (Lycaeides melissa
and wasps are non-aggressive, but they
moths, flies angiosperms - developed sophisticated samuelis)
will defend themselves and their colonies
Tips: Shade tolerant; rich soil; deer resistant strategies to attract pollinators to move Pollinated by: Bees, wasps, butterflies, flies
if provoked. The rule of thumb is: if in
pollen, containing the male genetic Interesting feature: Fixes nitrogen; increases soil
doubt, stay away and call an expert.
material, to the carpel, the female fertility
g reproductive portion of the flower to g
A recurring trait among many bees and
Trig Bloom Time © John Balaban Trig Bloom Time © Susan Kirt
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
ignite fertilization and produce fruits © Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
wasps is the black-orange/yellow-black
and seeds that ensure their future color pattern. Entomologists believe
Sanguinaria canadensis generations. Their strategies not only Coreopsis lanceolata that this is a warning coloration or
attract pollinators, they attract us to
Bloodroot glorious floral displays, aromatic scents Lanceleaf Tickseed “aposematism” meant to alert predators
Ecosystem: Woodland Ecosystem: Prairie, savanna of a potentially painful interaction.
and shapely expressions treasured in our Amazingly, many other unrelated,
Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, hummingbirds, ants gardens. Plants increase the chance of Host plant for: Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis)
Tips: Rich soil; shady location Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, beetles, wasps, ants completely harmless insects such as
fertilization, resulting in seeds and fruits great bee flies (Bombyliidae), hairy flower
that ensure their next generation, when Related natives: Prairie coreopsis (Coreopsis palmata),
tall coreopsis (Coreopsis tripteris) beetles (Syrphidae), and exquisite moths
they work in harmony with pollinators. have developed similar colorations to
fool would-be predators into thinking
Trig
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Bloom Time Native plants live in a symbiotic, give- nK
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Bloom Time
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D © Susan Kirt
© Susa J F M A M J J A S O N D © Erin Bartels that they are dangerous. Ecologists
and-take, relationship with pollinators.
describe this as mimicry.
For the plant, there is an increased
Trillium grandiflorum chance of pollination; for the pollinators, Baptisia alba Let’s also consider the purpose of an
there is a source of nutritious food in
Great White Trillium the form of sweet nectar or protein-rich
White False Indigo insect’s stinging mechanism. The stinger
Ecosystem: Woodland Ecosystem: Woodland, prairie, savanna itself is a modified segment of the
pollen grains for their nourishment and abdomen that contains venom. Both
Pollinated by: Bees, flies Host plant for: Wild Indigo Duskywing (Erynnis
the nourishment of their young. bees and wasps use their stingers as
Tips: Needs rich soil baptisiae)
Related natives: Drooping trillium (Trillium flexipes), Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, flies a means of defending themselves or
Why are native plant flowers so
red trillium (Trillium erectum) Related natives: false blue indigo (B. australis), their colonies, only used in desperate
important to our native pollinators?
yellow indigo (B. tinctoria) situations. Wasp stingers also have
Often, pollinators are specialists,
ke us an offensive purpose. Wasps play an
© Myra
Cse Bloom Time © John Balaban feeding on only one or a few closely- © Barb
Lab Bloom Time © Ron Trigg
J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D
important role in ecology as predators
related flower relatives. This includes
and parasitoids of other insects, many
some of our favorite pollinators, the
of which are garden and agricultural
Viola sororia bees. While some bees visit multiple Anemone canadensis
pests. Some dunes-area wasps such as
Common Blue Violets plant species, others, like the distant Meadow Anemone the great golden digger wasps (Sphex
Ecosystem: Coastal dunes, savannas, prairies, miner bee (Andrena distans), will only Ecosystem: Savanna, wetland, dune and swale, coastal ichneumoneus), are also pollinators.
woodlands, wetlands, dune and swale feed on spotted crane’s bill (Geranium dunes
Host plant for: Fritillaries (Speyeria spp.) maculatum). Many native plant species Pollinated by: Bees, flies, beetles By better understanding these beneficial
Tips: Tolerant of disturbance have these specialist pollinators and Tips: Divide plant in fall; ideal for borders and corners insects and their roles in the ecosystem,
Interesting feature: Viola spp. occur in purple, would be lost without them. Related natives: Wood anemone (Anemone not only can we coexist with them,
white and yellow; shades vary quinquefolia), eastern tall anemone (Anemone virginiana) but we can also take advantage of the
tti
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Wi Wi ecosystem services they provide.
© Vi c t o ria Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © Susan Kirt www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/ © Vi c t oria Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © John Balaban
12 13
Tradescantia ohiensis © Heather Holm Rudbeckia hirta © Susan Kirt
Spiderwort Black-Eyed Susan
Ecosystem: Prairie, savanna, dune and swale Ecosystem: Prairie, woodland, savanna
Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, beetles, moths, flies Host plant for: Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis)
Interesting feature: Long, narrow leaves with Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, beetles
angular arrangement resemble crouching spiders; Similar natives: Yellow coneflower (Ratibida pinnata),
flowers open in the morning brown-eyed Susan (Coreopsis triloba)
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g itt
Trig Bloom Time © Susan Kirt t oria W Bloom Time © Ron Trigg
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D © Vic J F M A M J J A S O N D
Rusty Patched Bumble Bee Fireflies
Penstemon digitalis Eutrochium purpureum
Foxglove Beardtongue Purple Joe-Pye Weed
Ecosystem: Prairie, wetland, dune and swale Ecosystem: Prairie, woodland, savanna
Pollinated by: Bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, Once common across its range in over Host plant for: Moths - Haploa clymene, Carmenta In our region, a signature summertime
moths, flies, wasps, beetles 31 states and provinces, in 2017 the bassiformis, Eupithecia miserulata experience definitely includes the
Similar natives: Long-sepaled beardtongue rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus Pollinated by: Bees, magical flashing of fireflies. It also
(Penstemon calycosus) affinis) became the first bumble bee to Tips: Spreads vigorously unless seed heads are cut beckons one to remember a childhood
Interesting feature: Flower ideal for bees be listed as endangered by the United filled with laughter while chasing brief
Trig
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Bloom Time © John Balaban States Fish and Wildlife Service. Loss of Trig
g
Bloom Time © Ron Trigg flashes of light through the yard to
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D © Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
habitat, disease, pesticides, and climate showcase prized fireflies in a jar before
change have led to a 90% decline in the releasing them back to the summer
Asclepias sullvanii population. Lobelia cardinalis breeze. Also known as “lightning bugs,”
fireflies are neither flies nor bugs, they are
Prairie Milkweed The rusty patched bumble bee begins
Cardinal Flower beetles in the Lampyridae family. Their
Ecosystem: Prairie; other Asclepias spp. found in every Ecosystem: Coastal dunes, prairies, woodland,
each season in the woods, where flashing light show is a summertime
ecosystem savanna, wetlands, dune and swale
the solitary queen emerges from courtship display, designed to dazzle and
Host plant for: Monarch (Danaus plexippus) Pollinated by: Bees, hummingbirds, butterflies
overwintering cavities and forages on attract a mate.
Related species: Swamp, common & butterfly Related species: Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia
early wildflowers and blooming trees. In
milkweed siphilitica)
late spring, the queen moves into open For most of the past century, scientists
Tips: Keep roots a little wet, especially during droughts
meadows and prairie areas to create a believed that adult fireflies were only
g g
Trig Bloom Time © Victoria Wittig colony underground. The hive persists Trig Bloom Time © Susan Kirt interested in romance and had no
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D © Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
through the summer by drawing on the need for nourishment. Evidence is now
nectar and pollen available from local, accumulating that fireflies are drinking
Echinacea purpurea preferably nutrient-rich native flowers. Monarda fistulosa nectar from milkweed flowers - possibly
Purple Coneflower New queens are produced at the end of Bee Balm to gain protection from the same
Ecosystem: Woodland, prairie, coastal dunes the season, when they leave the colony, Ecosystem: Savanna, wetland savanna, wetlands, chemical defenses that monarchs enjoy
Host plant for: Silvery Checkerspot (Chlosyne nycteis) mate, and then head into hibernation in dune and swale when their caterpillars eat milkweed
Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, wasps, beetles, wooded areas for the winter. Host plant for: Hermit Sphinx (Lintneria eremitus), leaves. There is increasing
moths Orange Mint Moth (Pyrausta orphisalis) evidence that when
Help conserve the rusty patched bumble Pollinated by: Bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, nectaring on milkweed
bee by planting native vegetation, moths, flies, wasps, beetles flowers, fireflies are
g including early blooming shrubs, g also pollinating them!
Trig Bloom Time © Victoria Wittig Trig Bloom Time © Susan Kirt
© Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
reducing tillage and soil disturbance, and © Ro n J F M A M J J A S O N D
Although this is new
keeping brushy, unmown areas available science with many
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for nest construction. To avoid poisoning more discoveries yet © Su
Liatris spicata Heliopsis helianthoides
these sensitive pollinators, minimize to be made, fireflies are a
Dense Blazing Star pesticide usage whenever possible. In False Sunflower welcome addition to the pantheon of
Ecosystem: Wetland, prairie the spring, reduce mulch layers over Ecosystem: Prairie, woodland, savanna, wetland, milkweed-associated pollinators. This
Host Plant for: Glorious Flower Moth (Schinia gloriosa) garden soil to provide access to the soil dune and swale, coastal dunes precious milkweed connection may also
Related species: Prairie blazing star, rough blazing star nesting sites. Host plant for: Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui) help reverse the alarming declines in
Tips: Increases the number of flower shoots each year; Tips: Spreads; grows up to 5’ tall; abundant display of firefly populations; efforts to protect the
can divide and share The dunes region recently daisy-like yellow flowers monarch butterfly by planting milkweed
ig
suffered the loss of a ig
species will also protect fireflies.
itt itt
tori
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Bloom Time © Susan Kirt butterfly, the Karner t oria W Bloom Time © Victoria Wittig
© Vic J F M A M J J A S O N D © Vic J F M A M J J A S O N D
blue from habitat loss Like all pollinators, fireflies are vulnerable
and climate change. to habitat loss and climate change, but
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Physostegia virginiana We hope this guide ff r
ey Solidago speciosa they seem to be particularly sensitive
© Je
provides the inspiration to chemical pesticides. If your garden is
Obedient Plant and encouragement needed
Showy Goldenrod rich in native plants and protected from
Ecosystem: Prairie, wetland, dune and swale Ecosystem: Prairie, woodland, savanna
to sustain dwindling rusty patched chemical pesticides, fireflies will reward
Pollinated by: Bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, Pollinated by: Bees, butterflies, beetles, flies, wasps
bumble bee populations so we don’t end you with one of nature’s most charming
beetles Related species: Many Solidago species
up losing them too. summertime light-shows sure to create
Interesting feature: Bees take late afternoon naps Interesting feature: Pollinator magnet
lasting memories and a new generation
inside the tubular flowers To learn more visit: of admirers. Learn more about the magic
www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/ and science of fireflies from the Xerces
g g
© Ro n
Trig Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © Susan Kirt insects/rpbb/ © Ro n
Trig Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © Ron Trigg Society, visit: www.xerces.org.
14 15
Garden Maintenance: How to Start Your Pollinator Garden:
Chelone glabra
Soil Conditions:
White Turtlehead Determine if the soil has good drainage or experiences ponding.
Ecosystem: Wetland Areas that easily saturate are great candidates for wetland-style
Host plant for: Baltimore Checkerspot (Euphydryas Pesticide: Plant Preferences: rain gardens. Dry areas in full sun are ideal candidates for prairie-
phaeton) Pesticides are deadly to pollinators Familiarize yourself with the plants in this guide by their color and style sun gardens. Use compost to enrich nutrient-poor soil.
Pollinated by: Long-tongued bees and are strongly discouraged in native bloom time. Do you need more flowers in the spring? If so, focus
Tips: Needs moist soils to thrive plantings. Mechanical weed removal is on spring blooming plants that have colors that speak to your Growing with Your Garden:
encouraged and is easier if timed shortly gardening palette. You may enjoy the complementary nature of Exercise patience to learn how well the plants you’ve selected do
g
© Ro n
Trig Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © Ron Trigg after the rain. purple asters and yellow goldenrods in the fall. You may want to in your garden. If the native plant is doing exceedingly well, you’ll
incorporate every red flower you can find! Knowing what you like is likely need to divide it or thin it out during the spring or fall. If you
Plant Spread: important so that you enjoy your garden as it grows. like the spreading nature of your plant and have the space for it,
Gentianopsis crinita Divide plants in the spring or fall; choose then you can let it go. If it’s popping up in unexpected places, maybe
Greater Fringed Gentian areas with ample space for spreading Solar Exposure: you gently dig it up and trade with a friend for a plant you have had
Ecosystem: Wetland, dune and swale species to serve as color-beacons for Assess your landscape to determine the length of direct sunshine your eye on. If there is a plant you do not like, it’s a good idea to
Similar Natives: Bottle gentian (Gentiana andrewsii) pollinators. or full shade in areas you would like to plant. Review optimal solar replace and/or remove it. Protecting your enjoyment of your space
Interesting Feature: Flower shape ideal for bumble exposure times for plants you like. This will help you select plants will keep you coming back for more.
bee bodies suited for your spaces.
Spring Clean Up:
Tips: Flowers form clumps of oblong balloon shapes at
Wait until temperatures are consistently
the end of stems; varieties in pink and white.
© Ro n
Trig
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Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © Josh Fecteau
above 50º (F) to protect pollinators that
haven’t emerged from hibernation in Essential Features of Pollinator Gardens:
plant stems, leaf litter and soil.
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae Pollinator gardens require four essential features for habitat; food, water, shelter, and a place to rear young.
Fall Clean Up:
New England American Aster Leave the leaves to provide essential
Providing all four of these elements will create habitat for the pollinators and they will be able to complete
Ecosystem: Prairie, wetland, dune and swale habitat for pollinators that overwinter their life cycle in your garden. This will help ensure they return to your garden year after year
Host plant for: Pearl Crescent (Phyciodes tharos) in leaf litter. Standing flower stalks are
Similar Natives: Heart-leaved aster (Symphyotrichum nesting sites for bees; seed heads are Food: A Place to Rear Young:
cordifolium), smooth aster (S. laeve), swamp aster food for birds. To attract a wide variety of pollinators, have a variety of food To complete the pollinator’s life cycle and have them return to your
(S. puniceum)
sources available. This includes pollen and nectar sources from yard, the garden should provide a place for the pollinators to rear
trees, shrubs, and forbs and host plants for caterpillars. To provide their young. The garden should be free of pesticides. There should
g
© Ro n
Trig Bloom Time J F M A M J J A S O N D © Susan Kirt a consistent source of pollen and nectar, feature plants that bloom be spots of bare ground in the yard where pollinators can burrow
from early spring through late fall. to raise their young. Some pollinators will also use the stems of
plants. Because many pollinators are specialists, they require a
Native Trees, Shrubs, and Vines for Pollinators Sassafras albidum
Sassafras Water:
A water source is important for pollinators and birds alike!
host plant for their young to feed at certain stages of their life cycle
-as demonstrated by the relationship between the monarch and
Woody perennials are host plants, food sources and shelter for Bloom time: Spring milkweeds (Asclepias spp.).
Host plant for: Maintaining a clean birdbath is a great start. Pollinators also drink
pollinators. Timing is everything! Spring blooms support early- Spicebush Swallowtail water from rain puddles and morning dew.
s
BONUS!
as
S
ve
emerging pollinators; fall blooms offer food late in the year. © Ste
Shelter: Providing a habitat with a great variety of plants will provide year-
Amelanchier arborea Hamamelis virginiana Cephalanthus occidentalis Shelter is required for resting and quiet areas are required for round interest for the gardener as well. This includes annual
flowering plants that you can add in to provide pops of color,
Downy Serviceberry Witch-hazel Buttonbush nesting. This can be near trees, shrubs, logs on the ground, and
interest and a consistent source of nourishment for pollinators
Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Fall Bloom time: Spring plants with varying heights and textures that are tucked away.
throughout the growing season.
Host plant for: Viceroy, Important late pollen and nectar Host plant for: Titan Sphinx
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Red-spotted Purple source for bees (Aellopos titan), Hydrangea Sphinx
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Native Plant Sales, Resources, and More:
as
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© Jeff © Ste © Sus (Darapsa versicolor)
Recommended Reading:
Hypericum kalmianum • Butterflies of Indiana: A Field Guide by Jeffrey Belth
Asimina triloba Liriodendron tulipifera
• Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native
Pawpaw Tuliptree St. John's Wort Plants by Douglas Tallamy
Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Summer Annual Native Plant Sales: Plant & Pollinator Resources: • The Midwestern Native Garden: Native Alternatives to Nonnative
Host plant for: Host plant for: Tiger Swallowtail Host plant for: • Friends of Indiana Dunes - April • Fish and Wildlife Service (State and Federal) Plants by Charlotte Adelman & Bernard Schwartz
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Zebra Swallowtail Gray Half-Spot Moth • Wild Ones Gibson Woods Chapter - May • Natural Resource Conservation Service - USDA • Nature’s Best Hope: A New Approach to Conservation That Starts
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© Sus © Jeff © R on • Indiana Wildlife Federation - Seasonal • Pollinator Partnership in Your Yard by Douglas Tallamy
• Openlands - Seasonal • Save Our Monarchs • Pollinators of Native Plants by Heather Holm
Cornus florida Prunus serotina Lindera benzoin • Wild Ones
Flowering Dogwood Black Cherry Northern Spicebush Garden Centers & Nurseries • Xerces Society
Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Spring Living in the Dunes:
that Stock Native Plants: • A Homeowner’s Guide to Landscaping in
Host plant for: Host plant for: Tiger Swallowtail, Host plant for: Native Garden Certification
LI VI N G IN TH E D U N ES
• Cardno Nursery - Walkerton, Indiana Indiana’s Dune Communities
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Spring Azure Butterfly Red-spotted Purple, Summer Azure, Spicebush Swallowtail
& Award Opportunities:
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r ey • Chesterton Feed and Garden - Chesterton, Indiana • Volume 1 of Living in the Dunes features
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UNITIES
DUNE COMM
© Jeff Related species: red-osier dogwood © Sus Coral Hairstreak © Sus
IN INDIANA'S
LANDSCAPING
ER'S GUIDE TO
A HOMEOWN
• Native Plants Unlimited - Fishers, Indiana • Indiana Native Plant Society essential information on problematic
Cercis canadensis Quercus spp. • Naturally Native Plant Nursery - LaPorte, Indiana • Indiana and National Wildlife Federation invasive species, native plant
Clematis virginiana
• Possibility Place - Monee, Illinois • Monarch Watch identification, template garden designs,
Redbud Oak Species Virgin's Bower Clematis • Prairie Moon Nursery - Winona, Minnesota • Shirley Heinze Land Trust’s Bringing resources and more!
Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Spring Bloom time: Fall
V.org
Nature Home Award
Host plant for: Henry's Elfin, Host plant for: Hairstreaks and Pollinator magnet; fragrant blooms • Visit savedunes.org to download your
GN
Io Moth, Redbud Leaffolder Beetle, Duskywing Butterflies, Moths
,M
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e copy of our Living in the Dunes Guides.
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© Sus © Sus © M.
16 17
Redbud Leafminer BeetleYou can also read
