Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID- 19 - 21 April 2020 - HIQA

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Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID- 19 - 21 April 2020 - HIQA
Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID-19
                                                  Health Information and Quality Authority

Review of restrictive public policy
measures to limit the spread of COVID-
19
21 April 2020

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Version history
Version Date             Specific updates
V1.0    25 March 2020    Date of first review
V2.0    26 March 2020    Included and summarised restrictive measures
                         implemented in Japan, Luxembourg, Poland, Chile,
                         and Finland.

                         Added a ‘live’ summary table (Table 1) of restrictive
                         measures in each country.

                         Reformatted some text and      added in two new data
                         measures to be captured in     data extraction.
V3.0    31 March 2020    Reformatted some text and      added in two new data
                         measures to be captured in     data extraction.

                         Included the date measures were introduced in each
                         country, and the duration of enforcement.

                         Updated policy measures from Ireland and Japan, and
                         included information on restrictive measures in
                         Germany.
V4.0    03 April 2020    Included additional data from: Germany, Iran, South
                         Korea, Belgium, Portugal, Norway, Singapore, Czechia,
                         Denmark, Romania, Ireland, Iceland, Russia, Peru and
                         Mexico.

                         Updated the text to focus on countries that introduced
                         more restrictive measures, where applicable.

                         Updated Table 1 with relevant dates in each country.

                         Included information from China on restrictions that
                         have been scaled back to date, along with Japan,
                         Peru, and Singapore.
V5.0    07 April 2020    Included additional data from: Brazil, Sweden,
                         Slovenia, Estonia, Croatia, and Greece.

                         Included information from Austria, Iran, Brazil, and
                         Germany on scaling back measures.

                         Removed information from Singapore on scaling back,
                         as they reversed their decision.
V6.0    09 April 2020    Included additional data from: Israel, Turkey, and
                         Malaysia, Indonesia and China.

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                        Included information from Norway, Czechia and
                        Denmark and Estonia on scaling back measures.
V7.0   14 April 2020    Included a summary table (Table 2) of measures that
                        are being eased and or lifted in different countries.
V8.0   17 April 2020    Added public health restrictions data for the following
                        countries: Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, New Zealand,
                        and the US (Table 1).

                        Added contextual data on the percentage growth rate
                        in the number of new cases daily for countries that are
                        scaling back measures (Table 2).

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Key points

   To limit the spread of COVID-19, governments around the world have
    implemented strict public policy measures that involved restricting the
    movement of people, banning mass gatherings, closing schools, businesses,
    and public amenities, and enforcing rule of law through enhanced powers of
    police and armed forces.

   Some of the most restrictive measures introduced internationally, to date, to
    limit the spread of COVID-19 involved:
    o Enforced quarantine, or cordon sanitaire, in Austria, China, Israel, Italy,
        Malaysia, Turkey, and Singapore.
    o Imposing a curfew in Chile, Ecuador, Israel, Peru, Romania, and Turkey.
    o Restricting the number of people allowed outside in groups to as few as
        two in Australia, Estonia, Germany, and the UK;
    o Limiting the movement of people outside of their own home to a two
        kilometre radius in Ireland.
    o Enforcing restrictions through the use of police or armed forces in Austria,
        Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg,
        Norway, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, among many more countries.

   Few countries have taken a less stringent approach to limiting the spread of
    COVID-19. In Sweden, for example, people have not been asked to stay at
    home, and all schools and businesses have remained open during the
    pandemic. The toughest restriction imposed, to date, involved limiting the
    number of people permitted to gather in groups to 50 people.

   As the growth in the spread of COVID-19 has begun to slow in some countries,
    there has been a shift towards easing and lifting restrictions. Some of the
    restrictions that are being eased internationally include:
    o   Re-opening of schools
    o   Re-opening of non-essential services
    o   Some return to workplaces
    o   More flexibility for social gatherings

   Triggers for the decision to ease restrictions include, declining or stabilising of
    new cases and deaths, and hospitals not having become overwhelmed.

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Background
A number of restrictive public policy measures have been introduced to limit the
growing spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Ireland. These were first
introduced on 12 March 2020, when the government announced the closure of
schools, nurseries, and universities to prevent the spread of the virus in the country.
Citizens were asked to practice social or physical distancing, and mass gatherings of
100 people in indoor areas were cancelled, while outdoor gatherings of 500 or more
people were also cancelled. The measures were quickly followed by the closure of
pubs and clubs. A number of additional restrictive measures were introduced on 24
March, with further restrictions announced on 28 March. These measures were
extended to 12 April, before being further extended until 5 May 2020.(1) Some of the
more restrictive measures introduced by the Irish Government to date included the:

      rule that everyone is required to stay at home, except in certain
       circumstances
      closure of all theatres, clubs, gyms and leisure centres, hairdressers, betting
       shops, marts, markets, casinos, bingo halls, libraries, and other similar outlets
      cancellation of all sporting events, including those played behind closed doors
      closure of playgrounds and holiday or caravan parks
      restriction on all organised social indoor or outdoor events of any size, such
       as parties or weddings
      closure of non-essential retail outlets
      everyone must exercise within a two kilometre radius of their house.

Restrictive public policy measures have also been implemented by governments in
other countries to limit the spread of COVID-19. The Health Information and Quality
Authority (HIQA) undertook a review to identify those countries that are implementing
restrictive measures; particularly those countries that are implementing more
restrictive measures than what have been introduced in Ireland.

Methods
The review was first undertaken on 25 March 2020, in line with HIQA’s Protocol to
identify public policy responses to COVID-19, available on www.hiqa.ie. Government
websites were searched to establish the set of restrictive public policy measures that
were being implemented, if any. The search was limited to the top 50 countries most
affected by COVID-19, as defined by the number of diagnosed cases on 25 March.
Information was extracted from press releases, press briefings, and government
documents on restrictive measures related to:

      travel
      mass gatherings

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      staying at home
      curfew
      cordon sanitaire
      closure of schools, nurseries or universities
      closure of businesses
      public amenities, such as parks and beaches
      public transport
      enforcement of restrictions by police or armed/military forces
      when restrictions were introduced and duration
      when restrictions were scaled back and triggers for this.

Results
A range of restrictive policy measures have been implemented across the countries
affected by COVID 19. Table 1 provides a detailed summary of the restrictive measures
introduced in each country. A brief summary of these measures is provided below,
with a specific focus on those countries that have implemented more restrictive
measures than Ireland.

Travel restrictions

All included countries implemented travel restrictions of some form. For example, Italy
has been declared as in ‘complete isolation’.(2) In Ireland, all non-essential travel
overseas has been advised against, rather than enforced. Foreign nationals are also
not prohibited from entering Ireland, although anyone arriving in Ireland must self-
isolate for 14 days. In contrast, citizens in Czechia are forbidden from departing the
country; only foreign nationals may leave.(3) Access to Czechia, Indonesia,(4) Estonia,(5)
Malaysia,(6) and Brazil(7) is forbidden to all foreign nationals, with some exceptions (for
example, those who live within 50km of the border or travelling for trade or diplomatic
reasons). Taiwan implemented stringent travel restrictions beginning in January, when
at the first sign of a new illness, the government introduced 124 measures to block
the spread of COVID-19. These included a ban on passenger flights, tours, cruise
ships, visas cancelled and health checks were implemented at airports followed by
strict quarantine for 14 days (which was tracked via mobile phone to ensure
compliance). Australia,(8) Canada,(9) and the US(10) have all imposed travel restrictions
including the closure of borders and advising citizens not to travel overseas. Entry into
the US has been restricted for anyone travelling from the Schengen area, along with
Ireland, China, Iran, and the UK, since mid-March. Norway issued new border control
rules on 13 April, ensuring that only Norwegian citizens and people who are legally
resident in Norway may enter the country.(11) The Czechian government also
introduced temporary land border controls with Germany and Austria to ensure foreign
nationals cannot enter the country.(3) Similar border controls have been introduced in
Poland,(12) while in Chile, all land, maritime, and air borders are closed for the transit

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of foreign nationals.(13) Portugal closed all entry to the country and imposed tight
lockdown restrictions in order to prevent travel over the Easter period, but have since
eased these restrictions to standard lockdown restrictions (a ban on all essential travel
and isolation at home).(14) Greece banned all non-EU entrants to the country until 18
April.(15) Malaysia closed all inbound and outbound borders(6) and China put restrictions
on inbound air travel.(16)

Mass gathering restrictions

The restrictions on mass gatherings have been broadly comparable across countries,
with the exception of Japan and Iran, which simply asked its citizens to avoid big
crowds and Croatia which banned events with more than 1,000 people.(17) In all other
included countries, mass gatherings have been prohibited to some extent. In Ireland,
mass gatherings have been completely prohibited: when outside, citizens have been
told not to gather with anyone from outside of their own household.(1) Few countries
have tougher restrictions on mass gatherings; however, in Italy, the movement of
people in public has been prohibited,(18) while in the UK,(19) Germany,(20) Australia,(21)
and Estonia,(22) gatherings of no more than two people are prohibited and more than
five for Indonesia. Slovenia additionally mandated the wearing of mouth and nose
protection and gloves when in any indoor public space.(23) Germany have also
mandated the wearing of masks in public. Turkey banned picnics, fishing and exercise
outside at the weekend in cities and town centres. In the US and Canada, mass
gatherings are prohibited but vary from state to state as to the limit on the number of
people. Whilst no lockdown was implemented in Taiwan, people have been asked to
wear protective masks and strictly follow COVID-19 precautions when going out.
Religious orders have moved ceremonies online.(24)

Advised to stay at home

On 28 March 2020, the Irish Government instructed everyone to stay at home, except
for very limited purposes (such as to buy medicines, food, or to travel to work in the
case of essential workers).(1) The measure is as restrictive as what has been
introduced in Italy,(18) France,(25) Spain,(26) Romania,(27) Ecuador,(28) Chile(13) and
Israel(29) among other countries. As of 10 April 2020, Italy extended its advice to stay
at home, along with all other restrictive measures, until 3 May. (30) Less restrictive
measures can be found in Germany,(31) South Korea, Singapore, and Iceland among
others, where people have been asked to practice social distancing and avoid going
out where possible. Slovenia implemented an additional measure where between 8am
and 10am, only vulnerable groups can make purchases.(32) In Poland, people will be
required to cover their mouths and noses when leaving their home from 16 April. (12)
In Australia, citizens have been asked to stay at home except for essential reasons,
such as food, work, and exercise,(33) while in Canada and the US, the restriction varies
by state. In New Zealand, a four-week national lockdown was introduced on March 26
asking people to stay at home to curb the spread of disease.(34) In contrast, no

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lockdown was implemented in Taiwan, but people have been asked to wear protective
masks and strictly follow COVID-19 precautions.(24)

Curfew imposed

To date, a curfew has not been imposed in Ireland. Although, the necessity of a curfew
may be redundant given the closure of businesses and restrictions on staying indoors.
However, five countries have implemented some form of a curfew restriction. These
include Chile (imposed from 10pm to 5am),(13) Ecuador (9pm to 5am)(28) and Peru
(6pm to 5am).(35) A curfew had been imposed in Romania, but it was replaced by the
mandate to stay at home.(27) Israel placed a curfew on citizens during the Passover
holidays, which was subsequently lifted. Turkey imposed a total curfew for everyone
over 65 years and under 20 years.(36)

Cordon sanitaire

The majority of countries have not implemented any form of cordon sanitaire (defined
as a guarded line preventing anyone from leaving an area infected by a disease and
thus spreading it)1 restrictions. In Italy, an absolute ban was imposed on anyone
leaving quarantined quarters due to infection, as well as quarantined quarters due to
close contact with confirmed cases.(18) In Austria, no one is allowed to enter or leave
affected parishes (the Paznaun Valley, St. Anton am Arlberg, and Sölden).(37) Three
large foreign worker dormitories have been designated as isolated in Singapore.(38) In
Malaysia, in Hulu Langat, Selangor, residents are not allowed to leave their homes and
no visitors are allowed to enter the area (effective from 1 April to 14 April 2020) due
to high case numbers. In Turkey, the Kendril town and surrounding areas are
quarantined. In Israel, there was a nationwide lockdown, barring Israelis from leaving
their communities during Passover, from 7 April until 10 April 2020.(39)

Closure of schools, nurseries, universities

All countries reviewed, implemented restrictions on the closure of schools, nurseries
and or universities. In most countries all educational institutions are closed, including
in Ireland, where it is currently unknown when they will reopen. Face-to-face classes
in third level institutes in Peru have been suspended until end of 2020. In the UK, all
schools are closed except for the children of critical workers.(19) In Japan, Canada, and
Croatia,(17) all schools are closed, but nurseries and kindergartens remain open.
Kindergartens and boarding schools remain open in Israel. Sweden has the fewest
restrictions, where schools are still open and universities have been asked to move to
online learning,(40) as is the case in Australia(41) and Taiwan, where the public health
advice is that schools are low risk areas of transmission and thus remain open.

1
    Lexico, powered by Oxford. Available from: https://www.lexico.com/definition/cordon_sanitaire

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Closure of businesses

The majority of countries have implemented some form of business closures. These
include, the closure of all businesses and places of worship in Italy.(18) In Spain(42) and
France,(25) all non-essential businesses have been suspended (including restaurants,
cafes, cinemas and nightclubs) as in Ireland,(1) and many more countries. However,
in Spain, certain sectors, including manufacturing and construction, have reopened
since 13 April 2020. In the UK, all non-essential businesses are closed (including retail
stores, pubs and nightclubs). Where essential businesses are opened, contactless
payment options are recommended and take away or delivery options strongly
encouraged.(19) Sweden has not closed any businesses.(40) Indonesia has made an
exception of mandatory closure for eight industries to continue: health, staple goods,
energy, communications, finance and banking, logistics, retail, strategic industries
located in the capital. No closures were implemented in Taiwan.

Restrictions on public amenities

Most countries have implemented some form of restrictions on public amenities. In
Ireland, playgrounds have been closed, and outdoor spaces such as parks and beaches
are being patrolled and groups dispersed.(1) Similar restrictions have been introduced
in South Korea, where public spaces have been shut including parks, sports facilities,
and day care centres.(43) In Italy, recreational outdoor activities, including sports, in
public places have been prohibited.(43) In France, people are not allowed to enter
public spaces.(25) In Slovenia, access is limited to people living in the municipality.(32)
Israel has closed playgrounds and synagogues, but beaches and parks are allowed
provided they are within 100 metres of your residence.(29) In some countries, the data
was unclear, such as in Spain, for example. Sweden have not imposed any
restrictions.(40)

Public transport restrictions

Public transport restrictions have been implemented in many countries. Currently
Ireland is providing public transport, but this is restricted to those who are buying
food or medicines, carers, going to medical appointments, and essential workers. (1)
The same restriction is in place in Spain(42) and Norway.(44) Less restrictive measures
can be observed in some countries. For example, in the Netherlands, public transport
remains operational but measures are in place to ensure passengers maintain a good
distance from each other.(45) There are no restrictions in Sweden and the restriction
of gatherings of no more than 50 people does not apply to public transport.(40) In
contrast, Slovenia has suspended all public trains, buses, gondolas and funicular
railways.(32) Turkey suspended free public travel to anyone over 65 years in certain
areas. In Indonesia, public transportation services are restricted to half their normal
passenger capacity and limit operations from 6 am to 6 pm, and Singapore has

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introduced thermal scanners and are prohibiting anyone with a fever from entering
public transport hubs.(46) No restrictions are in place in Australia,(21) Canada, or the
US, but people are advised to only use public transport if necessary.

Enforcement of restrictions

In Ireland, An Garda Síochána (the Irish police) have been empowered to enforce
restrictions under the Health (Preservation and Protection and Other Emergency
Measures in the Public Interest) Act 2000.(1) Since 7 April 2020 they have been
empowered to arrest and impose fines on people who do not comply. Police and armed
forces have been empowered in other countries to enforce restrictions, arrest
residents and impose fines. In Italy, for example, failure to comply with the
containment measures will result in fines of €400 to €3,000.(18) In France, 100,000
police and gendarmes have been deployed to ensure that anyone that has left their
household is in possession of a certificate permitting them to do so. Failure to comply
with the containment measure is punishable by a fixed fine of €135, which can be
increased to €375. Anyone caught violating the containment measure three or more
times over the course of 30 days risks imprisonment for six months. In Ecuador, the
Police and the Armed Forces, as well as municipal agents participating in controlling
activities, can enforce restrictions.(28) In Romania, anyone found leaving quarantine
without approval will be obliged to resume the 14-day quarantine, bearing the
expenses incurred with their quarantine and will be criminally liable.(27) In Australia,
the defence forces have been called in to assist with home quarantine compliance.(33)
In the US, penalties vary from state to state, enforced by the police department. For
instance, in Maryland a breach of restrictions could result in a year in jail, a $5,000
fine, or both. In Hong Kong, offenders are subject to a maximum fine of $25,000 and
imprisonment for six months. In Taiwan, the Government declared that violators of
home isolation regulations will be fined up to NT$300,000 (USD $10,000) and violators
of home quarantine regulations will be fined up to NT$150,000 (USD $5,000). No
enforcement of restrictions was reported in Japan.

Scale back or cessation of restrictions

A Joint European Roadmap towards lifting COVID-19 containment measures has been
published, 15 April.(47) This calls for a coordinated approach in the EU to restarting
economic and social activities while minimizing impact on people’s health and not
overburdening health care systems. It outlines three sets of criteria to assess whether
the time has come to begin to relax measures:

    • Epidemiological criteria showing the spread of the disease has significantly
      decreased and stabilised for a sustained period of time for example sustained
      reduction in new cases, hospitalisations and patients in intensive care.

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    • Sufficient health system capacity to cope with future increases in cases after
      lifting of measures and coping with any backlog of elective interventions.
    • Appropriate monitoring capacity, including large-scale testing capacity
      combined with contact tracing.

The paper also makes recommendations on how member states can gradually lift
measures:

    • Actions should be gradual, lifted in different steps with sufficient time (for
      example, one month) between steps.
    • General measures should be replaced by targeted ones for example protecting
      vulnerable groups for longer, intensified and regular cleaning and disinfection
      of transport hubs, shops and workplaces.
    • Lifting measures should start with those with a local impact and be gradually
      extended to measures with a broader geographical coverage.
    • There should be a phased approach to the opening of internal and external
      borders.
    • The re-start of the economic activity should be phased in. Not all of the
      population should go back to work at the same time. Social distancing should
      remain in place and teleworking should continue to be encouraged.
    • Gatherings of people should be progressively permitted. For example, schools
      could return with specific measures such as different lunch times, smaller
      classes and enhanced cleaning; commercial activity (retail) and social activities
      (for example, restaurants) could be re-opened with restricted opening hours
      and maximums of people allowed.
    • Efforts to prevent the spread of the virus should be sustained. Awareness
      campaigns should continue and social distancing should apply. The use of
      facemasks in the community could be considered.
    • Actions should be continuously monitored and preparedness developed for
      returning to stricter measures as necessary.

Some countries are beginning to scale back their restrictions (see Table 2). These are
largely about re-opening schools and select services. Czechia, Switzerland,
Luxembourg, and the US have published phased plans to gradually ease restrictions
over a number of months.

Triggers for the de-escalation of measures are not widely reported. Countries that
have, include Austria, Norway, Denmark, Spain and Germany. They cite a variety of
decline or stabilisation in new cases and or deaths and hospitals not having become
overwhelmed. The UK and the US, although they have not commenced de-escalation,
have published specific criteria that will act as triggers. These include when there is a
decline in cases, there being sufficient hospital capacity, and the establishment of
robust testing programmes.

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Summary
A number of restrictive public policy measures have been introduced across a number
of countries to limit the spread of COVID-19. Some of these measures involved
curfews; restricting the number of people allowed outside in groups (as few as two in
some cases); and enforcing rule of law through the use of police or armed forces. In
many cases, the restrictions introduced in Ireland have been as restrictive as those
introduced elsewhere (for example, on mass gatherings, staying at home and on
leaving the house). However, the policy response to COVID-19 has been broadly
consistent across countries, with the exception of Sweden where the response has
been less stringent in relation to business closures and mass gatherings, for example.

In most countries, nurseries, schools, universities and non-essential businesses and
services have been closed and everyone has been asked to stay at home and or avoid
unnecessary travel and contact with others.

A few countries have started ease restrictions, for example in relation to the closure
of schools and businesses. Countries that are easing or are planning to ease measures
are continuing to manage risk by various means, including increasing travel
restrictions, mandating nose and mouth coverings, continuing restrictive measures for
vulnerable groups and mass gatherings, and changing testing strategies. Triggers for
the decision to ease restrictions include declining or stabilising new cases and or
deaths and hospitals not having become overwhelmed.

The findings from this review were accurate as of 17 April 2020 10.00 GMT; however,
it is important to note that the measures identified above may change as the situation
and response to COVID-19 evolves.

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Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country            Travel          Mass             Advised to        Curfew          Cordon          Closure of         Closure of       Restriction      Public           Enforcement
[Dates]*           restrictions    gathering        stay at home      imposed         sanitaire       educational        businesses       s on public      transport        of restrictions
                                   restrictions                                                       institutes                          amenities        restrictions
Ireland            All non-        Mass             Everyone is       No              No              All nurseries,     All non-         Outdoor          Public           Measures are
                   essential       gatherings       required to       restrictions    restrictions    school and         essential        spaces e.g.      transport and    reflected in the
Introduced: 13     travel          are              stay at home,                                     universities are   businesses       parks and        passenger        regulations
March              overseas has    prohibited.      except to buy                                     closed             have been        beaches are      travel are       under the
Updated: 9         been            Cannot           medicines,                                        [Introduced 13     closed. A        patrolled        restricted to    Health
April              advised         gather with      groceries,                                        March]             select list of   and groups       those who are    (Preservation
Effective: 5 May   against.        anyone from      work, or                                                             essential        dispersed.       buying food      and Protection
                   Anyone          outside your     exercise                                                             businesses       Playgrounds      or medicines,    and Other
                   coming into     household.       (within a 2km                                                        and services     and some         carers, going    Emergency
                   Ireland,                         radius)                                                              (e.g., health    individual       to medical       Measures in the
                   apart from                       [Introduced                                                          care,            sites have       appointments     Public Interest)
                   Northern                         27 March]                                                            manufacturin     been closed      and essential    Act 2000 and
                   Ireland,                                                                                              g, farming)      by the           workers.         will be enforced
                   must restrict                                                                                         remain open.     Gardaí/local                      by the Garda
                   their                                                                                                                  councils.                         Síochána. As of
                   movements                                                                                                                                                7 April
                   for 14 days.                                                                                                                                             empowered to
                                                                                                                                                                            arrest and fine.
Italy              Italy           Imposed          Citizens          Not             Imposed         All schools,       All places       Recreational     Local public     Failure to
                   declared in     restriction on   required to       applicable      absolute ban    nurseries, and     intended for     outdoor          transport may    comply with the
Introduced: 9      isolation [9    the              stay at home.     due to          on anyone       universities       worship,         activities,      be               containment
March              March]. Only    movement of      Travel within     complete        leaving         have been          along with       including        suspended, as    measures will
Updated: 24        essential       people in        and between       lockdown        quarantined     suspended.         businesses       sports, in       decided by       be punished
March              travel (i.e.,   public.          regions is                        quarters due                       (e.g., cafés,    public           each region’s    with fines of
Effective: 13      for health                       prohibited                        to infection,                      bars, pubs,      places is        own              €400 - €3,000.
May                needs, work                      with the                          as well as                         restaurants      prohibited.      authorities
                   requirement                      exception of                      quarantined                        and other        Public           Travel outside
State of           s, reasons of                    necessary                         quarters due                       catering         access to        the
Emergency          absolute                         travel for work                   to close                           services) are    parks, villas,   municipality
declared until     necessity) to                    or                                contact with                       closed or        play areas       to holiday
31 July            Italy                            emergencies –                     confirmed                          suspended        and public       homes only
                   permitted                        movements                         cases.                             with certain     gardens is       allowed in
                   [28 March]                       are subject to                                                       exceptions:      prohibited.      cases of
                                                    police checks.                                                       pharmacies,                       emergency
                                                                                                                         etc. Since 10                     situations.
                                                                                                                         April,
                                                                                                                         stationery,
                                                                                                                         book and
                                                                                                                         baby stores
                                                                                                                         may open.

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Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country            Travel           Mass            Advised to       Curfew        Cordon      Closure of       Closure of        Restriction   Public          Enforcement
[Dates]*           restrictions     gathering       stay at home     imposed       sanitaire   educational      businesses        s on public   transport       of restrictions
                                    restrictions                                               institutes                         amenities     restrictions
Spain              All non-         Citizens are    Advised to       Unclear       Unclear     All schools,     Non-essential     Unclear       Passenger       Compliance
                   essential        required to     stay at home.                              nurseries, and   businesses                      transport,      with the
Introduced: 14     travel from      stay at home    People may                                 universities     closed; other                   both public     measures
March              third            and avoid       only drive                                 have been        types of                        and private,    decreed will be
Updated: 3         countries        gatherings of   alone and                                  suspended.       premises for                    has been        upheld by the
April              (except for      any kind.       activities are                                              shows, etc.,                    reduced by      State law
Effective: 25      returning                        limited to                                                  have been                       half for 15     enforcement
April              citizens) is                     basic needs,                                                suspended.                      days            agencies, and
                   restricted for                   such as                                                                                     [extended to    by local and
State of           30 days [17                      buying food or                                                                              25 April],      regional police
Emergency          March]                           medication,                                                                                 except for      forces .
extended until                                      etc.                                                                                        suburban
25 April                                                                                                                                        railway
                                                                                                                                                services.
France             Closed the       Advised to      In a state of    Not           Unclear     All crèches,     All places        Not allowed   Public          Individuals
                   borders of       avoid           ‘containment’;   applicable                schools,         open to the       to enter      transport       must have
Introduced: 12     the              gatherings of   shouldn’t go     due to                    colleges, high   public that are   public        allowed to go   certificates for
March              Schengen         any kind.       out except for   complete                  schools and      not essential     spaces        to work, if     travel. 100,000
Updated: 27        area                             travel to        lockdown.                 universities     to everyday                     physical        police and
March Effective:   [Introduced                      certain places                             have been        life such as                    presence at     gendarmes are
11 May             17 March].                       (e.g.,                                     suspended.       restaurants,                    work is         enforcing the
                                                    authorised                                                  cafes,                          essential.      restrictions.
                                                    shops).                                                     cinemas,
                                                                                                                nightclubs,
                                                                                                                etc., have
                                                                                                                been closed.

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Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country            Travel            Mass            Advised to        Curfew     Cordon      Closure of          Closure of       Restriction       Public          Enforcement
[Dates]*           restrictions      gathering       stay at home      imposed    sanitaire   educational         businesses       s on public       transport       of restrictions
                                     restrictions                                             institutes                           amenities         restrictions
Switzerland        Entry to          Restricted to   Advised to        Unclear    Unclear     Events requiring    Non-essential    All public        Unclear         A failure to
                   Switzerland       five people     stay at home                             physical            businesses       and private                       adhere to
Introduced: 13     from a high-                                                               presence at         are closed,      events are                        enacted bans is
March              risk country                                                               schools, higher     such as shops    banned.                           punishable by a
Updated: 28        or from a                                                                  education           and markets;     This also                         custodial
March              high-risk                                                                  institutions and    restaurants      includes                          sentence of up
Effective: 26      area is not                                                                other education     and cafés;       sporting                          to three years
April              allowed,                                                                   and training        bars,            events and                        or by a fine.
                   unless they                                                                institutions are    discotheques,    club
Scale back of      meet certain                                                               prohibited.         night clubs      activities. All
restrictive        criteria (e.g.,                                                                                and strip        establishme
measures to        Swiss                                                                                          clubs, etc.      nts open to
commence from      citizen)                                                                                                        the public
27 April**         [Effective for                                                                                                  are closed.
                   a maximum
                   of 6
                   months].
United Kingdom     Advised not       Restricted to   Advised to        Unclear    Unclear     Schools and         Non-essential    Community         Public          The relevant
                   to travel         two people      stay at home,                            childcare           shops and        spaces            transport       authorities,
Introduced: 23     abroad                            except for                               premises            businesses       closed.           services        including the
March              unless it’s                       very limited                             closed, except      including                          reduced.        police, given
Updated: 16        essential.                        purposes.                                to children of      pubs, cinemas                                      powers to
April                                                                                         critical workers.   and theatres,                                      enforce
Effective: 3                                                                                                      and retail                                         restrictions.
weeks from 16                                                                                                     stores closed.
April

Netherlands        Entry             Gatherings      Stay home as      Unclear    Unclear     Schools and         Businesses in    Unclear           Public          Mayors have
                   restrictions      banned,         much as                                  childcare           contact-based                      transport       the option of
Introduced: 19     in place          including       possible,                                centres closed.     industries,                        required to     enacting an
March              since 19          gatherings of   unless to go                                                 such as hair                       take            emergency by-
Updated: 31        March.            less than 100   to work or buy                                               salons and                         measures to     law, to more
March Effective:                     people.         groceries, etc.                                              beauty                             ensure people   easily and more
28 April                                             Allowed leave                                                parlours                           maintain a      quickly initiate
                                                     the house for                                                closed, along                      good            enforcement
                                                     air, exercise,                                               with casinos,                      distance.       activities in
                                                     etc. but not in                                              arcades, etc.                                      their regions.
                                                     groups

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Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country          Travel           Mass             Advised to        Curfew     Cordon       Closure of         Closure of       Restriction     Public          Enforcement
[Dates]*         restrictions     gathering        stay at home      imposed    sanitaire    educational        businesses       s on public     transport       of restrictions
                                  restrictions                                               institutes                          amenities       restrictions
Austria          Entry of         Restricted to    Advised to        Unclear    No one is    Schools,           Shops that do    Entering        None            Compliance
                 third-country    five people.     stay at home                 allowed to   kindergartens,     not serve        public          specified       with the
Introduced: 16   nationals                         and limited                  enter or     and universities   basic services   places is                       measures taken
March            suspended                         social                       leave        closed.            remain           strictly                        is checked by
Effective: 13    by air from                       interactions.                affected                        closed.          prohibited,                     the executive.
April            outside                                                        parishes.                       Restaurants,     with the
                 Schengen                                                                                       bars, coffee     exception of
Scale back of    area.                                                                                          houses etc.      some cases.
restrictive                                                                                                     are also
measures                                                                                                        closed.
commenced 14
April**
Luxembourg       Unnecessary      Mass             Citizens only     Unclear    Unclear      School and         All              Play areas      Hygiene         Police presence
                 travel must      gatherings       allowed out                               education          commercial       are closed.     measures        enforced to
Introduced: 18   be cancelled     are prohibited   for activities,                           sector             and craft        Outdoor         implemented     ensure
March            or               until 31 July,   such as                                   suspended, until   activities are   leisure         for public      prohibitions are
Updated: 15      postponed.       except           buying food,                              4 May at least.    prohibited.      activities on   transport       abided by.
April            Third-           funerals and     medicine.                                                    Construction     an individual   including
Effective:       country          weddings         Vulnerable                                                   sites are also   basis or        suspension of
Variable         nationals        (max 20          groups to                                                    closed.          limited to      on board
                 may no           people)          continue to                                                                   people who      ticket sales
Scale back of    longer enter                      confine once                                                                  live together   and barrier
restrictive      the territory                     scale back                                                                    are allowed.    tapes to
measures to      of the Grand                      begins, until                                                                                 support
commence from    Duchy                             at least 11                                                                                   physical
20 April**       [Effective for                    May.                                                                                          distancing.
                 one month]

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                                                                                                                                 Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country          Travel         Mass            Advised to        Curfew     Cordon      Closure of        Closure of         Restriction      Public         Enforcement
[Dates]*         restrictions   gathering       stay at home      imposed    sanitaire   educational       businesses         s on public      transport      of restrictions
                                restrictions                                             institutes                           amenities        restrictions
Poland           Borders        Ban on          Citizens          Unclear    Unclear     Higher            Businesses in      Ban on           On the bus,    Unclear
                 closed to      public,         advised not to                           education         shopping           using parks,     tram or
Introduced: 14   foreigners;    national and    go out (except                           institutions      centres have       forests,         subway, only
March            Polish         religious       when                                     suspended and     been               beaches,         half of the
Updated: 7       citizens       gatherings of   absolutely                               will remain       suspended          boulevards,      seats can be
April            abroad can     more than 50    necessary)                               closed until 26   (except for        promenades       occupied.
Effective: 26    return home    people. The     From 16 April,                           April 2020.       pharmacies,        or city bikes.
April            but must       ban applies     persons                                                    grocery stores
                 undergo        both to         leaving their                                              and other
                 compulsory     indoor and      homes will be                                              essential
                 14-day         outdoor         required to                                                services).
                 home           gatherings      cover their
                 quarantine                     mouths and
                 [Effective                     noses.
                 until 3 May]
Finland          Travel         Restricted to   Advised to        Unclear    Unclear     Schools,          Restaurants,       Unclear          Unclear        Unclear
                 restrictions   no more than    work from                                educational       cafés and
Introduced: 16   due to be      10 people.      home where                               institutions,     licensed
March            implemented                    possible and                             universities      premises
Effective: 13    .                              practice social                          closed            closed to
May, unless                                     distancing                               [Extended until   customers
otherwise                                       when out.                                13 May].          [Effective until
stated.                                                                                                    31 May].

State of
Emergency
declared 16
March

                                                                            Page 17 of 57
Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID-19
                                                                                                                                      Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country            Travel          Mass              Advised to        Curfew     Cordon      Closure of         Closure of         Restriction    Public            Enforcement
[Dates]*           restrictions    gathering         stay at home      imposed    sanitaire   educational        businesses         s on public    transport         of restrictions
                                   restrictions                                               institutes                            amenities      restrictions
Germany            Travel          Gatherings of     Members of        Unclear    Unclear     The Federal        Establishment      Unclear        Unclear           Police require
                   restrictions    more than 2       the public are                           Laender have       s such as                                           documentation
Introduced: 16     for entries     persons have      required to                              cancelled          bars, clubs,                                        (ID and proof
March              from outside    been banned       reduce their                             events and         theatres,                                           of address) of
Effective: 19      the             in all states     contact with                             closed schools     museums and                                         anyone outside
April, select      Schengen        until 19 April.   people other                             and                cinemas have                                        during
measures in        area            Large public      than the                                 kindergartens.     been required                                       restrictions.
place until 31     As of 10        events            members of                                                  to close.
August             April,          banned and        their own
                   countries       mandatory         household.
Scale back of      and regions     mask wearing
restrictive        are no          in public until
measures to        longer          31 Aug.
commence from      classified as
19 April**         international
                   risk areas.
Belgium            Non-            Activities of     Expected to       Unclear    Unclear     Lessons            All shops are      Recreational   Remains           Violations will
                   essential       cultural,         stay home as                             cancelled but      closed except:     areas of       operational,      be punished
Introduced: 12     travel          social,           much as                                  schools will       Food shops,        provencial     however,          and a system
March              abroad is       festive,          possible. Only                           receive children   including          domains        must be           for the
Updated: 15        prohibited.     folkloric,        allowed                                  for childcare in   night shops        closed, e.g.   organized to      immediate
April              Passengers      sporting and      out if necessar                          certain            (7h until 22h),    playground.    guarantee         collection of
Effective: 3 May   to observe      recreational      y (i.e.                                  circumstances.     Shops selling      Parks and      social            fines is being
                   social          nature,           essentail                                Nurseries          pet food,          woodland       distancing        implemented.
                   distancing      prohibited. All   workers,                                 remain open for    Pharmacies,        open.          rules.
                   and airports    indoor and        authorised                               children up to 3   Newspaper          Religious      People only to
                   must            outdoor           stores,                                  years old.         shops, gas         buildings      take public
                   facilitate.     events,           exercise).                               Higher             stations,          and            transport if it
                   Passengers       canceled.                                                 education          shops with         premises       is really
                   returning                                                                  institutions       basic facilities   remain         necessary.
                   from abroad                                                                move to            for newborns.      open; no
                   must self-                                                                 distance                              ceremonies
                   quarantine                                                                 learning.                             allowed.
                   for two
                   weeks.

                                                                                 Page 18 of 57
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                                                                                                                                  Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country           Travel           Mass           Advised to       Curfew     Cordon      Closure of            Closure of      Restriction    Public         Enforcement
[Dates]*          restrictions     gathering      stay at home     imposed    sanitaire   educational           businesses      s on public    transport      of restrictions
                                   restrictions                                           institutes                            amenities      restrictions
Portugal          Ban on           Public         Portuguese       Unclear    Unclear     Closure of all        All non-        Closure of     Public         Armed forces
                  disembarkati     gatherings     leaders                                 schools,              essential       museums        transport      can be
Introduced: 16    on from          are banned.    requested that                          universities and      shops should    and public     services are   deployed to
March             cruises          Groups of      everyone stay                           childcare             be closed and   libraries.     operating at   enforce the
Effective: 17     (except          more than      at home and                             facilities until 17   restaurants     Campsites      reduced        measures.
April             citizens);       five are not   only go                                 April.                should only     and            levels.
                  commercial       allowed,       outside in                                                    provide         motorhome
Update: State     flights          unless from    case of an                                                    takeaway.       parks are
of Emergency      to/from Italy    the one        emergency or                                                                  closed to
renewed for       stopped until    family.        to go to                                                                      tourists and
another 15 days   24 Mar;                         grocery                                                                       visitors.
                  flights to                      stores,
[A state of       countries                       pharmacies or
emergency is      outside EU                      to walk their
limited to 15     suspended,                      pets.
days but can be   with some
extended          exceptions.
indefinitely in   Ban on all
15-day periods]   but essential
                  travel and
                  self-isolation
                  until 17
                  April.

                                                                             Page 19 of 57
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                                                                                                                                   Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country          Travel          Mass              Advised to        Curfew     Cordon      Closure of         Closure of        Restriction    Public            Enforcement
[Dates]*         restrictions    gathering         stay at home      imposed    sanitaire   educational        businesses        s on public    transport         of restrictions
                                 restrictions                                               institutes                           amenities      restrictions
Norway           Advised         Ban and           Encouraged to     Unclear    Unclear     Closed.            Largely           Closed         The public        Norwegian
                 against non-    closure of        stay and work                            Gradually          closed.           (swimming      transport         authorities have
Introduced: 14   essential       various           from home                                reopening from     Gradually         pools, water   schedule was      confirmed that
March            travel to all   cultural          and limit close                          20 April, detail   reopening         parks).        to run as         a fine of 20,000
Updated: 8       countries.      events until      contact with                             in Table 2.        from 27 April,                   normal, to        Norwegian
April            Quarantine      15 June;          others. From                                                detail in Table                  ensure that       kroner (€1775)
Effective: 14    for arrivals    sports events     20 April,                                                   2.                               people with       or a 15-day jail
April            for 14 days.    and               people can                                                                                   critical social   sentence will be
                 Effective       organised         stay overnight                                                                               functions         handed out to
Scale back of    from 13         sports            at their                                                                                     could get to      anyone caught
restrictive      April: only     activities both   holiday cabins.                                                                              and from          breaking home
measures to      Norwegian       indoors and                                                                                                    work.             quarantine or
commence from    citizens and    outdoors.                                                                                                                        home isolation
20 April**       people who                                                                                                                                       rules.
                 are legally
                 resident in
                 Norway may
                 enter the
                 country.

                                                                               Page 20 of 57
Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID-19
                                                                                                                                   Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country           Travel           Mass              Advised to       Curfew         Cordon      Closure of    Closure of        Restriction   Public             Enforcement
[Dates]*          restrictions     gathering         stay at home     imposed        sanitaire   educational   businesses        s on public   transport          of restrictions
                                   restrictions                                                  institutes                      amenities     restrictions
Czechia           Reintroducti     All sport,        Free             No             Unclear     All closed.   Gradually re-     Public        Air travel, rail   Unclear
                  on of            cultural,         movement is      restriction                              opening since     access to     travel, coach
Introduced: 13    borders with     religious and     limited with                                              9 April, detail   swimming      travel, boat
March             Germany          other             the exception                                             in Table 2.       pools and     travel and
Updated: 7        and Austria      activities        of travel to                                                                tourist       road travel
April             until 5 April.   encompassin       and from work                                                               information   (for more
Effective:        Until 12         g more than       and necessary                                                               centres is    than 9
unclear unless    April, access    30 persons        travels to                                                                  forbidden.    persons) is
otherwise         is forbidden     are               ensure basic                                                                              suspended.
                  for              forbidden.        human needs.
stated
                  foreigners,      As of 7 April,    All persons
                  with some        individual        need to be
State of          exceptions.      outdoor           equipped with
Emergency         Returnees to     sports are        a face mask or
prolonged until   undergo 2        allowed           other covering
30 April          week             (limited to 2     of the nose
                  quarantine.      people). Ban      and mouth
Scale back of     Granting of      on use of         while outside
restrictive       new visas is     common            of their
measures          suspended.       spaces like       residence.
commenced 9       Travel           showers is
April**           abroad for       still in force.
                  essential
                  activities
                  allowed, 14
                  April.

                                                                                    Page 21 of 57
Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID-19
                                                                                                                                            Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country          Travel           Mass              Advised to       Curfew          Cordon         Closure of          Closure of        Restriction   Public            Enforcement
[Dates]*         restrictions     gathering         stay at home     imposed         sanitaire      educational         businesses        s on public   transport         of restrictions
                                  restrictions                                                      institutes                            amenities     restrictions
Denmark          Temporary        Prohibition of    All public       No              Unclear        Schools             Closure of        Unclear,      Anti-             The police has
                 border           events with       employees not    restriction                    gradually re-       restaurants,      appears to    congestion        been authorised
Introduced: 18   control and,     more than 10      performing                                      opening since       bars etc. Take    apply to      measures          to interfere at
March            restricted       people. All       critical                                        15 April, detail    away is           indoor        have been         public places if
Updated: 30      entry to         public cultural   functions have                                  in Table 2.         permissible.      centres       implemented,      more than 10
March            those with a     institutions,     been told to                                                        Closure of        only.         including         people have
Effective: 13    worthy           churches and      stay home                                                           major indoor                    alteration of     gathered at the
April            purpose of       activities        from work. All                                                      centres, e.g.                   timetables,       same location.
                 entering and     offered at        private sector                                                      shopping                        but no            The Attorney
                 do not have      parish halls,     employers                                                           centres.                        closures.         General has set
Scale back of
                 symptoms.        libraries,        have been                                                           Closure of                                        indicative fines
restrictive
                 Arrivals are     recreational      urged to                                                            indoor sports                                     for violating the
measures         to self-         facilities and    ensure that as                                                      and leisure                                       prohibitions and
commenced 14     isolate for      similar           many                                                                facilities. Ban                                   restrictions
April**          14 days.         activities,       employees as                                                        on                                                imposed for the
                 Residents        closed.           possible work                                                       professions                                       public and
                 advised                            from home.                                                          where social                                      traders.
                 against                                                                                                distancing
                 international                                                                                          cannot be
                 travel.                                                                                                maintained.
Iceland          Foreign          Ban on            Those who        No              No             University and      Mostly closed,    Unclear       No restrictions   Unclear
                 nationals        gatherings of     are possible     restrictions    restrictions   secondary           select services
Introduced: 16   except           50 or more        infected                                        education           re-open,
March            EU/EEA,          individuals.      should                                          institutions        detail in Table
Updated: 23      EFTA or UK       All children’s    quarantine.                                     open but limited    2.
March            nationals        and young         Those with                                      to 50 persons.
Effective: 17    and other        people’s          symptoms                                        Primary schools
April            limited          athletic and      should self-                                    and pre-schools
                 exceptions       youth group       isolate.                                        operating
                 are not          activities and                                                    normally.
Scale back of
                 allowed to       all adults’                                                       School buildings
restrictive
                 enter            athletic                                                          must be
measures         Iceland, until   activities are                                                    cleaned or
commenced 17     17 April. All    prohibited,                                                       disinfected after
April**          residents in     regardless of                                                     each day.
                 Iceland who      group size.
                 enter the
                 country
                 must
                 quarantine
                 for 14 days.

                                                                                    Page 22 of 57
Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID-19
                                                                                                                                       Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country           Travel          Mass            Advised to        Curfew          Cordon      Closure of         Closure of        Restriction   Public         Enforcement
[Dates]*          restrictions    gathering       stay at home      imposed         sanitaire   educational        businesses        s on public   transport      of restrictions
                                  restrictions                                                  institutes                           amenities     restrictions
Romania           All             Avoid           All persons are   A curfew        Unclear     Schools to         Dental activity   Unclear       Unclear        Starting 30
                  commercial      gathering in    forbidden to      between 10                  remain closed      is suspended,                                  March, persons
Introduced: 18    flights         groups of       travel outside    pm and                      throughout the     except for                                     leaving
March             to/from         more than 3.    their             6am was in                  period the state   emergency                                      quarantine,
Updated: 26       Spain and       Baptism,        residence/hou     place but                   of emergency is    care.                                          without
March             Italy           weddings,       sehold except     has been                    in place.          Commercial                                     approval will be
Effective: 15     suspended       funerals        for work and      replaced by                                    areas where                                    obliged to
April, unless     for 14 days     allowed, max.   essential         mandate to                                     several                                        resume the 14-
otherwise         from 18         8 people. All   reasons such      stay at                                        operators                                      day quarantine,
                  March 2020.     cultural,       as purchase of    home.                                          carry out                                      bearing the
stated.
                  Flights         scientific,     food, medical     Movement                                       activities are                                 expenses
State of          to/from         artistic,       appointment       of persons                                     closed except                                  incurred with
                  France and      religious,      and exercise.     over 65                                        those retailing                                their quarantine
Emergency
                  Germany         sports,         People over       years of                                       essentials.                                    and will be
declared for 30
                  suspended       entertainmen    65 years are      age outside                                    Serving and                                    criminally liable.
days on 16        for 14 days     t or            only allowed      the home is                                    consuming                                      For violation of
March             from 23         gambling,       out for           allowed                                        food and                                       self-isolation at
                  March 2020.     and personal    medical           between                                        beverages,                                     home, there is
Effective from    Aliens,         care            reasons.          8pm and                                        organized by                                   a fine of up to
14 April: all     stateless       activities,                       9pm, to                                        restaurants,                                   20,000 lei, as
restrictions      persons are     held in                           ensure the                                     hotels, cafes                                  well as a
extended to at    forbidden       confined                          needs of                                       or other                                       criminal case if
least 20 May      entry.          spaces, are                       pets. Others                                   public places                                  you contribute
                  Residents       suspended.                        are asked                                      is suspended.                                  to the spread of
                  discouraged                                       to stay at                                     Take away                                      the virus.
                  from                                              home                                           and deliveries
                  travelling to                                     during this                                    are
                  high risk                                         time.                                          permissible.
                  countries or
                  returning
                  from
                  countries
                  with high
                  number of
                  cases.

                                                                                   Page 23 of 57
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                                                                                                                                           Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country           Travel           Mass             Advised to         Curfew          Cordon         Closure of        Closure of      Restriction     Public           Enforcement
[Dates]*          restrictions     gathering        stay at home       imposed         sanitaire      educational       businesses      s on public     transport        of restrictions
                                   restrictions                                                       institutes                        amenities       restrictions
Sweden            Advise           All gatherings   Citizens asked     No              No             Adult             Not closed.     No              Public           The Swedish
                  against non-     of more than     to ‘consider       restrictions    restrictions   educational       Restaurants     restrictions.   transport,       Police Authority
Introduced: 14    essential        50 people        whether their                                     units including   and bars must                   work places      is responsible
March             travel to all    stopped.         trip is                                           universities to   adhere to                       and schools      for maintaining
                  countries.                        necessary’.                                       offer distance    strict                          are not          public order
Updated 7 April   This is valid                                                                       learning          regulations,                    covered by       and security
                  from 14                                                                             [introduced 18    however.                        the ban          and protecting
Effective: 30     March                                                                               March]. Schools                                   against public   the public.
June              through to                                                                          and pre-schools                                   gatherings of
                  14 April.                                                                           open.                                             more than 50
                                                                                                                                                        people.
Greece            Travel           Unclear          Residents are      Unclear         No             Schools closed    Most hotels     All             Unclear          Violators of
                  restrictions                      told to stay at                    restrictions   until 27 April.   closed until    museums,                         curfew will be
Introduced: 16    to/from:                          home from 23                                                        30 April.       including                        fined 150 Euros
March             Albania,                          March until 11                                                      Restaurants,    the                              per violation.
Updated: 23       Italy, Spain,                     April. Specifics                                                    bars, clubs,    Acropolis                        Passports or
March             N.                                are unclear.                                                        theatres,       are closed                       other
Effective: 30     Macedonia,                        Movement for                                                        playgrounds,    through the                      identification
April, unless     Turkey, UK,                       work,                                                               and gyms are    end of                           must be carried
otherwise         Netherlands,                      groceries and                                                       closed.         March.                           at all times and
                  Germany,                          to the                                                                                                               there must be a
stated
                  until 6 April.                    pharmacy is                                                                                                          valid reason to
                  Non-EU                            allowed.                                                                                                             be out.
                  citizens may
                  not enter
                  until 18 April
                  14 day self-
                  quarantine
                  for arrivals.
                  Most land
                  borders
                  closed.
                  Ferry service
                  from Italy
                  suspended.
                  Access to
                  islands for
                  residents
                  only.

                                                                                      Page 24 of 57
Review of restrictive public policy measures to limit the spread of COVID-19
                                                                                                                                     Health Information and Quality Authority

Table 1 Detailed summary of restrictive measures implemented by countries affected by COVID-19 [Accurate as of 17 April 10.00 GMT]
Country            Travel          Mass             Advised to        Curfew     Cordon      Closure of           Closure of       Restriction    Public         Enforcement
[Dates]*           restrictions    gathering        stay at home      imposed    sanitaire   educational          businesses       s on public    transport      of restrictions
                                   restrictions                                              institutes                            amenities      restrictions
Croatia            Avoid           Postpone all     Unclear           Unclear    Unclear     Two-week             Unclear          Unclear        Unclear        Unclear
                   travelling to   public events                                             suspension of
Introduced: 8      affected        with more                                                 classes in
March              areas in        than 1000                                                 schools and
Updated: 15        North Italy.    people.                                                   universities
March              Quarantine                                                                throughout
Effective:         for 14 days                                                               Croatia, starting
Unclear            for all                                                                   16 March. Does
                   foreign                                                                   not apply to
                   visitors to                                                               kindergartens.
                   Croatia.
Estonia            Limited         At most, 2       Advised to        Unclear    Unclear     Unlikely schools     Nationwide,      Symptomati     Unclear        Police will
                   permission      people can       stay at home,                            will resume on       unclear if any   c homeless                    enforce
Introduced: 25     to enter        be in a public   avoid close                              May 18. All          closed.          people are                    requirements
March              Estonia for     space            contact and                              major events,        Libraries and    not allowed                   for a confirmed
Updated: 29        foreigners,     together and     visits to other                          such as school       restaurants,     to move                       case to stay at
March              exceptions      a 2 metre        houses, 6                                trips, study trips   except for       freely in                     home until
Effective:         include         distance must    April.                                   and graduation       delivery, are    public                        recovered.
Unclear            those who       be kept from     Exceptions for                           events will be       closed.          places (from                  Failure to
                   are             others. Does     purchase of                              cancelled.           Some             7 April).                     comply will lead
State of           asymptomati     not apply to     food,                                                         industries can                                 to an
Emergency          c and           members of       medicines,                                                    resume inc.                                    administrative
declared until 1   involved in     the same         essential                                                     manufacturin                                   directive. If this
                   trade,          household.       medical                                                       g, retail and                                  is not adhered
May
                   maintenance                      treatment, to                                                 hairdressers,                                  to, then a fine
                   of services                      work, take                                                    if the                                         up to €2,000
                   or those                         children to                                                   employees                                      will be imposed,
                   entering for                     child care,                                                   comply with                                    26 March.
                   diplomatic                       care for the                                                  the hygiene
                   reasons.                         elderly, and                                                  requirements,
                                                    take exercise.                                                no one has
                                                                                                                  symptoms
                                                                                                                  and if
                                                                                                                  disinfectants
                                                                                                                  and protective
                                                                                                                  equipment
                                                                                                                  are made
                                                                                                                  available.

                                                                                Page 25 of 57
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