ROLE OF BOTANICAL ESSENTIAL OILS AS A THERAPY FOR CONTROLLING CORONAVIRUS (SARS-COV-2) DISEASE (COVID-19) - SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS
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International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue IV, April 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705
Role of botanical essential oils as a therapy for
controlling coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease
(Covid-19)
Ravindra B. Malabadi*1, Kiran P. Kolkar2, Neelambika T. Meti3, Raju K. Chalannavar*1
1*
Department of Applied Botany, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri-574199, Mangalore, Karnataka State, India
2
Department of Botany, Karnatak Science College, Dharwad, Karnataka state, India
3
Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of IT and Biotechnology, Bharati Vidyapeeth University, Pune-Satara
Road, Katraj, Pune - 411046, Maharashtra State, India
*Corresponding author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.51244/IJRSI.2021.8407
Abstract: - This review paper presented on the basis of extensive with these highly pathogenic coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2)
literature survey updated the importance of plant essential oils in could result in the acute respiratory distress syndrome
controlling many diseases, particularly coronavirus (SARS-CoV- (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI) followed by the failure
2) disease outbreak. Plant essential oils are valuable natural of the lungs function and death (Shin et al., 2020; Yang, 2021;
products, and used as a raw materials in aromatherapy,
Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b). Therefore, interaction between
phytotherapy, perfumery, cosmetics, spices and nutrition.
Aromatic plants produced a diversity of chemical constituents coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and the host may be responsible
with the potential to inhibit viral replication. Essential oils have for its unusual high morbidity and mortality (Zhang et al.,
several biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c; Zheng et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2020a,
antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound-healing and 2020b; Zhu et al., 2020). People infected with COVID-19
anti-cancer effects in in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, essential oils generally develop signs and symptoms including mild
have been analyzed and described as good antiviral agents respiratory symptoms, fever, common cold, running nose,
against respiratory tract viral infections, hence are excellent severe headache, dry cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, and
prospective candidate against coronavirus. Thus, essential oils loss of smell on an average of 5–6 days after infection but
and their constituents can hopefully be considered in near future
may ranges from two to fourteen days (Shereen et al., 2020;
for more clinical assessment and possible applications in
controlling the coronavirus pandemic. However, some of the Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wang et al., 2020; V‘kovski et al.,
plant essential oils are very toxic and poisonous and therefore, 2020). Furthermore, coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is zoonotic
oral consumption should be avoided. Further detailed clinical infecting both animal and human (Shereen et al., 2020; Shin et
trial experiments should be conducted for the scientific al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wang et al., 2020).
validation. Airborne transmission, particularly via nascent aerosols from
Key words: Antiviral, aromatherapathy, coronavirus, essential human atomization, is highly virulent and represents the
oils, herbal medicine, oil therapy, toxicity, dominant route for the transmission of covid-19 disease (Shin
et al., 2020; Yang, 2021; Malabadi et al., 2021a).
I. INTRODUCTION Coronaviruses have been identified in human and several
avian hosts as well as in various mammals, including pigs,
T he global outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (covid-19) is an
ongoing pandemic and a public gravest health emergency
chicken, camels, bats, Himalayan palm civets, mice, dogs, and
cats (Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wang et al., 2020; Shin et al.,
(Malabadi et al., 2021a, 2021b). The SARS-CoV-2 is a new 2020; Malabadi et al., 2021a, 2021b). SARS-CoV-2 is a RNA
strain of coronavirus that appeared in China in December enveloped coronavirus responsible for the pandemic of the
2019, and the viral disease is named as covid-19 (Zhang et al., Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. RNA viruses are
2020a, 2020b, 2020c; Zheng et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2020a, characterized by a high mutation rate, up to a million times
2020b; Zhu et al., 2020). SARS-CoV-2 is a beta-coronavirus higher than that of their hosts (Zhu et al., 2020; Shin et al.,
responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic (Shin et al., 2020; 2020; Yang, 2021). The pathogen, severe acute respiratory
Yang, 2021; Xu et al., 2020; Malabadi et al., 2021a, 2021b). syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) shared a phylogenetic
Symptoms of COVID-19 can be relatively non-specific and similarity to SARS-CoV (about 79%) and Middle East
infected people may be asymptomatic (Shin et al., 2020; respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) (about 50%) (Zhang et
Yang, 2021). The coronavirus can infect cells of the lungs, al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c; Zheng et al., 2009; Zhou et al.,
kidneys, heart and intestine, resulting in the organ damage 2020a, 2020b; Zhu et al., 2020). Furthermore, the genome
leading to the multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (Shin et sequence of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) also showed
al., 2020; Yang, 2021; Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b). Infection phylogenetic similarity to one of the species of bats (80%)
www.rsisinternational.org Page 105International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue IV, April 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705
(Shin et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c). lineage that combines the two. Double mutation" refers to
Therefore, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is originated from bats B.1.617's mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike
and bats are the primary hosts for the spread of the covid-19 protein's coding sequence at E484Q and L452R. The two
disease (Zhang et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c; Shin et al., 2020; mutations are 1) E484Q. The mutation at position 484,
Yang, 2021; Shereen et al., 2020). The novel coronavirus a glutamic acid-to-glutamine substitution, confers the variant
(SARS-CoV-2) originated from the Hunan seafood market at stronger binding potential to hACE2 (the
Wuhan, Hubei, China where bats, snakes, raccoon dogs, palm human ACE2 receptor), as well as better ability to evade
civets, and other animals were sold, and viral disease was hosts' immune systems, to B.1.617 in comparison to other
rapidly spread up and becomes global pandemic (Shin et al., variants. 2) L452R. The mutation at position 452, a leucine-
2020; Tang et al., 2020; Wu et al., 2020a, 2020b; Wang et al., to-arginine substitution, confers stronger affinity of the spike
2020; Yang, 2021; Zhang et al., 2020a, 2020b, 2020c). protein for the ACE2 receptor and decreased recognition
capability of the immune system. This new variant, (B.1.617)
The outbreak of second wave of coronavirus (SARS-
which has a so-called double mutation, is thought to be
CoV-2) variant with double mutilations (B.1.617) in India is
fuelling India's deadlier new wave of cases, and has already
out of control and leading to the larger infections and death.
begun to overwhelm its hospitals and crematoriums. WHO
India is in the midst of a devastating second wave of COVID-
has concluded that "Having two of these mutations, which
19. For the past several weeks, cases and deaths have
have been seen in other variants around the world, are
skyrocketed. India is recording more than a quarter million
concerning," Further, there was a similarity with mutations
cases per day. B.1.617 is also spreading quickly in India. Over
that will increase transmission as well as to reduce
the past few months, it has become the dominant strain in the
neutralization, possibly stunting the ability of vaccines to curb
state of Maharashtra and West Bengal (Doucleff, 2021)
them. Therefore, both mutations are known to decrease
Several studies have linked the two key mutations in B.1.617
although not completely eliminate the binding of the
with an increased ability for the virus to evade the immune
antibodies created by infection and vaccination. This new
system (Doucleff, 2021). So, most likely, COVD-19 vaccines
strain underscores the insidious nature of viruses, and
will still work against B1.617, but they could be slightly less
threatens to thwart containment efforts in India, despite
effective. There are also signs that people who have already
measures such as the world's largest lockdown last year.
had COVID-19 can be reinfected more easily with this strain.
Viruses mutate all the time, as the part of evolutionary
Therefore, re-infections may be driving this second wave,
biology. Some mutations weaken the virus while others may
explosive surge in India (Doucleff, 2021).
make it stronger, enabling it to proliferate faster or cause more
Currently the outbreak of this new variant (B.1.167) infections (Malabadi et al., 2021a).
with double mutations in India is the major health concern.
One good news is that indigenously developed covid-
The B.1.617 genome has at least 15 mutations, with two
19 vaccine Covaxin (India's indigenous COVID-19 vaccine by
specific mutations in the spike protein (Sample, Ian,19 April
Bharat Biotech, Hyderabad, Telangana, is developed in
2021). This new variant (B.1.617) with double mutations is
collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research
also detected in UK, and Canada (BBC News, 2021). The
(ICMR) and National Institute of Virology (NIV), Pune,
transmission rate is very high leading to the large number of
neutralises the double mutant variants of SARS-CoV-2 and
viral infections and death. This has led to the forced
works against new strain. Therefore, Bharath Biotech, Covaxin
lockdown, strict home isolation has been implemented by the
has now received Emergency USE Authorizations for covid-19
Government of India in order to curb the outbreak of viral
treatment in India. In addition to this, another covid-19
disease. This new variant, called B.1.617, was initially
vaccine, Covishild (Serum Institute of India, Pune,
detected in India with two mutations, the E484Q and L452R
Maharashtra, India) has also neutralises the double mutant
(Double mutant strain). Mutations in the spike gene can make
variants of SARS-CoV-2. This has been tested only in few
the virus inherently "better" at infecting people or can help the
blood samples of the infected people. Large scale clinical trials
virus to escape neutralising antibodies. This means if the virus
are undergoing and results are yet to be confirmed.
mutates in the "right way", it can reinfect someone who has
already recovered from covid-19 (Sample, Ian, 19 April Herbal plants are a natural source of many important
2021). The so-called ―double mutation‖ coronavirus found in phytochemicals and widely used in the pharmaceutical, food
India can be considered as a variant of concern (VOC) and cosmetic industries (Malabadi et al., 2021a; Swamy et al.,
because of its significant rapid spread and leading to the death 2016; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020;
of infected people. The B.1.617 strain‘s mutations are feared Ahmad et al., 2021; Teixeira et al., 2013). Essential oils are
to make the variant spread faster and partially evade the complex volatile compounds, synthesized naturally in
immunity. This new variant is believed to be largely different plant parts during the process of secondary
responsible for India‘s current second wave of the COVID-19 metabolism (Swamy et al., 2016; Teixeira et al., 2013). A
pandemic, with infection rates and hospitalisations on the rise wide variety of herbal plants are available in the Indian
once again. The B.1.617 variant strain has all the hallmarks of subcontinent, and they are the backbone of Indian traditional
a very dangerous virus. Mutations at sites E484 and L452 herbal medicinal system, Ayurveda and Siddha (Malabadi et
have been observed separately, but this is the first major viral al., 2021a; Kulkarni et al., 2020; Swamy et al., 2016;
www.rsisinternational.org Page 106International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) | Volume VIII, Issue IV, April 2021 | ISSN 2321–2705
Malabadi, 2008; Malabadi and Vijayakumar, 2008; Malabadi recent outbreak of deadly coronavirus (Nadjib, 2020; Ojah,
et al., 2009, 2010a, 2010b, 2011a, 2011b; Malabadi et al., 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao,
2012a, 2012b, 2012c, 2012d; Malabadi et al., 2016a, 2016c, 2020). Essential oils have the ability to hamper the growth of
2016d; Malabadi et al., 2017a, 2017b; Malabadi et al.. 2018). a diverse range of pathogens because of the presence of
Essential oils have the great potential in the field of natural compounds produced by the organs of plants.
biomedicine as they effectively destroyed the several Importantly, the unique aroma and other bioactive properties
bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens (Swamy et al., 2016; of an essential oil depends on its chemical constituents
Teixeira et al., 2013). The presence of different types of (Swamy et al., 2016). Essential oils are usually colourless or
aldehydes, phenolics, terpenes, and other antimicrobial pale yellow, with exception of the blue essential oil of
compounds means that the essential oils are effective against a chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and the most are liquid
diverse range of pathogens (Swamy et al., 2016; Teixeira et of lower density compared to water with few exceptions of the
al., 2013). Essential oils have tremendous business potential essential oil obtained from sassafras, cinnamon and clove
on the global market owing to their unique flavour and (Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and
fragrance properties and also biological activities (Swamy et Yao, 2020). Essential oils can be classified based on the
al., 2016; Asif et al., 2020; Teixeira et al., 2013). There are a number of carbon chains formed from basic isoprene units;
wide-range of essential oils, and their components have been hydrocarbons, esters, oxides, lactones, alchols, aldehydes and
clinically proven to possess the antiviral properties (Swamy et ketones (Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Tshibangu et
al., 2016; Malabadi et al., 2021a; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., al., 2020; Ojah, 2020).
2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Ahmad et al., 2021; Silva et al.,
Essential oils are the main active molecules in
2020; Kompelly et al., 2019). Essential oils are employed in
aromatic plants, and are the mixtures of different lipophilic
aromatherapy and for the treatment of several diseases
and volatile substances (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020;
including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer‘s, and
Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020). Essential oils of plants
cancer (Swamy et al., 2016; Teixeira et al., 2013). In
possess various applications mainly in health, cosmetic,
addition, the use of synthetic chemicals for the control of
agriculture and food industries (Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu et al.,
pathogenic microorganisms is limited because of their
2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020). Biological
carcinogenic effects, acute toxicity, and environmental hazard
properties of essential oils include not only antimutagenic,
potential (Swamy et al., 2016; Teixeira et al., 2013). In this
anticancer, antioxidant, antiprotozoal activities but also anti-
regard, the exploitation of essential oils to control epidemic
inflammatory, antimicrobial, immuno-modulatory and
multidrug resistant pathogenic microorganisms can be useful
antiviral that can be useful in COVID-19 treatment (Ojah,
to combat various infectious diseases (Swamy et al., 2016;
2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Tshibangu et al.,
Teixeira et al., 2013). However, the effects of plant essential
2020; Nadjib, 2020). Aromatic plants have been used since
oils on human coronaviruses are yet to be explored.
decades for the treatment of various ailments such as malaria,
II. CORONAVIRUS (SARS-COV-2): BOTANICAL diabetes, mental disorders, cancer, hypertension, respiratory
ESSENTIAL OILS disorders etc (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and
Yao, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Nadjib, 2020).
Plant based essential oils are comprised of a complex
Aromatherapy utilizes various essential oils that can be issued
mixture of volatile phytochemicals from diverse classes
through topical application, massage, inhalation or water
including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and
immersion to stimulate a desired therapeutic response (Ojah,
phenylpropanoids (Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Ojah,
2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Tshibangu et al.,
2020; Vimalanathan and Hudson, 2014; Juergens et al., 2003,
2020; Nadjib, 2020). Essential oils are colorless pleasant
2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020). Essential oils of medicinal
smelling liquids with high refractive index (Ojah, 2020; Asif
plants have an extensive applications in medicinal chemistry,
et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020;
pharmaceuticals, aromatherapy particularly in perfume and
Nadjib, 2020). Essential oils are composed of saturated and
soap industries (Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020). Thus
unsaturated hydrocarbons, alcohol, aldehydes, esters, ethers,
medicinal plants continue to be a main source of new lead bio-
ketones, oxides, phenols and terpenes which may produce
active molecules (Malabadi et al., 2021a, 2021b; Ahmad et
characteristic odours (Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and
al., 2021; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). Essential oils
Yao, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Nadjib, 2020). Essential
are odorous and volatile compounds found in plants and are
oils are neither acidic nor alkaline. They have the ability to go
stored in special fragile secretary structures, such as glands,
into the body tissues and literally become free radical
secretary hairs, secretary ducts, secretary cavities or resin
scavengers (Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020;
ducts (Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020;
Tshibangu et al., 2020; Nadjib, 2020). Aromatherapy is well
Ma and Yao, 2020). Essential oils of plants are hydrophobic,
known throughout the world particularly in India, Africa,
soluble in alcohol, non-polar or weakly polar solvents but
Europe, China, Japan, Thailand, and Nepal. Aromatic plants
only slightly soluble in water (Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020;
are boiled and steam is inhaled to treat colds, coughs or flu
Ma and Yao, 2020). Essential oils are among the plant-derived
(Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and
antiviral molecules that are being employed in phytomedicine,
Yao, 2020; Nadjib, 2020). Aromatherapy can provide
and are considered as prospective drug candidate against
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respiratory disinfection, treatment of respiratory disorders, JUNV, etc.) and even against SARS-CoV-1 which has 96% of
decongestant and psychological benefits (Ojah, 2020; the same genetic background with SARS-CoV-2 (Tshibangu
Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al.,
Nadjib, 2020). Molecules that enter the nose or mouth pass to 2020). Aromatic plants and their essential oils exhibit high
the lungs, and from there, to other parts of the body antiviral activities against several types of viruses (Tshibangu
(Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al.,
Yao, 2020; Nadjib, 2020). They can reach the brain, affect the 2020). This evidence stemming from several experimental
limbic system, which is linked to the emotions; the heart rate, studies means that some compounds derived from essential
breathing, memory, stress and hormone balance and then can oils could act as inhibitors of COVID-19 (Tshibangu et al.,
have a subtle, yet holistic effect on the body (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020).
2020; Ojah, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Molecular docking investigations and pharmacoinformatics of
Nadjib, 2020). Essential oils are used as flavouring agents. some compounds derived from essential oils with SARS-
Flavours are added to food to enhance their taste and aroma. CoV-2 protease are in progress to identify the potential
Flavouring in vanilla, is isolated from vanilla beans and inhibitors of the virus (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020;
methyl salicylate, which has a characteristic minty taste and Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020).
odour (Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020;
Essential oils can enter the body easily by inhalation.
Ma and Yao, 2020; Nadjib, 2020). Essential oils and their
Due to their volatility, they can be inhaled easily through the
terpene constituents may be accepted as natural alternative to
respiratory tract and lungs, which can distribute them into the
synthetic skin penetration enhancers (Ojah, 2020; Tshibangu
bloodstream (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib,
et al., 2020).
2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). In general, the
Essential oils of plants are characterised by the respiratory tract offers the most rapid way of entry into the
antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and antiviral properties body system followed by the dermal pathway (Tshibangu et
(Tshibangu et al., 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Ma and Yao, al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar
2020; Brochot et al., 2017; Asif et al., 2020; Kamalabadi et et al., 2020). Vapour form of essential oils was also found to
al., 2018; Vimalanathan and Hudson, 2014; Juergens et al., be safe against monolayers of epithelial cells. Inhalation of
2003, 2020). Essential oils of plants have long been known to essential oils has a significant role in controlling the central
have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, bronchodilatory, nervous system (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Ojah,
and antiviral properties and are being proposed to have the 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020).
activity against SARC-CoV-2 virus (Ojah, 2020; Kulkarni et Human exposure to essential oils through diet or environment
al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020; Sharma and is widespread. In most cases, essential oils can be absorbed
Kaur, 2020a, 2020b; Thuy et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020; from the food matrix or as pure products and cross the blood
Juergens et al., 2003, 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020). brain barrier easily (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020;
Enveloped viruses are known to respond sensitively to Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). One of
essential oils (Schnitzler et al., 2010; Asif et al., 2020; the study concluded that essential oils in vapour form could
Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). Owing to their lipophilic benefit people suffering from influenza (Vimalanathan and
nature, essential oils are advocated to penetrate viral Hudson 2014; Asif et al., 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah,
membranes easily leading to the membrane disruption (Asif et 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). Carvacrol and its
al., 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). Moreover, isomer thymol obtained from oregano have been shown to
essential oils contain multiple active phytochemicals that can inhibit viral host cell fusion via depletion of viral cholesterol
act synergistically on multiple stages of viral replication and from the HIV-1 envelope membranes, thus blocking the entry
also induce positive effects on host respiratory system of the virus into the host system (Mediouni et al. 2020;
including bronchodilation and mucus lysis (Asif et al., 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al.,
Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). These essential oils are 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). The essential oils of plants have
found to be active against a wide variety of viruses, such as the lipophilic nature property and therefore, potential to
influenza virus (IFV), human herpesviruses (HSV), human intercalate into the lipid double layer of the viral envelope
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), yellow fever virus, and avian (Asif et al., 2020; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib,
influenza (Ma and Yao, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Tshibangu et 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). Subsequently, the fluidity of the
al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). HSV (-1 and -2) are known to cause membranes is changed and, at a higher concentration, the
many life-threatening diseases (Kulkarni et al., 2020; Asif et membranes are even ruptured (Wink, 2020). Major
al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Sharma mechanisms through which essential oils induce antiviral
and Kaur, 2020a, 2020b; Silva et al., 2020; Thuy et al., 2020; actions are, direct actions on free viruses, inhibition of steps
Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). involved in virus attachment, penetration, intracellular
replication, and release from host cells and inhibition of vital
In another recent study reported by Tshibangu et al.,
enzymes (Ma and Yao, 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010;
(2020), the aromatic plants and their essential oils are active
Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al.,
against a large number of viruses (Herpes virus-1, Herpes
2020; Kumar et al., 2020).
virus-2, HIV, Adeno virus, Hepatite B Virus, Enterovirus 71,
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Plant essential oils are known for their antiviral 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et
components and one or more of the essentials may prove to be al., 2020). Biological activity of essential oils may be due to
potential cures for COVID-19 (Silva et al., 2020; Tshibangu et one of the compounds or due to the entire mixture (Tshibangu
al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Nadjib, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). Essentials oils showed antibacterial,
et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020). Some active components of fungicidal, relaxant, stimulating, antidepressant effect and can
the essential oils are terpinenes, pinenes, caryophyllene, be very effective therapeutic agent and used for external and
eugenol, linalool, and camphor (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Silva topical applications mixture (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah,
et al., 2020 Silva et al., 2020; Jahan et al., 2021). Essential oil 2020; Ma and Yao, 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Nadjib,
components of Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae), has β-ocimene, 2020; Asif et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020). Essential oils are
α- and β-pinene, and 1,8-cineole have been hypothesized to be known for their therapeutic properties and, used in the
potential therapeutics against COVID-19 through inhibiting treatment of various infections caused by both pathogenic and
the main protease (Mpro) of the virus (Tshibangu et al., 2020; non-pathogenic diseases (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020;
Silva et al., 2020; Jahan et al., 2021). In an in silico study Ma and Yao, 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Nadjib, 2020; Asif
with 171 essential oil components from various plants, best et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2020).
docking scores to Mpro were observed with (E)-β-farnesene,
After the confirmation of primary scientific
(E,E)-α-farnesene, (E,E)-farnesol, and (E)-nerolidol (Jahan et
evidences about anti-SARC-CoV-2 potentials of essential oils
al., 2021; Tshibangu et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2020).
and their active components, various essential oils selling and
At present, only computer-aided docking and few in extraction companies claimed about efficacy of their essential
vitro studies are available which showed anti-SARC-CoV-2 oils bearing products against COVID-19 (Asif et al., 2020).
activities of essential oils (Kulkarni et al., 2020; Asif et al., These claims were immediately noticed by the Food and Drug
2020; Kumar et al., 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Sharma and Administration (FDA) authority of USA and other authorities,
Kaur, 2020a, 2020b; Silva et al., 2020; Thuy et al., 2020; and warning letters were issued to the companies selling
Jahan et al., 2021). Therefore, in vitro and in vivo studies are essential oils with these claims (Asif et al., 2020).
warranted to establish the safe dose and clinical efficacy of
Following are the few important essential oils of
essential oils against SARC-CoV-2 (Asif et al., 2020; Nadjib,
medicinal plants used for controlling many disease due to
2020). The multiple pharmacological attributes of plant
extensive applications in medicinal chemistry, aromatherapy
essential oils, a combination approach whereby essential oils
and pharmaceuticals.
with established pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic
properties are administered with synthetic drugs is suggested 1) Ravintsara oil (Cinnamomum camphora)-Madagascar
to combat coronaviral disorder and its associated
complications (Asif et al., 2020; Nadjib, 2020). Furthermore, Ravintsara oil is extracted and distilled from the
leaves of Cinnamomum camphora belongs to the family
essential oils and their major components have displayed
Lauraceae in Madagascar (Blanchard, 2007; Ojah, 2020;
potent antiviral activity to other coronaviruses, such as SARS-
Ankita et al., 2014; Costa et al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2020;
CoV-1, although the mechanism of action of these oils and
Guo et al., 2017; Loizzo et al., 2008; Patne et al., 2020). True
their components were found to be mainly through inhibition
of viral replication (Senthil Kumar et al., 2020). Senthil Ravintsara (Cinnamomum camphora) essential oils contain at
Kumar et al., (2020) reported that geranium and lemon least 45% of 1,8-cineole (Loizzo et al., 2008; Minami et al.,
2003). Cinnamomum camphora in Madagascar is a very
essential oils and their major compounds, citronellol, geraniol,
different species than the camphor trees grown in Asia.
limonene, linalool, and neryl acetate, could downregulate
ACE2 expression in epithelial cells, thereby blocking virus Ravintsara oil is very toxic, poisonous and oral
entry into host cells, and eventually preventing viral infection. consumption of the oil should be avoided. Ravintsara oil is
However, further studies are highly warranted to conclude the more similar to Eucalyptus and Camphor. Furthermore,
underlying molecular mechanisms of this inhibitory effect eucalyptol, the primary chemical constituent of Ravintsara,
(Senthil Kumar et al., 2020). makes its aroma uniquely and ideal for use in a soothing
massage. Ravintsara oil is perfect for personal and home use,
Oral ingestion of essential oils needs attention due to and aroma of oil helps to create a relaxing, open environment
the potential toxicity of some oils. Essential oils are very toxic in even the stuffiest rooms. In addition to aromatic benefits,
and higher concentration are poisonous too and oral Ravintsara oil also contains surface cleansing properties when
consumption might leads to death. Ingested essential oil applied topically to the skin and general home
compounds may then be absorbed and delivered to the rest of surfaces. Rather than being rich in camphor, Ravintsara oil
the body by the bloodstream and then distributed to the other also contains higher concentration of 1,8-cineole (45-55%)
parts of the body (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). Once (Blanchard, 2007; Ankita et al., 2014; Costa et al., 2010; da
essential oil molecules are in the body, they interrelate with Silva et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2017; Loizzo et al., 2008; Patne
physiological functions by three distinct modes of action et al., 2020). Ravintsara oil has an invigorating
which may be pharmacological, physiological or camphoraceous scent and some chemical similarity to
psychological mixture (Tshibangu et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; eucalyptus radiata or globulus (Blanchard, 2007; Ankita et al.,
Ma and Yao, 2020; Schnitzler et al., 2010; Tshibangu et al.,
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2014; Costa et al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2020; Guo et al., circulatory system. Ravensare oil is also sedative tonic, de-
2017; Loizzo et al., 2008; Patne et al., 2020). During recent stressing, antiseptic oil, antimicrobial, and antiviral properties
outbreak of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Ravintsara oil is (Astani et al., 2010; Andrianoelisoa et al., 2010; Ramanoelina
found inhibiting the coronavirus under in vitro and in vivo due et al., 2006; Patne et al., 2020; da Silva et al., 2020). During
to its antiviral properties (Ojah, 2020; Patne et al., 2020; recent outbreak of coronavirus, Ravensare oil to be tested
Loizzo et al., 2008). Therefore, further clinical evidence is yet against SARS-CoV-2 under in vitro and in vivo conditions
to be concluded. Ravintsara oil is an excellent germ fighter (Ojah, 2020; Patne et al., 2020; da Silva et al., 2020; Minami
and has antiviral, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti- et al., 2003). However, clinical trials are not yet confirmed
spasmodic properties which can calm muscles and soothe and experiments still lacking the scientific evidences.
coughs (Blanchard, 2007; Ankita et al., 2014; Costa et al.,
3) Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia)-Australia
2010; da Silva et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2017; Loizzo et al.,
2008; Patne et al., 2020). Ravintsara oil can support the lungs Tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia), the volatile
and energetically can boost mood, help one relax, and support essential oil derived mainly from the Australian native plant
feelings of confidence. The main chemical, 1,8 cineole, Melaleuca alternifolia belong to the family Myrtaceae
generally present in copious amounts in Ravintsara oil and has (Carson et al., 2006; Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; Capetti et al.,
been linked to cognitive enhancement and improved focus and 2020; Brun et al., 2019; Patne et al., 2020). Tea tree oil (TTO)
work performance (Juergens et al., 2003, 2020). Therefore, is produced by steam distillation of the leaves and terminal
Ravintsara oil may also help one to better focus and support branches of Melaleuca alternifolia endemic to Australia
work or study (Blanchard, 2007; Ankita et al., 2014; Costa et (Carson et al., 2006; Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; Capetti et al.,
al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2017; Loizzo et 2020; Brun et al., 2019). Tea tree oil (TTO) can be toxic if
al., 2008; Patne et al., 2020; Minami et al., 2003; Juergens et ingested, as evidenced by studies with animals and from
al., 2003, 2020). Ravintsara oil extracted from the leaves of cases of human poisoning. Therefore, oral consumption of
Cinnamomum camphora in Madagascar sometimes is also Tea tree oil should be avoided and used only for the
known as Ho Leaf Oil. The oil from the bark of this tree is external topical applications. Tea Tree Oil is a complex
commonly called Ho Wood (Blanchard, 2007; Ankita et al., mixture of terpenes and other hydrocarbons produced
2014; Costa et al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2020; Guo et al., metabolically in the leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia an
2017; Loizzo et al., 2008; Patne et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020; Australian native species is also known as the Narrow Leaved
Minami et al., 2003). Tea Tree. Employed largely for its antimicrobial properties,
Tea tree oil (TTO) is incorporated as the active ingredient in
2) Ravensara oil (Ravensara aromatica Sonnerat)-
many topical formulations used to treat cutaneous infections
Madagascar
(Capetti et al., 2020; Carson et al., 2006; Garozzo et al., 2009,
Ravensara oil is extracted and distilled from the 2011; Capetti et al., 2020; Astani et al., 2010; Brun et al.,
leaves of Ravensara aromatica belongs to the family 2019; Patne et al., 2020). It is widely available over the
Lauraceae in Madagascar (Andrianoelisoa et al., 2010; counter in Australia, Europe, and North America and is
Ramanoelina et al., 2006; Patne et al., 2020; Costa et al., marketed as a remedy for various ailments (Carson et al.,
2010; da Silva et al., 2020; Ojah, 2020). It is a shrub of the 2006; Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; Capetti et al., 2020; Brun et
rain forests of Madagascar that can reach 5 meters in height. al., 2019; Li et al., 2013; Usachev et al., 2013). Tea tree oil is
The oval leaves are green, and the flowers are composed of 5 anti-bacterial (Acne, oral care, hand sanitiser, body odour,
very persistent sepals (Andrianoelisoa et al., 2010; minor wounds or lesions), anti-fungal (Dandruff, mould,
Ramanoelina et al., 2006; Patne et al., 2020; Costa et al., toenail, feet, HVAC/air treatment), anti-inflammatory (minor
2010; da Silva et al., 2020; Minami et al., 2003). The leaves wounds, grazes, insect bites), anti-yeast (Feminine care, oral
and the fruits have the reputation of being aphrodisiacs care), acaricidal (Ticks, mites), and antiviral (Home,
(Andrianoelisoa et al., 2010). Ravensara oil is very toxic, industrial, personal care) properties (Carson et al., 2006;
poisonous and oral consumption of the oil should be Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; Capetti et al., 2020; Brun et al.,
avoided. The essential oil of aromatic Ravensare contains 2019; Li et al., 2013; Usachev et al., 2013). The other
monoterpene hydrocarbons, monoterpene alcohols, common uses of Tea tree oil is used in 1) Hand sanitisers –
sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, phenols, esters and monoterpene formulations with around 70% alcohol and 5-10% Tea tree
oxides and Limonene, germacrene-D (Andrianoelisoa et al., oil (TTO) are most common. The ethanol evaporates quickly
2010; Costa et al., 2010; Ramanoelina et al., 2006; Patne et while the Tea tree oil (TTO) remains much longer on the skin
al., 2020). Ravensare oil mainly contains methyl chavicol potentially providing additional protection through its
(79.7%), methyl eugenol (8.5%) and limonene (3.1%) (Patne antimicrobial efficacy. 2) Vaporisers or HVAC inserts – many
et al., 2020; Costa et al., 2010; Andrianoelisoa et al., 2010). homes and offices are choosing to use Tea tree oil (TTO) in a
The chemical composition of Ravensara aromatica bark is vaporiser unit or in an air conditioning unit to provide
characterized by a high amount of methyl chavicol (83–98%), potential protection from airborne viruses and other
whatever the chemotype (Andrianoelisoa et al., 2010; Ojah, microorganisms. 3) Surface cleaning products – formulations
2020). The aromatic Ravensare oil has decontracting, anti - with Tea tree oil (TTO) are proving popular for spraying on
inflammatory, stimulating properties of the immune and and wiping down surfaces. Many anecdotal reports of tea tree
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oil being added to daily cleaners to provide the additional Lemon balm oil has medicinal properties like
potential protection against microorganisms (Carson et al., refreshing, as tonic, carminative, diaphoretic, surgical
2006; Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; Capetti et al., 2020; Brun et dressing for wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, sedative-
al., 2019; Li et al., 2013; The Australian Tea Tree Industry hypnotic strengthening the memory and headache, sedative,
Association (ATTIA Ltd)- Fact sheet-May 17, 2020). Despite carminative, digestive, diaphoretic antioxidant, antimicrobial,
some progress, there is still a lack of clinical evidence antiviral, antidepressant, psychoneurological, antispasmodic
demonstrating efficacy against bacterial, fungal, or viral and stimulant activity, antidiabetic, and antitumor properties
infections. Large randomized clinical trials are now required (Verma et al., 2015; Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 2014;
to cement a place for Tea tree oil (TTO) as a topical Sharafzadeh et al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; Ozarowsk
medicinal agent. et al., 2016; Moradkhani et al., 2010). Lemon balm oil has
been used externally to treat herpes, sores, gout, insect bites
Tea tree oil (TTO) comprises of various
and other skin diseases (Verma et al., 2015). Lemon balm is
monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes as well as other aromatic
also known as a hormonal herb due to its antithyroid activity
compounds (Patne et al., 2020). The monoterpenes terpinen-
(Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 201).
4-ol, α-terpinene, α-terpinene, 1, 8-cineole, p-cymene, α-
terpineol, α-pinene, terpinolenes, limo-nene, and sabinene Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.,) has antiviral
account for 80-90% of the Tea tree oil (TTO) (Patne et al., activity against herpes simplex virus type 2, influenza virus
2020; Carson et al., 2006; Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; Capetti A2, influenza viruses and myxoviruses in vitro and vaccinia
et al., 2020; Brun et al., 2019; Li et al., 2013). Tea tree oil virus. In one of the study, aqueous extract of the lemon balm
(TTO) can help to get rid of the herpes simplex virus, which leaves inhibited haemagglutination induced by newcastle
causes cold sores, as well as viruses that cause the common disease virus or mumps virus (Verma et al., 2015). Aqueous
cold and the flu. Monoterpenes combination in Tea tree oil extracts of the leaves of Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.,)
(TTO) shows synergetic anti-viral actions. Active components have been reported to have activity against semliki forest virus
of tea tree oil (TTO) showed strong anti-viral activity (Patne (Verma et al., 2015). Lemon balm attracts bees, and if it is
et al., 2020; Carson et al., 2006; Garozzo et al., 2009, 2011; rubbed on inside of empty beehives it will attract new bee
Capetti et al., 2020; Brun et al., 2019; Li et al., 2013). All swarms (Verma et al., 2015). Lemon balm is also used as an
these properties suggested the probability of the effectiveness insect repellent (Verma et al., 2015). It is a prominent
of tea tree oil (TTO) against Covid-19 (Patne et al., 2020). antimicrobial agent against food-borne pathogens and
spoilage bacteria. In vitro testing has identified its anti-HIV
4) Lemon Balm Oil (Melissa officinalis L)
activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and antitumor
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.,) belongs to a activity (Verma et al., 2015). Therefore, during recent
family Lamiaceae, is a perennial plant, can be found in its outbreak of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Lemon balm
natural environment in the eastern part of the Mediterranean (Melissa officinalis L.,) was suggested as an alternative
area, as well as in the temperate zones of Asia and North therapy for the control of covid-19 (Patne et al., 2020).
America (Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 2014; Sharafzadeh et Clinical trials are yet to be concluded for the scientific
al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; Ozarowsk et al., 2016; validation.
Moradkhani et al., 2010). Currently in India lemon balm
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.,) is grown for
(Melissa officinalis L.,) is cultivated in Karnataka, Gujarat,
pharmaceutical purposes and to obtain essential oil, and is
Punjab, Tamilnadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
used in therapy which contains up to 0.3% of essential oil
Kashmir, and Uttrakhand (Verma et al., 2015). Dried or fresh
(Verma et al., 2015; Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 2014;
leaves and top aerial section of the plant which are
Sharafzadeh et al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; Ozarowsk
consumable. Fresh leaves of lemon balm add a magical
et al., 2016; Moradkhani et al., 2010). The glandular
flavour to many dishes, oils, vinegars and herbal liqueurs.
trichomes are produced and start to release oil at a very early
Fresh or dried leaves make a refreshing tea, either cold or hot
stages of plant growth (Verma et al., 2015; Nurzyńska-
(Verma et al., 2015). Lemon balm is a versatile culinary herb
Wierdaka et al., 2014; Sharafzadeh et al., 2011; Abdel-Naime
which can be used to flavour for different types of dishes,
et al., 2016; Ozarowsk et al., 2016; Moradkhani et al., 2010).
from beverages, to appetizers, desserts (Verma et al., 2015). It
The lemon balm oil is obtained by hydrodistillation from air-
can be added to salads, sandwiches, soups, stews, butters,
dried leaves was light yellow in color and characterized by a
cheeses, fish, stuffings for poultry, egg dishes, vegetables,
fresh lemon scent (Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 2014;
fruit cups, jams, jellies, sauces, herb vinegar, wine, fruits
Sharafzadeh et al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; Ozarowsk
punch, cakes, custards, ice cream, cookies, and cheesecakes
et al., 2016; Moradkhani et al., 2010).
(Verma et al., 2015). Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) is used
in phytotherapy for the prevention and treatment of nervous The main active constituents of lemon balm oil
disturbances of sleep (Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 2014; (Melissa officinalis L) are volatile compounds (e.g., geranial,
Sharafzadeh et al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; Ozarowsk neral, citronellal, and geraniol), triterpenes (e.g., ursolic acid
et al., 2016; Moradkhani et al., 2010). and oleanolic acid), and phenolics (e.g., cis-and trans-
RAisomers, caffeic acid derivatives, luteolin, naringin, and
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hesperidin) (Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et al., 2014; Sharafzadeh et antimicrobial, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-
al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; Ozarowsk et al., 2016; inflammatory properties commonly used in all the dishes
Moradkhani et al., 2010). The chemical characterization of (Asif et al., 2020; Patel et al., 2018). Garlic has been used as a
lemon balm oil (Melissa officinalis L) confirmed the presence medication to treat common cold, throat infections, running
of geranial (45.2% and 45.1%) and neral (32.8% and 33.8%); nose, influenza, and other kinds of infections for centuries.
citronellal (8.7% and 0.4%), geraniol (trace amounts and The compounds such as allyl disulphide (28.4%), allyl
0.6%), and geranyl acetate (0.5% and 3.0%), as well as, trisulphide (22.8%), allyl (E)-1-propenyl disulphide (8.2%),
among others, isogeranial, E-caryophyllene, caryophyllene allyl methyl trisulphide (6.7%), and diallyl tetrasulphide
oxide, germacrene D, and carvacrol (Nurzyńska-Wierdaka et (6.5%) were identified as the main constituents of garlic
al., 2014; Sharafzadeh et al., 2011; Abdel-Naime et al., 2016; essential oil (Asif et al., 2020). In case of garlic, 17
Ozarowsk et al., 2016; Moradkhani et al., 2010). compounds were studied for their activities against ACE2
5) Eucalyptus oil (Eucalyptus globulus) protein and viral main protease (Mpro/6LU7) of SARC-CoV-
2. ACE2 is involved in the viral invasion of host cells, while
Essential oils obtained from eucalyptus (Eucalyptus Mpro is involved in viral replication. All the 17 compounds
globulus) belongs to family Myrtaceae are traditionally used studied showed interactions with host protein (ACE2) as well
to treat various respiratory ailments including pharyngitis, as with viral proteases, indicating that garlic oil has a great
bronchitis, and sinusitis (Asif et al., 2020; Patne et al., 2020). potential to treat COVID-19 patients (Asif et al., 2020; Thuy
Eucalyptus oil is very toxic and poisnous at higher et al. 2020). Therefore, on the basis of these docking and in
concentrations and mainly used in soap industries, toilet, vitro studies, it is proposed that garlic essential oils and their
surface cleaning liquids, and topical applications. Signs isolated constituents, especially Diallyl sulphide (DAS), have
of eucalyptus poisoning might include stomach pain and the potential to prevent the entry of virus into host cells as
burning, dizziness, muscle weakness, small eye pupils, well as to activate molecular antioxidant pathways that
feelings of suffocation, and some others. Therefore, oral decreased the secretions of culprit pro-inflammatory cytokine
consumption of Eucalyptus oil should be avoided since the oil (Asif et al., 2020). Clinical trials are yet to be confirmed for
is very poisonous and might leads to death. Eucalyptus oil and the scientific validation.
its active constituent, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) have an in vitro
antiviral activities against various strains of viruses including 7) Essential oil of Laurus nobilis
enveloped mumps viruses (MV) and herpes simplex viruses The essential oil of Laurus nobilis belongs to the
(HSV-1 and HSV-2) and influenza A (H1N1) virus under in family Lauraceae is one of the medicinal plant which
vitro assays (Asif et al., 2020; Brochot et al., 2017). Because comprises approximately 2500 species (Basak and Candan,
of the antiviral activity of eucalyptus oil and eucalyptol 2013). The genus Laurus is found in Europe and consists of
against respiratory viruses, multiple researchers have the two species Laurus azorica and Laurus nobilis (Basak and
attempted to explore the antiviral efficacy of eucalyptus oil Candan, 2013). Indian bay leaf tree is an aromatic medicinal
and its active ingredients against SARC-CoV-2 using in vitro plant known as Cinnamomum tamala. The leaf used to
assays and molecular docking techniques (Patne et al., 2020; flavour and season food, just like the European bay leaf,
Asif et al., 2020; Sharma and Kaur, 2020a, 2020b). The 1,8- commonly known as Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis). Indian bay
cineole is more extensively studied for its pharmacological leaf is commonly known as tejpat, tezapatta,
potentials against various respiratory ailments (Juergens et al. Malabar leaf, Indian bark, Indian cassia, or malabathrum, is a
2003, 2020). 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) is one of the tree in the family Lauraceae that is native to India,
components of Vicks VapoRub™ which is known to have Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and China. Laurus nobilis is
nasal decongestant effects when applied to nose or inhaled as known for the antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory,
vapours in warm water (Asif et al., 2020; Juergens et al., antitumoral, acetylcholine esterase inhibiting properties of the
2003, 2020). Eucalyptol is also known to have mucolytic and essential oil (Basak and Candan, 2013). The chemical
bronchodilatory properties (Asif et al., 2020; Juergens et al., composition of the essential oil from Laurus nobilis L. leaves
2020). Eucalyptus oil is also very toxic and has also been was analyzed by GC/GC-MS and resulted in the identification
shown to have disinfection properties and inhibited the growth of 29 compounds, representing 99.18% of the total oil. 1,8-
of viruses on various utensils and filter devices (Asif et al., cineole (68.82%), 1-(S)-α-pinene (6.94%), and R-(+)-
2020; Usachev et al., 2013; Patne et al., 2020). Therefore, limonene (3.04%) were determined to be the main
eucalyptus oil and its active constituent, i.e. eucalyptol (1,8- components (Basak and Candan, 2013). The essential oil of
cineole) in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 has Laurus nobilis L. is used in the production of soap and also as
been proposed (Patne et al., 2020; Asif et al., 2020). an aroma in the food and cosmetics industries; dry fruits and
However, clinical trials are yet to be confirmed for the dry leaves are used for adding fragrance to food and
scientific validation. consumed as tea, respectively (Basak and Candan, 2013).
6) Garlic oil (Allium sativum) Therefore, essential oils of Laurus nobilis L that are rich in b-
ocimene, 1, 8-cineole, a-pinene, and b-pinene possessed
Garlic oil (Allium sativum) belong to the family
strong antiviral properties that can be effective in the
Amaryllidaceae is one of the traditional medicinal plant with
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treatment against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trials are yet to be rosemary were formulated in essential oils for massages and
confirmed for the scientific validation (Patne et al., 2020). aromatherapy, rosemary alcohol, gels, shampoos, soaps,
rosemary water, cleansing milk, deodorant, anti-wrinkle
Roviello and Roviello, (2021) in Italy reported that
cream, aftershave lotion, hydrating facial cream, cream for the
mild climate, higher average sunlight exposure and the
eye contour area, etc (González-Minero et al., 2020).
Mediterranean diet, which includes the consumption of foods
containing polyphenols and natural compounds with potential At least 150 molecules are known to be present in
antiviral activities, could have all contributed in the defence the volatile essential oil and fewer in the non-volatile fraction,
against the pandemic coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak such as carnosic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, flavonoids,
(Roviello and Roviello, 2021). Further, more than forty and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid) (González-Minero et al.,
compounds discovered in bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) a typical 2020). These molecules are precursors of plant derivatives
Mediterranean evergreen tree of common culinary use, and with a high antioxidant capacity. Rosemary is widely used in
found that nine of them had a significantly high affinity for cosmetic preparations as a fragrance and as a skin conditioner
SARS-CoV-2 main protease Mpro, one of the most important in safe concentrations (González-Minero et al., 2020).
targets in the anti-COVID-19 therapeutic strategies (Roviello Rosemary preserves cosmetics from degradation and has a
and Roviello, 2021). Among these laurel-derived ligands, great potential to be used topically. It absorbs UV light well
lauruside 5 emerged from the study as the most promising and is a bactericidal and antifungal agent (González-Minero et
candidate as a potential Mpro inhibitor (Roviello and al., 2020). Its anti-alopecia properties are also being studied.
Roviello, 2021). Thus far, it is only known that the benefits of this plant are
associated with the synergistic action of its molecules or
8) Rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis L.)
through synergistic action with other plant extracts (González-
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) belongs to the Minero et al., 2020).
family Lamiaceae, is a medicinal plant of Mediterranean
The principal components of Rosemary oils were
origin that has been distributed throughout different areas of
found to be 1,8-cineol (33.08-55.5 %), camphor (13.55-18.13
the world (González-Minero et al., 2020; Kompelly et al.,
%), α-pinene (8.58-9.32 %), β-pinene (2.0–9.0%), α-terpineol
2019). Rosmarinus officinalis is a woody, perennial herb with
(6.79- 8.17 %), camphene (5.07-5.58 %), borneol (4.08-5.48
fragrant, evergreen, needle like leaves and white, pink, purple
%), limonene (3.19-3.04 %) and p-cymene (2.42-3.11 %)
or blue flowers and found throughout India (Kompelly et al.,
(Kompelly et al., 2019; Patne et al., 2020). Rosemary oil is
2019). Rosmarinus officinalis is an ancient plant considered to
rich in 1, 8- Cineole, rosmarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid,
be medicinal in the European Pharmacopoeia (González-
ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid and carnosol which
Minero et al., 2020; Kompelly et al., 2019). It has many
shows strong anti-viral effects (Kompelly et al., 2019; Patne et
medicinal properties, and its extracts have been used (mainly
al., 2020). In traditional medicine, the leaves of R. officinalis
orally) in folk medicine. The family Lamiaceae which
are used based on their anti-bacterial activities, carminative
contains several genera—such as Salvia, Lavandula, and
and as analgesic in muscles and joints (Kompelly et al., 2019).
Thymus—that are commonly used in cosmetics, due to their
The rosemary's essential oils and extracts obtained from
high prevalence of antioxidant molecules (González-Minero
flowers and leaves are used to treat minor wounds, rashes,
et al., 2020). One of these plants is rosemary (Rosmarinus
headache, dyspepsia, circulation problems, but also as an
officinalis), a plant with medicinal properties, of which
expectorant, diuretic and anti-spasmodic in renal colic
extracts appear in the composition of hundreds of cosmetics
(Kompelly et al., 2019).
(González-Minero et al., 2020). Rosemary oil is used as a
food seasoning, due to its chemical compound constituents Rosemary extract has demonstrated the antiviral
responsible for the anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, effects against herpes viruses and hepatitis A, which affects
anti-cancer, anti-proliferative, antimicrobial, the liver (Patne et al., 2020). Therefore, Rosemary essential
hepatoprotectivity, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti- oil can be effective against COVID-19, assuming the activity
depressant, anti-obesity, ulcerative colitis, neuroprotective of its chief chemical constituents like 1, 8- Cineole, α-pinene,
properties (Kompelly et al., 2019). On the other hand, the β-pinene, (Patne et al., 2020). Clinical trials are yet to be
bioactivities of rosemary extracts include properties such as confirmed for the scientific validation.
anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and anti-
9) Bergamot Oil (Synonym Citrus x bergamia Risso & Poit.)
microbial activity. These bioactivities are related to the
phenolic compound constituents (mainly caffeic acid, Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is the result of the
rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid (Kompelly et al., 2019). mechanical manipulation (cold pressing) of the exocarp
Rosemary is a perennial shrub that grows in the wild or is (flavedo) of the hesperidium of Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck
cultivated. It has glandular hairs that emit fragrant volatile Bergamot Group (synonym Citrus x bergamia Risso & Poit.)
essential oils (mainly monoterpenes) in response to drought (Valussi et al., 2021). It is chemically dominated by
conditions in the Mediterranean climate (González-Minero et monoterpene hydrocarbons (i.e., limonene), but with
al., 2020). It also contains diterpenes and other polyphenolic significant percentages of oxygenated monoterpenes (i.e.,
molecules (González-Minero et al., 2020). The derivatives of linalyl acetate) and of non-volatile oxygen heterocyclic
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