Open Education in the Future of America's Community Colleges - American Association of Community Colleges Washington, DC August 6, 2014 Michael W ...

Open Education in the Future of
America’s Community Colleges

 American Association of Community Colleges
              Washington, DC
              August 6, 2014

             Michael W. Carroll
              Professor of Law
American University Washington College of Law

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Information Environmentalism

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Agenda
1. Long Horizon
2. Near-term – Educational Resources
3. Creative Commons
4. Open Educational Resources

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Long Term

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Pipeline Issues
 College      readiness
     Increased by?
         Pre-K programs
         Charters
         Common Core
         Teacher tenure
         Evidence-based polices

Pipeline Issues
 College      readiness
     Decreased by?
         Under-investment in K-12 public education
         Charters
         Teacher tenure
         English proficiency

Pipeline Issues
 Demographics
    College age population projected to decline
    But enrollment projected to increase slightly
     (by 3 million) by 2022.
        Source: NCES Projections of Education
         Statisticshttp://nces.ed.gov/pubs2014/201405
         1.pdf

Prospects for Graduates
 Returns   to education still generally
  positive
 Demands for more educated
  workforce likely to increase
 Aging population will shape
  demand
 Increasing competition from
  automation – robots – going to be a
  factor

Post-Associate Education
 Continue   to partner with four-year
  institutions; increase this activity
 Online education likely to increase
     Roles for Community Colleges
         Local teaching faculty for “superstars”?
         Badging or other skills-specific post-associate
          training?

 Role     of corporate partnerships

Copyright: 500 Years in 5
Minutes
 Scope
 Originally to print, publish or sell copies.
 Now, copyright law gives Author the power to
  control “copyright events”
       Making of copies
       Distributing copies
       Public performances
       Public displays
       Adaptations of copyrighted work

Copyright: 500 Years in 5 Minutes
Scope
Author’s rights are subject to limitations and
  exceptions, e.g.
  - Fair use
  - First sale

Copyright: 500 Years in 5 Minutes
Creation of teaching materials
Ownership issue – who is the author?
  Institution – statutory text
  Faculty member – history and context of law

In either case, rights can be shared through policies or
   agreements

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Creative Commons

Creative Commons licenses are permissions
 granted to the public with some conditions
Six CC licenses combine different sets of
 conditions
“CC BY” is shorthand for the Creative
 Commons Attribution license.
    The only condition on reuse is that the
      source is properly credited.

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Step 1: Choose Conditions
          Attribution

          ShareAlike

          NonCommercial

          NoDerivatives

Step 2: Receive a License

CC0 public       Public Domain
domain dedication       Mark

most free

least free

3 layers

“human readable” deed

“lawyer readable” license

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Open

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   What Does “Open” Mean?
   Terms of Access
   Terms of Use

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   What Does “Open” Mean?
  Is a Hollywood film an “open” resource?
  In the online context, means at a minimum free to
read
    Relinquish control over access

  Does it also mean free to reuse?
    If so, any conditions?

        Attribution?

        Non-Commercial?

        Share-Alike?

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Educational Resources --
The problem

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Educational Resources

Heavy reliance on textbooks
Textbooks produced with a 20th century
 model of education by a highly consolidated
 commercial publishing industry.
Shift to digital is occurring
   Loss of control – password access to
      materials
   Privacy – monitoring without adequate
      disclosure/consent
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Educational Resources

Heavy reliance on textbooks
Textbooks produced with a 20th century
 model of education by a highly consolidated
 commercial publishing industry.
Cost is unjustified
   New editions that merely re-arrange
     chapters or make minor revisions
   Reduction in editorial services while
     prices increase
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Educational Resources

Shift to digital is occurring
   Potentially greater interactivity
   Greater customization
   Loss of control – password access to
      materials
   Privacy – monitoring without adequate
      disclosure/consent

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There is a direct relationship between
       textbook costs and student success

60%+ do not purchase textbooks
      at some point due to cost    
49% take fewer courses due to
                textbook cost      
                                   
31% choose not to register for a
   course due to textbook cost     
       23% regularly go without
         textbooks due to cost     
   14% have dropped a course
         due to textbook cost      
                                   
                                            Source: 2012 student survey by Florida Virtual
    10% have withdrawn from a          http://www.openaccesstextbooks.org/pdf/20
                                                                                 Campus

                                          12_Exec_Sum_Student_Txtbk_Survey.pdf
    course due to textbook cost

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Open Educational Resources

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Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources also responds
 to “Access Denied”
  Terms of Access
     - Free on the Internet
  Terms of Use
     - Agree that reuse important
     - Some flavor of CC licenses

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Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources also responds
 to “Access Denied”
   Course materials / Supplementary
    materials
   Textbooks
   Courses (“Massively Online “Open”
    Courses) (MOOCs)

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Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources also responds
 to “Access Denied”
   Course materials / Supplementary
    materials – Author creates as part of job
   Textbooks – Author expects payment
   Courses (“Massively Online “Open”
    Courses) (MOOCs) -- Mix

                                                47

Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources also responds
 to “Access Denied”
   Course materials / Supplementary
    materials – OpenCourseWare, etc.

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Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources also responds
 to “Access Denied”
  Textbooks
      Mix of altruistic authors and authors
       funded by government/institutions

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Started as open
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VCs changed model
No longer open

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Open Educational Resources

Open Educational Resources also responds
 to “Access Denied”
  Courses (“Massive “Open” Online
    Courses) (MOOCs)

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Open Educational Resources

Question about how “Open” MOOCs are.
   Most do not yet put materials under an
    open license
     Free to read but not reuse/adapt
      (Saylor uses CC licenses, and some
        MITx content under CC).

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Open Educational Resources

Question about how “Open” MOOCs are.
   Most do not yet put materials under an
    open license
     Free to read but not reuse/adapt
      (Saylor uses CC licenses, and some
        MITx content under CC).

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Faculty Copyrights

         Questions?

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