UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS
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UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS
2019 – 2020
Year 2/3 module
15 Credits
Practical examination date: Monday 18th November 2019
Essay submission date: Friday 24th January 2020
Target dates for return of marked coursework: 18th December 2019 (exam)
24th February 2020 (essay)
Co-ordinator: Dr. Rebecca Watts
r.watts@ucl.ac.uk
Room 204B, telephone 020 7679 4721
Please see the pages 4 – 6 of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures,
or links to the relevant web-pagesARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 2
1. OVERVIEW
Short description
This half-unit second or third year option introduces students to the archaeology of human remains; the methods used to study
them and the main issues and debates in current research. It deals with remains of the past 100,000 years and examples are
drawn from many different periods and parts of the world. Topics include modern human origins, growth in childhood,
palaeodemography, dietary change and cannibalism.
Week-by-week summary
Lectures will take place on Mondays from 5-6pm in room G13 of 1-19 Torrington Place.
Practical sessions will take place on Tuesdays in room 308 of the Institute of Archaeology at the following times:
GROUP A: 10–11.30 am, GROUP B: 11.30 am–1 pm, GROUP C: 1–2.30 pm, GROUP D: 2.30–4 pm.
NB: Practicals do not start until Week 3. You will join ONE of four practical groups. During the first lecture a list will be
circulated, asking you to indicate any times that you CANNOT do. The module co-ordinator will then assign you to your group
and circulate a list by email. Once you have been assigned to a group, please stay there - there is very little flexibility because
of the large numbers of students and heavy pressure on teaching space.
Week Lectures Practicals
2 Mummies, bog bodies and skeletons
3 Are people really getting taller? Is lifespan getting longer? Long bones in the arm — clavicle, humerus,
radius, ulna
4 The great battle of the sexes — grave goods challenge the pubic Long bones in the leg — femur, tibia, fibula,
bone. And what about the biochemists? patella
5 Cannibals, excarnators, or just plain careless? Shoulder and hip bones — scapula and
innominate
6 Ancient faces. Skulls, art and modelling clay. Hand and foot bones; vertebrae and ribs
7 Reading week No TeachingARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 3
8 Skulls and human origins The skull
9 PRACTICAL EXAM
10 The dental clock, growth and development in children The upper jaw and its teeth
11 Hunting-gathering, farming, tooth wear and decay, and two less The lower jaw and lower teeth
well-known isotopes of carbon.
12 Palaeopathology — the ancient history of disease. Development and age changes in the
skeleton and dentition
Methods of assessment
This module is assessed by means of:
(a) one essay of 3,000 words, contributing to 75% of the final mark awarded for the course.
(b) a multiple choice examination, contributing to 25% of the final mark awarded for the course.
Teaching methods
The module is taught through both lectures and practical sessions. The lectures will introduce students to the various ways in
which human remains are studied and how this evidence relates to broader archaeological issues. Lectures are based around
PowerPoint presentations which will be available through Moodle to access at any time on a password controlled UCL website.
Practicals consist of one-and-a-half hour classes. Their objective is to allow students to handle specimens themselves and
learn to identify fragmentary components of the skeleton and dentition. Students will be assigned to practical sessions and will
be notified of the group to which they have been allocated. Each practical class has its own objectives, which are clearly stated
in practical worksheets (handed out at each session). These include check-lists of features, observations etc. which each
student is expected to cover during the class. Each practical is also supported by key texts which are available in the practical
room and in the library.
Workload
There will be 9 hours of lectures and 12 hours of practical sessions for this module. Students are expected to undertake around
67 hours of private reading and 60 hours producing written coursework. This adds up to around 150 hours for the module as a
whole. It is a College regulation that attendance at lectures and practicals be monitored, and a register will be taken. A 70%
minimum attendance at all scheduled lectures and practicals is required (excluding absences due to illness or other adverse
circumstances, provided that these are supported by medical certificates or other documentation).ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 4 2. AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT Aims This module is intended to introduce students to the basic anatomy and methodology used in the study of human remains and palaeopathology, as well as some of the main issues in archaeological and anthropological interpretation. It covers specifically the remains of anatomically modern Homo sapiens, coming from archaeological contexts ranging from Upper Palaeolithic to the present day, and involves some discussion of the origins of modern humans, but is designed to be complimentary to broader hominid evolution courses. Objectives On successful completion of this module, students would be expected to: be able to recognise the main elements of the human skeleton and dentition have a basic understanding of the methods used to study human remains in archaeology have an overview of the main current research issues in the study of the remains of modern humans be able to review critically specialist archaeological reports on human remains and palaeopathology, and to make some of their own judgements on the evidence. Learning outcomes On successful completion of the module students should be able to demonstrate general skills of observation and inference, critical reflection and application of acquired knowledge. Coursework Assessment tasks The module is assessed by means of a 3,000 word essay and a multiple choice examination. The title of the essay should be chosen from the list that will be given to you during the term. An electronic copy of the essay must be submitted by midnight on Friday of Week 2, Term 2 (24th January 2020). Hard copies must be handed into reception within 24 hours of electronic submission.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 5
The multiple choice examination will take place on Monday of Week 9 of Term 1 (18th November 2019). The examination
consists of 51 questions, each with up to five possible answers. There is only one correct answer to each question, but marks
will not be deducted for incorrect answers. The questions will cover the practical aspects of the module (basic anatomy and
osteology) and are based primarily on pictures of specimens.
If students are unclear about the nature of either of these assessments, they should discuss this with the Module Co-ordinator.
Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be
permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment. The
Module Co-ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned
suitably in advance of the submission date.
Word counts
The word count for the essay should be between 2,850 – 3,150 (not including title page, contents pages, reference list /
bibliography, captions and contents of any tables and figures, lists of tables and figures, abstract, preface, acknowledgements,
appendices). Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure of the range. There is no penalty for using fewer
words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is
expected.
In the 2019-20 sessions penalties for overlength work will be as follows:
For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage
marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.
For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks,
but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.
Coursework submission procedures
All coursework must be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. (The only exceptions are bulky portfolios and
lab books which are normally submitted as hard copy only.)
You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to
the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1
undergraduate work)ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 6
All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your
work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.
Instructions are given below. Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019-20, and work is now
submitted to Turnitin via Moodle.
1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document. Please include the
module code and your candidate number on every page as a header.
2. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work.
3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1).
4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination
candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), note that this changes each year.
5. Click “Upload”.
6. Click on “Submit”
7. You should receive a receipt – please save this.
If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact course
and assignment involved.
One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if
technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from
one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Course Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline
3. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS
Teaching schedule
Lectures will take place on Mondays from 5-6pm in room G13 of 1-19 Torrington Place. Practical sessions will take place on
Tuesdays in room 308 of the Institute of Archaeology from 10:00-4:00pm (students will be assigned to one of four groups). Dr.
Watts will deliver all the lectures and will supervise practical sessions with the help of teaching assistants.
Practical groups
Students will be divided into groups for practical sessions. To keep groups small enough for effective learning and discussion it
is essential that students attend the group to which they have been assigned. If you need to attend a different group for aARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 7 particular reason, please arrange to swap with another student from that group, and confirm this arrangement with the Module Co-ordinator. Syllabus The following is an outline for the module as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the eUCLid computer catalogue system. Readings marked with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the module. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online. Core texts Aiello, L. and Dean, C. (1990). An introduction to human evolutionary anatomy. London: Academic Press. Available online from UCL library Aufderheide A. & Rodriguez-Martin C. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF Qto AUF Bass, W.M (1979). Human osteology, a laboratory and field manual of the human skeleton. 2nd edition. Columbia: Missouri Archaeological Society. Institute of Archaeology Library BB 2 BAS Brothwell, D.R. (1981). Digging up bones. 3rd edition. London & Oxford: British Museum & Oxford University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 BRO Chamberlain, A. (1994). Human remains. Interpreting the Past. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF CHA Hillson, S.W. (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge University Press. Available online from UCL library Hillson, S.W. (2005). Teeth. 2nd Edition. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. Available online from UCL library Ortner, D. (2003). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. 2nd Edition. Washington: Smithsonian Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF Qto ORT Waldron, T. (1994). Counting the Dead. London: Wiley. Institute of Archaeology Library JF WAL Waldron, T. (2001). Shadows in the soil: human bones and archaeology. Stroud: Tempus. Institute of Archaeology Library JF WAL Waldron, T. (2007). Palaeoepidemiology. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF WAL
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 8 Waldron, T. (2008). Palaeopathology. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. Available online from UCL library Waldron, T. (2009). Palaeopathology. Cambridge University Press. Available online from UCL library White, T.D. & Folkens, P.A. (2005). The human bone manual. New York: Academic Press. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 WHI Lecture summaries and backup reading These references are listed to help you follow-up some of the ideas presented in the lectures, in more detail. They are not in any way intended to be compulsory reading, but you may also find them of some help when writing your essay. WEEK2: Mummies, bog bodies and skeletons Human remains are preserved in various ways, and are found as many different types of burial. Each can provide valuable information about the individual, and the group or population that they came from. * Bahn, P. (Ed.) (2002). Written in bones. How human remains unlock the secrets of the dead. London: David & Charles. Institute of Archaeology Library JF BAH (10) * Brothwell, D.R. (1981). Digging up bones. London & Oxford: British Museum & Oxford University Press. Chapter I. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 BRO * Chamberlain, A. (1994). Human remains. Interpreting the Past. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Chapters 6, 7, 8. Institute of Archaeology Library JF CHA Arriaza, B. T. (1995). Beyond death: the Chinchorro mummies of ancient Chile. Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution Press. Arriaza, B.T., Doubrava, M., Standen, V.G. & Haas, H. (2005). Differential mortuary treatment among the Andean Chinchorro fishers: social inequalities or in situ regional cultural evolution? Current Anthropology, 46:662-671. Aufderheide, A.C., Munoz, I. & Arriaza, B. (1993). Seven Chinchorro mummies and the prehistory of Northern Chile. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 91: 189-201. Aufderheide, A. C. (2003). The scientific study of mummies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Brothwell, D. R. (1986). The bog man and the archaeology of people. London: British Museum Press. Cockburn, A., Cockburn, E., & Reyman, T. A. (1998). Mummies, disease and ancient cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Glob, P. V. (1974). The mound people. London: Faber & Faber. Glob, P. V. (1969). The bog people. London: Faber & Faber.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 9 Hansen, J.P. (1991). The Greenland Mummies. McGill University Press. McKinley, J. I. (1994). The Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Spong Hill, North Elmham. Part VIII: the cremations. Dereham: Field Archaeology Division, Norfolk Museums Service. Spindler, K. (1993). The man in the ice. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson. van der Sanden, W. (1996). Through nature to eternity. The bog bodies of northwest Europe. Amsterdam: Batavian Lion International. WEEK 3: Are people getting taller? Are lifespans getting longer? Many reports on human remains from cemetery excavations give tables of stature and age estimations. How far is it possible to use this to say anything meaningful about the dynamics of the population which the remains represent? *Angel, J.L. (1969). The bases of paleodemography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 30, 427-437. *Bocquet-Appel, J. & Masset, C. (1982). Farewell to paleodemography. Journal of Human Evolution, 11, 321-333. * van Gerven, D.P. & Armelagos, G.J. (1983). “Farewell to paleodemography?” Rumours of its death have been greatly exaggerated. Journal of Human Evolution, 12, 353-360. Buikstra, J.E. & Konigsberg, L.W. (1985). Paleodemography: critiques and controversies. American Anthropologist, 87, 316- 333. Buikstra, J.E. & Mielke, J.H. (1985). Demography, diet, and health. In: R.I. Gilbert, J.H. Mielke, Ed. Analysis of Prehistoric Diets. New York: Academic Press. pp. 359-422. Chamberlain, A. T. (2006). Demography in archaeology. Cambridge University Press. Hoppa, R. & Vaupel, J.W. (Eds) (2002). Paleodemography: age distributions from skeletal samples. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Konigsberg, L.W. & Frankenberg, S.R. (2002). Deconstructing death in paleodemography. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117, pp. 297-309. Saunders, S.R. et al. (1993). Can skeletal samples accurately represent the living populations they come from? The St Thomas’ Cemetery Site, Belleville, Ontario. In: A.L. Grauer, Ed. Bodies of evidence. Reconstructing history through skeletal analysis. New York: Wiley-Liss. pp. 69-89. Ubelaker, D.H. (1974). Reconstruction of demographic profiles from ossuary skeletal samples. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology No 18. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institute.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 10 WEEK 4: The great battle of the sexes — grave goods challenge the pubic bone. And what about the biochemists? Osteological estimation of sex (male or female) is made on the basis of size and detailed shape of bones, and more recently ancient DNA, but there is always a level of uncertainty. In some archaeological contexts, it seems to be possible to identify clear male and female sets of grave goods but, although these may match the skeletal estimation of biological sex in many cases, there are often some exceptions. These raise a number of interesting possibilities for interpretation. *Brothwell, D.R. (1981). Digging up bones. London & Oxford: British Museum & Oxford University Press. Chapter III. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 BRO *Henderson, J. (1989). Pagan Saxon cemeteries: a study of the problem of sexing by grave goods and bones. In: Roberts, C.A.(Ed.) Burial archaeology. Current research, methods and developments. B. A. R. British Series No 211. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. 77-84. Institute of Archaeology Library DAA Qto Ser BRI 211 Bruzek, J. (2002). A new method for visual determination of sex, using the human hip bone. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 117, pp. 157-168. Cook, A.M. & Dacre, M.W. (1985). Excavation at Portway Andover 1973-1975: Anglo-Saxon cemetery, Bronze Age barrow and linear ditch. Monograph No 4. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology. Daskalaki, E., Anderung, C., Humphrey, L. and Götherström, A. (2011) 'Further developments in molecular sex assignment: a blind test of 18th and 19th century human skeletons', Journal of Archaeological Science, 38(6), 1326-1330. Evison, V.I. (1987). Dover: the Buckland Anglo-Saxon cemetery. Archaeological Report No 3. London : Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England. Strömberg, A. (1993). Male or female?: a methodological study of grave gifts as sex-indicators in Iron Age burials from Athens. Jonsered: Paul Aströms Förlag. Walrath, D.E., Turner, P. & Bruzek, J. (2004). Reliability test of the visual assessment of cranial traits for sex determination. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 125, pp. 132-137. Williams, B.A. & Rogers, T.L. (2006). Evaluating the accuracy and precision of cranial morphological traits for sex determination. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 51, pp. 729-735.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 11 WEEK 5: Cannibals, excarnators, or just plain careless? Numerous claims have been made that there is evidence for cannibalism in the archaeological record. However, these are hotly disputed on a variety of grounds. *Turner II, C.G. & Turner, J.A. (1999). Man Corn. Cannibalism and Violence in the Prehistoric American Southwest. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Chapter 5. Institute of Archaeology Library DED 13 Qto TUR *Villa, P. (1992). Cannibalism in prehistoric Europe. Evolutionary Anthropology, 1, 93-104. *White, T.D. (1992). Prehistoric cannibalism at Mancos 5MTUMR-2346. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library DED 13 WHI Brothwell, D.R. (1961). Cannibalism in early Britain. Antiquity, 35, 304-307. Cannibalism and violence special issue (2000) of International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Volume 10, Number 1. Fernandez-Jalvo, Y. et al. (1999). Human cannibalism in the Early Pleistocene of Europe (Gran Dolina, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, 37, 591-622. Hurlbut, S.A. (2000). The taphonomy of cannibalism: a review of anthropogenic bone modification in the American Southwest, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 10, 4-26. McKie, R. (1998). The people eaters. New Scientist, 157 (2125), 43-46. Melbye, J. & Fairgrieve, S.I. (1994). A massacre and possible cannibalism in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic Anthropology, 31, 57- 77. Preston, D. (1998). Cannibals of the canyon. The New Yorker, November 30, 76-89. Marlar, R. and colleagues in Nature (2000) Volume 407, pp 25-26, 74-78 Billman, B., Lambert, P. and colleagues in American Antiquity (2000) Volume 65, pp145-178, 179-190, 397-406 Korn, D. (2001). Cannibal: the history of the people eaters. London : Channel 4 WEEK 6: Ancient faces. Skulls, art and modelling clay The reconstruction of a face and head from an ancient skull is something that catches public imagination, and has appeared on countless TV programmes in the past few years. How is it done, and how far can we believe it? *Iscan, M.Y. & Helmer, R.P. (Eds.) (1993). Forensic analysis of the skull. Craniofacial analysis, reconstruction and identification. New York : Wiley-Liss. (Chapters 14-17). Institute of Archaeology Library JF ISC
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 12 *Prag, A.J.N.W & Neave, R.A.H. (Eds.) (1997). Making faces. Reconstructing ancient heads. London: British Museum Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF PRA Neave, R.A.H. (1979). Reconstruction of the heads of three ancient Egyptian mummies. Journal of Audiovisual Media in Medicine, ii, 156-164. Neave, R.A.H. &. Quinn, R. (1986). Reconstruction of the skull and the soft tissues of the head and face of Lindow Man. In: I.M. Stead, et al., Ed. Lindow Man. The body in the bog. London : British Museum Publications. pp. 42-44. Prag, A.J.N.W. et al. (1984). The skull from Tomb II at Vergina: King Phillip II of Macedon. Journal of Hellenic Studies, civ, 60- 78. Prag, A.J.N.W. (1990). Reconstructing King Phillip II: the "nice" version. American Journal of Archaeology, 94, 237-247. Wilkinson, C. (2004). Forensic facial reconstruction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. WEEK 8: Skulls and human origins The traditional approach to reconstructing the origins and migrations of people over the past 30,000 years or so has been to study similarities and differences in the shape of skulls. More recently, large scale studies of genetic variation in living people have provided new ways to look at these questions. *Brothwell, D.R. (1981). Digging up bones. London & Oxford: British Museum & Oxford University Press. Chapter V. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 BRO *Gould, S. (1996). The mismeasure of man: W W Norton. Chapters 2 & 3. Science Library Short Loan Room GOU *Howells, W.W. (1989). Skull shapes and the map. Craniometric analyses in the disperson of modern Homo. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 79. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Chapter 8. Institute of Archaeology Library BB2 HOW *Stringer, C.B. (1994). African exodus. The origins of modern humanity. London: Pimlico. Institute of Archaeology Library BB 1 STR *Stringer, C. & Andrews, P. (2005). The complete world of human evolution. London: Thames & Hudson. Institute of Archaeology Library BB1 STR Cavalli-Sforza, L. (1998). The DNA revolution in population genetics, Trends in Genetics, 14, 60-65. Eswaran, V. et al. (2005). Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans. Journal of Human Evolution, 49, pp. 1-18. Hanihara, T. (1996). Comparison of craniofacial features of major human groups. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,99, 389-412.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 13 Harvati, K. (2003). The Neanderthal taxonomic position: models of intra- and inter-specific craniofacial variation. Journal of Human Evolution, 44, pp. 107-132. Howells, W.W. (1973). Cranial variation in man. A study by multivariate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human populations. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 67. Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University. Lahr, M.M. (1996). The evolution of modern human diversity: a study of cranial variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Mountain, J.L. (1998). Molecular evolution and modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology, 7, 21-37. Relethford, J.H. (1995). Genetics and modern human origins. Evolutionary Anthropology, 4, 53-63. Relethford, J.H. & Harpending, H.C. (1994). Craniometric variation, genetic theory, and modern human origins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 95, 249-270. WEEK 10: The dental clock, growth and development in children Growth in childhood is a sensitive indicator of general health and nutrition in living populations, so it would be interesting to compare it in ancient populations. The problem lies in trying to find a way of measuring growth. One approach is to examine the microscopic structure of teeth, in which there is a layering which represents a regular rhythm of growth. *Hillson, S.W. (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 11). Institute of Archaeology Library BB1 HIL *Hillson, S. W. (2005). Teeth. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 2). Institute of Archaeology Library BB1 HIL Antoine, D.M., Hillson, S. & Dean, M.C. (2009). The developmental clock of dental enamel: a test for the periodicity of prism cross-striations in modern humans and an evaluation of the most like sources or error in histological studies of this kind. Journal of Anatomy, 214, pp. 45-55. Bogin, B. (1999). Patterns of human growth. 2nd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Dean, M.C. & Lucas, V.S. (2009). Dental and skeletal growth in early fossil hominins. Annals of Human Biology, 36, pp. 545- 561. Dean, M.C. (2010). Retrieving chronological age from dental remains of early fossil hominins to reconstruct human growth in the past. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, pp. 1556-3397.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 14 Fitzgerald, C. & Rose, J. (2000). Reading between the lines: dental development and subadult age assessment using the microstructureal growth markers of teeth. In: Katzenberg, M. A. and Saunders, S. R. (Ed.), Biological anthropology of the human skeleton, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 163-186. Hillson, S. W. (1992). Dental enamel growth, perikymata and hypoplasia in ancient tooth crowns. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 85, pp. 460-466. Hillson, S. W. and Bond, S. (1997). Relationship of enamel hypoplasia to the pattern of tooth crown growth: a discussion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 104, pp. 89-104. Hoppa, R. and Fitzgerald, C. (1999). Human growth in the past. Studies from bones and teeth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Larsen, C. S. (1997). Bioarchaeology. Cambridge University Press. Smith, T.M. & Tafforeau, P. (2008). New visions of dental tissue research: tooth development, chemistry, and structure. Evolutionary Anthropology, 17, pp. 213-226. Smith, T.M. (2008). Incremental dental development: methods and applications in hominoid evolutionary studies. Journal of Human Evolution, 54, pp. 205-224. Smith, T.M., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D.J., Grün, R., Eggins, S. & Boutaklout, M. (2007). Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North Africa early Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 6128-6133. Smith, T.M., Tafforeau, P., Reid, D.J., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J.P., Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Olejniczak, A.J., Hoffman, A., Radov, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C. & Hublin, J.J. (2010). Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, p. 20923. Smith, T.M., Toussaint, M., Reid, D.J., Olejniczak, A.J. & Hublin, J.J. (2007). Rapid dental development in a Middle Paleolithic Belgian Neanderthal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 104, pp. 20220-20225. Ulijaszek, S. J., Johnston, F. E., and Preece, M. A. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Growth and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. WEEK 11: Hunting-gathering, farming, tooth wear and decay Tooth wear, dental disease and stable isotope analysis together provide a useful way to study the biological impact of the adoption of farming. *Hillson, S.W. (1996). Dental anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 11). Institute of Archaeology Library BB1 HIL
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 15 *Hillson, S. W. (2005). Teeth. 2nd Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (chapter 2). Institute of Archaeology Library BB1 HIL Ambrose, S.H. (1993). Isotopic analysis of paleodiets: methodological and interpretive considerations. In: M.K. Sandford, Ed. Investigations of ancient human tissue. Chemical analyses in anthropology. Food and Nutrition in History and Anthroplogy Volume 10. Langhorne, Pennsylvania: Gordon & Breach. 59-130. De Niro, M.J. (1987). Stable isotopy and archaeology. American Scientist, 75, 182-191. Hillson, S.W. (2000). Dental pathology. In: (M.A. Katzenberg & S.R. Saunders, Ed.) Biological anthropology of the human skeleton. New York: Wiley-Liss, pp. 249-287. Institute of Archaeology Library BB 2 KAT Hillson, S.W. (2007). The current state of dental decay. In: Irish, J.D. & Nelson, G. (Eds), Technique and Application in Dental Anthropology. Cambridge Studies in Biological and Evolutionary Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 111-136. Lubell, D. et al. (1994). The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Portugal: isotopic and dental evidence of diet. Journal of Archaeological Science,21, 201-216. Milner, G.R. & Larsen, C.S. (1991). Teeth as artifacts of human behavior: intentional mutilation and accidental modification. In: M.A. Kelley, C.S. Larsen, Ed. Advances in Dental Anthropology. New York : Wiley-Liss. pp. 357-378. Rose, J.C. et al. (1991). Bioarchaeology and subsistence in the central and lower portions of the Mississippi valley. In: M.L. Powell, et al., Ed. What mean these bones? Studies in southeastern bioarchaeology. Tuscasloosa & London: University of Alabama Press. pp. 7-21. Schwarcz, H.P. &. Schoeninger, M.J. (1991). Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 34, 283-321. Sealy, J.C. et al. (1992). Diet and dental caries among later stone age inhabitants of the Cape Province, South Africa. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 88, 123-134. Schoeninger, M.J. (1995). Stable isotope studies in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology, 4, pp. 83-98. Smith, B.H. (1984). Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 63, 39-56. Wasterlain, S.N., Hillson, S. & Cunha, E. (2009). Dental caries in a Portuguese identified skeletal sample from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 140, pp. 64-79.
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 16 WEEK 12: Palaeopathology – the ancient history of disease Palaeopathology is the study of disease in the past. In archaeological collections there may be evidence of injury, infectious disease and tumours, but by far the most common diseases are those of the joints. What can the study of this evidence tell us about the history of disease? *Aufderheide A. & Rodriguez-Martin C. (1998). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF Qto AUF *Ortner, D. (2003). Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains. 2nd Edition. Washington: Smithsonian Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF Qto ORT *Roberts, C. & Manchester, K. (2005). The archaeology of disease. 3rd Edition. Stroud: Sutton. And see also 2nd Edition. Institute of Archaeology Library JF ROB *Rogers, J. & Waldron, H.A. (1995). A field guide to joint disease in archaeology. Chichester: John Wiley. Institute of Archaeology JF ROG *Waldron, T. (1994). Counting the dead. Chichester: John Wiley. Institute of Archaeology Library JF WAL *Waldron, T. (2007). Palaeoepidemiology. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF WAL *Waldron, T. (2008). Palaeopathology. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. Institute of Archaeology Library JF WAL Jurmain, R.D. (1991). Degenerative changes in peripheral joints as indicators of mechanical stress: opportunities and limitations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 1, 247-252. Merbs, C. (1992). A new world of infectious diseases, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. 35, 3-42. Rafi, A., Spigelman, M., Stanford, J., Lemma, E., Donoghue, H. & Zias, J. (1994). Mycobacterium leprae DNA from ancient bone detected by PCR, Lancet, 343, 1360-1. Taylor, G.M., Crossey, M., Saldanha, J. & Waldron, T. (1996). DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis identified in medieval human skeletal remains using polymerase chain reaction, Journal of Archaeological Science, 23, 789-98, Wells, C. (1964). Bones, bodies and diseases. Ancient peoples and places. London: Thames & Hudson. 4. ONLINE RESOURCES Institute of Archaeology coursework guidelines http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/handbook/common/marking.htm Institute of Archaeology individual course information http://www.ucl.ac.uk/silva/archaeology/course-info/)
ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 17
ARCL0049 Moodle resource http://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/
Between the four following websites, you should find most of what you need in bibliographic terms.
Google Scholar http://scholar.google.co.uk/. This is the fastest way to build a bibliography if you have at least some
idea what you are looking for. Try different combinations of keywords. You can link Scholar to UCL library and e-journals
by setting a link in Scholar Settings, Library links, Show library access links, UCL. Once you’ve done this, a large link,
labelled "SFX@UCL - Fulltext" will appear if UCL has the item. You can then usually download a pdf. Google Scholar
may point you to another source of a pdf file.
Google Books http://books.google.com/. You can get online access to a surprising number of books without leaving
your computer. Worth trying before you go to the library.
Archive http://archive.org/details/texts. This is an amazing resource of out-of-print books. Well worth looking at if you
want something old, not in English or whatever.
UCL Explore allows you to search for keywords http://ucl-
primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=UCL_VU1&reset_config=true
5. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Dyslexia and other disabilities
If you have dyslexia or any other condition which may affect your studies, please make your lecturers aware of this. Please
discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help you. Students with dyslexia are reminded to indicate
this on each piece of coursework. Please also tell the course coordinator in good time before the practical exam.
Libraries and other resources
Textbooks are available in the UCL library. The essays are supported by reading lists, with items available from the internet.
The practical classes are supported by textbooks available in Room 308, and by short reading lists of items also available in the
library. If you wish to read around the subject, there are lots of other books and papers in the library, although only the main
reading is necessarily placed on restricted access. The main journals are the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and
International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. Both are in UCL library. See also internet resources.ARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 18
Health and Safety
The Institute has a Health and Safety Policy and a Code of Practice which provides guidance on laboratory work, etc. This is
revised annually and the new edition will be issued in due course. All work undertaken in the Institute is governed by these
guidelines and students have a duty to be aware of them and to adhere to them at all times. This is particularly important in the
context of laboratory work which will be undertaken as part of this module. It should be noted that eating and drinking is not
allowed in room 308 at any time.
APPENDIX A: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES 2019-20 (PLEASE READ CAREFULLY)
This appendix provides a short précis of policies and procedures relating to modules. It is not a substitute for the full documentation, with
which all students should become familiar. For full information on Institute policies and procedures, see the IoA Student Administration
section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/course/view
For UCL policies and procedures, see the Academic Regulations and the UCL Academic Manual:
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-regulations ; http://www.ucl.ac.uk/academic-manual/
GENERAL MATTERS
ATTENDANCE: A register will be taken at each class. If you are unable to attend a class, please notify the lecturer by email.
Students are normally required to attend at least 70% of classes.
DYSLEXIA: If you have dyslexia or any other disability, please discuss with your lecturers whether there is any way in which they can help
you. Students with dyslexia should indicate it on each coursework cover sheet.
COURSEWORK
LATE SUBMISSION: Late submission will be penalized in accordance with current UCL regulations, unless formal permission for late
submission has been granted. The UCL penalties are as follows:
The marks for coursework received up to two working days after the published date and time will incur a 10-percentage point
deduction in marks (but no lower than the pass mark).
The marks for coursework received more than two working days and up to five working days after the published date and time will
receive no more than the pass mark (40% for UG modules, 50% for PGT modules).
Work submitted more than five working days after the published date and time, but before the second week of the third term will
receive a mark of zero but will be considered complete.
GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Please note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for
coursework. You are reminded that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be
submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred onARCL0049: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HUMAN REMAINS 2019-2020 PAGE 19 for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing (SSW) to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA website for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/ RETURN OF COURSEWORK AND RESUBMISSION: You should receive your marked coursework within one month of the submission deadline. If you do not receive your work within this period, or a written explanation, notify the Academic Administrator. When your marked essay is returned to you, return it to the Module Co-ordinator within two weeks. You must retain a copy of all coursework submitted. CITING OF SOURCES and AVOIDING PLAGIARISM: Coursework must be expressed in your own words, citing the exact source (author, date and page number; website address if applicable) of any ideas, information, diagrams, etc., that are taken from the work of others. This applies to all media (books, articles, websites, images, figures, etc.). Any direct quotations from the work of others must be indicated as such by being placed between quotation marks. Plagiarism is a very serious irregularity, which can carry heavy penalties. It is your responsibility to abide by requirements for presentation, referencing and avoidance of plagiarism. Make sure you understand definitions of plagiarism and the procedures and penalties as detailed in UCL regulations: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/current- students/guidelines/plagiarism RESOURCES MOODLE: Please ensure you are signed up to the course on Moodle. For help with Moodle, please contact Charlotte Frearson (c.frearson@ucl.ac.uk). INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle. It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your Module Co-ordinator. GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/
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