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Human skull anatomy pdf

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This article is about the skulls of all animals, including humans. For other uses, see Skull (disambiguation) and Skull (disambiguation). Bone structure forming the head in vertebrates CraniumVolume rendering of a mouse skullDetailsSkeletal SystemIdentifiersMeSHD012 886TA98A02.1.00.001TA2406Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] The
skull is a bone structure forming the head in vertebrates. It supports facial structures and provides a protective cavity for the brain.[1] The skull is composed of two parts: the skull and the mandible[2]. In humans, these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium (facial skeleton) which includes the mandible as the largest bone. The skull
is the frontmost part of the skeleton and is a product of cephalization that houses the brain and various sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose and mouth.[3] In humans, these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. The functions of the skull include protecting the brain, fixing the distance between the eyes to allow stereoscopic
vision, and fixing the position of the ears to allow the sound localization of the direction and distance of sounds. In some animals, such as horned ungulates (mammals with hooves), the skull also has a defensive function by providing support (on the frontal bone) for the horns. The English word “skull” probably derives from the ancient Nordic skulle,
[4] while the Latin word “cranium” derives from the Greek root éoé±é Ì​é¿é2 (kranion). The skull is composed of a number of molten flat bones, and contains many holes, ditches, processes and different cavities or sinuses. In zoology, there are openings in the skull called fenestrae. Human Structure For details and constituent bones, see
Neurocranium and Facial Skeleton. Skull in situ Anatomy of a flat bone â​​ the periosteum of the neurocranium is known as the pericranium human from the front Side bones of the skull The human skull is the bone structure that forms the head head The human skeleton. It supports facial structures and forms a cavity for the brain. Like the skulls of
other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. [5] The skull consists of three parts, of different embryological origin, the neurocranium, the sutures and the facial skeleton (also called the visrocranium membrane). The neurocranium (or brain) forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brain stem. The upper areas
of the cranial bones form the calvary (cranial cap). The membranous visrocranium includes the mandible. Sutures are fairly rigid joints between the bones of the neurocranium. The facial skeleton is formed by the bones that support the face. Bone, except the jaw, all bones of the skull are joined by
sutures;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; worms or suture bones. Most commonly these are found during lambdied suture. The human skull is generally considered to consist of twenty-two bones, eight cranial bones and fourteen facial bones. In the neurocranium are the occipital bone, two temporal bones, two parietal
bones, the sphenoid, the ethinoid and the frontal bones. The bones of the facial skeleton (14) are the vomer, two lower nasal conches, two nasal bones, two maxilla, mandible, two palate bones, two zygomatic bones and two lacrimal bones. Some sources count a paired bone as one, or the jaw as if it had two bones (as parts); Some sources include the
hyoid bone or the three bones of the middle ear, but the general consensus of the number of bones in the human skull is the declared twenty-two. Some of these disoes226; the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nose, lacrimal and vomer, in the facial skeleton are flat bones. Guinea pigs and TAC foramine Skull in 3D The skull also
contains breasts, cavities filled with air, known as paranasal lefts, and numerous holes. The breasts are aligned with respiratory epithelium. Their known functions are the lowering of the weight of the skull, the help of resonance to the voice and the heating and humidity of the air drawn into the nasal cavity. The hole opens in the skull. The largest of
these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the spinal cord as well as the nerves and blood vessels. Processes The many processes of the skull include the mastoid process and the zygomatic processes. Other vertebrates Fenestrae A Centrosaurus cranium Scheme of Spinosaurus The windows in the skull of the dinosaur Massospondylus
The windows (from Latin, meaning windows) are openings in the skull. Anthrombital window Mandibolare Quadratojugal window Underquamosal window, an opening between two parts of the squamosal bone in some Window Temporal rodents Temporal windows are anatomical characteristics of the skulls of different types of amniotes, characterized
by bilateral symmetrical holes (fenestra) in the temporal bone. Depending on the ligament of a particular animal, two, one, or no pair of temporal windows may be present, above or below the postorbital and squamosal bones. The upper temporal windows are also known as the supertemporal windows, and the lower temporal windows are also known
as the infratemporal windows. The presence and morphology of the time window are fundamental for taxonomic classification of synapses, of which mammals are part. Physiological speculation associated it with an increase in metabolic rates and an increase in the musculature of the jaw. Carbonifer's first amniotes had no temporal window, but two
more advanced lines: synapsids (mammalian nets) and diapsides (more reptiles and later birds). As time passes, the time windows of the and synapsides have become more modified and e to make bites stronger and more muscles of the jaw. The dinosaurs, which are diapsides, have large advanced openings, and their descendants, birds, have time
windows that have been modified. Synapsids have a window opening in the skull, located in the back of the orbit. In their descendants, the cynodonts, the orbit fused with the opening of the fenestral after the latter had begun to expand within the therapists. So most mammals also have this. Subsequently, primates separated their orbit from the
temporal pit from the postorbital bar with the aphlorins later evolving the postorbital sect. Classification of the chimpanzee goat skull. There are four types of amniotic skull, classified by the number and position of their time window. These are: Anapsida ~no opening Synapsid is a low opening (under the postorbital and squamosal bones) Euryapside
is a high opening (above the postorbital and squamosal bones); The eurbapsids evolved from a diapside configuration, losing the lower temporal window. Diapsis Two openings Evolutionarily, are related as follows: Amniota Class Synapsida Order Therapsida Class Mammalia Mammalia (not related) Sauropsida reptiles and birds Subclass Reptilia
Subclass Parareptilia Infacclos Anapsida Subclass Euria Infacclos Diapsida Class Aves Infacclos Euryapsida Bones Brocca is a bone found in the major part of reptiles, amphibians, and birds. In mammals, the jugular is often called zygomatic bone or malar bone. The prefrontal bone is a bone that separates the tear and frontal bones in many tetrapods.
Pieces of fish, 1889, Fauna of British India, Sir Francis Day Skull of a swordfish The skull of fish is formed by a series of bones only vaguely connected. Lamprey and sharks have only one cartilage endocranium, with both upper jaws and Separate. Boned fish have additional dermal bones, forming a cranial roof more or less coherent in Lungfish fish
and holographic fish. Holographic. the lower jaw defines a chin. The simplest structure is found in the jawless fish, where the skull is normally represented by a basket of cartilage elements only partially enclosing the brain, and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril. In particular, these fish don’t have jaws. Cartilaginous
fishes, such as sharks and rays, also have simple and presumably primitive cranial structures. The skull is a single structure that forms a case around the brain, enclosing the lower surface and the sides, but always partially open at the top like a large fountain. The front-most part of the skull includes a front plate of cartilage, rostrum and capsules to
enclose the olfactory organs. Behind these are the orbits, and then a couple more capsules that enclose the structure of the inner ear. Finally, the skull tapered towards the back, where the magnum hole is located immediately above a single condile, articulating with the first vertebra. In addition, at various points in the skull, foramine is smaller for
the cranial nerves. The jaws consist of separate circles of cartilage, almost always distinct from the skull itself. [9] In rayfish, there has also been a notable change from the primitive model. The roof of the skull is generally well formed, and although the exact relationship of its bones to those of tetrapods is unclear, similar names are usually given for
convenience. Other elements of the skull, however, may be reduced; There is a small cheek region behind the enlarged orbits, and little, if there is some bone between them. The upper jaw is often formed largely by the premaxial jaw, with the jaw itself positioned further back, and an additional bone, the synlectic, which connects the jaw to the rest of
the skull. [10] Although the skulls of fossil-lobed fish resemble those of the first the same cannot be said of those of live longfish. The roof of the skull is completely formed and consists of multiple bones, of slightly irregular shape, without any direct relationship with those of the tetrapods. The upper jaw is formed by the only pterigods and vomiters,
which carry all teeth. Most of the skull is made of cartilage, and its overall structure is reduced. [10] Tiktaalik's skull tetrapods, an extinct species of transition between fish with lobe fins and first tetrapods The skulls of the first tetrapods were very similar to those of their ancestors among fish with lobe fins. The roof of the skull is formed by a series
of bones similar to plaques, including jaw, frontal, parietal and lacrimal. It overlaps with the cranium, which corresponds to the cartilage skull in sharks and races. Also the various separate bones that make up the temporal bone of man are part of the series of the roof of the skull. An additional plate consisting of four pairs of bones forms the roof of
the mouth, including the vomit and palatine. The base of the skull is formed by a ring of bones surrounding the magnum hole and a median bone further, similar to the occipital bone and parts of the sphenoid in mammals. Finally, the lower jaw is composed of multiple bones, of which only the anterior (dental) jaw is similar to the mammalian jaw. [10]
In the living tetrapods, many of the original bones have disappeared or merged with each other in various arrangements. The birds have a diapside skull, as in reptiles, with a prelacrimal moat (present in some reptiles). The skull has a single occipital crest. [11] The skull consists of five main bones: the front (top of the head), the parietal (back of the
head), the forehead and the nasal (upper beak), and the mandible (lower beak). The skull of a normal bird usually weighs about one percent of its total body weight. The eye occupies a considerable part of the skull and is surrounded a sclerotic ring, a ring of small bones. This featureeven in reptiles. The skull amphibians of amphibians, Hans Gadow,
1909 Amphibia and living amphibian Reptiles have typically reduced the skulls considerably, with many of the bones either missing or completely or partially replaced by cartilage. [10] In mammals and birds, in particular, cranial changes occurred to allow brain expansion. The fusion between the various bones is particularly remarkable in birds,
where individual structures can be difficult to identify. Skull development of a infant on the side The skull is a complex structure; Its bones are formed by both intramembranous ossification and endochondrial ossification. The bones of the cranial roof, which include the bones of the facial skeleton and the sides and roof of the neuroskull, are dermal
bones formed by intramembranous ossification, although the temporal bones are formed by endocondal bones. The endocranium, the bones supporting the brain (occipital, spheroid and ethinoid) are largely endocondal ossification. So the frontal and parietal bones are purely membranous. The geometry of the cranial base and its pit, the anterior,
central and posterior pit, changes rapidly. The anterior cranial cavity changes especially during the first trimester of pregnancy and cranial defects can often develop during this period. [13] At birth, the human skull is made up of four separate bone elements. During development, many of these bone elements gradually fuse into solid bones (e.g. the
frontal bone). The bones on the roof of the skull are initially separated from regions of dense connective tissue called fountains. There are six fountains: one front (or front), one rear (or occipital), two spheroids (or anterolateral) and two mastoids (or posterolateral). At birth, these regions are fibrous and mobile, necessary for birth and subsequent
growth. This growth can put a amount of tension on the "cervical cervix", which is where the squamous and lateral sides The occipital bone meets. A possible complication of this tension is the rupture of the large cerebral vein. As growth and ossification progress, the connective tissue of the fountains is invaded and replaced by bone stitches. The five
sutures are the two scaly sutures, a coronal, a lambdoid and a sagittal. The rear fountain usually closes for eight weeks, but the front fountain can remain open for up to eighteen months. The front fountain is located at the intersection of the frontal and parietal bones; it is a “soft spot” on the child’s forehead. Careful observation will show that it is
possible to count a child’s heart rate by observing his or her wrist beating gently through the front fountain. The skull in the newborn is large in proportion to the other parts of the body. The facial skeleton is one-seventh of the bald one. (In adults it is half the size). The base of the skull is short and narrow, although the inner ear is almost adult.[14]
Clinical Relevance Craniosynostosis is a condition in which one or more fibrous sutures in a newborn’s skull prematurely fuse,[15] and change the growth pattern of the skull.[16] Po Because the skull cannot expand perpendicularly to the fused suture, it grows more in the parallel direction.[16] Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the
space needed for the growing brain, but it results in an abnormal shape of the head and abnormal facial features.[16] In cases where the compensation does not provide enough space for the In brain growth, craniosynostosis causes an increase in intracranial pressure, which can lead to reduced vision, sleep, eating difficulties, or mental development.
[17] A copper-plated skull is a phenomenon in which intense intracranial pressure disfigures the inner surface of the skull.[18] derives from the fact that inner skull has the appearance of being beaten with a ball hammer, as often usedcoppersmiths. the condition is more common in children. lesions and treatment of brain injury can be life-
threatening. normally the skull protects the brain from damage through its rigid inflexibility; the skull is one of the less deformable structures present in nature and requires a force of about 1 ton to reduce the diameter of the skull of 1â cm.[19] in some cases, however, of cranial injury, intracranial pressure can be increased through mechanisms like
a subdural hematoma. . in these cases, the increase in intracranial pressure can cause brain hernia from the magnum hole (coning) due to lack of space for brain expansion; this may cause significant brain damage or death, unless urgent intervention is performed to relieve pressure. that is why patients with cerebral concussion must be followed very
carefully. dating back to the Neolithic, sometimes a skull operation called trapanning was performed. This involved the drilling of a bava in the skull. The examination of the skulls of this period reveals that patients sometimes survived for many years later. It seems likely that trapanning was also performed for purely ritualistic or religious reasons.
Today this procedure is still used, but it is normally called craniotomy. in March 2013, for the first time in the United States, researchers replaced a large percentage of a patient's skull with a precision polymer plant printed in 3D.[20] about 9 months later, on a Dutch woman the first complete replacement of the skull with a plastic insert printed in
3d.blood, there are "small channels" in the skull through which the immune cells combined with the bone marrow reach the areas of inflammation after brain tissue injury. Transgender procedures Surgical alterations to the features of the sexually dimorphic skull may be performed as part of facial feminization surgery, a series of reconstructive
surgical procedures that can alter male facial features to bring them in shape and size to typical female facial features. [23][24] These procedures can be an important part of the treatment of transgender people for gender dystrophy. [25][26] Society and culture Skull A is the symbol of penance, silk embroidery (17th century) artificial cranial
deformation is a largely historical practice of some cultures. Wooden ropes and panels would be used to apply pressure on a baby's skull and alter its shape, sometimes quite significant. This procedure would begin immediately after birth and would continue for several years. Osteology such as the face, skull and teeth can also indicate the history and
origin of a person a. Forensic scientists and archaeologists use metric and non-metric features to estimate as the carrier of the skull. When a significant amount of bone is found, such as in Spitalfields in the United Kingdom and JJHA in shells in Japan, osteologists may use traits, such as length, height and width ratios, to know the relationships of the
study population with other living or dying populations. German physician Franz Joseph Gall in about 1800's formulated the theory of phrenology, which tried to prove that the specific characteristics of the skull are associated with certain traits of personality or intellectual ability of its owner. His theory is now considered pseudoscientific. The main
article: sexual dimorphism in the middle of the 19th century, anthropologists found it fundamental to distinguish between male and female. A time anthropologist, James McGrigor Allan, claimed that the female brain was similar to that of an animal. [27] This permission granted to declare that women were actually more emotional and less rational
than men. McGrigor then concluded that women's brains were more similar to infants, and considered them inferior at the time. [27] To support these claims of female inferiority and silence feminists of the time, other anthropologists joined the studies on the female skull. These cranial measurements are the basis of so-called craniology. These
cranial measurements were also used to establish a link between women and black people. [27] Research has shown that, while in early life there is little difference between male and female skulls, in adult skulls tend to be larger and more robust than female skulls, which are lighter and smaller, with a lower cranial capacity of about ten% to that of
the male. [28] However, subsequent studies show that the skull of women is slightly more frequent and therefore men may be more sensitive to skull injuries than women. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35] However, other studies show that the skull of men is slightly more common in some areas. [36][37] compared to males. [38] It has also been shown that
male skulls maintain density with age, which can help prevent skull injuries, while female skull density decreases slightly with age. [39][40] Male skulls can have more prominent supraorbital crests, more prominent glabella and more prominent timelines. Female skulls generally have rounder orbits and narrower jaws. Male skulls have on average
larger palates, more squared orbits, larger mastopic processes, larger breasts and larger occipital curls than females. Male jaws generally have more squared and thicker minds, rougher muscle attachments than female jaws. Necessary citation Craniometry Headache index the ratio between the width of the head, multiplied by 100 and divided by its
length (front-back). The index is also used to classify animals, animals, dogs and cats. The width is usually measured just below the parietal eminence, and the length from the glabella to the occipital point. Man can be: Dolicocephalus "Mesaticephalus" Mesaticephalus "Medium Brachicephalus" Short head[14] Condrocranium terminology, a skeletal
structure primitive cartilage Endocranium Epicranium Pericranium, a membrane that covers the outer surface of the skull History The practice of Trepanning, which consists in creating a hole in the skull, has been described as the most ancient surgical procedure of which archaeological evidence,[41] found in the forms of cave paintings and human
remains. In a burial site in France dating back to the 6500.C., 40 of the 120 prehistoric skulls found had drilling holes. [42] Additional images An African elephant skull in Serengeti National Park A vulture skull Cobra King skull See also This article uses anatomical terminology. Craniometry Crystal skull Head and neck Anatomy Human skull
Symbolism Memento mori Plagiocephalia The abnormal flattening of one side of the skull skull and crossbones (disambiguation) Teshik-Tash Totenkopf Yorick skull supermodel References This article incorporates public domain texts from page 128 of the 20th edition of Gras Anatomy of the skull (1918). "Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Archived from
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today. Recovery August 30, 2018. Ainsworth, Tiffin A.; Spiegel, Jeffrey H. (2010). "Quality of the life of individuals with and without surgery of facial feminization or gender reassignment intervention". Quality of life research. 19 (7): 1019Ã ¢ â €. Doi: 10.1007 / S11136-010-96668-7. PmidÃ, 20461468. s2cida19; 160; 601504. ^ Shams, Mohammad
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September 2011 Filed with ModBack Machine (2008) ^ World Professional Association for Transgender Health. Care standards for the health of transsexual people, transgender and non-conformist genre, version 7. Filed 3 March 2012 at Modback Machine PG. 58 (2011). ^ A B C Fee, Elizabeth (FALL 1979). "Novecento-Century Craniology: the study
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vague in a contemporary sample of 1097 cases of autopsy: relationship with body weight, stature, age, sex and ancestors". International Journal of Legal Medicine. 130 (5): 1371 - 1377. DOI: 10.1007 / S00414-016-1324-5. ISNL 0937-9827. PMC. 4976057. PMIDÂ 26914798. "Sickness of the skull of black and white races." South African Medical
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GüdÃ1⁄4k, Mustafa; USSELLI, MURAT IMRE (19 NOVEMBER 2020). "The frontal bone is more often in women and the frontal breast is larger in men: a morphometric analysis". The craniofacial surgery newspaper. 32 (5): 1683 â € "1684. DOI: 10.1097 / SCS.000000007256. ISNNÂ 1536-3732. PMIDÂ 33229988. S2CIDÂ 227159148. "Spessor of the
human skull diploma in relation to age, sex and the construction of the general body". Head and face medicine. 1: 13. Doi: 10.1186 / 1746-160x-1-13. PMC Â 1351187. PMID. 16364185.-Case-Control-Study-2155-9562.1000128.pdf ^ MCKECEVER, Catherine K.; Schatz, Philip (2003). "I problemi attuali in in Identification, assessment and management
of sports-related injury impacts. Applied neurophysiology. 10 (1): 486; 10:10.1207/S15324826AN1001; U2. PMIDI94; 16070. S2aa 335332. Lillie, Elizabeth M.; Urban, Jillian E.; Sarah Lynch, K.; A.; A.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; M.; J.; J.; J.; J.; J.; J.; J.; Assessment of cortical subtlety of the skull Changes with age and
sex from computerized tomography. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 31(2) 299th and 307. two:10.1002/jbmr. 2613.ISSNN 160; 1523-4681. MEASURES 160; 26255873. Schulte-Geers, Christina; Waiter, Martin. Schilling, Reno 169; L.; Harth, Sebastian. Traupe, Horst? Gizewski, Elke R.; Verhoff, Marcel A. (2011). "Changes in bone density
depending on the age and sex of the human skull revealed by high resolution flat tomography." International Journal of Legal Medicine. 125(3): 417th and 425. two:10.1007/s00414-010-0544-3. MEASURES 160; 21234583. S2CIDA19; 160? 39294670. Capasso, Luigi (2002). Principles of human pathology history: medical history course for students of
the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery and Faculty195; 160? medical science (in Italian). Rome: SEU. ISBN 160; 978-88-8753-65-3. SECTION 160; The remainder, Richard (2000). Fixing the Brain. Mysteries of the mind. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society. ISBN 160; 978-0-7922-7941-9. OCLCON 43666032. The external links Wikimedia
Commons have media related to animal skulls and human skulls. Look for the skull in Wiktonion, the free dictionary. Skull Modulo (California State University Department of Antology) Tutorial skull anatomy. (Gateway Community College) the database of the skull of the skull of the skull of birds with a vast collection of skulls (Agricultural University of
Wageningen) Human skull base (in German) Human skull / Antropological Skulls / Comparison of vertebrate skulls (PDF; 502 kB) Retrieved da "Anatomy Retrieved from" [NdT] " "

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