SOCIAL IMPACT OF CLEAN ENERGY - SESSION 3 OCTOBER 1, 2020 - Women in Clean Energy Conference - University of Dayton
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SESSION 3 • OCTOBER 1, 2020 SOCIAL IMPACT OF CLEAN ENERGY Women in Clean Energy Conference
SESSION 3 • OCTOBER 1, 2020
CLEAN ENERGY
IMPLEMENTATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Women in Clean Energy Conference
NATASHA WRIGHT
Assistant Professor of
Mech. Engineering
University of Minnesota
Desalination in Global Development:
Exploring the Water-Energy Nexus
Prof. Natasha C. Wright
GEAR
University of Minnesota LAB
Department of Mechanical Engineering 3
MIT GLOBAL ENGINEERING
AND RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Water-Energy Nexus
Water is used to create
energy, and energy is
used to extract, treat,
transport, heat/cool,
and dispose of water.
Why is desalination so energy
intensive?
How can we use less energy?
How can we move off-grid?
Why is this of particular
relevance in LMICs?
4
Metzger et al. Water-Energy Nexus: Business Risks and Rewards, Jan 2016
Around the World:
40% of total global desalination capacity is treating brackish,
inland, or wastewater sources;
Equating to a production capacity of 40.7 million m3 / day.
“Day Zero” – when tap water will have to be shut off
DesalData Analysis (2017).
Images by: SOREN WALLJASPER, National Geographic. Data from: MESFIN M. MEKONNEN, ARJEN Y. HOEKSTRA, Sustainability, 2016
January 2013 6
Our water…
“makes it hard to digest”
“tastes bad”
“ruins our cookware”
“tastes salty”
even “the plastic ones” still have the same “salty taste”
http://www.rei.com/product/860034/lifestraw-water-filter
http://pottersforpeace.org/?attachment_id=143
https://www.crowdrise.com/o/en/team/pure-home-water
7
http://www.tataswach.com/know_tata_swach/smart_choice_of_safety.html8
https://www.flipkart.com/eureka-forbes-aquasure-xtra-tuff-15-l-gravity-based-water-purifier/p/itmdzh2fzkmzasdw
Percent Distribution of Rural Households by Method of Treatment
Other
Add alum powder, bleach, or chlorine
Boil
Strain
Through
Cloth
Water Filter/Purifier
No Treatment
71.3%
8
nternational Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS, 2018.
Over 60% of land area underlain with groundwater with salt
contents above the recommended level (500 mg/L)
Groundwater
Piped
into dwelling or Piped or Public Tap
public tap
Bottled Water
33.7% Tanker Truck
Surface water
Groundwater
tube well, borehole, dug well
< 480 mg/L Protected Spring or Rainwater
60.5%
480 - 960 mg/L Unprotect Spring
960- 1920 mg/L
Community RO Plant
> 1920 mg/L
Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources (2010). Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifers of India. 9
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015-2016: India: Volume I. Mumbai: IIPS, 2018.
Ø Over 2000 on-grid Reverse Osmosis plants installed Ø High pressure + low efficiency pumps + no affordable small-volume pressure (energy) recovery devices = lots of energy! 10
Intermittent on-grid
Groundwater Salinity
High Water Stress electricity, but high solar
between 500-2000 mg/L
resource
< 480 mg/L
480 - 960 mg/L
960- 1920 mg/L
> 1920 mg/L
Seawater: 35,000 mg/L
Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources (2010). Ground Water Quality in Shallow Aquifers of India.
Maplecroft’s 2012 Water Stress Index 11
Anthony Lopez and Billy Roberts. India solar resource - direct normal irradiance. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2013.Electrodialysis Process
Voltage across Anion (AEM) and Cation (CEM) membranes drives ion flow.
Feed Water
C
+ A
- + C
- A - + C
E
- E E E E
M anion M M
+
cation
M M
Cathode Anode
- +
Diluate Concentrate Diluate Concentrate
AEM = Anion Exchange Membrane
CEM = Cation Exchange Membrane “Product” “Waste / Brine” 12GE Water Iontech
13Electrodialysis Modeling
Mass transfer by advection, diffusion, and migration Diluate Concentrate
C A C
Change in E E E
concentration Migration, due to M M M
with time electric field Migration
⎛ ⎞
dC out ⎛ 1 ⎜ ⎞ Nϕ I NAD(
a
C AEM
conc
− C )
AEM
dil
NADc (
C CEM
conc
− C CEM
dil ) ⎟
dt
dil
= ⎜⎜
⎝ NVcell ⎠⎜⎝
( in
⎟⎟ Qdil Cdil )out
− Cdil −
zF
+
la
+
lc ⎟ Diffusion
⎠
Advection, due to pumping Advection
Diffusion, due to
concentration gradient
! = #$
% = #! One Cell Pair
14Lower the voltage across successive stages to apply the optimal
voltage at any given time.
+
+
+
- - -
15Instead of flat stacks, use spirals stacks.
16Field Pilots in New Mexico, India, and Gaza
Insights on operation, maintenance, and performance
International head-to-head competition.
Evaluated on:
• Water quality 3600 mg/L to 170 mg/L
• Production rate 8250 L/day
• Recovery 84%
• Maintenance and operation
Alamogordo, NM
First Place
USAID Desal Prize
17Field Pilots in New Mexico, India, and Gaza
Insights on operation, maintenance, and performance
Jalgaon, India Chelluru, India
Complex valving and PLC, would manual
operation be feasible?
1819
Membrane treatment results in a brine stream heavily concentrated
with salts.
Membrane
High Pressure
Module
Pump Clean Water
Input Water
Brine Reject
20Chloride
Brine management would account, on average, for 63% of capital cost
and 91% of O&M.
Capital Cost Annual O&M
15.2 Million 0.6 Million
Brine Management
Primary Treatment
24.3 Million 5.2 Million
22
22
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. Analyzing Alternatives for Sulfate Treatment in Municipal Wastewater. May 2018.With current technology,
brine management
takes at least 20 times
more energy per unit
volume treated than the
primary (RO) treatment.
=$$$ + 23
23We could use evaporation ponds instead…
Evaporation Ponds at the Dead Sea
24We could use evaporation ponds instead, but… …we would need a lot of free area!!! 25
We could use evaporation ponds instead, but…
26
…A LOT of football fields of pond area……we would need 100
football fields of pond area!!
27How can we treat waste water,
using less?
28WIND SPEED.
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY.
29(1) Increase evaporation area
(2) Increase wind speed by
(3) Provide control of
introducing a fan during times of
incoming brine temperature
low wind or high humidity 30Sponsors
31Sometimes school is the worst, And your brand new desalination stack crashes into a brick wall…32
SESSION 3 • OCTOBER 1, 2020
CLEAN ENERGY
IMPLEMENTATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Women in Clean Energy Conference
KRYSTAL LAYMON
Supervisory Emergency
Management Specialist
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)Social Impact of Clean Energy OCTOBER 1,2020
Clean Energy Professions
Public Academia
Private Non-ProfitMy Journey
Public Service
Socioeconomics:
Energy source and cost matter
•The national average energy burden for low-income
households is 8.6%, three times higher than for
non-low-income households which is estimated at
3%.
•In some areas, depending on location and income,
energy burden can be as high as 30%.
•Of all U.S. households, 44%, or about 50 million,
are defined as low-income.
Sourece: LEAD Tool:Persistent Barriers Limiting Solar Access
Technological Barriers
•Lack suitable roof space
•Rent home
•Live in multifamily buildings
Financial Barriers
•High up-front expense
•Lack of competitive interest rates
•Few options for those with a low credit score and/or
income below traditionally acceptable underwriting criteria
•Inability of tax-exempt businesses and certain low-income
populations to use the Investment Tax Credit
Source: US DOEStates are Expanding Low- and Moderate-
Income Access
15 states and Washington, D.C.
have a policy or program
supporting low-and-moderate
community solar capacity.
DC
Carve-out
Incentives/Grants
Multifamily housing
To be determined
Voluntary Program
Source: NRELValue of Increasing Affordability and Access to Clean Energy Decrease Energy Burden ◦ The national average energy burden for low-income households is 8.6%, three times higher than for non-low-income households which is estimated at 3%. In some areas, depending on location and income, energy burden can be as high as 30%. Reach hard to serve market ◦ It’s estimated that 59% of low-income households are renters—not owners—of their homes. This predominance of renters further compounds the issue into a split incentive. Increase Benefits ◦ Solar PV adoption by moderate-income households has increased since 2010, representing 48% of adoptions. Low-income households, however, represented just 15%
Socioeconomics: Energy reliability and resiliency matters •Low-income and minority communities are disproportionately impacted by disaster-related damage to critical infrastructure. •Disadvantaged communities with fewer resources may not have the means to mitigate or adapt to natural disasters, and they disproportionately rely on public services, including community shelters, during disasters. Source: US DOE QER Source: NCEI 2020
Seattle Sault Ste. Tribe of
Chippewa Indians
Portland
Montpelier
Minneapolis Boston
Blue Lake Rancheria
Tribal Government
Dubuque
Oberlin
Sonoma County Salt Lake City Metropolitan
San Francisco Washington
Mid-America COG
Regional
Council Knoxville
Southeast
Florida
Regional
10 - Cities
4 - Counties/Regional Collaborative Climate
2 - Tribal Governments Compact
45Blue Lake Rancheria’s Microgrid
Source: Blue Lake RancheriaResults and Accomplishments
Identifying resilient solutions Solar+Storage • Solar technology, paired with storage, allows the power system to be resilient against natural disasters. It provides back-up power and can support critical services during grid outages. Microgrids • Solar plus storage also allows for microgrid “islanding” that enables independent grid operations to provide power and reduce stress across the energy system. Using solar power to charge on-site energy storage offers facilities and homes the ability to continue to have power if the electric grid goes down. Community Solar • Community solar can serve multiple off-takers including households, businesses, non-profit and municipal sites.
Lastly….Career Advice!
“Unless you intentionally
Thank You! include, you will
unintentionally exclude”SESSION 3 • OCTOBER 1, 2020
CLEAN ENERGY
IMPLEMENTATION AND
DEVELOPMENT
Women in Clean Energy Conference
MARIE MCCONNELL
Outreach and Organizing Manager
Drive Electric OhioMarie McConnell
Outreach & Organizing Manager
Clean Fuels OhioOhio’s only Department of Energy Clean Cities Coalition Fuel & Technology Neutral Fleet Services and Consulting Refueling Infrastructure Policymaker Education
Local, State,
& Federal
Policymaker
Education
Electric
EV Dealer &
Utility, Co-op,
Manufacturer
& Regulator
Engagement
Engagement
Fleet Infrastructure
Electrification Development
Grassroots Ensuring
Consumer Equity and
Education Access“When you were younger, you cared about the
whole world, and at some point, somebody
said you had to pick an issue, you had to boil
your love down to an issue…
’Can't love the whole world -- you've got to
work on trees or you've got to work on
immigration. You've got to shrink it down and
be about one issue.’
And really, they fundamentally told you, "Are
you going to hug a tree? Or are you going to
“The Economic hug a child? Pick. Are you going to hug a
tree? Or are you going to hug a child? Pick."
Injustice of Plastic” Well, when you start working on issues like
- Van Jones plastic, you realize the whole thing is
connected. And luckily, most of us are blessed
to have two arms -- we can hug both.92% OF TRANSPORTATION IS POWERED BY OIL
TOTAL U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR (2018) via U.S.E.P.A.
WHY ELECTRIC VEHICLES?
PUBLIC & ENVIRONEMTNAL HEALTH • No burning imported oil • Zero tailpipe emissions & better air quality • Low-carbon, local energy sources
PUBLIC & ENVIRONEMTNAL
HEALTH
• No burning imported oil
• Zero tailpipe emissions &
better air quality
• Low-carbon, local energy
sources
In the US. 75% of people
now live in places where
driving on electricity is
cleaner than a 50 MPG
gasoline carCONVENIENT & COST EFFECTIVE • Reduced fuel, maintenance, & overall cost of ownership • Affordable options & tax incentives • Proactive vs reactive refueling
SETTING THE STAGE FOR SMART TRANSPORTATION & CLEAN ENERGY • More compatible with autonomous/AI technologies • Vehicle to Vehicle • Vehicle to Infrastructure • Vehicle to Grid
WHY ELECTRIC CARS?
T H A N K YO U !
Upcoming Sessions:
Keynote Speaker: Susan Brennan – Oct. 3, 11am-12pm ET
Navigating Post-Grad and Finding Your Vocation – Oct 3, 12-1pm ET
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