PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CUT-RESISTANT MATERIALS: A BIOMIMETIC PERSPECTIVE - Sciendo
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AUTEX Research Journal, DOI 10.2478/aut-2021-0006
PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF CUT-RESISTANT MATERIALS:
A BIOMIMETIC PERSPECTIVE
Paulina Kropidłowska1, Emilia Irzmańska1, Jacek Sawicki2
1 Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Institute, Department of Personal Protective Equipment, 48 Wierzbowa, Lodz, Poland
2 Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, 1/15 Stefanowskiego, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
*Corresponding author: E-mail: pakro@ciop.lodz.pl, emirz@ciop.lodz.pl; jacek.sawicki@p.lodz.pl
Abstract:
The objective of the work was the preliminary experimental investigation of cut-resistant materials including a
biomimetic perspective. The effects of the cutting were expressed as static and dynamic cut resistance of the
following materials: knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, continuously coated knitted fabrics, and dot-coated knitted
fabrics. The cutting process gives rise to frictional forces, but the current test methods for cut-resistant gloves are
not designed to measure them. Therefore additionally, the cut resistance of the material was evaluated using a
modified procedure based on the standard EN 1082-1, taking into consideration grip strength tests to assess if there
is a potential correlation between cut resistance and anti-slip properties.
Keywords:
Protective gloves; cut-resistant materials; grip strength properties; biomimetic
1. Introduction methods for cut-resistant gloves is EN 388:2016 + A1:2018
[14], with EN ISO 13997:1999 [15] also being increasingly
One way of preventing hand injury is the use of gloves that used. The test methods described in those standards differ in
are fit for purpose in protective and ergonomic terms [1–3]. that EN 388:2016 + A1:2018 employs a round cutting blade
Worker’s hands, involved in all occupational tasks, are directly applying constant (static) cutting force, while EN ISO 13997
exposed to various hazardous workplace factors. Indeed, uses a straight blade applying variable (dynamic) cutting force.
upper limb injuries comprise the largest group of accidents at
work (as much as 39.2% in 2017) [4]. According to the literature, the higher the force needed to cut
through a material, the greater should be its cut resistance.
Except for some specialist protective devices (such as metal The two major components of cutting force are normal
mesh gloves), cut-resistant gloves are usually manufactured force and abrasive force, which differ between protective
from p-aramid yarns (Kevlar®, Kevlar® Kleen®, Kevlar® Plus®, materials [16]. According to Lara et al. [17], a greater friction
and Kevlar® Armor from DuPont; Twaron® and Twaron® coefficient may either enhance or reduce the cut resistance of
Premium Line from Teijin) or core-spun yarns, with cores made a material, depending on its thickness, Young modulus, and
of stainless steel or cut-resistant textile yarns and with sheaths macrostructure. It has also been shown that in fabrics knitted
made of textile yarns, polyethylene yarns (Dyneema® from from aramid yarns, frictional forces are very low as compared to
DSM; Spectra®, Spectra® Guard®, and Spectra® Guard® neoprene materials, which translates into differences in cutting
CX from Honeywell), glass fibers, a combination of the above, forces between coated and uncoated materials [18].
as well as from cotton, polyamide (and nylon), polyester,
elastane, and Lycra fibers [5–8]. To impart anti-slip properties As mentioned above, the cutting process gives rise to frictional
and facilitate the gripping of smooth and slippery objects, the forces, but the current test methods for cut-resistant gloves are
palmar or both palmar and dorsal aspects of gloves may be not designed to measure them. In the case of protective gloves,
coated with a continuous layer of polymer, usually polyvinyl this parameter can be determined indirectly by evaluating their
chloride, polyurethane, silicone, nitrile rubber, or natural rubber. anti-slip properties associated with gripping objects during
Such treatment not only improves the functional properties of manual work [6, 10]. The friction measurement methods widely
gloves but also enhances their mechanical resistance [9–12]. described in the literature were designed for evaluating the
pilling performance of flat textile materials in the context of the
For gloves to be deemed suitable for protection against esthetic appearance of clothing; these include the Kawabata
mechanical injury, they must meet several protective and method, the sliding fabric method, and estimation of the
functional requirements laid down in Regulation 2016/425 of coefficient of friction between parallel fabric surfaces [19–22].
the European Parliament and the Council [13]. A particularly
important protective parameter in this context is cut resistance. Measurement of both cutting and frictional forces in cutting
The basic standard specifying the requirements and test is of importance in evaluating alternative bionics-inspired
© 2021 by the authors. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
AUTEX Research Journal, DOI 10.2478/aut-2021-0006
materials with potential applications for protective gloves. of (0.3 ± 0.03) mm, and a total cutting angle of 30–35°. The
The design of protective devices is becoming an increasingly horizontal movement was 50 mm long with the blade rotating
complex process requiring interdisciplinary knowledge in terms completely (360°) in the opposite direction. The sinusoidal
of both product development and assessment, going beyond cutting speed was (8 ± 2) cm/s. Test results were recorded as
the prescribed standards. An example of such an approach in Table 2.
is seeking inspiration for innovative technological solutions
in the natural environment [23–27]. Lightweight structures C n represents the average number of cycles for the control
characterized by high mechanical resistance are indispensable specimen before and after the cut of the test specimen Tn and
in many engineering applications as biomimetic solutions have is calculated from the following equation:
been shown to possess superior mechanical properties as
compared to conventionally engineered ones [28, 29]. (1)
The present paper describes a preliminary study of bionics- A unitless cut resistance index (I) was calculated for every test
inspired textile materials made of cut-resistant yarns, coated specimen according to Eq. (2).
and not-coated with polymeric paste. The materials were
evaluated both according to the relevant standards and using (2)
other methods to reflect the important aspects of the cutting
process. The applied methodology accounted for different types
of cutting forces (static and dynamic) as well as macroscopic
frictional forces, which were assessed using non-standard grip The resulting index values were used to assign cut-resistant
strength measurements. The results obtained from the various performance levels to the specimens according to Table 3.
methods used were compared and analyzed for correlations
to determine whether the methods are suitable for reliable 3.2. Dynamic cut resistance testing
evaluation of cut-resistant materials.
Dynamic cut resistance testing under variable load applied
to the blade was conducted by following EN ISO 13997:1999
2. Materials using an apparatus from P.I. Kontech (Poland). Samples were
mounted on a metal cylinder with a radius of (38 ± 0.5) mm
The study involved four commercially available textile materials and a straight blade was drawn across the curvature of the
used in protective gloves, i.e., knitted fabrics, woven fabrics, cylinder with the plane of the blade at an angle of 90 ± 2° to
continuously coated knitted fabrics, and dot-coated knitted the long axis of the cylinder. The cutting edge of the blade was
fabrics, characterized in Table 1. The studied gloves were (74 ± 0.2) mm long, (18.5 ± 0.2) mm wide, and (1.0 ± 0.5) mm
made of aramid, glass, and carbon fibers. thick. The angle of the cutting edge was 22°. During the test,
a variable force ranging from 1.0 N to 200.0 N was applied to
the blade. The cutting rate was (2.5 ± 0.5) cm/s. Each result
3. Methods
The four selected groups of textile materials were tested for
static and dynamic cut resistance as well as grip strength. Table 3. Cut resistance requirements [14]
Before testing, samples were acclimatized at 23 ± 2°C and
Performance level Cut resistance (Index, I)
relative air humidity of 50 ± 5% for 24 h.
1 1.2
3.1. Static cut resistance testing
2 2.5
Static cut resistance was evaluated according to EN 3 5.0
388:2016 + A1:2018 with a constant load applied to the blade
resulting in a force of (5 ± 0.5) N. During the test, a rotating 4 10.0
circular blade with a diameter of (45 ± 0.5) mm, a thickness 5 20.0
Table 2. Calculation of cut resistance index [14]
Cn T Cn+1 I
Sequence
Control specimen Test specimen Control specimen Index
1 C1 T1 C2 i1
2 C2 T2 C3 i2
3 C3 T3 C4 i3
4 C4 T4 C5 i4
5 C5 T5 C6 I5
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AUTEX Research Journal, DOI 10.2478/aut-2021-0006
Table 1. Textile materials used in the study
Type of material Sample Photograph Composition Area density Thickness
designation (g/m2) (mm)
D-1 Aramid fibers 345.9 1.38
D-2 Aramid fibers 363.8 1.17
Knitted fabrics
D-3 Aramid fibers 234.1 0.23
T-1 Glass fibers 164.6 0.21
T-2 Aramid fibers 189.3 0.34
Woven fabrics
T-3 Aramid and 179.0 0.36
carbon fibers
DP-1 Silicone-coated 450.0 1.55
aramid fibers
Continuously coated knitted fabrics
DP-2 Silicone-coated 693.3 0.80
aramid fibers
DP-3 Silicone-coated 540.8 1.27
aramid fibers
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AUTEX Research Journal, DOI 10.2478/aut-2021-0006
Table 1 continued. Textile materials used in the study
Type of material Sample Photograph Composition Area density Thickness
designation (g/m2) (mm)
DN-1 Dot-coated 555.0 3.34
aramid fibers
Dot-coated knitted fabrics
DN-2 Dot-coated 614.0 2.68
aramid fibers
DN-3 Dot-coated 573.0 2.76
aramid fibers
was corrected for blade sharpness. Performance levels were 3.4. Statistical analysis
assigned to different cutting force levels according to Table 4.
The results were analyzed using SPSS Statistics 25.0
3.3. Grip strength test software. Pearson’s r correlation coefficient was calculated
by a posteriori bootstrapping with 1,000 replicates. Statistical
The grip strength properties of materials used in protective significance was adopted at p < 0.05. The results of static and
gloves were evaluated using a modified procedure based on dynamic cut resistance tests were compared with those of grip
the standard EN 1082-1 [30]. The modification concerned the strength tests to identify correlations.
type of specimens studied: while the standard test involves
entire gloves, the tests performed in this study involved samples
of glove materials. The measurement setup consisted of an
adjustable height table on which there was a metal cylinder
with a diameter of 30 mm coupled to a dynamometer. Samples
measuring 150 x 150 mm were cut out from the studied glove
materials and placed around the cylinder within the markers.
During tests, the human subject lightly squeezed the cylinder
with the sample wrapped around it with his or her right hand.
Then, the subject pulled the cylinder with maximum force
reached over a time of at least 5 s, which could be maintained
over 10 s. During a successful trial, the sample could not
move to the cylinder markers (its initial position). The grip
force exerted on the cylinder with a given sample was read
from the dynamometer (Andilog, USA). The test was done
in quintuplicate for each sample, with a 15 min rest between
consecutive trials. The measurement setup and procedure are
presented in Figure 1.
Table 4. Performance levels of materials tested with variable cutting
force [15]
Level Level Level Level Level Level
Performance levels
A B C D E F
Cutting force (N) 2 5 10 15 22 30 Figure 1. Diagram and photographs of the grip strength test.
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4. Results and discussion exhibited the highest resistance in both tests. The woven fabrics
made of aramid, glass, and carbon fibers revealed lower cutting
4.1. Laboratory test results performance levels as compared with the knitted materials.
The woven glass fiber fabric T-1 and woven aramid/carbon
Cut resistance and grip strength results for four groups of fiber fabric T-3 reached performance level 1 in terms of static
materials are presented below to establish correlations cutting and level B in terms of dynamic cutting. Higher static
between static and dynamic cut resistance and grip strength. cutting resistance was exhibited by the woven aramid fabric
Static and dynamic cut resistance results are given in Table 5 T-2, which revealed lower dynamic cutting resistance (level
and Figure 2 while grip strength results are shown in Figure 3. A). Silicone-coated knitted aramid fabrics were characterized
by resistance to dynamic cutting at the same level B. In terms
The presented static and dynamic cut resistance results reveal of static cutting, the coated aramid materials DP-2 and DP-3
high variability in the performance of commercially available reached performance level 2, while DP-1 reached level 1. All
materials used in protective gloves against mechanical hazards. dot-coated aramid fabric samples exhibited performance level
Knitted aramid fabrics were characterized by performance 2 for static cutting resistance and level C for dynamic cutting
levels 2, 4, and 5 in terms of static cutting and levels B and C in resistance (the highest possible result, reached by only two
terms of dynamic cutting. Among the tested knitted fabrics, D-1 other materials – the knitted aramid fabrics D-1 and D-2).
In terms of grip strength tests, the highest values were obtained
by silicone-coated knitted aramid fabrics DP-2 (64.8 N) and
Figure 2. Comparison with the results of static and dynamic cut Figure 3. Grip strength test results.
resistance.
Table 5. Static and dynamic cut resistance results
Type of material Sample designation Mean static cut resistance (I) Mean dynamic cut resistance
(N)
D-1 17.0 12.3
Continuously Woven fabrics Knitted fabrics
D-2 49.5 13.6
D-3 4.7 6.6
T-1 1.2 5.2
T-2 2.6 3.1
T-3 1.5 9.0
DP-1 1.9 7.9
coated fabrics
DP-2 4.2 8.3
DP-3 2.9 5.4
DN-1 2.9 11.1
Dot-coated
fabrics
DN-2 3.9 11.3
DN-3 3.9 10.8
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DP-3 (66.3 N), with similar results for the dot-coated knitted carbon fiber fabric T‑3, continuously coated knitted aramid
fabric DN-1 (62.4 N). The lowest grip strength was found for fabric DP-2, and dot-coated knitted aramid fabric DN-2.
non-coated woven aramid fabrics T-2 (27.8 N) and T-3 (29.9 N),
and the glass fiber woven fabric T-1 (32.5 N). Besides, the studied textile materials were evaluated using a
grip strength test (Figure 1), which provided indirect information
4.2. Statistical analysis results about their anti-slip properties. Those properties are of great
relevance to user comfort and ergonomics, as they significantly
Test results were analyzed statistically in terms of potential affect grip strength [1, 10, 36]. The highest grip strength was
correlations between cut resistance and grip strength by exhibited by the knitted aramid fabric D-1, woven glass fiber
calculating Pearson’s r coefficient. Table 6 presents descriptive fabric T-1, silicone-coated knitted aramid fabric DP-3, and dot-
statistics for static and dynamic cut resistance and grip strength coated knitted aramid fabric DN-1.
obtained for the studied materials.
Many authors have investigated the process of cutting
Table 7 contains a matrix of correlations between static and protective materials. In their study of cutting mechanics, Vu Thi
dynamic cut resistance and grip strength results for the studied et al. [37] reported that cut resistance arises from an interplay
materials. of two factors: intrinsic material strength and friction [35]. An
increase in friction may enhance or reduce cut resistance as
Statistical analysis showed that the static and dynamic the overall energy required to cut through a material depends
cut resistance of the studied protective materials was not on the friction coefficient: the loss of energy dissipated by the
significantly correlated with their grip force properties. force compressing laterally the blade sides exerted by the
material and resulting from its elasticity (bending rigidity) [35].
Consequently, the present authors found major differences
5. Summary and conclusion in cutting mechanics between coated and non-coated textile
materials. In the former case, the process of cutting involves
The study involved cut resistance tests under constant and two types of frictional forces: the force of macroscopic friction
varied cutting forces. Besides, a non-standard grip force test arising from the normal force applied to both sides of the blade
was used to investigate potential correlations between the cut and the sliding friction associated with the cut being propagated
resistance of materials and their grip strength properties. Thus, through the material (which occurs along the face of the blade).
the current paper presents a preliminary study in determining
optimum methods for evaluating cut-resistant materials, This study involved both continuously coated and dot-coated
including biomimetic ones. materials (Table 1). The application of polymeric dots, which
form spatial, and sometimes layered, structures was to some
According to a considerable body of literature, the cut resistance extent inspired by bionic structures. Indeed, according to a
of glove materials depends on the type of fibers they contain, substantial body of research, bionics-inspired solutions can
their structure, and the finish of the fabric [8, 16, 31, 32]. The substantially enhance mechanical properties as compared to
present study investigated the materials made of aramid, glass, conventionally engineered ones [38, 39], such as layer [40],
and carbon fibers (Table 1). plate [29], foam [41, 42], and hybrid layer structures [43, 44].
Although the abovementioned publications reported high
The cutting mechanism has been reported to be significantly mechanical strength of the developed structures, they have yet
affected by factors such as the strain associated with the to be validated and optimized. The present study also involved
transverse deflection of fibers [33, 34], the intrinsic strength some bionics-inspired textile materials with biomimetic grip
of the material [32], and friction between the blade and cut dots (Table 1).
material [35].
The present study employed the cut resistance test methods
prescribed in the standards EN 388:2016 + A1:2018 (static Table 7. Matrix of correlations between static and dynamic cut
cutting) and EN ISO 13997:1999 (dynamic cutting). Among all resistance and grip strength
the studied materials, the highest resistance to static cutting Grip strength (N)
was found for the knitted aramid fabric D-2, woven aramid
fabric T-2, continuously coated knitted aramid fabric DP-2, and Pearson’s r p
dot-coated knitted aramid fabrics DN-2 and DN-3. In terms Static (I) −0.19 0.55
of dynamic cutting, the highest resistance was also found for Cut resistance
the knitted aramid fabric D-2, and then for the woven aramid/ Dynamic (N) 0.22 0.50
Table 6. Descriptive statistics for static and dynamic cut resistance and grip strength tests
N Min Max M SD
Cut resistance Static (I) 12 1.20 49.46 8.02 13.70
Dynamic (N) 12 3.10 13.55 8.67 3.19
Grip strength (N) 12 27.80 66.26 46.49 13.61
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[8] Rebouillat, S., Steffenino, B. (2006). High performance
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
mechanical risks.
This paper has been based on the results of a research task [15] EN ISO 13997:1999. (1999). Protective clothing –
Mechanical properties- Determination of resistance to
carried out within the scope of the fifth stage of the National
cutting by sharp objects.
Program “Improvement of safety and working conditions”
partly supported in 2020–2022 — within the scope of research [16] Lara, J., Massé, S. (2020). Evaluating the cutting
resistance of protective clothing materials. Proceedings
and development — by the Ministry of Science and Higher
of the 1st European Conference on Protective Clothing
Education/National Centre for Research and Development.
(ECPC) and NOKOBETEF 6 “Ergonomics for Protective
The Central Institute for Labour Protection – National Research Clothing”, Sweden.
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on cut resistance of protective materials. Proceedings of
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