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2021 New York and Pennsylvania Pest Management Guidelines for Grapes These guidelines are not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read and understand the product label before using any pesticide.
2021 New York and Pennsylvania
Pest Management Guidelines for Grapes
Authors
Andrew J. Muza (Penn State Cooperative Extension – Erie County, Erie, PA; Editor)
Bryan Brown (NYS Integrated Pest Management Program, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY; weed management)
Bryan E. Hed (Penn State University, North East, PA; disease management)
Michael Helms (Pesticide Management Education Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY; pesticide information)
Greg Loeb (Department of Entomology, Geneva, NY; entomology)
Special Appreciation
Special appreciation is extended to the following for their contributions to this publication:
Viticulture: Terence R. Bates (Lake Erie Regional Grape Program, Portland, NY); Bruce I. Reisch, (School of Integrative
Plant Sciences, Horticulture Section, Geneva, NY); Timothy E. Martinson (Cornell Cooperative Extension, Geneva NY);
Alice V. Wise (Cornell Cooperative Extension – Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY); and Hans C. Walter-Peterson (Finger
Lakes Regional Grape Program, Penn Yan, NY)
Disease Management: Wayne F. Wilcox (retired – School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Pathology and Plant-
Microbe Biology Section, Geneva, NY); David M. Gadoury (School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Pathology and
Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Geneva, NY); Katie Gold (School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Pathology and
Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Geneva, NY); Amara Dunn (Biocontrol Specialist, NYS Integrated Pest Management
Program, Geneva, NY); Timothy H. Weigle (retired - NYS Integrated Pest Management Program, Portland, NY)
Entomology: Michael C. Saunders (Retired – Department of Entomology, University Park, PA), Jody Timer (retired –
Penn State University, North East, PA); Heather Leach (Department of Entomology, University Park, PA); Timothy H.
Weigle (retired - NYS Integrated Pest Management Program, Portland, NY)
Weed Management: Andrew F. Senesac (Cornell Cooperative Extension – Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY); Alice V.
Wise (Cornell Cooperative Extension – Suffolk County, Riverhead, NY); Rick Dunst (retired - Lake Erie Regional Grape
Program, Portland, NY)
Sprayer Technology: Andrew J. Landers (retired – Department of Entomology, Geneva, NY)
Abbreviations and Symbols Used in This Publication
A ........... acre EC ......... emulsifiable concentrate SP.......... soluble powder
AI .......... active ingredient F ............ flowable ULV ...... ultra-low volume
D ........... dust G ........... granular W .......... wettable
DF ......... dry flowable L............ liquid WDG .... water-dispersible granule
DG ........ dispersible granule P ............ pellets WP ........ wettable powder
E............ emulsion, emulsifiable SC ......... suspension concentrate WSP ...... water soluble packet
* ........ Federal restricted-use pesticide; may be purchased and used only by certified applicators
*NY .... Restricted-use pesticide in New York State
† ........ Not for use in Nassau and Suffolk Counties
^ ........ Not registered for use in New York State at press time.
Every effort has been made to provide correct, complete, and up-to-date pest management information for New York State and Pennsylvania
at the time this publication was released for printing (March, 2021). Changes in pesticide registrations, regulations, and guidelines occurring
after publication are available in county cooperative extension offices or from the Pesticide Management Education Program web site
(pmep.cce.cornell.edu) or from the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture’s Bureau of Plant Industry (www.agriculture.state.pa.us).
Where trade names appear, no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement by Cornell Cooperative Extension or Penn State Cooperative
Extension is implied.
These guidelines are not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read and understand the product label before using any pesticide.
The guidelines in this bulletin reflect the current (and past) authors’ best efforts to interpret a complex body of scientific research, and to
translate this into practical management options. Following the guidance provided in this bulletin does not assure compliance with any
applicable law, rule, regulation or standard, or the achievement of particular discharge levels from agricultural land.
Cover photo: Grape gold at the end of the rainbow? (Photo by : Madonna Martin, Field Assistant 1, Lake Erie Regional Grape
Program, Portland, NY. )TABLE OF CONTENTS I
1 PESTICIDE INFORMATION ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Pesticide Classification and Certification.......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Use Pesticides Safely ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Pollinator Protection.......................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 New York State Pesticide Use Restrictions....................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Verifying Pesticide Registration and Restricted-Use Status ............................................................................................. 3
1.6 Check Label for Site and Pest ........................................................................................................................................... 3
1.7 Pesticide Recordkeeping/Reporting .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.8 EPA Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for Agricultural Pesticides ............................................................................... 4
1.9 Reduced-risk Pesticides, Minimum-risk Pesticides, and Biopesticides ............................................................................ 4
1.10 FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 5
2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Specific Fungicide, Insecticide, and Herbicide Information ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 How to Develop a Vineyard Pest Management Strategy .................................................................................................. 7
2.4 Using NEWA Resources in a Vineyard Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategy ..................................................... 8
2.5 Growth Stages Critical to Grape Pest Management .......................................................................................................... 9
2.6 Cornell Publications on Weeds, Insects and Diseases of Grapevines ............................................................................. 10
3 VINEYARD DISEASE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.1 Pest Information – Diseases ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Table 3.1.1 Relative disease susceptibility and sensitivity to sulfur and copper among grape varieties. ....................... 13
Table 3.1.2 Hours of leaf wetness required for black rot infection to occur, at various temperatures following a rain . 16
Table 3.1.3 Approximate generation period for powdery mildew (time from infection by a spore until production of a
colony with new spores) at different constant temperatures .......................................................................................... 23
3.2 Fungicide Information ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
Table 3.2.1 Physical modes of action of and resistance risk of fungicides used in management of grape diseases. ..... 47
Table 3.2.2 Effectiveness of fungicides for management of grape diseases. ................................................................. 48
Table 3.2.3 Relative doses of individual active ingredients provided by “combination products” when applied at label
rates ................................................................................................................................................................................ 51
4 VINEYARD INSECT & MITE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................... 52
4.1 Pest Information – Insects ............................................................................................................................................... 52
4.2 Insecticide Information ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Table 4.2.1 Effectiveness of insecticides for management of grape insects and mites. ................................................. 62
Table 4.2.2 Insecticides for use in New York and Pennsylvania vineyards ................................................................... 63
5 PEST MANAGEMENT SCHEDULES FOR DISEASES AND MAJOR AND MINOR INSECTS ............................... 65
5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 65
5.2 Pest Management Schedules for Diseases and Major Insects ......................................................................................... 65
5.2.1 DORMANT .......................................................................................................................................................... 65
5.2.2 DELAYED DORMANT ....................................................................................................................................... 65
5.2.3 BUD SWELL ........................................................................................................................................................ 66
5.2.4 1-INCH SHOOT GROWTH (when the average shoot length is 1 inch) .............................................................. 67
5.2.5 3- to 5-INCH SHOOT GROWTH (new shoots are 3-5 inches long) .................................................................... 68
5.2.6 10- to 12-INCH SHOOT GROWTH (new shoots are 10-12 inches long) ............................................................ 72
5.2.7 IMMEDIATE PREBLOOM (just before blossoms open) .................................................................................... 80
5.2.8 BLOOM (when 80-90% of the caps have fallen) .................................................................................................. 90
5.2.9 FIRST POSTBLOOM SPRAY (10-14 days after immediate prebloom) ............................................................. 92
5.2.10 SECOND POSTBLOOM SPRAY (7-14 days after first postbloom spray)...................................................... 104
5.2.11 MIDSUMMER SPRAYS (July and August, as necessary) .............................................................................. 111
5.2.12 PRE-HARVEST (Veraison to harvest period) .................................................................................................. 122
5.2.13 POSTHARVEST .............................................................................................................................................. 122
5.3 Pest Management Schedules for Minor and Special Insects ......................................................................................... 124
5.3.1 DORMANT TO MID-SUMMER ....................................................................................................................... 124
5.3.2 BUD SWELL TO 5-INCH SHOOT GROWTH (new shoots are 0-5 inches long) ............................................ 125
5.3.3 10- TO 12-INCH SHOOT GROWTH (new shoots are 10-12 inches long) ........................................................ 125
5.3.4 SUMMER TO PREHARVEST .......................................................................................................................... 126
5.3.5 PREHARVEST ................................................................................................................................................... 127
5.3.6 PREHARVEST to POSTHARVEST .................................................................................................................. 128
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPESII TABLE OF CONTENTS
6 VINEYARD WEED MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................................................129
6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................129
6.2 Resources .......................................................................................................................................................................129
6.3 Effective Use of Herbicides ...........................................................................................................................................129
6.4 Preemergence Herbicides...............................................................................................................................................130
6.5 Postemergence Herbicides .............................................................................................................................................133
6.6 Herbicides for Nonbearing Vineyards ...........................................................................................................................135
6.7 Specialty Use Herbicides ...............................................................................................................................................138
7 SPRAYER TECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................141
7.1 Preparing the Airblast Sprayer for Work .......................................................................................................................141
7.2 Equipment for Weed Control in Vineyards ...................................................................................................................143
7.3 Selecting the Correct Nozzle to Reduce Drift ................................................................................................................145
7.4 Sprayer Calibration ........................................................................................................................................................146
7.4.1 Travel Speed Calibration .....................................................................................................................................146
7.4.2 Airblast Sprayer Calibration ................................................................................................................................146
7.4.3 Calibrating a Kinkelder Sprayer ..........................................................................................................................146
7.4.4 Calibrating an AgTec Sprayer .............................................................................................................................147
7.4.5 Boom Sprayer Calibration ...................................................................................................................................147
7.5 Selecting Nozzles from the Nozzle Catalogue – Airblast Sprayers ...............................................................................148
7.6 Selecting Nozzles from the Nozzle Catalogue –Boom Sprayers ...................................................................................150
7.7 Reducing Drift from Airblast Sprayers in Vineyards .....................................................................................................151
7.8 Management Strategies to Reduce Drift ........................................................................................................................152
7.9 Solutions for Safer Spraying ..........................................................................................................................................153
7.9.1 Why use Engineering Controls? ..........................................................................................................................153
7.9.2 Loading the Sprayer .............................................................................................................................................153
7.9.3 Reducing Contamination at the Boom .................................................................................................................153
7.9.4 Drift and Contaminated Clothing in Cabs............................................................................................................153
7.9.5 Controlling Drift ..................................................................................................................................................154
7.9.6 Cleaning the Sprayer ............................................................................................................................................154
7.10 Spraying Small Vineyards ...........................................................................................................................................157
7.10.1 Prior to Spraying – Calibrating Sprayers ...........................................................................................................157
7.10.2 Calculating the Amount of Pesticide to Use ......................................................................................................158
7.10.3 Measuring Small Amounts of Pesticide .............................................................................................................158
7.10.4 Selecting a Small Sprayer for the Small Vineyard.............................................................................................158
7.11 Going Spraying! Mixing Procedures ...........................................................................................................................160
7.12 Decontaminating and Storing Crop Sprayers ...............................................................................................................163
7.13 Distance Learning ........................................................................................................................................................164
8 PESTICIDES FOR NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA VINEYARDS ......................................................................165
8.1 Herbicides ...............................................................................................................................................................165
8.2 Insecticides and acaricides ......................................................................................................................................166
8.3 Fungicides ...............................................................................................................................................................168
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPESCHAPTER 1 – PESTICIDE INFORMATION 1
1 Pesticide Information
pesticides while they are preparing to apply them. Most
1.1 Pesticide Classification and
pesticide accidents can be prevented with informed and
Certification careful practices. Always read the label on the pesticide
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act container before you begin to use the pesticide. Make
(FIFRA) created two classifications of pesticides – general- sure you understand and can follow all directions and
use and restricted-use. General-use pesticides may be precautions on the label. Be prepared to handle an
purchased and used by anyone. Restricted-use pesticides emergency exposure or spill. Know the first aid procedures
can only be purchased by a certified applicator. Restricted- for the pesticides you use.
use pesticides must also be used by a certified applicator or
someone under their supervision.
1.2.2 Move Pesticides Safely
The same federal law that classifies pesticides divided Carelessness in transporting pesticides can result in broken
applicators into two groups: private and commercial. containers, spills, and contamination of people and the
Private applicators use or supervise the use of pesticides environment. Once pesticides are in your possession, you
to produce agricultural commodities or forest crops on land are responsible for safely transporting them. Accidents can
owned or rented by the private applicator or their employer. occur even when transporting materials a short distance.
A farmer must be certified as a private applicator in order to You are responsible for a pesticide accident so take every
purchase and use restricted-use pesticides on agricultural effort to transport pesticides safely. Be prepared for an
commodities. (No certification is needed if a farmer does emergency.
not use restricted-use pesticides.)
A commercial applicator uses or supervises the use of 1.2.3 Personal Protective Equipment and
pesticides for any purpose or on any property not covered Engineering Controls
by the private applicator classification. In New York, a Personal protective equipment needs depend on the
commercial applicator must be certified to purchase or use pesticide being handled. Required personal protective
any pesticide whether it is general- or restricted-use. equipment (PPE) are listed on pesticide labels. The
required PPE are based on the pesticide’s toxicity, route(s)
Information about pesticide certification and classification of exposure, and formulation. Label required PPE are the
is available from your Cornell Cooperative Extension office minimum that must be worn during the pesticide’s use.
(cce.cornell.edu/localoffices), regional NYSDEC pesticide Pesticide users can always wear more protection than the
specialist (www.dec.ny.gov/about/ 558.html), the Pesticide label requires.
Applicator Training Manuals (https://www.cornellstore.
com/books/cornell-cooperative-ext-pmep-manuals), or the The type of protective equipment used depends on the type
Pesticide Management Education Program (PMEP) at and duration of the activity, where pesticides are being
Cornell University (psep.cce.cornell.edu). used, and exposure of the handler. Mixing/loading
procedures often require extra precautions. Studies show
you are at a greater risk of accidental poisoning when
1.2 Use Pesticides Safely
handling pesticide concentrates. Pouring pesticide
Using pesticides imparts a great responsibility on the user concentrates from one container to another is the most
to protect their health and that of others and to protect the hazardous activity.
environment. Keep in mind there is more to “pesticide use”
than the application. Pesticide use includes mixing, loading, Engineering controls are devices that help prevent
transporting, storing, or handling pesticides after the accidents and reduce a pesticide user’s exposure. One
manufacturer’s seal is broken; cleaning pesticide example is a closed mixing/loading system that reduces the
application equipment; and preparing a container for risk of exposure when dispensing concentrated pesticides.
disposal. These activities require thoughtful planning and Consult the product label for more information on using
preparation. They are also regulated by state and federal engineering controls in place of PPE.
laws and regulations intended to protect the user, the
community, and the environment from any adverse effects
pesticides may cause. 1.2.4 Avoid Drift, Runoff, and Spills
Pesticides that move out of the target area can injure
people, damage crops, and harm the environment. Choose
1.2.1 Plan Ahead
weather conditions, pesticides, application equipment,
Many safety precautions should be taken before you pressure, droplet size, formulations, and adjuvants that
actually begin using pesticides. Too many pesticide minimize drift and runoff hazards. See product labels for
applicators are dangerously and needlessly exposed to specific application and equipment requirements.
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPES6 CHAPTER 2 – INTRODUCTION
2 Introduction
2.1 Overview Low toxicity: Acute oral LD50 greater than 500 mg/kg.
From 1 ounce to 1 pint of technical pesticide may be lethal
How do you decide which pest management strategy is
to a 150-pound person. Label must carry signal word
right for you? The variety of choices can be daunting:
CAUTION.
integrated pest management, sustainable, integrated crop
management, organic, best management practices,
biodynamics, or traditional, just to name a few. However, 2.2.2 Pesticide Compatibility
what it boils down to is that it doesn’t really matter what
Some pesticides are unstable or incompatible under alkaline
you call your pest management strategy. Consider which
conditions. Well or pond water used to fill sprayers can be
practices work best for you in a particular vineyard. Take
alkaline, and pH should be tested and adjusted if over 7.0.
the best tools from each of the different programs to
Do not apply tank-mix combinations unless your previous
provide you with the management strategy that fits your
experience indicates the mixture is effective and will not
needs and pocketbook.
result in application problems or plant injury. If tank-mix
compatibilities are unknown, the mixture should be
The one component that every successful pest management
combined in the proper proportions using a jar test.
strategy shares is information. By gathering and compiling
CAUTION: Fixed copper formulations and lime should not
the right information, you will be able to make the best
be used with Captan, Imidan, or Sevin.
choices in putting together your vineyard pest management
strategy.
2.2.3 Adjuvants with Fungicides and
2.2 Specific Fungicide, Insecticide, and Insecticides
Herbicide Information The addition of adjuvants (spreader-stickers, penetrants,
etc.) to spray mixtures of fungicides and insecticides is not
The following materials have been registered for the control
recommended unless suggested on the pesticide label or
of certain insects, diseases, and weeds affecting grapes. The
supported by reliable data. Many fungicide and insecticide
trade name and (common) name are given, as well as
formulations already include an adjuvant; thus, addition of
selected uses for each material. The signal word associated
another adjuvant is often counterproductive or a waste of
with each pesticide indicates its relative level of toxicity.
money.
High toxicity indicates that small quantities of the chemical
may cause serious illness or death.
2.2.4 Restricted-Use Pesticides
2.2.1 Pesticide Toxicity Restricted-use pesticides recommended in this publication
are identified by an asterisk (*). They may be purchased
The toxicity of a chemical typically is measured with a
and used only by certified applicators or used by someone
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) value. This value is the dosage
under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.
necessary to kill 50 percent of a laboratory population of
test animals (rats, mice, or rabbits). These toxicity values
may be expressed in terms of a single dosage in milligrams 2.2.5 Pesticide Resistance Management
per kilogram of body weight. LD50 values are useful in
The ability of various fungicides, insecticides, and
comparing different pesticides, as the degree of hazard to a
herbicides to control specific grape pests has been reduced
person handling a pesticide is directly related to toxicity.
(and, in some cases, eliminated) because pests developed
resistance to these materials. Resistance occurs when some
The following classification was established to aid users of
individual pests survive treatment with the pesticide. They
pesticide chemicals:
multiply and pass this resistance on to their young. Because
individuals that are controlled by the chemical die, or
High toxicity: Acute oral LD50 from a trace to 50 mg/kg.
reproduce poorly, over time the population becomes
From 4 to 100 drops (1 teaspoon) of technical pesticide may
dominated by individuals that are resistant to it. This
be lethal to a 150-pound person. Label must carry signal
process is favored by a number of factors, the most
word DANGER. A skull and crossbones on the label
common of which are:
indicates poison.
1. Multiple applications of a single product or class of
compounds (strobilurin fungicides, organophosphate
Moderate toxicity: Acute oral LD50 from 50 to 500
insecticides, etc.);
mg/kg. From 1 teaspoon to 1 ounce of technical pesticide
2. An exclusive reliance on a single product (or class) to
may be lethal to a 150-pound person. Label must carry
manage the pest;
signal word WARNING.
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPES12 CHAPTER 3 – VINEYARD DISEASE MANAGEMENT
3 Vineyard Disease Management
3.1 Pest Information – Diseases ANTHRACNOSE is a disease that occurs most commonly
in years that are wet during the first half of the growing
Several important insects and diseases that occur in New
season, with damage typically limited to a few highly
York and Pennsylvania vineyards are described below to
susceptible cultivars. In NY/PA, most outbreaks
help growers manage these pests with practices and
historically occurred on Vidal Blanc and a few seedless
pesticides appropriate for their production systems.
table grape varieties, especially Reliance. In recent years,
however, there have been regular outbreaks on some of
ANGULAR LEAF SCORCH was first described in 1985.
the newer cold-hardy cultivars that are gaining in
Symptoms of this fungal disease are similar to those of
popularity and expanding the geographical range of
rotbrenner, a disease of grapevines found in the cool
grape production. Marquette appears to be particularly
grape-growing regions of Europe, which is caused by a
susceptible, although Frontenac and La Crescent also
very closely related fungus. Angular leaf scorch occurs
have been affected. Some older cold-hardy cultivars
sporadically and is most likely to become a problem in
(Edelweiss, Esprit, Brianna, St. Pepin, and Swenson
years when high rainfall occurs between bud break and
White) also can be problematic. In some Midwestern
early summer, especially if this should happen in
states, Concord, Catawba, and Leon Millot have been
consecutive years. Riesling appears to be a particularly
reported as encountering problems, although such
susceptible cultivar.
occurrences are rare in NY and PA. Symptoms occur on
leaves, green shoots, and clusters. On leaves, numerous
Disease symptoms occur mainly on the leaves and first
small, circular brown spots appear which later turn gray
appear as faint chlorotic spots. As these lesions grow
in the center and develop dark brown to black margins.
larger, they change from yellow to reddish-brown and
In severe attacks, lesions may coalesce and cause large
the margin often becomes sharply defined (depending on
dead zones, distortion of the leaf blade, and eventually
the cultivar, the margin may be yellow, red, or absent).
death of the entire leaf. Infected shoots develop dark,
Lesions are confined by major veins, becoming "angular"
noticeably sunken lesions, typically on the first several
or wedge-shaped. They eventually kill the infected
internodes near the base of the new shoot. These lesions
tissue, sometimes crossing the major veins in the process
resemble the internode lesions typical of Phomopsis cane
and often causing diseased leaves to fall prematurely.
and leaf spot but they usually are more aggressive,
expanding farther along the shoot and deeper into its
The fungus survives winter in infected leaves on the
center than those caused by Phomopsis. On berries, spots
vineyard floor. Mature spores are ready for discharge in
approximately 0.25-in in diameter develop, with whitish-
spring when grape buds begin to grow. During rainfall,
gray centers surrounded by reddish brown to black
spores are released into the air from fruiting structures,
margins, sometimes producing an appearance that
and susceptible tissue is infected.
superficially resembles a bird’s eye. Severely affected
berries may shrivel and dry into mummies.
Cultural practices that increase air circulation through the
canopy can shorten periods of leaf wetness that favor
The fungus overwinters primarily on infected canes,
disease development. Destruction of leaf litter by
although the previous year's berries can also be a source.
cultivation, before bud break, can also reduce disease
In spring, spores are produced from the fungal structures
pressure. Where needed, effective fungicides applied
on these sources and are dispersed by splashing
from the 3-inch stage and continuing through fruit set
raindrops to young, susceptible tissues, where they cause
will provide significant control. Although there are no
infection if wetness persists for a sufficient length of
specific labels for the control of this disease, mancozeb
time. Temperatures in the mid-70s to mid-80s Fahrenheit
products (e.g., Dithane, Penncozeb) applied according to
(25-30°C) are optimal and require only 3 to 4 hours of
label directions to control Phomopsis, black rot, and
leaf wetness for infection to occur. However, infection
downy mildew also have provided good control of
can also occur across a much wider range of
angular leaf scorch in commercial experience. In Europe,
temperatures, including those that typically prevail
the strobilurin fungicides (Abound, Flint, Pristine,
during the early growing season in upstate NY, if it
*NYSovran) have provided good control of the closely
remains wet for long enough. Additional spores, which
related disease, rotbrenner. However, experience with
also are splash dispersed, are produced from new
angular leaf scorch is lacking. The DMI fungicide,
infections, and these can rapidly spread the disease
difenoconazole (Revus Top, Quadris Top; CAUTION:
through multiple repeating cycles of new infection and
Quadris Top causes injury to Concord and some other
additional spore production. Hence, outbreaks occur
cultivars) is labeled for control of rotbrenner and should
most frequently in years with multiple rain events early
provide significant post-infection control of this disease
and mid-season. Young tissues are most susceptible,
in addition to moderate protective activity (excellent
becoming resistant as they are mature; for example,
protective activity for Quadris Top). See Table 3.1.1 for
berries become relatively resistant by about 7 weeks
varietal susceptibility to this disease.
post-bloom.
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPES32 CHAPTER 3 – VINEYARD DISEASE MANAGEMENT
*NY†INTUITY 4SC (mandestrobin) – RESTRICTED-USE 2 percent (1 gal/50 gal water), regardless of water
PESTICIDE IN NY – read the label volume used. There are potential compatibility problems
Signal word: CAUTION with various nutrient sprays and other pesticides,
including ^Captan, *Vendex, and sulfur, and legal
Medical emergency: (800) 892-0099
restrictions on their use with this product; check the label
Chemical/fungicide family: strobilurin (QoI) for details. JMS Stylet Oil provides significant eradicant
Resistance Group Number: 11 activity against existing powdery mildew infections.
Resistance risk: high? However, this product works strictly by contact, so
THOROUGH spray coverage is MANDATORY. Recent
Physical mode of action: protectant, antisporulant,
research shows that Stylet Oil provides moderate
limited post-infection (?)
protective activity against new potential infections for 3
Selected uses: Botrytis to 7 days after an application, but much of this is lost
Comments: *NY†Intuity is a strobilurin fungicide for after a 1/4-inch rain, presumably due to wash-off. Both
control of Botrytis and suppression of powdery mildew. “conventional” and “organically-approved” formulations
In limited NY and PA trials, *NY†Intuity has provided are available and appear to be comparably effective.
good to fair control of Botrytis equivalent to current
standards like Elevate, Vangard, Scala, and †Switch. The CAUTIONS: (1) Do not spray oils while temperatures
label rate is 6 fl. oz/A with a maximum number of three are very high (above 85-90°F), or burning may occur. (2)
applications (two is recommended) and 18 fl oz per Oils remove the waxy “bloom” from berry surfaces,
season. Do not make sequential applications; rotate with giving them a “shiny” appearance; therefore, oils should
non-FRAC 11 materials (Elevate, Endura, Fracture, not be used within at least 60 days of harvest on fruit to
Inspire Super, Rovral, Scala, †Switch, Vangard) and be sold for the fresh market.
allow at least 20 days between *NY†Intuity applications.
*NY†Intuity is at risk for resistance development by the NOTE: In many, but not all controlled tests, two or more
Botrytis fungus and it is essential that its use be limited applications of JMS Stylet Oil near veraison have
to rotations with other, unrelated Botrytis fungicides both resulted in a modest but consistent lowering of Brix
within and between seasons in order to maintain activity values (1° to 2°) at harvest. In contrast, a single
into the future. Do NOT rely on one single material, or application or multiple applications before this period
chemical/fungicide family, year after year. Refer to the typically have had no effect on Brix values.
Botrytis discussion under the “pest information” section
for further information on fungicide management KALIGREEN 82 SP (potassium bicarbonate) – read the
strategies for Botrytis. *NY†Intuity is rainfast within 2 label
hours of application, has an REI of 12 hours and PHI of Signal word: CAUTION
10 days. Medical emergency: (800) 858-7378
CAUTIONS: Do not use *NY†Intuity on V. labrusca, V. Chemical/fungicide family: potassium salt
labrusca hybrids or other non-vinifera hybrids. Avoid Resistance Group Number: N/A
mixing with organosilicone surfactants. Do not apply Resistance risk: low
*NY†Intuity within 50 feet of any freshwater lake, pond,
Physical mode of action: post-infection, antisporulant,
river, stream or wetland in New York State.
limited eradicant
JMS STYLET OIL – read the label Selected uses: powdery mildew
Signal word: CAUTION Comments: Kaligreen contains the same active
ingredient as ^Armicarb 100 and Milstop, and works in a
Medical emergency: (866) 778-9538
manner similar to those products and Nutrol, another
Chemical/fungicide family: petroleum oil potassium salt: fair control of powdery mildew but NO
Resistance Group Number: N/A CONTROL OF OTHER DISEASES, although many are
Resistance risk: low listed on the labels. As with all potassium salts, control is
provided by contact action, so thorough spray coverage
Physical mode of action: post-infection, antisporulant, is mandatory and there is no residual activity. In trials
eradicant, modest protectant conducted over several years in New York, all of the
Selected uses: Powdery mildew, spider mites – see potassium salt products have provided similar levels of
insecticides control when used at their labeled rates.
Comments: Effective against powdery mildew when
used at 1 to 2 percent solution in relatively high-volume *NY†LUNA EXPERIENCE (17.6% fluopyram + 17.6%
applications at 10- to 14-day intervals. JMS Stylet Oil is tebuconazole) – RESTRICTED-USE PESTICIDE IN
also labeled for control of Botrytis, but has not been NY – read the label
effective against this disease in trials conducted in NY Signal word: CAUTION
and some other eastern states. Do not concentrate beyond
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPES52 CHAPTER 4 – VINEYARD INSECT & MITE MANAGEMENT
4 Vineyard Insect & Mite Management
4.1 Pest Information – Insects or nursery stock may be more seriously affected by borer
injury than mature vines. The larvae vary in color,
BANDED GRAPE BUG is a sporadic pest of grapes in
ranging from creamy to light gray to faint pink, with very
the Finger Lakes and Lake Erie regions and does not
small, round, dark brown spots on each segment and a
require treatment in most years. Nymphs of this insect
dark-colored head capsule. After initially feeding on
emerge in the spring and feed on flowers and young
young leaves, larvae bore into canes. This weakens or
berries, using their sucking and piercing mouth parts.
kills shoots, especially when the larvae enter the middle
The nymphs range in size from 1/8- to 1/2-inch in length,
or lower sections. Adult moths are a creamy yellowish-
depending on the stage. Injury by small nymphs,
brown and approximately one inch long. Eggs are white
occurring between 3- to 5-inch shoot growth (around
and laid in masses resembling overlapping fish scales on
May 15) and early June, results in floret drop, reduced
the underside of leaves. Egg laying can occur in late
berry set, and fewer clusters. Subsequent feeding by
May, late June to early July, or early August, depending
larger nymphs and adults does not affect cluster
on the genetic race of corn borer present. See the section
development. Economic injury can occur when more
on pest management schedules for minor insects (4.3) for
than 1 nymph per 10 shoots are present. This injury only
pesticide recommendations and other comments.
occurs in the prebloom stages. Subsequent feeding by
nymphs does not reduce berry set. Adults appear to be
EUROPEAN RED MITES are spider mites. Adult mites
predaceous and do not cause injury to berries. Look for
are small, dark red, and have eight legs. When viewed
nymphs on grape clusters and shoot tips prior to the
with a hand lens, the mites appear hairy because they
bloom period. They can be recognized by their long,
have white spines called “setae.” Nymphs range in color
banded antennae.
from pale to dark orange. Both adults and nymphs pierce
the leaf cells and extract plant juices. This leads to the
BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG (BMSB) is a
characteristic bronze coloration, which impairs the
new invasive species in New York that may present
photosynthetic capacity of the leaf. Two-spotted spider
problems for grapes. This stink bug, originally from
mites are often found in mixed populations with
Asia, was first observed in PA and has spread to many
European red mites. Two-spotted spider mites are light in
regions and has become particularly abundant in the mid-
color with two black spots on their backs. Vinifera and
Atlantic states. It is present in NY and PA grape-growing
French hybrid varieties appear to be the most susceptible
regions, although at this time at relatively low numbers.
to infestations, although native varieties can also develop
BMSB uses its sucking mouthparts to feed on
large densities under some conditions. Mites may be
reproductive structures of many different crop plants,
found on the upper or lower leaf surface. Four to nine
including grapes. At high densities, damage can be
generations occur in a season. Susceptible vineyards in
extensive. BMSB also produces strong odors that have
production areas prone to damaging infestations should
the potential of tainting grape juice. Recent research
be monitored, starting at the bud break stage, for
indicates the offending compounds are not very stable
presence of this pest. Although problems can develop at
and break down during fermentation. Even without
any time after bud break, pay particular attention to the
fermentation, odors are relatively unstable and may not
1- to 4-inch growth stage and the postbloom period,
be of significant concern except when consumed close to
especially after early July. Given a head start, the vine
harvest.
can tolerate a fair amount of feeding damage on lower
leaves. Heavy mite infestations early in the season can
CLIMBING CUTWORMS are known to feed on grapes.
cause stunted, chlorotic shoots with small leaves and
Larvae hide in the soil litter below the grape trellis and
pinpoint necrotic areas on leaves. Later in the season, as
climb onto vines on warm nights to feed on developing
shoot growth rate declines and the vine allocates more
primary buds. Only during bud swell are cutworms able
resources to fruit, mites may also have an increased
to inflict serious damage to a vineyard. To examine vines
capacity to cause damage. Infestations can be severe on
for cutworms, search under the bark and in the soil litter
Long Island and in southeastern Pennsylvania vineyards.
beneath a vine with damaged buds, or search the vine
Serious infestations in the Finger Lakes region have
with a flashlight after dark.
occurred more frequently in recent years. Problems with
spider mites in the Lake Erie region are uncommon.
EUROPEAN CORN BORER is an important
Predatory mites, when present in the vineyard at
lepidopteran pest of corn, but it is also known to feed on
sufficient densities, can provide excellent biological
over 200 other plant species, including grapes. Corn
control of spider mites. Recent research indicates that
borer problems are rare, but under some circumstances,
frequent use of mancozeb fungicides reduces predatory
may require management. They are usually found in
mite populations, although mancozeb use does not
Vinifera varieties, especially vines with excessive foliage
necessarily lead to mite problems.
or where vineyards are weedy or surrounded by corn,
sorghum, Sudan grass, or related crops. Young vineyards
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPES56 CHAPTER 4 – VINEYARD INSECT & MITE MANAGEMENT
regions as in the southeastern areas. Aurore and Rougeon not on the label. [^*ABBA 0.15 EC, and ^*Epi-mek 0.15
appear to be particularly susceptible. EC are generic miticides that have abamectin as active
ingredient]
4.2 Insecticide Information
*NY†ALTUS (flupyradifurone) – RESTRICTED-USE
ACRAMITE (bifenazate) – read the label PESTICIDE IN NY – read the label
Signal word: CAUTION Signal word: CAUTION
Medical emergency: (800) 292-5898 Medical emergency: (800) 334-7577
Selected use: spider mites Selected uses: Leafhoppers, some other sucking insects.
Comments: Do not apply within 14 days of harvest. REI Comments REI = 4 hrs; DTH = 0 days. This insecticide
is 5 days for tying, turning, and girdling of table grapes belongs to a new class of chemicals known as
and 12 hrs for all other activities. Both European red butenolides. Use of *NY†Altus is for nursery and
mite and two-spotted mite are listed for grapes on the landscape grapes only. See *NY†Sivanto Prime for use in
current label. Acramite limited to one application per vineyards. It has the same active ingredient. *NY†Altus
season. has relatively wide spectrum of activity. It has systemic
properties, the extent to which depends on method of
*NY†ACTARA (thiamethoxam) – RESTRICTED-USE application (foliar verses via soil). See label for more
PESTICIDE IN NY – read the label information.
Signal word: CAUTION
Medical emergency: (800) 888-8372 *NY†ALTACOR (chlorantraniliprole) – RESTRICTED-
USE PESTICIDE IN NY – read the label
Selected use: leafhoppers, mealybugs, Japanese beetle
Signal word: None
Comments: REI = 12 hrs, DTH = 5 days. Maximum
*NY†Actara allowed per growing season is 7 oz/A with a Medical emergency: (800) 441-3637
minimum interval between applications of 14 days. Not Selected use: Grape berry moth, climbing cutworm and
registered for use in Nassau and Suffolk Counties in New Japanese beetle adults (use high rate)
York State. Comments: Not registered for use in Nassau, Suffolk,
Kings and Queens Counties of New York State. Also in
*NYADMIRE PRO (imidacloprid) – RESTRICTED-USE NY, this product cannot be used within 100 feet of water
PESTICIDE IN NY – read the label body and aerial application is prohibited.
Signal word: CAUTION Chlorantraniliprole is in the anthranilic diamide class of
insecticides with a new mode of action that is selective
Medical emergency: (800) 334-7577 against Lepidoptera and some other insect groups.
Selected use: mealybugs, leafhoppers, grape phylloxera
Comments: REI = 12 hrs, DTH = 30 days (soil) & 0 ASSAIL (acetamiprid) – read the label
days (foliar) *NYAdmire Pro can now be applied both to Signal word: CAUTION
soil, where it is systemic throughout the vine, and on
foliage, where it shows translaminar activity. When Medical emergency: (866) 673-9300
applied to soil, *NYAdmire Pro works best when applied Selected uses: leafhoppers, plant bugs, grape phylloxera,
through a drip system, although it can be applied as a mealybug, Japanese beetle and rose chafer
subsurface side-dress. Maximum allowed per season is Comments: The active ingredient is in the same
14.0 fluid ounces per acre for soil treatment and 2.8 chemical class as ^Provado (neonicotinoid) and is
fluid ounces per acre for foliar treatment. [*NYAlias 4F particularly effective against sucking insects such as
is a generic of soil applied imidacloprid that is also leafhopper, but also has activity against some beetles
labeled for foliar application.] such as Japanese beetle and rose chafer.
*AGRI-MEK (abamectin) – RESTRICTED-USE AVAUNT (indoxacarb) – read the label
PESTICIDE – read the label Signal word: CAUTION
Signal word: WARNING Medical emergency: (800) 441-3637
Medical emergency: (800) 888-8372 Selected use: Japanese beetle, grape berry moth
Selected use: two-spotted spider mite Comments: REI = 12 hrs, DTH = 7 days. Avaunt has
Comments: REI = 12 hrs, DTH = 28 days. Product must activity against a number of chewing insects including
be applied in combination with nonionic surfactant. Do Japanese beetle and grape berry moth. It will help
not make more than two applications per season. Amount suppress leafhoppers. Conserves some beneficial
of product per growing season cannot exceed 32 fl oz/A arthropods. Two applications per season with minimum
of ^*Agri-Mek 0.15EC or 7.0 fl oz *Agri-Mek SC. of 21 days between applications. A new formulation of
Ground application only. Currently, European red mite is Avaunt, called Avaunt eVo (WDG), has recently been
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPESCHAPTER 5 – PEST MANAGEMENT SCHEDULES 65
5 Pest Management Schedules for Diseases and Major and
Minor Insects
5.1 Introduction help determine which sprays are generally necessary and
which ones apply only to certain conditions. Refer to the
This section provides guidelines pertaining to management
pictures in the front of this publication for help in
programs for control of diseases and major insects in
identifying critical growth stages during the season. Note
vineyards of New York and Pennsylvania. Although this
comments in right-hand column address precautions or
section is organized along a phenological schedule to reflect
considerations necessary for use of particular methods or
important events during the growing season, there is no
materials. Be especially alert to the notations that certain
implication that every spray listed will be necessary.
chemicals may not be approved for your state or for certain
Rather, this is a schedule of the various times when
growing areas within a state.
individual diseases and insects might require that sprays be
integrated into a management program; refer to the notes to
5.2 Pest Management Schedules for Diseases and Major Insects
Pest(s) Materials Rate per Acre Comments
5.2.1 DORMANT
Canker diseases Topsin M 70 WSB 3.2 oz/gal water Apply Topsin M as a paint or directed spray to wounded
(Eutypa, surfaces after pruning and before the next rain. This
Botryosphaeria) recommendation is primarily for large pruning cuts, and
has been shown to be beneficial. Application is allowed
only in NY, under Special Local Needs (SLN) label #
NY-07002. A copy of the SLN label and the federal
product label must be in possession of the user at the time
of application. There is a 7-day re-entry interval following
application.
OR Mettle 1ME 5 fl oz Mettle is labeled in all states for spray application in 25 to
50 gpa within 24 hr after pruning, with a 12-hr REI.
Consult the label for further use directions. Unlike Topsin,
no trials have been conducted in NY or PA to evaluate the
efficacy of Mettle for this purpose.
5.2.2 DELAYED DORMANT
petroleum oil
Soft scale insects 2.5% Apply early in the spring at bud swell but before any
and mealybugs leaf tissue is exposed. Apply in 250 to 300 gallons of
water. Thorough coverage is essential for good results.
Avoid use with captan or sulfur due to phytotoxicity. Also
avoid use within 24 hours before or after freezing
temperatures. Field data indicate only short-term benefits
for reducing mealybug populations. Oil more effective
against soft scale.
OR Knack 16 fl oz Only labeled for lecanium scale. Can use oil with Knack
at this time (delayed dormant). Not to exceed 32 fl oz/A
for season.
OR *Lorsban Advanced 1 qt Apply no later than late budbreak in at least 50 gallons.
Only one application of *Lorsban Advanced allowed per
season. Other generic products with this active ingredient
(chlorpyrifos) also labeled on grapes for NY and PA (e.g.
*Vulcan, *Warhawk). Chlorpyrifos will not be legal for
use in NYS after July 31, 2021.
Anthracnose, *NYMiller Lime Sulfur 1 gal/10 gal This spray is most likely to be beneficial on cultivars
black rot, water highly susceptible to anthracnose (e.g., Marquette,
Phomopsis, OR *NYSulforix 1-2 gal Reliance), where it can be important in blocks with a
powdery mildew history of the disease, or in blocks where black rot and/or
Phomopsis control is regularly problematic and
conventional fungicides will not be used during the
2021 NEW YORK AND PENNSYLVANIA PEST MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES FOR GRAPES114 CHAPTER 5 – PEST MANAGEMENT SCHEDULES
Pest(s) Materials Rate per Acre Comments
5.2.11 MIDSUMMER SPRAYS (July and August, as necessary) (continued)
Powdery mildew susceptible varieties or at times of year when pressure is
(continued) low. Different rates are recommended depending on
whether it is used alone or in a tank mix. Because Regalia
requires 48 hours to activate plant defenses, applications
need to start before infection. This product could be
included in an organic spray program or in rotation before
or after the critical powdery mildew control window
(immediate prebloom and post bloom) to slow the
development of resistance to other products. Regalia
should not be relied on for powdery mildew control
during immediate prebloom and post bloom applications.
OR Fracture 20.5-24.4 fl oz Fracture is a biopesticide that has provided fair to good
OR ProBlad Verde 18.1-45.7 fl oz control of powdery mildew in NY and PA trials. Fracture
has been sold and will be marketed as ProBlad Verde and
should work similarly. ProBlad Verde is OMRI listed and
can be included in an organic spray program or in rotation
before or after the critical powdery mildew control
window (immediate prebloom and post bloom) to slow
the development of resistance to other products.
Fracture/ProBlad Verde should not be relied on for
conventional powdery mildew control during this critical
window. No more than 5 applications can be made during
the season, and Fracture/ProBlad Verde may be applied
no more than twice before alternating with a product that
has a different mode of action.
Downy mildew Downy mildew often “disappears” for a while if midsummer weather becomes hot and dry, but it has the
potential for “explosive” spread under favorable conditions (moderately warm temperatures and wet).
Vineyards should be scouted for the presence of this disease throughout the summer, and the foliage
should be protected appropriately to prevent premature leaf drop, as determined by weather conditions,
cultivar susceptibility, and disease presence.
^Captan 50WP 4 lb
or ^Captan 80 WDG 2.5 lb
or Captec 4L 2 qt
NY
OR * Dithane DF 4 lb MANCOZEB PRODUCTS CANNOT BE USED
or Dithane M45 WITHIN 66 DAYS OF HARVEST.
or Manzate Pro-Stick
75DF
or Penncozeb 75DF
OR *NYDithane F-45 3.2 qt.
NY
or * Manzate Max 4F
OR *NYDexter Max 3.2-4.25 lb
OR fixed copper label rate CAUTIONS: (1) Fixed copper formulations and lime
formulations should not be used with Rally, Sevin, or *NYImidan. (2)
+ hydrated lime 4 lb Copper applied under humid, slow-drying conditions may
cause injury.
OR Ridomil Gold MZ WG 2.5 lb CAUTION: Refer to previous discussions about downy
OR Ridomil Gold/Copper 2 lb mildew resistance concerns and management
considerations for the Ridomil products. Ridomil Gold
MZ WG cannot be used within 66 days of harvest.
Ridomil Gold/Copper formulation may be used to within
42 days of harvest.
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