Species Focus Willow Warbler: increasingly abundant summer migrant - also ... Curlew: breeders facing extinction Cape Clear Observatory re-opens ...
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Number 82 Autumn 2016 • ISSN 1393-3434
Species Focus also ...
Willow Warbler: Curlew: breeders facing extinction
increasingly abundant Cape Clear Observatory re-opens
WINGS SPRING 2016
summer migrant 1
Richard Mills: photos from the edge
National Parks and Wildlife Service
The mission of the National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) is:
n To secure the conservation of a representative range of ecosystems and maintain and enhance
populations of flora and fauna in Ireland
n To implement the EU Birds and Habitats Directives and the Wildlife Acts
n To designate and ensure the protection of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs),
Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Natural Heritage Areas (NHAs), having regard to the need to
consult with interested parties
n To manage and develop the State’s six National Parks and 78 Nature Reserves
n To implement international Conventions and Agreements to which Ireland is party,
relating to the natural heritage
NPWS provides BirdWatch Ireland with financial support to undertake:
n The Irish Wetland Bird Survey (I-WeBS)
n The Countryside Bird Survey (CBS)
n Seabird monitoring and wardening at Kilcoole
and other important seabird colonies
NPWS also contracts specific work packages to
BirdWatch Ireland, including the development
of agri-environment schemes for breeding waders
on the Shannon Callows.
The NPWS is also funder and partner in the
programmes to restore the Grey Partridge
and reintroduce the Golden Eagle,
White-tailed Sea Eagle and Red Kite.
7 Ely Place, Dublin 2
Tel: +353-1-888 3242
Roseate Tern (Photo: Ita Martin)
LoCall: 1890 383 000
Fax: +353-1-888 3272
Website: www.npws.ie
E-mail: natureconservation@environ.ie
From the Interim CEO
Why not visit Cape Clear Island this autumn?
A
DICK COOMBES
an especially big welcome to new members across the
country who joined us at the many events this summer
hosted by our local branches and staff. Every issue of this
quarterly magazine includes plenty of events run by our
branches (see the What’s On Guide, pages 32-34 for more details), so
please do use these as opportunities to get to know birds, biodiversity
and people in your area.
Highlights of this issue include a focus on our Cape Clear Bird
Observatory, which is now back up and running with visitors making
the most of ‘the Obs’ and the range of activities the island has to offer
to birders and non-birders alike. Why not take the trip to beautiful
West Cork and visit it for yourself? The island reaches out into the
Atlantic at the southernmost tip of Ireland.
You will see in these pages that we are continuing our vital work for
the Curlew, a bird that is facing extinction here in Ireland as a breeding
species, with fewer than 150 pairs remaining. Without immediate
focused efforts and proper commitment from the Government we are
almost certain to lose this as an Irish breeding species. We also report
about the plight of breeding waders more generally, putting an even
greater emphasis on the need for action both on the ground and in
how we implement agricultural policy in Ireland.
Our seabirds seem to have taken a hit this year – it’s been a tough Birdwatchers approaching Lough Errul on Cape Clear Island, Co Cork.
Cape is a great place for short breaks, particularly for walking, wildlife
season at most of the east coast colonies monitored by BirdWatch watching and outdoor pursuits. Visitors can stay at our Cape Clear Bird
Ireland. While the nesting totals were broadly on a par with previous Observatory, which is open for business again (see pages 20-21).
years, the proportions of chicks surviving has been incredibly low; it
seems that poor food supply may have been the main reason.
affecting funding opportunities, conservation collaboration and
Our work on keeping up to date with the governance needs of
policy implementation. We will be working closely in these
charities is ongoing, and you’ll see in this issue that we will have an
partnerships and with the Brussels office of BirdLife International
EGM in September to formally update our Memorandum and Articles
to address any anticipated challenges.
of Association to bring them into line with the Charities Act and best
Thank you for your support, whether you are new to us or a
practice in this area. Details of these proposed changes were
long-standing member. We would welcome your feedback on any
presented at our recent AGM and are provided on page 35.
part of our work and in particular on this magazine, Wings.
Finally, on ‘Brexit,’ the UK referendum on membership of the EU,
We hope you will get a chance to go out and about to enjoy
we have formed strong collaborations over many years and work
the birds and other wildlife of the autumn months.
extremely closely with our partners in the UK, and in Northern Ireland
in particular, on many levels. While this should not change, we expect Declan O’Sullivan,
there may be an impact on the environment across these islands, Interim CEO, BirdWatch Ireland
Any item or product advertised in Wings is not Editorial Team:
necessarily approved or recommended by Cóilín MacLochlainn, Oran O’Sullivan, Niall Hatch
BirdWatch Ireland unless specifically stated. For any Published by: BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20, Block D,
advertising enquiries and best rates, please contact Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, Greystones,
oosullivan@birdwatchireland.ie. Co Wicklow, A63 RW83
Telephone: (01) 281 9878
Copy deadline for the Winter 2016 issue Email: info@birdwatchireland.ie
of Wings is Monday, 26th September 2016 Web: http://www.birdwatchireland.ie
BirdWatch Ireland Board Members: Charity number: Registered Charity No CHY5703
Gerry Lyons (Chair) John Lynch
Brian Lavery Tony Culley COVER PHOTOGRAPH:
Wings is the quarterly membership magazine
David Fay Stephen Wilson Curlew in wet heath
of BirdWatch Ireland (Cairde Éanlaith Éireann). Jim Dowdall by Richard T Mills
Contributions of photographs, drawings, letters,
(see Special Report, page 24)
news items and articles are welcomed and should
Inset: Willow Warbler
be addressed to the Editor. The opinions
by John N Murphy
expressed by contributors are not necessarily
(see Species Focus, page 14)
those of the Editor or of BirdWatch Ireland.
BirdWatch Ireland is the BirdLife International
partner in the Republic of Ireland
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 3
Our greatest asset is our members
I am deeply honoured to be taking on the four-year term as future growth and development of the organisation. In addition, to
Chairperson of BirdWatch Ireland. My earliest introduction to the ensure that we continue to maintain the highest standards, the Board
organisation was when I became interested in birds in primary school, will work towards fully implementing the Governance Code: a Code of
and I clearly remember the infectious enthusiasm of great characters Practice for Good Governance of Community, Voluntary and
such as Major Robin Ruttledge on my first branch outings. Charitable Organisations in Ireland. I was delighted that members
I would like to thank those who supported my nomination, and I voted unanimously at our recent AGM to take the first steps towards
would also like to express sincere thanks to outgoing Chairperson, this goal by proceeding with the update of our Memorandum and
Kieran O’Byrne, who led the organisation through what was Articles of Association in line with current best practice, and I look
undoubtedly the most difficult and challenging period in its history. forward to members adopting the revised document at the upcoming
Thanks are due also to outgoing Board member Seamus Bridgeman, EGM at BirdWatch Ireland headquarters in Kilcoole, Co Wicklow, on
who I am sure will continue his work as a dedicated volunteer. Wednesday, September 20th.
At our recent AGM we welcomed Tony Culley, John Lynch and Over the years, I have seen that our greatest asset is our members:
Stephen Wilson to the Board; together they bring a strong mix of you bring such enthusiasm and vitality to our many local branches
management, insurance, accounting and environmental skills. They join around the country.Your ongoing support as volunteers and through
existing Board members Jim Dowdall, David Fay and Brian Lavery, your membership is vital in helping BirdWatch Ireland to support a
whose environmental, auditing and technology expertise has proven huge range of terrific projects.
invaluable. Together, we have an excellent mix of skills to oversee the I very much look forward to meeting you and to visiting as many
running of the organisation. The 2015 Annual Accounts, together with branches as possible over the course of my tenure.
a full detailed breakdown of Governance Costs, are now available on Good birding!
our website.
Our priority as a Board is to work with our Interim CEO, Declan Gerry Lyons
O’Sullivan, to continue to build and maintain solid foundations for the Chairperson, BirdWatch Ireland
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4 W INGS AUTUMN 2016
Email: nhatch@birdwatchireland.ie
Letters
Post: BirdWatch Ireland, Unit 20, Block D, Bullford Business Campus, Kilcoole, Co Wicklow
Note: Please provide your name and postal address at end of letter. Letters may be edited or cut.
Publication does not imply endorsement; the views expressed in any letters published on this page
are not necessarily those of BirdWatch Ireland.
SUZANNE BEHAN
GAVIN CULLEN
In this particular case, the brown plumage on
the upperparts and wings appears “diluted,”
which suggests that this Robin’s body is creating
an abnormally low level of melanin pigments. The
red colouration on the breast appears normal,
however, which is what one would expect: while
birds’ bodies create brown and black pigments,
they can’t create red pigments, which instead
come directly from their diets. – Niall Hatch
TOM DONOGHUE
Little Egrets on Booterstown Marsh
Meadow Pipit
My photo isn’t the clearest (phones aren’t
Meadow Pipit great for long-distance shots), but is it possible
Sir, – Can you identify this bird for me [see that they are Little Egrets?
photo, above]? GAVIN CULLEN
SUZANNE BEHAN (via Facebook)
(via Facebook)
A leucistic Blackbird
Dear Gavin, –You are correct: those are indeed
Dear Suzanne, – Great photo! The bird is a Little Egrets. In Dublin, Booterstown Marsh has
Meadow Pipit, a close relative of the wagtails. It’s become quite a reliable spot for them in recent
We’ve been sent another photo of a leucistic
one of Ireland’s most common bird species and is years, as has Bull Island, and the species now
bird, this time by Tom Donoghue in Ferbane,
found throughout the country; it favours bogs and breeds in the city, in St Anne’s Park between
Co Offaly. It’s of a female Blackbird [see photo,
unimproved grasslands. – Niall Hatch Clontarf and Raheny. They have also become an
above] which this year successfully reared a
increasingly common sight at many other
JOAN MOORE
brood of chicks in Tom’s garden, having paired
wetland locations around the country, especially
with a normally-coloured male. – Niall Hatch
along the south coast. – Niall Hatch
Troublesome squirrels About ‘Rare Bird News’
Sir, – I’ve been having trouble with squirrels at
Sir, – I would like to congratulate BirdWatch
my bird-feeding station. Any suggestions?
Ireland on Wings, which always has many
ROBERT MAUK
interesting articles, but there is one aspect
Sandymount, Dublin 4
which I think could be improved: the Rare Bird
News section. The most recent issue [No 81,
Dear Bob, – I have a very handy suggestion when
Spring 2016] left out some rarities seen in
it comes to deterring squirrels. If you get hold of
County Waterford, where I do most of my
Two views of the leucistic Robin some hot chilli powder (make sure it is just pure
birdwatching. For example, there was no
chilli powder, with no salt or other ingredients
mention of a flock of five Spoonbills present in
added) and dust peanuts, seed, etc, with it before
Leucistic Robin putting them in the feeders, it can be very
Dungarvan last winter, or of two Water Pipits
Sir, – I’m sending you photos of a bird that has seen in the county, including one long-staying
effective. The chemical in chilli which causes the
been visiting my garden [see photos, above]. bird which was coming into breeding plumage.
burning sensation in the mouth only works on
To us he seems like a partial albino Robin. The report also stated that “up to 20
mammals, including squirrels, rats and mice (and,
He appeared last summer and then was gone Glossy Ibises were noted visiting several sites
of course, humans). Birds are unable to taste it,
until recently. We had hoped he wasn’t killed in Co Cork. Smaller numbers were recorded
and it has no effect on them whatsoever.
by a cat. When he disappeared the usual in Co Waterford.” In fact, 14 was the biggest
If a squirrel tries to eat the food, it gets a very
garden Robins came around, but they have flock seen in Cork and that was probably part
unpleasant surprise, though no harm is caused to
finished nesting and moved off and this little of the flock of 19-20 previously seen in
it – the pain caused by chilli is due to pain
guy is back. He seems a loner or may have a Tramore, Co Waterford.
receptors being tricked, not actual physical
mate hidden. I hope this interesting column can be more
damage. They pretty quickly learn to avoid the
JOAN MOORE accurate in future.
offending feeders, while the birds are none the
Grange, Co. Cork ÉAMONN MacLOCHLAINN
wiser. – Niall Hatch
Carrick-on-Suir, Co Waterford
Dear Joan, – It’s a Robin alright, and there is
indeed something unusual about its plumage. It Egrets in urban area Dear Éamonn, – Many thanks for your kind
cannot be a partial albino: a creature is either Sir, – I was on my way to work in Dublin on words and your feedback regarding Rare Bird
albino (lacking all pigment) or it’s not. It is, the DART recently and photographed three News. We regret the omissions. An official (and
however, what is referred to as a leucistic blindingly white birds at the water’s edge, more comprehensive) list of rare bird sightings is
individual, which means that it is missing some, standing on one of the small islands in published annually in the Irish Bird Report. –
but not all, pigment. Booterstown Marsh [see photo, top right]. Niall Hatch
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 5
By Dick Coombes
Woodpigeon: portly,
clumsy and familiar.
Photo: Darragh Owens
Modern-day intensive farming
has not benefited many
species, but one exception is
the Woodpigeon.
Photo: Dick Coombes
In August, look for...
Woodpigeon
Endearing bird with soothing song
It is hard to believe that, up to two centuries ago, the Woodpigeon
was a relatively scarce bird in Ireland and almost entirely confined to
broadleaved woodlands. Today, we know it as a common and But much of that menu is very seasonal and mortality can be high
widespread inhabitant of parks, gardens, woods and especially when food is scarce. The bountiful supply of extra food that
farmland. modern arable farmland presents for Woodpigeons – particularly
The Countryside Bird Survey, carried out annually by BirdWatch cereals, oilseed rape and winter crops – substantially improves
Ireland with around 200 essential volunteers, has found survival rates…and so the increase in numbers. Unfortunately,
Woodpigeons present in almost 90% of sample sites surveyed, while such intensive monoculture farming does benefit a few
making it the fifth most widespread breeding bird species such as Woodpigeon, it is not at all good for many others
in the country. Such a dramatic or overall biodiversity…but that’s a whole other story!
change in its status is clearly The Woodpigeon’s lifestyle is a sedentary one, at least in these
linked to the increased islands. Ringed birds in Britain have rarely been recovered more
availability of food than five kilometres from the ringing location.
that decades of In Europe, too, west of a line from Denmark to Italy, it is also
ever-improving farming resident, but it has an additional massive summer range twice that
practices has size, stretching to the north and east into Scandinavia and Russia.
provided. These birds have to go somewhere in winter and vast numbers do
Woodpigeons survive on so, to the cork oak woods of the Iberian peninsula. Crossing the
a rich and varied diet of Pyrenees to get there in the autumn has its hazards, though, as
naturally occurring waiting shooters take a heavy toll on their numbers.
vegetable matter – clover, Its taste for cereal grains and cabbage leaves makes the
seeds, buds, beech mast, Woodpigeon unpopular with farmers and gardeners and it remains
haw and ivy berries – and on the quarry list for hunters in Ireland.
to a lesser extent invert- However, for many of us, there is something endearing about this
ebrates such as ants, insect portly, clumsy (have you ever heard one exit an ivy-covered tree
larvae, small snails and quietly?) bird with soft pink and blue-grey plumage.
worms. The song, if a little melancholy, is soothing and can be heard late
in the season (they can still be on eggs as late as August) and, along
Woodpigeon. Note with the Yellowhammer’s “little bit of bread and no cheese” song, it
the curious shape of is one of the iconic late-summer farmland sounds.
its eye pupil – more An old local name, Wood Quest, still used in parts of Ireland
keyhole than circular. today, is thought to derive from the Latin questus, meaning “to
Photo: Michael Finn lament.”
6 W INGS AUTUMN 2016
Red Kite: Officially ‘Blue White A7,’ it
was released in north Co Dublin but is
now breeding in Co Wicklow. Photo:
Marc Ruddock (Golden Eagle Trust)
White-winged Black
Tern (juvenile).
Photo: Dick Coombes
In September, look for... In October, look for...
White-winged Black Tern Red Kite
Zigzagging across lake or lagoon Soaring on the Wicklow skyline
September is a time of huge change in this part of the world. The Once upon a time, Red Kites were widespread and quite common
mass southward exodus of migrant birds is at its peak and, while throughout Britain and perhaps similarly so in Ireland too. Sixteenth-century
most of them keep on course and hit their targets, a few, especially accounts note large flocks scavenging offal in the streets of London (and
first-timer juveniles, end up in places they don’t mean to be. In other cities), where they were protected by royal statute because of their
many cases, those are the ones of particular interest to birders. So, value as refuse collectors. This benign relationship with humans was not to
at this time of year, the sight of a lone tern zigzagging lazily across a last, however. Improved sanitation meant less food and the last pair bred in
lake or coastal lagoon, dipping to the water surface every the capital city in 1777. Gamekeepers across these islands regarded
now and then (but not diving into it), should the Red Kite as vermin, and brutal persecution in the 1800s led
immediately start alarm bells ringing. There is every to its extinction in Ireland and most of Britain too.
likelihood it is a marsh tern. By 1903, with just five pairs clinging on in Wales, the
There are three species of marsh tern – British Red Kite was all but extinct. But rescue came
Whiskered, Black and White-winged Black. just in time and stringent protection slowly brought
They differ from the more familiar sea terns the Welsh population back from the brink. Irish bird-
in being more compact, shorter-tailed and watchers will recall that if you wanted to see Red
broader-winged. And because they feed Kites in the 1970s and ‘80s, a trip to the scenic
largely on insects, both in the air and off valleys of central Wales was your best bet. How
the water, their swooping, leisurely feeding times have changed!
action makes them quite distinctive. Protection was working, but recovery was slow.
All three can turn up in autumn, Black So to help the process, re-introduction
Tern being the most regularly occurring, and programmes commenced in England and Scotland
Whiskered the rarest. White-winged Black using young birds from Spain and Sweden.
Tern is rare, but in some years two or three Meanwhile, in Ireland, the Red Kite had long been just
grace our shores, well off-track from their a rare, occasional visitor. Until, that is, the Golden Eagle
breeding grounds in Hungary, Bulgaria and White-winged Black Tern Trust and National Parks and Wildlife Service brought in
Photo:
beyond. Dick Coombes 160 chicks from Welsh nests and released them in Co
In autumn, most will be juveniles, and Black and Wicklow and Co Dublin between 2007 and 2011.
White-winged Black Terns look pretty similar, both showing It was a success story, though not without setbacks – many were
dusky grey upperparts and a neat black skullcap. But White-winged shot and poisoned. But the Red Kite is now firmly established as part of our
has a darker saddle (back), white rump, a whiter forehead and lacks breeding avifauna. Purists may have difficulty accepting them as “wild,” but
a dark patch on the neck side. time will no doubt mellow this view. Driving through Wicklow today,
There have been some ninety Irish records to date, more than enjoying the sight of these elegant raptors soaring on the skyline, you would
half of them in the last thirty years, so sightings are increasing. Some be forgiven for thinking they had never left us. One excellent spot is
have been long-stayers, so when news is out, a journey to see this Woodenbridge, in the Vale of Avoca, where pre-roost gatherings can reach
dainty little gem will be well rewarded. double figures from mid-afternoon.
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 7
News
national
Broad support for EU laws protecting birds and habitats
The Birds and Habitats Directives are fit for purpose…but better implementation is critical
The Birds and Habitats Directives have been subjected
to a Fitness Check evaluation by the European
Commission. On July 5th 2016 the European
Commission finally released the consultants’ report
after the World Wildlife Fund for Nature filed an ‘official
access to document request.’ The consultants have
found the Directives to be fit for purpose and state that
‘the balance of evidence suggests that updates at this
stage would generate uncertainty and be counter-
productive in both nature conservation and economic
terms.’
They also state that better implementation is needed
and measures should mirror the numerous examples of
cost-effective implementation, developed over many
years of experience, which demonstrate that, when
implemented well, the Directives provide an efficient
framework.
However, despite this news, rumours abound that
there is high-level lobbying going on to weaken the
Directives even at this stage. BirdWatch Ireland calls on
the Commission to finalise the Fitness Check, to listen
A group of hikers about to undertake mountain skills training in the Wicklow Mountains
to the support it has received for the Directives and
SPA and SAC and calling for better implementation of the Birds and Habitats Directives.
focus on better implementation as soon as possible.
Broad support for better implementation of the
Birds and Habitats Directives includes:
• 312 European SMEs sign the Declaration of Support for these
laws (2016)
• 520,235 people (including 8,000 Irish people) have said in the
public consultation – ‘Save our Nature Laws (And Make Sure They
• 9 Environment Ministers who wrote to Vice-President
Timmermans and Commissioner Vella calling for the Birds and
Work Properly’ (2015) Habitats Directives to be protected (2015)
• 11,700 people sent a message to the EU decision makers that
The Nature Laws are Fit for Purpose (2016)
• The Environment Committee in the European Parliament
(December 2015) when it voted against changes to the EU Nature
• 592, an overwhelming majority of all 751 MEPs, voted for better Directives and for better implementation
implementation of these laws under the EU Biodiversity Strategy
(2016)
• The European Council (December 2015) when it agreed on the
need to implement nature laws instead of revising them.
NGOs updated on key planning matter
Can “Imperative Reasons of Overriding Public Interest” (IROPI) be used to damage protected areas?
BirdWatch Ireland recently hosted a training Implementation Group (ELIG) and was
CÓILÍN MacLOCHLAINN
session for Irish conservation charities on the delivered by Andrew Dodd, Head of
implementation of Article 6(4) of the Habitats Casework at the RSPB.
Directive. This section of the law allows for The training was well attended and well
the possibility for project developers to received and comes at an important time as
destroy internationally important and EU Article 6(4) may be implemented for the
protected habitats if they fall under Imperative first time in Ireland this year. Ireland has not
Reasons of Overriding Public Interest (IROPI). had a development proposal which
Developers must, under the same article, warranted this type of compensation before.
compensate for this habitat loss and ensure An important consideration in Article
coherence of the Natura 2000 network. 6(4) is what is considered in the public
The training was commissioned by The interest and can it override the destruction
Environmental Pillar’s Environmental Law of habitat which could be lost forever. Oak woodland, Co Wexford
8 W INGS AUTUMN 2016
News
national
Irish business shows support for EU nature laws
Twenty-five Irish small and medium-sized Jim Kennedy (on left), of Atlantic Sea Kayaking, supports EU nature laws because, he says, “healthy
enterprises (SMEs) were among 312 ecosystems and abundant nature help our business.”
European SMEs that recently signed up to a
Declaration of Support for the Birds and
Habitats Directives. The SMEs want better
investment in nature conservation in order
to maintain their natural capital. They call on
the Commission to protect their livelihoods
by implementing better our nature laws and
not undermining them. In order to ensure
certainty for business including Irish SMEs,
the move to better implementation of the
Directives could not come quickly enough.
The Directives are the cornerstone of
European nature protection laws and are
critically important to these businesses who
depend on a thriving environment for their
livelihoods.
The Irish businesses which declared their
support for the Directives include service
providers in the areas of tourism, health and wellbeing, agriculture, its longest yet with 37 species of regularly occurring birds listed and
ecological consultancy and education. These businesses are mainly another 91 on the Amber list. Ireland’s wild bee are especially
located in rural areas from the different corners of Ireland and rely on threatened.
a thriving, attractive environment with abundant nature for their In order to protect the habitats, species, livelihoods and jobs which
businesses. They state in the Declaration that, “Our good business depend on them, we must get serious about the framework for
relies on good nature protection, including nature protected by EU nature protection which includes enforcement and better
law. Stable, effective and predictable legislation is important for us.” implementation of our EU and national nature laws.
PLEASE JOIN THE LIST If your business would like to join
The Irish countryside is marketed through various government
programmes as ‘green’, ‘untouched’ and ‘sustainable.’ However, the
indicators of a healthy environment do not match this rhetoric. Over the list of supporters of the EU nature laws, please contact Oonagh
90% of our internationally important habitats have ‘bad’ or ‘inadequate’ Duggan, Policy Officer: oduggan@birdwatchireland.ie. (The full list
status. The Red List of Birds of Conservation Concern in Ireland is at of businesses is on our website.)
Online map will show all Swift sightings
Help Ireland’s Swifts by mapping your summer sightings on our new online mapping tool
With the help of funding from the Heritage We are also delighted to report that further Ricky Whelan, who is part of the Swift
Council, BirdWatch Ireland has launched surveys at a selection of heritage sites are project team, said, “We are assessing four new
an online mapping tool to record Swift being undertaken this year on behalf of the sites for Swift nesting activity, namely Athenry
nest-site locations and sightings around the Office of Public Works. Castle in Co Galway; Emo Court in Co Laois;
country. Ennis Friary in Co Clare; and Trim Castle in
The mapping tool allows users to log their Co Meath.”
Swift nest locations and sightings directly onto Last year, surveys were carried out at five
an interactive map and to view other mapped sites, namely: Kilmainham Jail in Dublin;
records.Your records will allow BirdWatch Kilkenny Castle in Kilkenny; Portumna Castle
Ireland to make more informed decisions on and Gardens, Co Galway; Clonmacnoise, Co
Swift management planning and policy Offaly; and Roscrea Castle, Co Tipperary.
nationally. With the new mapping tool all Swift records
“Only by knowing where Swifts are nesting from observers nationwide will appear on a
can we play a role in protecting their nesting single map, including those records gathered
sites,” said BirdWatch Ireland Project Officer since 2013 by the Dublin City Urban Birds
Brian Caffrey. “Better integration of this Project, supported by Dublin City Council.
Please take a look at the mapping tool
information in national heritage and planning
databases, for example, will inform relevant
planning authorities and will help the long- and please continue to send us your Swift
Swift. Photograph: Stefan Berndtsson
term survival of the species in Ireland.” sightings at http://arcg.is/29uOeJC.
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 9
News
national
Important seabird numbers found in Mayo bay
Counts record exceptionally high numbers of Common Scoters, Great Northern Divers and Slavonian Grebes
Blacksod Bay, at the south end of the Mullet peninsula in Co Mayo, is
a very important wintering area for divers, scoters and grebes. This
was revealed by a detailed study commissioned by the National Parks
and Wildlife Service (NPWS) last winter.
A large and sheltered bay, Blacksod was already recognised as
internationally important based on the waterbirds it supports,
particularly in winter. But counts of birds occurring in the deeper
areas furthest from the land-based vantage points had been very
limited as they relied on calm seas.
The NPWS achieved reliable counts of these open-water areas by
surveying on days when sea conditions were especially calm. The
counts were organised by BirdWatch Ireland’s Reserves Manager,
Dave Suddaby, who censuses this bay regularly for I-WeBS, our annual
winter wetlands bird survey.
“Selecting calm days at an exposed west-coast site like this is
challenging given the prevailing weather conditions,” said Dave. “But
we managed to find some calm days and to complete the counts.”
The exceptional string of storms that hit the west coast last winter
made coordination of the survey difficult, but it may have increased
the number of birds seeking shelter in the bay. Some key species and
their estimated populations were: Great Northern Diver (230),
Greenshanks coming in to land. Photo: Richard T Mills
Slavonian Grebe (32) and Common Scoter (3,500).
“I was pleasantly surprised to find the bay supporting such large
numbers, all significant in a national context. Thirty-two Slavonian
Grebes? A local record,” said Dave.
The counts also indicated that the bay was an important staging I-WeBS count dates
area, particularly for northward-bound divers in spring.
The recommended dates for the 2016/17
I-WeBS count season are presented below
and were chosen based on tidal conditions.
If the suggested weekend is not workable,
please select the next most appropriate date
and try to coordinate with any nearby sites,
where relevant. If you have any queries,
please contact us at iwebs@birdwatchireland.ie.
I-WeBS counters will soon receive their newsletter and any
additional information about the season ahead.
East Coast & South & West
Inland Counties Coast Counties
Weekend High Weekend High
Tide Tide
(Sunday) (Sunday)
Dublin* Cork**
Sep 17th-18th 13:23 24th-25th 13:29
Oct 15th-16th 12:15 22nd-23rd 11:48
Nov 5th-6th 15:35 12th-13th 16:10
Dec 3rd-4th 14:23 10th-11th 14:55
Jan 14th-15th 13:32 21st-22nd 13:10
Feb 11th-12th 12:31 18th-19th 11:02
Mar 11th-12th 11:32 18th-19th 09:27
*Based on the high-tide time predicted for the North Wall, Dublin.
**Based on the high-tide time predicted for Cobh, Cork Harbour.
Great Northern Divers fishing in the surf. Photo: Richard T Mills
10 W INGS AUTUMN 2016News
national
Ireland to host international bird conference
BirdWatch Ireland is organising the International Wader Study Group Conference in Cork this September
The annual International Wader Study Group Conference
comes to Ireland this year. It will be held at Trabolgan Holiday
Village on the edge of Cork Harbour between the 9th and 12th
of September 2016.
This international conference brings together wader
scientists, policy-makers and anyone interested in waders and
their conservation, to discuss and disseminate information and
ideas. The conference is being organised by BirdWatch Ireland
and is kindly sponsored by the EPA, with support from Fáilte
Ireland.
The weekend programme promises a suite of interesting
talks, poster sessions and an afternoon excursion. Two
excursions are being organised with support from our local
branches in Cork. One will be led by Cork Branch members
and will visit areas around Cork Harbour, while the West Cork
Branch will lead an excursion to Courtmacsherry Bay.
A workshop on Monday morning will focus on identifying
potential impacts of rising sea levels on wader populations and
their habitats, and on finding some solutions. Bar-tailed Godwit
The confernce is open to all. Further details can be found
(amongst Black-tailed
Godwits). Photo:
Richard T Mills
at www.waderstudygroup.org/conferences.
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WINGS AUTUMN 2016 11News
national
Roseate Terns at Rockabill have another good year
Another record year for the Roseate Tern colony at Rockabill but Little Terns fare poorly along the east coast
The 2016 breeding season saw BirdWatch
Ireland conduct its most extensive tern
survey, tern wardening and tern colony
management efforts to date.
The programme of work by BirdWatch
Ireland at Ireland’s east coast tern colonies
received help and support from the Louth
Nature Trust and the National Parks and
Wildlife Service. Efforts at Dalkey and
Rockabill were increased thanks to additional
support from the Roseate Tern LIFE Project.
In addition, BirdWatch Ireland is leading on
an NPWS-funded census of marine islands,
which will help us to update our tern totals
nationwide – the last full census took place in
1995.
* * * * * * *
Rockabill (Co Dublin) Record-breaking
Some of the Roseate Terns and Common Terns on Rockabill earlier this year. Photo: Brian Burke
numbers of terns nested here once again,
with an incredible 1,556 pairs of Roseate
Terns, 2,029 pairs of Common Terns and many downy young died over a short period pontoons were deployed nearby and in the
about 60 pairs of Arctic Terns. The of time. For updates from this colony see the Tolka estuary to provide alternative nesting
changeable wet weather in the last two Rockabill terns project blog at habitat.
weeks of June took its toll, and rockabillterns.blogspot.ie. Unfortunately, nests laid on the Tolka
pontoon were heavily preyed upon by large
gulls. But many chicks hatched safely on the
Kilcoole (Co Wicklow) Liffey pontoon and, as of July 4th, were
110 Little Tern nests were developing well. Further details at
located this year. Foxes were dublinbaybirds.blogspot.ie.
present and unfortunately
they took many tern Dalkey Island (Co Dublin) By the
eggs and chicks middle of June, 105 nests (of mostly Arctic
outside the electric- Terns) had been located, the majority of
fenced area. However, as of July 4th, we them on Lamb Island, adjoining the main
already had 25-30 fledglings. Further details at island. In mid-July a pair of Roseate Terns
littleternconservation.blogspot.ie. laid an egg in one of the boxes on Maiden
Common Tern
on Rockabill Rock. This is still being incubated at time of
this year. Baltray (Co Louth) In most years this is a going to press.
Photo: thriving Little Tern colony situated on the * * * * * * *
Brian Burke north side of the Boyne estuary. This year, the
peak count of adult Little Terns was only 19 “It’s been a mixed season for our terns this
individuals, and despite having two large year,” said Stephen Newton, who leads on
fenced areas on the beach prepared for BirdWatch Ireland’s seabird work. “We are
them, none chose to nest. concerned that despite the record nesting
attempts at many of the colonies, the
Dublin Port As of July 4th, at least 526 overall breeding success will be poor.”
pairs of mainly Common Terns (with 5-10 He is particularly concerned about the
pairs of Arctic Terns) had laid eggs. east coast Little Terns. “We cannot tell for
Traditionally, the Dublin Port terns have certain, but with none nesting at Baltray
nested on two this year, and apparently low numbers –
ship-mooring structures on the south around 50 pairs – in Wexford Harbour, the
side of the River Liffey. The condition east coast population looks as though it has
of the principal structure had redistributed or that many pairs have taken
deteriorated dramatically in the last a ‘year out.’ Perhaps this indicates a scarcity
couple of winters and new floating of food.”
12 W INGS AUTUMN 2016News
national
Cleared scrub vegetation
at field edge.
Our hedgerow and upland birds need your help
Proposed changes to Section 40 of the Wildlife Act pose serious threat to birds in the countryside
BirdWatch Ireland continues to work against August. advance of the General Election.
proposed changes to laws governing The current open season for cutting and To date, no scientific rationale has been
hedgecutting, scrub removal and upland burning provides six months of the year for presented as the basis for the changes.
burning. these activities. The proposed changes will BirdWatch Ireland has urged the Minister to
The Minister with responsibility for nature negatively impact on wildlife including commission research on Irish egg laying
protection, Heather Humphreys TD, intends breeding birds, pollinators, butterflies and dates before any changes are made but the
to progress the Heritage Bill 2016 which mammals which use hedgerows for feeding Minister has decided to make the changes
includes regressive changes to the dates for and shelter. first on a pilot basis, no details of which have
hedgecutting and burning in the uplands by This Bill was initiated in the Seanad early been made public. We will keep you
providing an additional month for burning in 2016 but did not make it through the informed of the status of this Bill over the
activities in March and hedgecutting in Oireachtas as the Dáil was dissolved in coming months.
You can help
•launched
Please sign the online petition
in January 2016 which has
Key points to mention
received over 18,400 signatures and
growing. The link can be found on our
• We do not want to see any
extension to the dates for hedgecutting
website or at http://bit.ly/1PsLNYQ. and burning. In fact, the closed season
for hedgecutting should be extended to
• Please write to Minister Humphreys
AND to your local TDs using some of the
September 15th in key areas to protect
nesting Yellowhammers.
key points opposite and your own feelings
on this subject. • Derogations to allow for
hedgecutting by County Councils for
Contact details for Minister road safety are already provided for
Humphreys: within the Wildlife Act – no additional
Minister Heather Humphreys, T.D., measures are necessary.
Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional,
Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs,
23 Kildare Street
• The voices of many rural dwellers
who care about nature are not being
Dublin 2 heard. As the Minister charged with the
D02 TD30 protection of nature, please ensure that
Email Addresses: birds and other wildlife and their
ministers.office@ahg.gov.ie habitats are protected.
and heather.humphreys@oir.ie
Red Grouse. Photograph: John Fox
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 13SPECIES FOCUS
Willow Warbler Willow Warbler
Photo: Michael Finn
Dick Coombes and Olivia Crowe report on a westward shift in Willow Warbler abundance.
C
etti’s Warbler, Nuthatch, Short- one spring day, a staggering 2,000 were
toed Treecreeper, Serin, Zitting recorded on this small island.
Cisticola…these are just some of
the species that the pioneering
This little olive-green bird with its plain
plumage and unobtrusive habits would be
Factfile
Climatic Atlas of European Breeding overlooked easily but for its charismatic Names
Birds, published in 2007, predicted will have song. Few countryside sounds evoke a sense Common name: Willow Warbler
become regular breeding species in Ireland of summer more eloquently than the song Scientific name: Phylloscopus trochilus
by the end of the 21st century, if not sooner. of the Willow Warbler – a whispered series Irish name: Ceolaire Sailí
Indeed, Cetti’s Warbler is already turning up of notes tumbling down the scale, described Local name: Sally Picker
in suitable habitat, e.g. in our East Coast once as a “silvery cadence,” eventually
Nature Reserve in Newcastle, Co Wicklow, petering out as if out of breath. The perfect Occurrence
where we hope it will eventually breed. warbler! Summer migrant wintering in Africa
But we do not have to wait for these The colloquial Irish name, Sally Picker, south of the Sahara. It breeds widely
species to colonise to see changes here. nicely depicts the bird’s dainty feeding action across Europe, Russia and Siberia.
Already, apparently climate change-driven as it plucks insects from the underside of
shifts in range are being exhibited by several leaves; it also makes the association between Confusion species
of our most common and regularly the bird and willow trees, sally being a Very similar-looking to, and a close
occurring summer migrants. One species common name for willow in Ireland. relative of, the Chiffchaff. Chiffchaffs do
demonstrating these shifts well is Willow Of course, Willow Warblers are not just not winter as far south and thus have a
Warbler. found in their namesake tree species – they shorter distance to migrate, typically
The Willow Warbler is arguably as good a are at home wherever pioneer-growth trees arriving two weeks earlier in spring.
symbol of summer as the Swallow. Willow and bushes flourish. Birch and alder groves Separating the two can be tricky. The
Warblers winter throughout Africa south of are much favoured, especially when Willow’s paler legs and longer wings are
the Sahara. Spring migration takes them associated with water or with damp and a help, but singing males present no
north to fill a vast summer range stretching heavily vegetated ground. Even young problem as their songs are completely
across the northern regions of Europe and conifer plantations provide suitable nesting different, the Chiffchaff ’s being instantly
Asia – from the Aran Islands to eastern habitat for about fifteen years, until they recognisable: “chiff-chaff-chiff-chaff-chiff.”
Siberia. grow too tall and dense.
They begin arriving in Ireland at the start Our second-most widespread and Population size and status
of April and, within days of the first numerous summer migrant (after Swallow), Every summer, an estimated 1.7 million
stragglers being seen, Willow Warblers pour this small warbler is even more common territories are established by singing
into the country in a massive surge, many and widely distributed than Great Tit: it male Willow Warblers in Ireland, and
making first landfall along the south and east occurs in almost every 10-km square of the the population is increasing. Across
coasts. national grids across Britain and Ireland. Europe, there are 56-100 million
At migration hotspots such as Great The Irish population has around 1.7 territories, but the overall population is
Saltee Island in Co Wexford, as many as 200 million territories – that is the estimated declining.
typically make a temporary stopover for just number of singing males. They are literally
one day before pushing on northwards. On everywhere during the summer months.
14 W INGS AUTUMN 2016High
Low
Willow Warbler relative breeding abundance, 2008-11. Note the
higher densities in Ireland and north-west Britain relative to the Willow Warbler. Photo: Carl Morrow
south-east. Source: Bird Atlas 2007-11, courtesy of BTO.
The maps from Bird Atlas 2007-2011 were following a gradient from sharp change are responsible.
show that the Willow Warbler’s distribution declines in the south and east of England to The global populations of most of our
at 10-km level has changed very little in shallow declines or slight increases in parts sub-Saharan migrants, including Willow
Ireland since the previous two Atlases, 20 of the north and west of England, Scotland Warbler, are declining. It is probable that
and 40 years ago respectively, but their and Ireland. unfavourable conditions on the wintering
numbers have increased. grounds are driving this overall downward
Our annual Countryside Bird Survey has trend.
shown they are doing very well and there Marked shift in abundance The research on Willow Warbler suggests
has been a significant increase since 2003. Later on, the 2007-2011 Bird Atlas maps that the breeding conditions in Scotland
A very different picture is beginning to would illustrate these findings quite well, (and perhaps also Ireland) are now perhaps
emerge in England, especially in the south showing the declines in relative abundance better than in England, and are masking the
and east, where a serious decline is apparent in the southeast (England) contrasting with impacts of the overall population decline
from both the UK’s annual Breeding Bird increases in the northwest (Ireland and across Europe.
Survey results (from select sites) and the Scotland) – in other words, a shift in The picture is further complicated by
all-encompassing 2007-2011 Bird Atlas. abundance from the southeast to the evidence that Willow Warblers breeding in
That the patterns of change in Willow northwest. northern Britain come from different
Warbler distribution are not consistent This pattern of change, which is also non-breeding or wintering locations to
across Britain and Ireland first came to light evident for many other sub-Saharan those breeding in southeastern Britain.
back in 2010, when a study by Caitriona migrants, has us all a little perplexed. There may well be some variation in the
Morrison from the University of East Anglia Morrison and her colleagues have suggested resource availability in their wintering areas
demonstrated that the population trends that changing climatic conditions and habitat which is causing the differences in trends.
2.5
2.0
1.5
Index
1.0
0.5
0
1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013
Willow Warbler
Photo: PJ Wall
Willow Warbler has shown a significant increase in abundance over the course of our
Countryside Bird Survey (years 1998 to 2014 shown here).
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 15international
News
Cull threat to Norway’s Golden Eagles
The Norwegian Parliament has approved a follow. NOF believes the proposal is unlikely
LARS LOFALDI (BIRDLIFE NORWAY)
pilot project and requested a change in to result in a reduction in livestock losses.
legislation that will make it easier to cull “Shooting Golden Eagles is unheard of in
Golden Eagles in two separate areas in Europe,” said Kjetil Solbakken, CEO of NOF.
Norway. This could result in more than 200 “The removal of Golden Eagles that haven’t
Golden Eagles being killed. caused any damage will almost certainly place
BirdLife Norway says this is a result of Norway in the international Hall of Shame.”
pressure from sheep and reindeer farmers, Norway’s own Environment Agency does
who believe a reduction in the number of not support the weakening of the protections
eagles will lead to a drop in the birds killing for Golden Eagles.
their livestock. Norwegian law has protected NOF believes that the move to loosen the
the eagles and other birds of prey since 1968. law protecting Golden Eagles is based on
Norsk Ornitologisk Forening (NOF, flawed and misinterpreted science and will be
BirdLife in Norway) considers the idea that seen as a dangerous wedge in species
reindeer are killed by Golden Eagles to be protection, and a door to an open season on a
unfounded and it risks setting a precedent that protected species that sets a terrible
Golden Eagle other Nordic and European countries might precedent. – Christopher Sands
Report shows alarming state of North American bird populations
Since the 1970s, millions of North impacts from energy extraction,
MAY HAGA
American birds have disappeared predation by invasive species on
and a third of bird species are now islands and climate change.
of high regional conservation The situation is not much better
concern, a new report has for tropical birds. Many of Canada’s
revealed. migratory songbirds winter in
Until now, the vulnerability score Mexico’s tropical forests and make
of over a thousand native North a stopover in the US, which is why
American bird species was the impact of deforestation in
incomplete. The new report, The Mexico has such a huge impact
State of North America’s Birds, is the throughout the continent.
first assessment of its kind. It Grassland birds such as Lesser
reveals that of the 1,154 native Prairie-Chicken are facing some of
bird species that occur in North the steepest regional declines of
America, one-third require urgent any group. In recent years, the vast
conservation action. The species in prairies of North America have Greater Sage Grouse: a species of high conservation concern in the US
need of most urgent action are mostly been turned into
those that depend on oceans and agricultural land or developed. collected by volunteers and Three BirdLife Partners, Bird
tropical forests. Only a few islands of original land citizen scientists across the Studies Canada, Nature Canada
The most regionally endangered remain, making it very difficult for continent. Despite its alarming and the Audubon Society, were
group are seabirds – more than wildlife to survive. findings, the report demonstrates among the North American Bird
half of them are of high The report was put together by how the power of many can help Conservation Initiative partners
conservation concern and affected the North American Conservation us understand conservation who collaborated on the new
by a mix of pollution, overfishing, Initiative and was built using data needs and drive positive change. report. – Irene Lorenzo
Malta’s first marine Special Protection Areas announced
Good news for endangered The eight SPAs now form part of global importance as Malta is home and Malta’s Ministry for Sustainable
Maltese seabirds! The national the EU-wide Natura 2000 to 10% of the world’s Yelkouan Development, Environment and
government of Malta has given the network, which is essential for the Shearwaters, 3% of Scopoli’s Climate Change through the LIFE+
Mediterranean island state its first protection and long-term survival Shearwaters and 50% of European Malta Seabird Project, which came
eight marine Special Protection of Europe’s natural heritage on land Storm-petrels of the Mediterranean to a successful end in June. Over
Areas (SPAs) specifically for birds. and at sea. They will improve the subspecies. the project’s lifespan (2011-2016)
Now that these sites have been conservation of all three protected The inventory of these sites was BirdLife Malta identified the most
designated, Malta will also be and declining seabird species in created by BirdLife Malta in important sites for seabirds at sea
fulfilling its obligation of Malta: the Yelkouan Shearwater, collaboration with the RSPB, the and proposed that they be legally
implementing the EU Birds Scopoli’s Shearwater and Portuguese Society for the Study of protected and managed as SPAs. –
Directive. European Storm-petrel. This is of Birds (SPEA, BirdLife in Portugal) Sanya Khetani-Shah
16 W INGS AUTUMN 2016international
News
Spix’s Macaw reappears in Brazil
A Spix’s Macaw has been seen in Natureza (Spix’s Macaw in the
Curaçá, a small town in the Wild Project), which aims to bring
Caatinga area of Bahia, Brazil. The the bird back from extinction. They
Spix’s Macaw is critically confirmed it was indeed a Spix’s
endangered, primarily as a result of Macaw and Pedro Develey, CEO of
trapping for trade combined with SAVE Brasil, organised an
habitat loss, and it had not been emergency trip to Curaçá to try to
seen in the wild since 2000. locate the bird. This individual’s
However, 130 Spix’s Macaws origin is uncertain, however, as it
survive as part of a captive may have been released from
breeding programme. captivity. That said, Spix’s Macaws
The bird was first sighted on can live for 20-30 years in the wild
June 18th by local farmer Nauto and the area is very large, with
Sergio de Oliveira. The next day, his some parts difficult to access.
neighbour Lourdes Oliveira and There is no more news of it as
her 16-year-old daughter Damilys yet, but the project’s biologists and
got up before dawn to look for the local residents of Curaçá are now Spix’s Macaw. Photo: Wabra Wildlife Preservation
macaw in Barra Grande creek’s mobilised and an official project
riparian forest. They found it and expedition is commencing. The fact Caatinga and riparian forests. town, and they are aware of its
Damilys managed to film it with her that a Spix’s Macaw appeared in Spix’s Macaw is being bred in importance, thanks in part to
mobile phone. the Curaçá area reinforces the captivity for future reintroduction two years of community work
Lourdes contacted the Society necessity of protecting this site. to the wild; this year there were from SAVE Brasil.“There’s hope
for the Conservation of Birds in Since 2014, the Ararinha na 19 chicks hatched by this project. again,” said SAVE Brasil CEO,
Brazil (SAVE Brasil, BirdLife Natureza project has been working The people of Curaçá are Pedro Develey. “The people here
Partner), one of the organisations to create a 44,000 hectares
that make up Projeto Ararinha na
extremely proud of the Spix’s are really committed to the
protected area to protect the Macaw. It is a symbol of their reintroduction.” – Shaun Hurrell
Rat boom expected in New Zealand
The Department of Conservation populations of endangered species
in New Zealand has been allocated at risk from the invasive predators.
an extra $21 million to help fight an Previous mast years have led to
expected pest population boom massive decreases in populations of
caused by a heavy forest seeding, or previously widespread bird species.
mast. This year, the Department will
Every autumn, around a million ramp up pest control to cover
tonnes of beech seed drops to the more than 800,000 hectares of
forest floor, providing a bonanza for land. Research from the
non-native rats. As rats increase, so Department’s previous pest
do the number of stoats, another control work in 2014-2015 Rock Wren (female). Photo: Department of Conservation, New Zealand
invasive alien species, which feed on showed that breeding success
rats. Once the seeds germinate, the rates in controlled areas were far untreated areas, and when the to the Department of
rats and stoats turn on native greater than in areas with no birds bred again a year later they Conservation, which looks after
wildlife, bringing disaster if nothing is controls. For example, in the first raised five times more chicks. almost a third of the land area of
done. This is the second mast year year, Rock Wrens raised three Unfortunately, in the budget New Zealand, was cut by around
in a row and it places whole times more chicks than they did in announced recently, the allocation 9%. – Mike Britton
African governments commit to preventing poisoning of wildlife
Moved by the plight of their continent’s action to prevent the poisoning of vultures. BirdLife has been working hard to highlight
endangered vultures and what this could mean Africa has also raised the stakes in dealing the plight of vultures and what this could mean
for people, African governments gave their with wildlife crime and illegal wildlife trade. A for Africa – but international policy has yet to
support to BirdLife’s vulture campaign at the hugely symbolic ivory burning took place in fully recognise that one poisoned elephant
United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA) Kenya earlier this year, and mounting pressure carcass can kill hundreds of critically endangered
in Nairobi, Kenya, in May. has led to a recent commitment by African vultures too. In one incident in Namibia in 2013,
This was further cemented by the approval of governments to step up the fight against five hundred vultures were found dead after
a new resolution on wildlife crime and trade elephant and rhinoceros poaching in Africa and feeding on the poisoned carcass of a poached
that means African governments can now take illegal wildlife trade internationally. elephant. – Shaun Hurrell
WINGS AUTUMN 2016 17You can also read
