PROCEDURA DA SEGUIRE ALL'INIZIO DI OGNI LEZIONE SUBITO SI ENTRA IN AULA 'VIRTUALE' - Università di Cagliari

PROCEDURA DA SEGUIRE ALL'INIZIO DI OGNI
LEZIONE SUBITO SI ENTRA IN AULA
'VIRTUALE’

Trovate l’icona del microfono dello studente / della
studentessa, cliccate sulla freccia e attivate i vostri
microfoni. Poi, subito dopo, regolate il volume
portandolo a zero (per evitare il problema dei rumori di
fondo di molti partecipanti).

Chi è stato chiesto dal docente di parlare o chi vuole
chiedere o dire qualcosa può cliccare sull’icona dello
studente con la mano alzata.

LAUREA MAGISTRALE SCIENZE DEGLI ALIMENTI E
         DELLA NUTRIZIONE (LM 61)
         II SEMESTRE A.A. 2019-2020
       ABILITÀ LINGUISTICHE 1° ANNO
                 Geoffrey Gray
          Lezione n° 6: 30 marzo 2020

What do you remember? So far we have studied the
following grammar:

• present simple and the present progressive
  (continuous)
• present simple (state verbs)
• past simple and the past progressive (continuous)
• “used to” past
• past simple and present perfect

Today:

• another look at the past simple and present perfect

• present perfect and present perfect continuous

• SAN : feeling hungry and fast food

PAST SIMPLE: finished time
The tense system of Italian distinguishes between “il
passato prossimo” and “il passato remoto”.
In English there is no distinction between the recent
past and the distant past.

The universe began/started with the Big Bang 13.8
billion years ago.
The film began/started five minutes ago.

The key is the word ago. The Past Simple is used in
both cases because there is a temporal reference. We
know when something happened.

When did you:

• first become interested in biology or nutrition? (e.g.,
  four years ago / last year )

• go to the University of Cagliari for the first time?

• learn to drive a car?

• meet your best friend?

• visit another country (go abroad)?

PRESENT PERFECT

have/has/had + part participle

I have (I’ve) done a lot of work this week.
Has Barbara telephoned yet?

Anna ha letto il giornale.  Anna è andata al mare.
Anna has read the newspaper. Anna has gone to the beach.

Uses of the Present Perfect
New Get Inside Language p. 112

There is a connection between the past and the present.

• I have lost my password. (Consequence: I can’t log on now)
• Mr Smith has gone to a conference in Pisa. (and he is in Pisa
  now)
• We have been very busy this week. (and we are still busy)
• Italy have won the World Cup four times. (So far. In 2022?)

In these examples we do not find the words last or ago. There is no
reference to a specific moment or period in the past.

The Present Perfect with ever and never?
New Get Inside Language p. 116

Have you ever seen a ghost? No, I haven’t. No I’ve never
seen a ghost.

Has Bill ever been to the USA? He’s never been to the States
but he’s been to Canada twice.

Have you ever appeared on TV? I haven’t but my girlfriend
has.

In these examples there is no reference to ‘when’ – a fixed
time.

Have you ever?
(have) an operation in hospital?

(break) an arm?

(meet) an American person?

(meet) a famous person?

(gone) swimming?

(use) a bicycle?

(be) to England or America?

BEEN OR GONE?
New Get Inside Language p. 116

Jack has been to China three times (but he is at home right
now).
Jack has gone to China (and he is in Beijing right now).

(Telephone conversation): You can’t speak to Pauline right
now because she has gone to the bank. Try again a little
later.

Pauline has been to the bank, so she has plenty of cash at
the moment.

The Present Perfect with yet, already, just and so far

New Get Inside Language p. 119

Have you seen Spielberg’s new film yet?
No, I haven’t seen it yet.  Yes, I’ve already seen it.

She can’t graduate because she hasn’t passed the English exam
yet.

The United Kingdom hasn’t left the European Union yet. We are
still waiting to find out what is going to happen with Brexit.

There is a tendency to use yet in interrogative and negative
sentences and already in affirmative sentences but this is not a
grammatical rule.

• She is upset because she has just heard some sad news.
• We are suffering from jetlag because we’ve just come back from
  our holiday in California.
• I’ve just received my tax bill but I haven’t had time to check the
  calculations yet.

• Maura has been married three times so far and I think she’s
  looking for a fourth husband.
• How many exams have you passed so far?
• He’s only had two beers so far but… …… a third beer?

Present Perfect for duration with for and since
New Get Inside Language p. 123

How long…? =            Da quanto tempo…?
Present perfect         Presente indicativo

How long as Pippo Baudo been on TV?
He’s been on TV since 1959.
He’s been on TV for 60 years.

How long have you had your smart phone?
I’ve had it since September 2017. It was a birthday present.
I’ve had it for about 18 months. I bought it in a sale.

since + a date, a time, an event
for + a number of hours/days/months/years, a long time, ages

Present Perfect v. Past Simple
New Get Inside Language p. 127

             PRESENT PERFECT                              PAST SIMPLE

  J.K. Rowling has written 12 books and     Shakespeare wrote 37 plays and 154
  has made a lot of money.                  sonnets. He probably wasn’t a rich man.
  (Link with present)                       (No link with the present)
  I’ve known Amanda for ten years.          I met Amanda ten years ago.
  (know = conoscere)                        (meet = incontrare, conoscere per la
                                            prima volta)
  He can’t drive because he hasn’t          He couldn’t drive when he was in
  renewed his licence yet. (present         England because he didn’t want to
  consequence of past action/inaction)      change gear with his left hand.
  She hasn’t got her degree yet. (but she   Steve Jobs didn’t get a degree. (He
  intends to graduate)                      dropped out of university)

EXERCISE

Use the past simple to talk about what you did last week:

Last week I……. went / phoned / read / had / bought /
met ……..

Use the present perfect about what you have done this
week:

This week I have…… been / phoned / studied / seen

The Present Perfect Continuous
New Get Inside Language p. 132

                 PROCESS                                    PRODUCT

 He is hot and sweaty because he has        He has run twelve kilometres.
 been jogging.

 I have been working in the garden this     I have cut the grass and pulled up the
 morning.                                   weeds, and I have planted tomato and
                                            lettuce seeds.
 We have been waiting at the bus stop for   Not a single bus has passed. Is there a
 nearly 30 minutes.                         strike today?

 She’s been studying hard all week.         She’s read Prof. Greene’s book on
                                            genetics from cover to cover.

EXERCISE / PRACTICE
What’s happened and what’s been happening?

Use the present perfect to write two sentences about what
has happened.
• Cagliari football team has won two matches!
• A new medical research centre has opened to find a
   vaccination for the COVID-19 virus.

Use the present perfect continuous to write two sentences
about what has been happening:
• It’s been raining since the weekend.
• I’ve been studying well at home.

The Past Perfect (not the Present Perfect)
New Get Inside Language p. 136

The Past Perfect links two past actions, one of which preceded the
other. The Italian equivalent is the trapassato prossimo. The past
simple and the past perfect often appear in the same sentence.

Before he came to Sardinia, he had never seen a nuraghe.
When we got to the airport, the check-in desk had already closed.
The prime minister didn’t do the things he had promised to do
during the election campaign.
He had worked for RAI television for many years before he
switched to la 7.

Page 552 (501) Describing personal experiences

FALSE FRIENDS
AGONY       For most women giving birth is not just painful; it is
            agony.

ANNOY (v) ANNOYING (adj) ANNOYED (adj)
If you annoy people you provoke them or make them angry.
Our neighbours play loud music till 3.00 a.m. It is really annoying.
I will be annoyed if you don’t have the book on Thursday.

ASSIST (v) ASSISTANCE (n) ATTEND (v) ATTENDANCE
(n)
If you assist someone you help him/her. (TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE)
If you attend a meeting or a lesson, you are present.

DESCRBING PERSONAL EXPEREINCES
Translate into English:
Che cosa hai studiato all’università?
Sei mai stata negli Stati Uniti?
No, non sono mai stata negli Stati Uniti.
Quali è stata l’esperienza più interessante che hai
fatto?
Da quanto tempo vivi da solo?
Da quando mi sono iscritto all’università.
Viviamo qui da dieci anni.
Viviamo qui da 2010.

DESCRBING PERSONAL EXPEREINCES
Che cosa hai studiato all’università? What did you study at
university?
Sei mai stata negli Stati Uniti? Have you ever been to the
USA?
No, non sono mai stata negli Stati Uniti. No, I’ve never
been to the USA.
Quali è stata l’esperienza più interessante che hai fatto?
What’s the most interesting experience you’ve had?
Da quanto tempo vivi da solo? How long have you been
living on your own?
Da quando mi sono iscritto all’università. Since I applied to
the university.
Viviamo qui da dieci anni. We have lived here for ten years.
Viviamo qui da 2010. We have lived here since 2010.

SAN: one reason why you sometimes feel hungry
between lunch and dinner.

Listen and write down what you hear.

SAN: one reason why you sometimes feel hungry
between lunch and dinner.

Each time you eat, your pancreas secretes insulin,
the hormone that enables your body to turn food
into glucose, the sugar fuel on which you function.
The insulin temporarily reduces your appetite, but
over the next three or four hours, the insulin level
falls and you’re hungry again.

DISCUSS
«Fast food can be good food. By choosing carefully,
you can enjoy burgers, sandwiches and pizza while
still meeting recommended dietary allowances
(RDA) for all important nutrients plus vitamins and
minerals.» Do you agree or disagree with this
          234

statement? Give reasons.

High calories? High fat content? High cholestorol
levels that block the flow of blood? Lack of fibre
and lack of vitamins?

HOMEWORK

•   Future forms: explanations and exercises pp.
    162-172

•   Lexis: page 556 Making Travel Arrangements

•   SAN: use English-language websites to define
    the difference between type 1 diabetes and type
    2 diabetes, and the kind of diet you should
    follow.