2021 22 MIDDLE SCHOOL COURSE CATALOG - Hillsboro School ...
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2021 - 22 MIDDLE SCHOOL
COURSE CATALOG
R.A. Brown Evergreen Hillsboro Online Poynter South Meadows
Groner K-8
Academy
Hillsboro School District l 3083 NE 49th Place l Hillsboro, OR 97124 l 503.844.1500
2021-22
Middle School
Course Catalog
_____________ MESSAGE FROM THE DISTRICT
Dear HSD students and parents,
TABLE OF The faculty and staff of all HSD middle schools are committed
to providing our students with a rich, challenging and meaning-
CONTENTS
ful educational experience. Academic programs are designed to
offer every student the opportunity to excel and to build a strong
foundation for success as they progress to high school.
HSD is the first K-12 school district in
This course guide is an essential tool for making the import- Oregon to receive full systems (districtwide)
ant educational decisions that lie ahead for you. Please review accreditation by AdvancED, a non-profit,
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 the guide so that you are informed of course descriptions and non-partisan, international organization of
requirements, as well as preparing for high school. Carefully education quality assurance professionals.
Steps to Success . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 consider the course selections and program decisions that you
will be making. These decisions will shape the foundation you
build for your future.
Using This Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
We encourage you to seek the advice of counselors and teachers The Hillsboro School District recognizes the diversity and worth
Course Selections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 as you work through your forecasting process. We look forward of all individuals and groups. It is the policy of the Hillsboro
to partnering with you during your middle school career. School District that there will be no discrimination or harassment
of individuals or groups based on race, color, religion, gender,
High School Courses for Eighth sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, national
origin, marital status, age, veterans’ status, genetic information
or disability in any program, service, or activity for which the
Graders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
District is responsible. The District will comply with the require-
ments of state and federal law concerning non-discrimination and
World Language Proficiency Exam. . . . 3 will strive by its action to enhance the dignity and worth of all
persons.
Understanding a Course Description. . 3 Roger Will, Principal Linda Harrington, Principal Scan the QR code
R.A. Brown Middle School Hillsboro Online Academy for facts and figures
Counseling Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 about HSD or visit
our website.
High School Diploma Requirements. . 5
Career & College Readiness . . . . . . . . . 6
www.hsd.k12.or.us
Career & College Planning Timeline. . 8 Did you know? The first major
OJ Gulley, Principal
Evergreen Middle School
Jon Pede, Principal
Poynter Middle School
503.844.1500
bond project of 2018 was the $1.1 million
Roadmap to Success:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
rollout of new technology to students at
7th Grade Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 our schools. Each middle school received
four carts of 40 Chromebooks per cart.
8th Grade Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Middle schools also will be receiving major infrastructure
Katie Thomas, Principal Justin Welch, Principal
upgrades over the coming years of the bond. Groner K-8 South Meadows Middle
hillsboro-bond.org School
General Information HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT General Information
Course Selections
GENERAL INFORMATION
Courses are divided into two types: required and elective. Required courses are those
a student must pass to meet the state of Oregon and Hillsboro School District require-
ments. Elective courses are designed to build skills in areas of study that meet the stu-
dent’s needs as well as the pursuit of individual interests.
Required courses are a full school year and elective courses may vary in length. Some ex-
Introduction The programs at the Hillsboro School District middle schools build on the successes tend for the full school year and others are only a single term in length. Attention should
of elementary education and, in turn, prepare pupils for a successful experience in high be given to choosing elective courses. When making these choices, students should talk
school. To best meet the needs of young adolescents, we strive to make our educational with their parents and teachers. Careful thought should be given to personal goals, inter-
programs appropriate to this age group. ests, and strengths. Please contact a school counselor for assistance in program planning.
• Students are taught by teachers who collaboratively plan lessons and utilize similar Each school provides a variety of courses that may be taught in Spanish as part of the
methods of student management and assessment. dual language program offerings at that school.
• The curriculum is student-centered and highly adaptable to the developmental needs Not all courses are offered at every middle school. Please see the forecasting registration
of the students. form for specific information on each individual school.
• Students are challenged with an integrated curriculum.
• Equal emphasis is given to the intellectual, social-emotional, and physical needs of The District encourages students to perform at the highest level possible in their course
students. High School Courses work. Recognizing that some middle school age students are able to master existing
for Eighth-Graders high school curriculum, it is the policy of the District to allow eighth grade students who
are qualified to take designated high school classes/courses. High school credit may be
granted. Credits taken before ninth grade will not be used to reduce below 24 the units
Steps to Success Meeting in new surroundings, with new teachers and peers, often leads to anxiety for of credit to be completed in Grades 9 through 12 for high school graduation except in
students. To help in the transition, parents and students should note these tips: special circumstances approved by the principal and in accordance with Board policy
IKFA - Early Graduation.
1. Organization is key! Students need to continue their development of study skills. A
daily planner is issued and is a useful tool for success.
2. At home, a regular study time is important. A quiet place should be provided for Eighth-grade students may take a district-approved world language proficiency assess-
nightly homework.
World Language ment, for example, STAMP, in Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Russian or
Proficiency Exam Spanish. This assessment will assist in placing students in the correct world language
3. Good nutrition and adequate sleep are important for the growing, changing learner. class appropriate to their assessed level of proficiency. Each school site offers at least one
opportunity each school year for students to take the world language proficiency exams.
4. Keep communication lines open! Families are encouraged to email or call teachers, For more information or to register for the world language proficiency-based exam,
counselors, and administrators to ask questions or to voice concerns. Please keep please see your counselor or an administrator.
contact information updated with your school.
Understanding a Courses are organized by subject categories within this catalog. Each course description
5. ParentVue is an excellent tool to monitor student progress throughout the year. Course Description provides the following information:
Course title
Þ
Using This Catalog This course catalog contains information on course offerings and special District pro- Exploring Computers/Computers
grams. It has been prepared to help students plan their schedule. Students and parents Schools offering this course* Ü B, E, P
should use the catalog for planning both long- and short-range goals. Page 5 includes the Students will learn basic computer operations, Û Course content and
high school diploma requirements to support students’ long-term goals. terminology, and keyboarding techniques. expectations
Responsible Internet research will be empha-
This course catalog is designed to help you make wise selections from the courses sized. Students will be introduced to Microsoft
offered at Hillsboro School District middle schools. Take the time to review the hand- Word, Publisher, Excel, and PowerPoint creat-
book carefully. ing documents, publications, spreadsheets, and
presentations. All work will be done in class
When forecasting for next year, students and parents should keep the following in mind: on PCs.
• All courses and programs offered are contingent upon adequate funding.
*Abbreviations used:
• All courses offered are dependent on enrollment. If an insufficient number of
B = R.A. Brown
students request a course, it will not be taught.
E = Evergreen
G = Groner
P = Poynter
S = South Meadows
2 3General Information HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT General Information
SBAC, ACT, PSAT, SAT
https://bit.ly/3rA00Z8
1) It is the expectation of the
State of Oregon and our
in a full and complete edu-
*Page numbers are in ref-
erence to the 2021-22 High
School Course Catalog, found
at https://bit.ly/2ONGjhR
district that students engage
cational experience. New
legislation has required our
district to ensure most stu-
dents are taking a full day of
classes each day. Students
counselor for work experi-
ence, internships, and other
2) Essential Skills mastery is
typically obtained through
Essential Skills may be
should work with their
off campus experiences as
satisfactory scores on the
or AP tests. Alternately,
students may produce work
samples to show mastery.
More information about
3) Students who receive two
or more proficiency-based
credits in world language
with STAMP test scores
Counseling Procedures
found at: bit.ly/2DfYHcR
Forecasting/Planning
meet this requirement.
Students are advised to plan ahead and forecast carefully. A significant amount of time and
effort is devoted to giving students their first-choice electives (or alternates). The offering
and staffing of elective courses will be dependent on the requests made during spring
(English) or
registration. The courses listed in the catalog are based on the information available at the
applicable.
(Spanish).
publish date in spring of 2021. Due to the national pandemic, please be aware that staffing
NOTES:
and course offerings may adjust. While every effort is made, it is possible that students
may get an elective that was not originally selected.
Students will receive guidance on course planning throughout the school year, including:
Extended Diploma
• Classroom guidance • Individual and small group planning as needed
Hillsboro School District diplomas satisfy the Oregon State Board of Education’s rigorous statewide graduation requirements for students. The chart below displays
(art or world language)
economics or civics)
(history, geography,
• Naviance planning activities • Counseling websites
2 credits
2 credits
2 credits
3 credits
1 credit
1 credit
1 credit
exempt
• Forecasting presentations • Family nights
12
Things to Remember
• PLEASE CHOOSE CAREFULLY. Your schedule is created based on your course requests and
availability.
• All students need to forecast for a minimum of six classes.
• Students who do not complete their forecasting sheet will have classes chosen for them
Modified Diploma
based on class availability.
(modifications allowed)
• It is the expectation of the State of Oregon and our district that students engage in a
2.5 credits
0.5 credit
3 credits
2 credits
2 credits
2 credits
9 credits
required
1 credit
1 credit
1 credit
full and complete educational experience. New legislation has required our district to
24
ensure most students are taking a full day of classes each day.
Schedule Correction Procedures
the MINIMUM course and credit requirements needed to graduate with the student’s desired diploma (see note 1)
Schedule corrections will only be considered for the following reasons:
• Student needs to take a required course for advancement to high school
HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA REQUIREMENTS
• Student was placed in an inappropriate course/skill level
(Algebra 1 level or higher)
Standard Diploma
• Student has a “see counselor” note or incomplete schedule
0.5 credit
0.5 credit
4 credits
3 credits
3 credits
3 credits
3 credits
5 credits
required
1 credit
1 credit
Schedule corrections will not be made for:
24
• Lunch requests • Changing unwanted electives
• Teacher requests • Requests to be with peers
It is possible that a student may have received electives for which they did not forecast.
This is due to limited space in classes or a schedule conflict making it impossible to fill a
schedule hole with a requested class.
science, social science,
English, mathematics,
Chancellor’s Diploma
and 3 credits of AA/
(including 2 credits of same
3.0 GPA unweighted
3.0 GPA unweighted
(including Algebra 2 level
Course Corrections and Changes
world language)
18 credits
CTE/WL
0.5 credit
0.5 credit
(see note 3)
4 credits
4 credits
3 credits
3 credits
3 credits
5 credits
4 credits
required
1 credit
1 credit
1 credit
or higher)
The master schedule, including how many sections of each course is offered, is based on
26
C
the student forecasting requests made during spring of the previous school year. Due to
this, schedule and course changes are difficult to make because often there are not avail-
able spaces in the course.
All course corrections and changes are subject to review and approval by an administra-
credits in advanced-level coursework (desig-
TOTAL CREDITS REQUIRED
Required unweighted GPA in all coursework
tor. Please visit the school counseling center for information about the procedures and
Minimum grade in every required academic
nated as Advanced Placement, International
Academic credits are met through courses in
Applied Arts, Career Technical Education,
Career and College Development (page 15)
Required cumulative, unweighted GPA in
forms specific to each school.
Minimum number of required academic
Subject Area/Required Elements
Number of required academic credits
reading, writing and mathematics (see note 2)
Preparing for High School
Science/Social Science (additional)
Baccalaureate, dual credit courses)
Students also should consider how middle school coursework prepares them for high
or World Language (AA/CTE/WL)
Physical Education (PE) (page 64)
Proficiency in Essential Skills:
school courses, diploma requirements, and career and college pathways. The following
Social Science (SS) (page 70)
Senior Project (SP) (page 13)
page lists the requirements to graduate. The full high school course catalog may be viewed
Mathematics (MA) (page 59)
at: https://bit.ly/2ONGjhR (English) or https://bit.ly/3rA00Z8 (Spanish).
Chancellor’s Diploma:
Science (SC) (page 66)
English (LA) (page 55)
Health (HE) (page 54)
academic courses
Electives (EL)
course
4 56
&
the
deadlines.
College
Hillsboro
and private colleges.
www.hsd.k12.or.us/ccp.
for independent living.
Career & College Pathways
Pathways
program may be found at
District’s pioneering Career
School
More information about
success in their post-secondary choices.
Aware, Eligible and Prepared
too early to get on the right track. Hills
high school graduation requirements and the
boro
necessary for school and workplace performance,
wide array of disciplines, study and work habits
secondary learning or employment. Students will
academic subjects, but also the development
Becoming prepared involves not only learning
applying to at least one post-secondary institution
support themselves with gainful employment, and
option of their choosing. This includes meeting the
the necessary steps to engage in the post-secondary
two-year community colleges, or four-year public
tests. In addition, students need to understand
Becoming aware involves early exposure to
need to have foundational understanding in a
of “habits of mind” that lead to success in post-
or job consistent with application requirements and
Becoming eligible involves students completing
requirements for entering vocations, the military,
lessons, and the completion of college entrance
options, eligible for those options, and prepared for
career and colleges, interest mapping, guidance
students are aware of their career and college
School District is committed to ensuring all
and a pattern of life skills that will ensure readiness
goal, planning for how to pay college tuition or
that details the steps needed to reach their future
requirements of college entrance, developing a plan
College may seem far away, but it is never
LIBERTY
HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT
graduation
CAREER & COLLEGE READINESS
PSAT testing taken at 10th grade
PSAT Testing taken at 11th grade
HIGH
EDUCATION
ACT and SAT testing taken by 12th grade
CAREER & COLLEGE
PATHWAYS
PATHWAYS
Aid (FAFSA) for college enrollment in 12th grade
for career and college readiness
Earning at least nine college credit hours before
Completing the Free Application for Federal Student
Key
2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog
EARLY CHILDHOOD
IndicatorsSCHOOL
GLENCOE HIGH SCHOOL
Career and College Readiness: This roadmap describes the expectations of and activities for HSD students to prepare for career and college.
HILLSBORO HIGH SCHOOL
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT
connecting social emotional learning
CAREER & COLLEGE with career & college readiness
The skills that children gain during their PK-12 years to manage their emotions
PATHWAYS play a vital role in their future success in college and career. This roadmap details
when specific social emotional learning happens and how this learning ensures that
every child will be poised for career and college success in the Hillsboro School District.
Identifying Careers in
My School Community options lead to opportunities
EMPATHY
VERSITY AWA
/ DI RE
AL ENEURIAL M
2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog
CI EPR IN NE
SO TR ILIENCE DS SS
RES ET
EN AL FLUEN
IGIT CY
High School: D APTABILI
AD AWARE Y
T
What Is College? By high school, students are ready to gain skills that will help them E
S M
LF NICA NE
U T S
IO
S
M
N
C
O ABORAT
L
L
be successful in any post-secondary goals . Concentrated learning
IO
ANALYSIS/
N
CO
is added to the middle school developmental areas in the following SOLUTION
MINDSET
Connecting My Current areas : Digital fluency, Resilience, Entrepreneurial mindset,
PR Strengths, Skills, and Social/Diversity Awareness and Empathy .
K E Talents to
My Future Career
The Path to
School Success = Career Success: My Future Career
Behaviors that Support
Lifelong Learning
College and Career Readiness:
What’s My Plan?
My Next Steps:
High School
Self-Discovery: Who Am I? High School,
Exploring My Strengths, Career-Related Learning
Skills, and Talents Reflecting & solidifying my plan:
What is still needed?
Elementary School: Middle School
During the elementary school years, HSD focuses on social
emotional learning . Helping children to develop in the following areas: Exploring Career Clusters:
Self-awareness, Self-management, Social awareness, Relationship skills and Do what you are
Responsible decision-making .
Connecting my plan to action:
-AW
AREN
E
My Next Steps: First Preparing to enter
LF ANAGE SS
SE F-M WA ME
Stop, Middle School APTABILIT post-secondary opportunities
A RE AD AWARE Y
EL L N LF NE
S
T
E IC
C
IA ONSHIP SE MUN ATI S
I
T
O
S
M
N SS
SO
N
SK
C
O ABORAT
L
L
RESPONSIBLE
IO
DECISION-
RELA
N
ANALYSIS/
CO
ILLS
MAKING
Middle School: SOLUTION
MINDSET
During middle school the social emotional learning continues, focusing
HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT
development in the following areas: Adaptability, Self awareness,
Communication, Collaboration and Analysis/ Solution mindset .
Aware, Eligible & Prepared
self-awareness self-management social awareness relationship skills responsible decision making
IDENTIFYING IMPULSE PERSPECTIVE- IDENTIFYING
COMMUNICATION
AWARE ELIGIBLE PREPARED
EMOTIONS CONTROL TAKING PROBLEMS Students possess the knowledge of Students have completed the necessary steps to Students possess the academic content
post-secondary options and the resources engage in the post-secondary option of their knowledge and have the personal/social
necessary to reach those options . choosing . skills to be successful in post-secondary
ACCURATE STRESS RELATIONSHIP ANALYZING
EMPATHY learning or employment .
SELF-PERCEPTION MANAGEMENT BUILDING SITUATIONS
Students know: Students have:
State, public, private, vocational, and Met the requirements of college Students demonstrate:
RECOGNIZING SELF- APPRECIATING TEAMWORK SOLVING military options entrance, including grades, courses
STRENGTHS DISCIPLINE DIVERSITY PROBLEMS of study, and entrance exams Developed study and work habits
FAFSA/ORSAA process and availability
Developed a plan that details the necessary for school and workplace
Eligibility requirements for the above
post-secondary steps needed to reach their success
SELF- SELF- RESPECT SOCIAL EVALUATING options
future goal Developed foundational
CONFIDENCE MOTIVATION FOR OTHERS ENGAGEMENT Scholarship opportunities
A plan to either pay for college tuition or understanding in a wide array of
The requirements and courses of
support themselves through gainful disciplines
SELF- GOAL REFLECTING study needed for their future plans employment A pattern of established life skills that
EFFICACY SETTING
Applied to at least one post-secondary ensures successful independent
institution or job consistent with the living
ORGANIZATIONAL ETHICAL application requirements and deadlines
SKILLS RESPONSIBILITY
7
Career & College PathwaysCareer & College Pathways HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT Career & College Pathways
Take the SAT or ACT for the second time.
Ask for letters of recommendation.
deadlines. Submit the FAFSA in October.
Complete applications by their stated
Review financial aid awards. Keep up
your grades! Choose your college by May
Career & College Plan-
1 and sign up for summer orientation.
Roadmap to Success:
ning Timeline
make it
happen
Navigating to High School and Beyond
Talk with your school and career/college counselors if you have any questions about any of these steps in the process or need further assistance in progressing toward your future.
ASVAB. Search for scholarships. Create a
interested in and start visiting these
campuses. Register for the SAT, ACT and/or
scholarship applications. Start drafting
Develop a list of several colleges you are
timeline with deadlines for college and
your personal statements. Stay involved!
Middle school is important because you are laying the foundation in a lot of subjects
Define Your
and forming study habits. Developing certain skills now will make it easier to adjust to
Future
the challenges of high school, career, and college later—and will lead to more post-sec-
ondary options. Here are some things you and your parents can do to make the most of
this time.
Speak Up Let everyone know what your Get Involved! Take part in extracurricular
post-secondary plans are and need their activities offered at your school or out in
help. Create a group of people around you the community.
ing people in careers of interest to you. who want to help you succeed.
Advocate for yourself with your teachers
coursework. Take national standardized
Continue your explorations by interview-
tests. Use the summer break to further
and counselors as you forecast your
of Your Future
Start Control
your goals and planning for the future.
Youth sports—football, soccer, basket-
Mentors—teachers, family or friends ball, baseball, softball, cheer, etc.
Hillsboro School District https://www.hsd.k12.or.us/ccp
who can give you guidance and help you
Lay Foundations develop new skills. Programs/classes such as Introduction to
High School and AVID
for Success Counselors—for planning what classes
to take and getting you started in explor- Clubs—MESA, Chess Club, TRiO,
ing post-secondary options. Homework Club, etc.
Take the first steps on your pathway by Friends/peers—find others that want to
identifying long-term goals and explor-
ing available resources, including tutor-
ing and counseling. Do Naviance college
and career activities. Begin making
meaningful connections with at least
push themselves too so you have study Evaluate Yourself Start noticing the things
Identify Goals
& Resources
partners and can motivate and challenge you’re good at and the things you like to
three teachers for future references.
each other. do. Recognizing these things can help
Get Ready for you choose classes to take and may help
you discover careers that would be really
High School Push Yourself Working a little harder to-
day will make getting into and success in
good fits for you.
college easier.
Prepare Yourself Learn how to calculate
Prepare Build strong study habits—study at the GPA and what high school requirements
same time each day. Even if you don’t are so that you’re prepared when you get
Take challenging classes, learn how to
what you’re good at and what you like to
calculate your GPA and find out about
do. Take the ASPIRE test and start explor-
ing colleges and careers that would be
high school diploma requirements. Note
Get Ready for
have homework every night, use the time to high school.
High School
to review notes. If sitting down to work
good fits for you. Stay involved.
Prepare
is part of your normal routine, you’ll ap- Think about college as an important part
proach it with less dread. Also, you’ll be- of your future. Discuss your thoughts and
come a pro at using time productively. ideas with your family and with people at
school.
Learn how to set short-term goals—take
challenging and interesting classes to pre-
pare for high school. If you have concerns
about the amount or type of homework
Lay Foundations
Develop strong study skills and habits.
Learn how to set short-term goals.
guide, motivate and help you succeed.
Surround yourself with people, like
peers, mentors and counselors, who will
Get involved in sports, clubs, activities
you have, ask your family, friends, teach-
for Success
ers, counselor for help.
Do Naviance—Do Naviance career/
and/or community service.
college lessons and activities with your
counselor and teachers to start exploring
potential careers and colleges that might
be a good fit for you.
8 97
Career & College Pathways HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT Courses
th
grade
Required Courses
7th Grade Courses
Emerging 2 ELD
English Language Arts B, E, G, S
This course is designed for Intermediate
English Language Arts 7 English language learners. Students at this
The 7th grade Language Arts course inte- level require ongoing instructional support
grates reading, writing, speaking, listening, in all content areas. They are able to read
researching, and building academic vocab- and demonstrate comprehension of limit-
ulary. The literature component includes ed grade-level information with significant
the study of mythology, fables, drama, short support. They are able to speak using some Mathematics
stories, nonfiction, novels, poetry, and infor- complex language and write with simple ac-
mational texts. Students will be supported in ademic language with some accuracy and A scientific calculator is highly recommended
writing clear and effective paragraphs, and fluency. This course incorporates content spe- for all math courses.
creative compositions. cific vocabulary in the teaching of the forms
P
and functions of the English language at the Math 7
student’s proficiency level. In Math 7, instructional time will focus on
*Meets ELPA Screener proficiency domain four critical areas: (1) developing understand-
English Language levels 1, 2, & 3 placement ing of operations with rational numbers and
Development working with expressions and linear equa-
Progressing 3 ELD tions; (2) developing understanding of and
arents
of middle school students
Newcomer ELD
B, E, G, P, S
This course is designed to accelerate the acqui-
B, E, G, P, S
This course is designed for Early Advanced
English language learners. Students at this
applying proportional relationships; (3) solv-
ing problems involving scale drawings and
informal geometric constructions, and work-
sition of the English language for students new- level require additional instructional support. ing with two- and three-dimensional shapes to
ly arrived to the U.S. school system. Students They are not yet independent at grade-level solve problems involving area, surface area,
• Help your student set goals for the year. Working Just being on a campus may get your child inter- who have minimal English language proficien- but are able to read and demonstrate com- and volume; and (4) drawing inferences about
toward specific goals will help them stay moti- ested in college. cy will learn school procedures, introductory prehension of some grade-level information populations based on samples.
vated and focused. vocabulary based on thematic units, and cultur- with approaching grade-level fluency. They
• Continue saving money for your student’s col- al orientation. Selected mainstream classroom are able to speak with increasingly complex Accelerated Math 7
• Review the school calendar together. Note lege education. Use FAFSA4caster to find out content may be covered with supplementary language, and write with some academic Prerequisite: Teacher Recommendation/
important dates and put them in a shared online how much federal student aid your student might use of the first language order to clarify con- language with adequate accuracy and fluen- Assessment Data
calendar (e.g., Google calendar), on your smart- receive. cepts and facilitate rapid transition to English. cy. This course incorporates content specific Accelerated 7th Grade Math is the first part of
phones, or in an easy-to-view place at home so *Meets ELPA21 Screener proficiency domain vocabulary in the teaching of the forms and a two-year program, that combined with 8th
you can keep track. • Help your student develop good study habits. level 1 placement functions of the English language at the stu- Grade Algebra, provides a fast-paced progres-
Studying at the same time and place every day dent’s proficiency level. sion that compacts the 3 years of Common
• Make a plan to check in regularly about school- and having the necessary materials to complete Emerging 1 ELD *Meets ELPA proficiency domain levels of 2, Core State Standards from 7th grade math,
work. If you keep up with your student’s tests, assignments are important things to keep in mind B, E, G, P, S 3, & 4 placement 8th grade math, and high school algebra 1,
papers and homework assignments, you can when developing good study habits. Be mindful This course is designed for beginning and ear- into a two-year program, without omitting
celebrate successes and head off problems as a of limiting distractions like cell phones, social ly intermediate English language learners Stu- Progressing 4 ELD critical concepts and topics. Accelerated 7th
team. media, video games, and screen time. dents at this level are able to read and demon- B, E, G, P, S Grade Math differs from non-accelerated
strate comprehension of the basic grade-level This course is designed for Advanced English 7th Grade Math in that it contains many 8th
• Talk about extracurricular activities. Getting • Stay in contact with your student’s teachers and information with limited fluency. Some stu- language learners. Students at this level re- grade Common Core State Standards. While
involved in clubs and other groups is a great way counselor. Feel free to address questions on mid- dents are able to read and demonstrate com- quire minimal instructional support. They are it logically builds from the 6th Grade stan-
for students to identify interests and feel more dle school requirements and high school pre prehension of simple or highly contextualized not yet independent at grade level but are able dards, the additional content demands a faster
engaged in school. paration, college preparation, and anything else information with limited fluency. Students are to read and demonstrate comprehension of a pace for instruction and learning. Upon suc-
you need support in. able to speak and write using simple language range of complex and abstract grade-level in- cessful completion of this two-year program,
• Visit a nearby college together. If you live near and limited accuracy and fluency. This course formation. They are able to speak and write students will be ready for Geometry in 9th
a college, look for upcoming events on campus • Keep an eye on your student’s grades. Use Syn- incorporates content specific vocabulary in using an extensive range of complex language grade, allowing opportunities for college-lev-
that are open to the community or see if the col- ergy ParentVue (myvue.hsd.k12.or.us) to access teaching the forms and functions of the En- with a level of accuracy and fluency that el mathematics in high school.
lege offers classes to local students and families. the latest gradebook information. glish language at the student proficiency level. closely resembles native English speakers.
*Meets ELPA21 Screener proficiency domain *Meets ELPA proficiency domain levels of 3,
levels 1 & 2 placement 4, & 5 placement
10 11Courses HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT Courses
Physical Education/Health Health edge and skills are based on career cluster and to Microsoft Word, Publisher, Excel, and will help students further develop their
Health is a component of Physical Education Science pathway standards to promote college and PowerPoint creating documents, publications, Spanish language skills, increase academic
Physical Education class and helps students understand the im- career readiness. Through hands-on learning spreadsheets, and presentations. All work will language, gain exposure to important
The focus of this required course is the de- portance of prevention and wellness habits to Science 7 students will apply appropriate academic & be done in class on PCs. pieces of text and practice cultural awareness.
velopment of basic physical skills including maintain physical, mental, and social health. Seventh-grade course content will focus on technical skills to help them make informed It will expand their bilingual range and will
an emphasis on building cooperation and so- Students will be introduced to a variety of core concepts in life, physical, and Earth decisions about career interests as they pre- Exploring Technology/Shop move them beyond basic language develop-
cialization skills. The program assists with topics including recreational safety, nutrition, science. The main topics include surface pare for high school and post-secondary P, S ment and provide them with a broader com-
the development of cardiovascular endurance, daily health skills, goal-setting, self-esteem, and interior processes of planets, the struc- learning. This course will interest students who like to mand of the language.
muscular strength and endurance, flexibility, stress reduction, decision-making, refusal ture and properties of matter, chemical re- work with their hands and learn how to build
agility, and balance. The main objective is skills, drug and alcohol prevention, commu- actions, the study of human impacts upon Choir items. It is an exploratory course that teaches Spanish Language Arts 7
to provide skills, habits, and activities that nicable and non-communicable diseases, and planet systems, and ecology. Students will B, E, P, S students the fundamental basics of safe tool B, E, P, S
promote lifetime fitness fun and fulfillment. human development. In some middle schools, use the scientific and engineering design Choir is open to any student wanting to and machine use. Students will learn how to Based on the seventh grade Common Core
Physical Education is a requirement at the health may be integrated into only one grade processes. Additionally, they will use a va- develop their vocal abilities. Students will design, prepare and assemble projects. The State Standards for language arts in Span-
middle school and cannot be waived and level, either 7th or 8th grade PE. In addition, riety of technology and lab equipment to explore vocal technique, music reading, and curriculum may include construction, manu- ish, this course offers bilingual students an
replaced with an elective course. health instruction may be supported through model systems and processes. other musical skills using teamwork and self- facturing, and electronics. Safety is empha- opportunity to study Spanish formally, in an
advisory or counselor led lessons. discipline. Students successfully completing sized in this class. academic setting using AVID Scholar Groups.
Social Studies the course will be encouraged to continue in This course will help students further devel-
the choral program. Students are expected to Intermediate Band op their Spanish literacy in all four domains
Social Studies 7 participate in required performances. B, E, P, S (reading, writing, speaking, listening), in-
Course content will include world history, Intermediate band is open to students with crease academic language, gain exposure to
government, geography, economics, and so- Drama some band experience as well as those important pieces of grade-level text and prac-
cial studies analysis. Students will identify S interested in beginning a new instrument tice cultural awareness. It will expand their
patterns of change over time by studying the Drama is designed to introduce students to in 7th grade. This course will teach and bilingual range and will move them beyond
ancient civilizations of the eastern hemisphere the theatre arts. Students study and practice reinforce the various skills necessary to be basic language development and literacy to
as well as the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, pantomime, movement, voice, characteriz a successful performing member of the Dis- provide them with a broader command of
and the Age of Exploration. Students will in- ation and improvisation. They play drama trict band program. Emphasis will be given the language. Students, in consideration with
7
terpret maps and charts and will review the games and use props and costumes. Students to increasing technical ability, knowledge of their family and administrators, may take this
major regions of the world. Students will work together to collaborate on theatre proj- rhythmic patterns, and music skills. Students course as an elective or in place of their En-
th
describe, compare, and contrast different ects and performances, and perform a final are expected to participate in all required per- glish language arts course.
forms of government and religion. Topics in mini-play. formances. A limited number of band instru- *This course is appropriate for students who
economics will include the allocation of re- ments are available to rent from the school for have been in a Dual Language Program or
sources, trade, and supply and demand. Stu- Empowerment for Engineering a modest rental fee. have had Spanish literacy in their elementary
grade dents will also engage in the analysis of social
science issues and/or problems.
G
Technology is increasingly shaped and devel- Intro to Spanish
experience.
oped by everyday people who design, build, B, P
and hack their own devices, and the goal of We will explore the basics of the Spanish lan-
Electives
this class is to understand, contribute to, and guage in a fun, friendly atmosphere where all
support these creative communities. We will students are operating at beginner level. We
focus on tools that enable non-experts to will learn greetings, simple conversations,
design and build computational and electronic number, colors, body parts, days of week,
artifacts. Along the way we will investigate and most of all the culture of places where the
software toolkits, hardware toolkits, open- language is spoken. This class will strength-
Hillsboro middle schools offer a wide variety
AVID language acquisition and developing literacy source technologies, fabrication processes, en your cultural IQ on a factual and personal
of courses in their exploratory elective pro-
(Advancement Via Individual Determination) through activities such as Scholar Groups, and new manufacturing and distribution level.
gram. Elective courses will vary in length.
B, E, P, S placing students on a path to high school models.
Not all courses are offered at all schools –
AVID is an academic skills building class. AVID and college preparatory coursework Leadership
please refer to the individual school forecast-
It is for the students interested in a rigorous such as AP or IB. AVID Excel includes a Exploring Art/Art B, E, S
ing registration forms for specific informa-
curriculum that leads to a college preparatory cohort of like-minded, college going peers, B, E, P, S Prerequisite: Instructor Approval
tion. Check with a counselor for more details.
path in a fun, collaborative cohort. Students family connections, and a two week summer This course will introduce students to basic The major goal of this course is the devel-
Electives offered at all middle schools may be who elect, interview and are selected to be experience to build community as well as ac- principles and elements of art taught through opment of good leadership skills and behav-
mixed grade level. Most are available to both in AVID will participate in frequent binder ademic skills. Students apply to be in AVID various projects and mediums. The students ior. Basic skills of committee organization,
7th and 8th graders. The curriculum alternates checks and supervised tutorial sessions with Excel in the spring. Please contact your will receive instruction in drawing, painting, goal-setting, decision-making, time manage-
each year for some electives so students are a group of their peers that emphasize writing, school’s AVID Site Coordinator for more in- sculpture, pottery, design, and art apprecia- ment, and all aspects of program building are
able to take the same elective both years. reading and math skills as well as research formation. tion. taught. Time is provided for planning, prepara-
skills. The AVID cohort continues into 8th tion, and evaluation of activities.
grade. Careers in Action Exploring Computers/Computers
E, B, S S Spanish for Spanish Speakers
AVID Excel The Careers in Action courses provide stu- Students will learn basic computer opera- P
B, E, P, S dents experience that develops career ready tions, terminology, and keyboarding tech- This course offers Spanish-speaking stu-
The AVID Excel Elective supports emerging practices through career exploration in the niques. Responsible Internet research will dents an opportunity to study Spanish for-
bilinguals by accelerating academic English context of project-based learning. All knowl- be emphasized. Students will be introduced mally, in an academic setting. This course
12 138
Courses HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT Courses
Th
ing of linear and exponential relationships
by contrasting them with each other and by Social Studies
applying linear models to data that exhibit a Health
linear trend. Students engage in methods for Social Studies 8
grade analyzing, solving, and using quadratic func-
tions, including manipulating expressions for
Health is a component of Physical Educa-
tion class and helps students understand the
The focus topics for this course are U.S. his
tory, civics, government, economics, and
them, and solving quadratic equations. Stu- importance of prevention and wellness hab- social studies analysis. In the area of U.S.
dents understand and apply the Pythagorean its to maintain physical, mental, and social history, students will review colonization
Required Courses
Theorem and use quadratic functions to model health. Students will be introduced to a and the American Revolution and understand
8th Grade Courses
and solve problems. The Mathematical Prac- variety of topics including recreational Westward Expansion, the Civil War and Re-
tice Standards apply throughout the course and, safety, nutrition, daily health skills, goal- construction, and the Industrial Revolution
together with the content standards, prescribe setting, self-esteem, stress reduction, decision- prior to 1877. Students will study the purpose
that students experience mathematics as a making, refusal skills, drug and alcohol pre- of government as stated in the Constitution of
coherent, useful, and logical subject that vention, communicable and non-communi- the United States and the role of laws. They
makes use of their ability to make sense of cable diseases, and human development. In will examine citizens’ rights and roles in the
problem situations. The course is based on some middle schools, health may be inte political process. The study of geography
English Language Arts using simple language and limited accuracy Progressing 4 ELD the Common Core Mathematical Standards grated into only one grade level, either 7th or will include an understanding of the role of
and fluency. This course incorporates content B, E, G, P, S for Algebra 1 plus content standards from the 8th grade PE. In addition, health instruction human movement and population distribution
English Language Arts 8 specific vocabulary in teaching the forms and This course is designed for Advanced English 8th grade. The additional content demands a may be supported through advisory or coun- in modification of the environment. In the
The 8th grade Language Arts course contin- functions of the English language at the stu- language learners. Students at this level re- faster pace for instruction and learning. selor led lessons. area of economics, students will study supply
ues building the skills developed in 7th grade dent proficiency level. quire minimal instructional support. They are and demand, how banks serve savers and bor-
Language Arts. Students work to improve the *Meets ELPA21 Screener proficiency level 1 not yet independent at grade level but are able Geometry rowers, and how economic decisions affect
skills of reading, writing, speaking, listening, & 2 placement to read and demonstrate comprehension of a Availability may be online or high school- SCIENCE their future. Students will engage in social
researching, and building academic vocabu- range of complex and abstract grade-level in- based studies inquiry of issues and/or problems.
lary. The literature component includes short Emerging 2 ELD formation. They are able to speak and write Prerequisite: Successful completion of Alge- Science 8
stories, novels, drama, poetry, nonfiction, and B, E, G, S using an extensive range of complex language bra 1/Teacher Recommendation/Assessment Eighth-grade science will focus on three main
informational texts. Students will be support- This course is designed for Intermediate with a level of accuracy and fluency that Data areas of science—life science, physical sci-
ed in writing narrative, expository, and per- English language learners. Students at this closely resembles native English speakers. The fundamental purpose of the course in ence, and Earth and space science. Topics
suasive work samples. level require ongoing instructional support *Meets ELPA proficiency domain levels of 3, Geometry is to formalize and extend students’ include light waves and magnetic fields; har-
in all content areas. They are able to read 4, & 5 placement geometric experiences from the middle grades. nessing human energy; Earth, moon, and sun;
and demonstrate comprehension of limit- Students explore more complex geometric processes of planet Earth, and evolutionary
ed grade-level information with significant situations and deepen their explanations of history. During the year, students will have
English Language Development support. They are able to speak using some Mathematics geometric relationships, moving towards for- multiple opportunities to plan, conduct, and
complex language and write with simple ac- mal mathematical arguments. The six critical analyze science investigations and build on
Newcomer ELD ademic language with some accuracy and A scientific calculator is highly recommended areas of focus are: congruence, proof, and con- previous experience with engineering con-
B, E, G, P, S fluency. This course incorporates content spe- for all math courses. structions, similarity, proof, and trigonometry, cepts and problem solving in real world con-
This course is designed to accelerate the ac- cific vocabulary in the teaching of the forms extending to three dimensions, connecting texts.
quisition of the English language for students and functions of the English language at the algebra and geometry through coordinates,
newly arrived to the U.S. school system. Stu- student’s proficiency level. Math 8 circles with and without coordinates, and appli-
dents who have minimal English language *Meets ELPA Screener proficiency domain In Grade 8, instructional time will focus on cations of probability. The Mathematical Prac-
proficiency will learn school procedures, levels 1, 2, & 3 placement three critical areas: (1) formulating and rea- tice Standards apply throughout each course and,
introductory vocabulary based on thematic soning about expressions and equations, in- together with the content standards, prescribe
units, and cultural orientation. Selected main- Progressing 3 ELD cluding modeling an association in bivariate that students experience mathematics as a coher-
stream classroom content may be covered B, E, G, P, S data with a linear equation, and solving linear ent, useful, and logical subject that makes use of
with supplementary use of the first language This course is designed for Early Advanced equations and systems of linear equations; (2) their ability to make sense of problem situations.
order to clarify concepts and facilitate rapid English language learners. Students at this grasping the concept of a function and using
transition to English. level require additional instructional support. functions to describe quantitative relation-
*Meets ELPA21 Screener proficiency level 1 They are not yet independent at grade-level ships; (3) analyzing two- and three-dimen- Physical Education
placement but are able to read and demonstrate com- sional space and figures using distance, angle,
prehension of some grade-level information similarity, and congruence, and understand- In this required course, students continue to
Emerging 1 ELD with approaching grade-level fluency. They ing and applying the Pythagorean Theorem. develop basic skills in group and individual
B, E, G, P, S are able to speak with increasingly complex activities, improve their knowledge and
This course is designed for beginning and language, and write with some academic 8th Grade Algebra I understandings of the skills required to per-
early intermediate English language learn- language with adequate accuracy and fluen- Prerequisite: Teacher Recommendation/ form physical activities, increase physical
ers Students at this level are able to read cy. This course incorporates content specific Assessment Data fitness levels, and develop socialization and
and demonstrate comprehension of the basic vocabulary in the teaching of the forms and The fundamental purpose of this course is leadership skills. The emphasis is on devel-
grade-level information with limited fluency. functions of the English language at the stu- to formalize and extend the mathematics oping skills and behaviors that foster lifetime
Some students are able to read and demon- dent’s proficiency level. that students learned through the successful fitness fun and fulfillment. Physical Education
strate comprehension of simple or highly *Meets ELPA proficiency domain levels of 2, completion of the accelerated/compacted is a requirement at the middle school and can-
contextualized information with limited flu- 3, & 4 placement math course offered in the seventh grade. The not be waived and replaced with an elective
ency. Students are able to speak and write critical areas deepen and extend understand- course.
14 15Courses HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog 2019-20 Middle School Course Catalog HILLSBORO SCHOOL DISTRICT Courses
8
Th
grade
course for one semester only, as the units may
be repeated for new students the second se-
mester. The units consist of Design and Mod-
eling, Science and Technology, Automation
operating camera and sound equipment, and
computer editing software.
Spanish I
NOTES
____________________________________
____________________________________
and Robotics and Magic of Electrons. E
Students will acquire basic language tools and
____________________________________
Introduction to High School vocabulary while working toward a beginning
Electives
E level of language proficiency in speaking,
____________________________________
Students who can successfully establish and listening, reading, and writing. With teacher
practice Healthy High School Habits (HHH) recommendation and STAMP assessment, ____________________________________
in middle school are more likely to be suc- students earning an A or B may sign up for
cessful in high school. This semester course Spanish II at high school. ____________________________________
is designed to help our 8th grade students
gain confidence in navigating the upcoming Spanish for Spanish Speakers ____________________________________
world of high school—to begin developing P
Hillsboro middle schools offer a wide variety of courses in the elective programs. Eighth grade elective courses are offered as single-term and/or ____________________________________
those critical habits. General topics include: This course offers Spanish-speaking students
yearlong courses and may not be offered at all schools. Please refer to the individual school forecasting registration form for specific information.
study skills, note organization, taking, com- an opportunity to study Spanish formally, in
Check with a counselor for more details. Electives offered at some middle schools may be mixed grade level. The curriculum alternates each year ____________________________________
munication, management, grades personal an academic setting. This course will help stu-
for some electives so students are able to take the same elective both years.
finance, research, career education, nutrition dents further develop their Spanish language ____________________________________
and health, safety, life skills, etc. We will also skills, increase academic language, gain ex-
Advanced Band cohort of like-minded, college going peers, tomime, movement, voice, characterization address specific issues relevant to attending posure to important pieces of text and practice ____________________________________
B, E, P, S family connections, and a two week summer and improvisation. They play drama games Glencoe High School. cultural awareness. It will expand their bilin-
Advanced Band is the top instrumental per- experience to build community as well as ac- and use props and costumes. Students work gual range and will move them beyond basic ____________________________________
forming group offered at the middle school. ademic skills. Students apply to be in AVID together to collaborate on theatre projects and Intro to Spanish language development and provide them with
Emphasis is placed on increasing technical Excel in the spring. Please contact your performances, and perform a final mini-play. B, E, P a broader command of the language. ____________________________________
ability, increasing knowledge of rhythmic school’s AVID Site Coordinator for more in- Students will explore the basics of the Span-
patterns, and applying music skills during formation. Exploring Art/Art ish language in a fun, friendly atmosphere Spanish Language Arts 8 ____________________________________
concerts throughout the year. Students will be B, E, P, S where all students are operating at beginner B, P, S
____________________________________
encouraged to continue into the high school Careers in Action Topics covered will be an in-depth look into level. Students will learn greetings, simple Based on the eighth grade Common Core
band program. Students are expected to par- E, B, S the art elements and principles, modern art- conversations, basic grammatical structures, State Standards for language arts in Span- ____________________________________
ticipate in required performances. The Careers in Action courses provide stu- ists, modern art techniques, color design as number, colors, body parts, days of week, ish, this course offers bilingual students an
dents experience that develops career ready well as many more creative projects centered and most of all the culture of places where the opportunity to study Spanish formally, in an ____________________________________
AVID practices through career exploration in the on both student and recognizable figures. language is spoken. This class will strength- academic setting using AVID Scholar Groups.
B, E, P, S context of project-based learning. All knowl- en your students’ cultural IQ on a factual and This course will help students further develop ____________________________________
AVID is an academic skills building class. edge and skills are based on career cluster and Exploring Computers/Computers personal level. their Spanish literacy in all four domains (read-
It is for the students interested in a rigorous pathway standards to promote college and S ing, writing, speaking, listening), increase ac- ____________________________________
curriculum that leads to a college preparatory career readiness. Through hands-on learning Students will work with Microsoft Word, Pub- Leadership ademic language, gain exposure to important
path in a fun and collaborative cohort. Stu- students will apply appropriate academic & lisher, PowerPoint, Excel, Internet Explorer, B, E, S pieces of grade-level text and practice cultural ____________________________________
dents who elect, interview and are selected to technical skills to help them make informed Multimedia Production software and Web At South Meadows, Leadership is a yearlong awareness. It will expand their bilingual range
____________________________________
be in AVID will participate in frequent binder decisions about career interests as they pre- Page Design to utilize the computer as a tool course. and will move them beyond basic language
checks and supervised tutorial sessions with pare for high school and post-secondary for research, design, publishing, and commu- Prerequisite: Instructor Approval development and literacy to provide them with ____________________________________
a group of their peers. Over the course of the learning. nication. Responsible and appropriate use of The major goal of this course is the devel- a broader command of the language. Students,
school year, they will engage in academic technology will be practiced throughout this opment of good leadership skills and behav- in consideration with their family and admin- ____________________________________
assignments that emphasize writing and read- Choir course. All work will be done in class on PCs. ior. Basic skills of committee organization, istrators, may take this course as an elective or
ing skills as well as research skills, including B, E, P, S goal-setting, decision-making, time manage- in place of their English language arts course. ____________________________________
college & career research activities. AVID’s At Poynter, Advanced Choir is a yearlong Exploring Technology/Shop ment, and all aspects of program building are
systematic approach increases students’ course. E, P, S taught. Time is provided for planning, prepa- *This course is appropriate for students who ____________________________________
chances for success in four-year colleges Choir is open to any student wanting to This course covers a broad range of skill ration, and evaluation of activities. have been in a Dual Language Program or
____________________________________
while supporting schoolwide/districtwide develop their vocal abilities. Students will areas, which may include designing, drafting have had Spanish literacy in their elementary
learning and performance goals. explore vocal technique, music reading, and wood working and basic electronics. Students News Team experience.
____________________________________
other musical skills using teamwork and self- will learn how to use hand tools and various P, S
AVID Excel discipline. Students successfully completing machines to make individual projects. Cre- In this course, students will study the art of Student Aide ____________________________________
S, P, B, E the course will be encouraged to continue in ativity is encouraged while designing projects film and video production. Students will learn B, E, P, S
The AVID Excel Elective supports emerging the choral program. Students are expected to and no experience is needed to take this class. to write scripts and produce videos. This class Prerequisite: Staff Approval ____________________________________
bilinguals by accelerating academic English participate in required performances. Safety is second nature in this class. will take students through the entire film pro- Aide positions provide opportunities for stu-
language acquisition and developing literacy cess from pre-production to post-production dents to learn appropriate job attitudes and ____________________________________
through activities such as Scholar Groups, Drama Gateway to Technology (GTT) including scriptwriting, filming, and editing. cooperative skills. Positions are limited in
placing students on a path to high school E, S E Students will learn production skills such as number, and applicants will be screened for ____________________________________
AVID and college preparatory coursework Drama is designed to introduce students to the This semester-long course focuses on math, attendance and behavior.
____________________________________
such as AP or IB. AVID Excel includes a theatre arts. Students study and practice pan- science, and technology. Students take the
16 17You can also read
