The Harvard style Reference with confidence
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Reference with confidence: The Harvard style 1 Reference with confidence The Harvard style (2012 Edition) As used in: Archaeology Biochemistry (as well as Vancouver) Biology (as well as Vancouver) Economics Environment Health Sciences Hull York Medical School (as well as Vancouver) Language and Linguistic Science Philosophy (as well as MLA) Politics Social Policy and Social Work Sociology Theatre, Film and Television York Management School
Contents Using this guide________________________________________ 3 Why reference?_________________________________________ 3 Frequently asked questions________________________________ 4 Further resources_______________________________________ 7 Examples of the Harvard Style______________________________ 8
Reference with confidence: The Harvard style 3
Using this Guide
This guide is intended to help you understand how to use source material effectively in this
referencing style. It outlines the general features of the style, but it is important that you follow your
department’s specific guidelines as there are some different interpretations and requirements that
might be specifically required within your discipline. The guide has been compiled using EndNote X5
and the ‘UoY – Harvard’ output style. It also uses Colin Neville’s ‘The complete guide to referencing
and avoiding plagiarism, 2nd ed.’, which is seen as a guiding authority on the format for Harvard
in-text citation and referencing. The examples given are also consistent with the format of the larger
set of example Harvard citations and references available at www.york.ac.uk/integrity.
Why Reference?
Citing and referencing source material is a crucial aspect of academic writing. You will probably be
aware that plagiarism (using someone else’s work as though it were your own) is a serious form of
academic misconduct and it must be avoided at all costs. Referencing accurately and consistently is
an important part of ensuring the distinction is clear between your words and the words and ideas of
others in your assignments.
In-text citation is included in the body of your text and is there to directly show the reader where
an idea, piece of information, and/ or a quotation is from. The reader will then be able to match the
source cited in the text to the full reference given in your bibliography/ reference list where full
details of the publication are presented.
Citing of source materials within your assignment is useful and beneficial to supporting your
argument. However, be selective. Do not just use as many references as you can in a bid to impress
the marker that you’ve read a massive amount. Your references should be relevant and are an
integral part of your argument, that is you discuss or critique them in your writing.
For example, if you:
}
Include data from your reading (eg tables, statistics, diagrams)
Describe or discuss a theory, model or practice from a particular writer
Want to add credibility to your argument by bringing in the ideas of another cite the
writer – for or against source
Provide quotations or definitions in your essay;
Paraphrase or summarise information which is not common knowledge.4 Reference with confidence: The Harvard style
Frequently asked questions
uuWhat is the Harvard Style? The in-text citation examples given throughout
The Harvard style originated at Harvard this guide give the version (Neville, 2010) for
University, but has been much adapted by illustrative purposes.
individual institutions. There is no set manual
or formatting rules for Harvard as there is uuHow do I effectively cite quotations?
some other referencing systems. Harvard is
Quotations are word-for-word text included
a style for citing sources by giving the name
in your work and must be clearly distinguished
of the author and the date of their publication
from your own words and ideas. For short
in the text of a piece of writing, within ( ), for
quotations (of less than 40 words), use a brief
example (Smith, 2012). A reference list of full
phrase within your paragraph or sentence
bibliographic details is then given at the end,
to introduce the quotation before including
with sources listed in alphabetical order by
it inside double quotation marks “ “. For
author.
example: As Neville (2010) emphasises, “you
should cite all sources and present full details
uuHow do I format in-text citations? of these in your list of references” (p.37).
The Harvard style requires you to include
the name of the author and the date of their For longer quotations (of 40 words or more)
publication in ( ) and, when appropriate, to you use block quotation, without quotation
add a page number. There are different ways marks, but clearly indented to indicate these
in which you can integrate an in-text citation, words are not your own. For example:
depending on how you are using the source
Neville (2010, p. 38) comments that:
in your writing and where in the sentence the
citation will be placed. For example:
It can sometimes be difficult, if not impossible,
to avoid using some of the author’s original
“Choking under pressure refers to performing words, particularly those that describe or label
worse than expected in situations with a high phenomena. However, you need to avoid copying
degree of perceived importance (Baumeister, out what the author said, word for word. Choose
1984; Beilock and Gray, 2007). Following a words that you feel give a true impression of the
conceptual framework presented by Baumeister author’s original ideas or action.
(1997) to explain…”
(Taken from: Jordet, G., Hartman, E. and Jelle
NB: Note the inclusion of page numbers to the
Vuijk, P. (2012). Team history and choking under in-text citations for the above examples.
pressure in major soccer penalty shootouts. British
Journal of Psychology, 103(2), 268–283).Reference with confidence: The Harvard style 5
uuWhen must I use page numbers in uuWhat is the difference between a
my in-text citations? reference list and a bibliography?
It is important to give a page number to an in- References are the items you had read
text citation in the following circumstances: and specifically referred to (or cited) in
your assignment. A bibliography is a list of
when quoting directly
everything you consulted in preparation for
when referring to a specific detail in a text writing your assignment, whether or not you
(for example, a specific theory or idea, an referred specifically to it in the assignment.
illustration, a table, a set of statistics). You would normally only have one listed,
headed ‘references’ or ‘bibliography’, and you
This might mean giving an individual page
should check with your department which you
number or a small range of pages from which
are required to provide.
you have taken the information. Giving page
numbers enables the reader to locate the
specific item to which you refer. uuWhat if an author I am referencing
has published two or more works
uuAre in-text citations included in my in one year?
word count? In this case you can simply use lower-case
letters: a, b, c, etc to differentiate between
Usually in-text citations will be included in
different works within one given year.
your word count as they are integral to your
For example:
argument. This may vary depending on the
assignment you are writing and you should
In-text: (Carroll, 2007a; Carroll 2007b)
confirm this with your module tutor. If in-text
citations are included this does not mean you Bibliography/ reference list:
should leave out citations where they are
Carroll, J. (2007a). A handbook for deterring
appropriate.
plagiarism in higher education. Oxford: Oxford
Centre for Staff and Learning Development, Oxford
Brookes University.
Carroll, J. (2007b). Do national statistics about
plagiarism tell you about your students? LINK
Newsletter on Academic Integrity. The Hospitality,
Sport and Leisure Subject Centre, 18, 3-9.6 Reference with confidence: The Harvard style
uuWhat if I cannot locate the name of uuShould I include web addresses in an
an author of a source? in-text citation?
It is important to use quality sources to support No. If the website has an author, cite the
your arguments and so you should carefully source as you would anything else, for
consider the value of using any source when example (Gillett, 2012). If there is no author,
you cannot identify its author. For online use the organisation name or the title of the
sources, look carefully for named contributors, web page. Full details of the website will be
such as in the ‘about us’ sections. For printed given in the bibliography/ reference list.
material look carefully at the publication/
copyright information, which is often on the
uuShould I use secondary references?
inside cover of a book or back page of a report.
If you cannot locate the information you could A secondary reference is given when you
use the name of the organisation, for example are referring to a source which you have not
‘OECD’ for the author. read yourself, but have read about in another
source, for example referring to Jones’ work
that you have read about in Smith. Avoid using
uuWhat if I cannot locate the date of a secondary references wherever possible and
source? locate the original source and reference that.
Knowing when a source was created, Only give a secondary reference where this is
published, or last updated is important as this not possible and you deem it essential to use
helps you to determine the currency of the the material. It is important to think carefully
source. How current a source is relates, for about using secondary references as the
example, to being contemporary to an event explanation or interpretation of that source by
or containing the latest research findings. For the author you have read may not be accurate.
online sources look carefully for created and/
or last updated dates on the page(s) you are
uuWhat if I want to use a number of
using and similarly look carefully for named
sources in one in-text citation?
contributors, such as in the ‘about us’ sections.
For printed material, especially historical If, for example, you are pulling together a
sources where the exact date is unclear you number of sources to support your argument
could use ‘circa’ or ‘c’ before the date to you may want to use a number of sources in
indicate the approximate date of publication. one in-text citation. For example:
For example:
As is widely stated in the literature… (Carroll and
Ryan, 2005; Davies, 2011; Warwick, 2007).
Jones, M. (circa 1897). Memories of the diamond
jubilee. London: Back Street Press.
They should appear alphabetically, matching
the order in which they will appear in your
bibliography/ reference list.Reference with confidence: The Harvard style 7
uuWhat is the Harvard convention for Further resources
using capital letters?
You should only capitalise the first letter of the University of York referencing guides and A to Z
first word of a book, journal article etc. The of examples www.york.ac.uk/integrity
exception is the names of organisations.
‘Referencing the Discussion’ tutorial available
in the Academic Skills Tutorials module on
uuWhat abbreviations can I use?
Yorkshare http://vle.york.ac.uk
Abbreviation Meaning
Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to
ch. or chap. chapter
referencing and avoiding plagiarism, 2nd ed.
ed. edition Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Ed. or Eds. editor(s) Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010). Cite them
et al. and others right: the essential referencing guide, 8th ed.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
n.d. no date
no. (issue) number
p. page (single)
pp. pages (page range)
ser. series
supp. supplement
tab. table
vol. volume8 Reference with confidence: The Harvard style
Examples of the Harvard Style
uuBook (one author): uuChapter in an edited book:
In-text: (Becker, 2007) In-text: (Dobel, 2005)
Bibliography/ reference list: Bibliography/ reference list:
Becker, H. S. (2007). Writing for social Dobel, J. P. (2005). Public management
scientists: how to start and finish your as ethics. In E. Ferlie, L.E. Lynn Jr, and C.
thesis, book, or article. 2nd edn. London: The Pollitt, (Eds.). The Oxford handbook of public
University of Chicago Press. management. Oxford: Oxford University Press,
pp. 156-181.
uuBook (two or three authors):
uuJournal article:
In-text: (Peck and Coyle, 2005)
In-text: (Selman, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Bibliography/ reference list:
Peck, J. and Coyle, M. (2005). The student’s
guide to writing. Basingstoke: Palgrave Selman, P. (2012). The global decline of
Macmillan. intercountry adoption: what lies ahead? Social
Policy and Society, 11(03), 381-397.
uuBook (four or more authors):
uuJournal article (electronic):
In-text: (Moore et al., 2010)
In-text: (Yuill, 2012)
Bibliography/ reference list:
Bibliography/ reference list:
Moore, S., Neville, C., Murphy, M., and Connolly,
C. (2010). The ultimate study skills handbook. Yuill, C. (2012). The North Laine: a visual essay.
Maidenhead: Open University Press. Sociological Research Online, 17(1). [Online].
Available at: http://www.socresonline.org.
OR: uk/17/1/4.html [Accessed 12 April 2012].
Moore, S., et al. (2010). The ultimate study
skills handbook. Maidenhead: Open University
Press.Reference with confidence: The Harvard style 9
uuNewspaper article (with author): uuWebsite with no author:
In-text: (Brady and Dutta, 2012) In-text: (BBC, 2011)
Bibliography/ reference list: Bibliography/ reference list:
Brady, B. and Dutta, K. (2012). 45,000 caught BBC (2011). Working in nursing and care.
cheating at Britain’s universities. Independent [Online]. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/
on Sunday, 11 March 2012, pp. 4-5. skillswise/factsheet/jo09care-e3-f-working-
in [Accessed 12 April 2012].
uuNewspaper article (with no author):
uuSecondary referencing:
In-text: (The Guardian, 2012)
In-text: Campell (1976) highlighted…
Bibliography/ reference list: (as cited in Becker, 2007, p.178)
The Guardian. (2012). Editorial: French
Bibliography/ reference list:
elections. Bitter-sweet victory for the left,
23 April 2012, p. 26. Becker, H. S. (2007). Writing for social
scientists: how to start and finish your
thesis, book, or article. 2nd edn. London: The
uuWebsite with author: University of Chicago Press.
In-text: (Gillett, 2012) NB Only the source you have actually read is
referenced in the bibliography/ reference list.
Bibliography/ reference list:
Gillett, A. (2012). Writing a list of references
[Online]. Available at http://www.uefap.com/
writing/writfram.htm [Accessed 12 April 2012].www.york.ac.uk/integrity
15701 / The Studio: www.york.ac.uk/designcopyandprint
© 2012
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