24 YEARS OF DECOLONIZATION - First Nations Land ...
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2019-20 Annual Report
24 YEARS OF DECOLONIZATION
CONTENTS
4. WELCOME 60. FACTS & FIGURES
• A Message from our Chairman • Historical Time-line
• First Nation Signatories
10. LANDS ADVISORY BOARD (LAB)
• LAB Directors 64. 2019 LAB AWARDS
• LAB Primary Responsibilities
• LAB Activities 2019-20 66. FINANCIALS
• LAB AGM 2019 Recap
66. CLOSING
18. RESOURCE CENTRE (RC)
• A Message from our RC Chair 68. APPENDIX A:
• 2019-20 Year in Review • 2019-20 Financial statements
• A Message from the
RC Executive Director
32. RC SERVICES OVERVIEW
• Finance, IT, & Administration
• Law-making, Enforcement, &
Environment
• Operations: Field Support
Services, HR, & Communication
• Planning and Readiness: TMPD,
Land Use, & Knowledge HUB
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4 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 5
A MESSAGE FROM
OUR CHAIRMAN
24 years of building self-government
through the Framework Agreement
on First Nation Land Management
(FAFNLM)
I am pleased to present the 2019-20 Lands
Advisory Board (LAB) Annual Report for this,
the 24th year of the FAFNLM. Together, our
nations from coast to coast have re-established
and built lands governance from the ground
up according to their needs. I am pleased to
have worked alongside so many First Nation
communities over the years, bearing witness to
what has been accomplished and the positive
transformation that has taken place in so many
First Nations.
The 2019-20 fiscal year was hectic and
challenging, one in which we had to face a global
pandemic, COVID-19. First Nations implemented
emergency measures to protect their members,
with many instituting “lockdown” procedures ROBERT LOUIE, LAB CHAIRMAN
thus closing traffic into their communities. (WESTBANK FIRST NATION)
In addition, First Nations followed national
guidelines with respect to social distancing and
the prohibition of public gatherings.
In the midst of these unprecedented measures,
the community of Moose Deer Point managed Robert Louie has served as
to successfully hold their land code vote and
Chairman of the LAB since 1991. As
become the 95th operational signatory to the
Framework Agreement. Moose Deer Point, Chief of the Westbank First Nation
descendants of the Pottawatomi, located in the for 24 years, he was instrumental
Georgian Bay area in Ontario was likely the
first community to face the toughest challenge in guiding his community to the
any community has had to face with a land ratification of the Westbank First
code vote to date. With the hard work we have
become accustomed to seeing, Moose Deer Point
Nation Land Code in 2003.
built on the community work leading up to 2020
and used an electronic voting system to engage
their members and pass their land code.
6 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 7
authority made possible by the FNLMA. To reputation for enabling positive change
help fix this problem, this past year and can happen. The Framework Agreement
Along with Moose Deer Point, 2019-20 impact of moving away from the Indian into 2020-21, the LAB has and will continue will continue to be a solid option for First
saw 13 yes votes in total across Canada, Act cannot be understated. Indian Act to strongly advocate for the replacement of Nations who want to move forward and
delivering a strong message that First control over lands means crippling land the FNLMA with much shorter and more away from the Indian Act. Building self-
Nations are choosing the option of re- devaluation and loss of investment concise ratifying legislation. This will government is within all of our grasps. We
establishing their own lands governance opportunities. It is not uncommon under ensure it is absolutely clear that the will move beyond where we are today as
authority. Twelve (12) new First Nations Indian Act governance for reserve lands FNLMA only ratifies the FAFNLM. This will more First Nations get involved and stand
became signatories to the Framework to be valued at 50% less than those also eliminate redundancy, confusion and together to advance their control over their
Agreement in 2019-20, and there are comparable lands off-reserve. Unlike improve the speed at which First Nations respective lands.
now 95 communities operating with their the Indian Act, operational First Nations can move through the developmental
own land authority across Canada in 8 enjoy a regulation-backed lands registry process. Please enjoy this year’s edition of the LAB
provinces. Thirty-five (35) communities system that is priority-based, paperless, Annual Report. For additional information
are in various stages of community and instant. This means greater land The last 24 years have shed new light or copies of this document or our 2019-
consultation, technical development or certainty, reduced or eliminated transaction on the governance and management 20 Financial Statement, please visit our
preparing for their community land code costs and increased financing options priorities for a growing number of First website at www.landsadvisoryboard.ca.
vote. Building upon this year’s success for infrastructure, housing, capital and Nations communities across Canada.
we are in a good position to realize the economic development projects. It is clear The Framework Agreement has been a
100th First Nation to ratify the Framework that land codes change things dramatically revelation that self-government is more Sincerely
Agreement in 2020-21. All signatories to for the better. than just negotiating an agreement, it is
the FAFNLM have had diverse interests, about continual attention to supporting
but all have had common goals; to re-take In 2019-20 the LAB was dedicated to First Nations and improving partnerships
their land jurisdiction, enhance their future addressing growing misinformation and with Canada. Land based self-government
governance, protect their lands and expand confusion about the “Ratifying” role of has been built brick by brick. Early
their field of opportunities. the First Nation Lands Management Act communities have shown what is possible,
(FNLMA). There have been misconceptions and others have expanded on these Robert Louie, L.L.B., Hon. DR.LLB, O.O.C.,
To date, approximately 12.5% of First that the FNLMA controls the expression pathfinding achievements. Reserve Hon. Fellow Okanagan College
Nations territory has come out of the of the inherent right to self-government, lands will not continue to be devalued Chairman, Lands Advisory Board
colonial Indian Act lands system. The or even that the FAFNLM is delegated when strong governance, planning and a
8 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 9
AUSTIN BEAR CHIEF
JASON CAMPBELL Muskoday First Nation GERRY DUQUETTE JR.
Seabird Island Band Muskoday, SK Dokis First Nation
Agassiz, B.C. French River, ON
Finance Committee Chair
EUGENE LOUIE
Tla’amin Nation
Powell River, B.C.
LAB Elder
LAB CHIEF MAUREEN CHAPMAN CHIEF DARCY BEAR JAMES CADA
Skawahlook First Nation Whitecap Dakota First Nation Mississauga First Nation
DIRECTORS Agassiz, B.C. Whitecap, SK Blind River, ON
The LAB is currently comprised
of 15 Directors and the Chair,
serving on staggered terms.
The country is divided into three
GRAND CHIEF JOE HALL
support regions, with Directors Tzeachten First Nation CHIEF JEREMY NORMAN PHILIP GOULAIS
elected by communities in each Chilliwack, B.C. Flying Dust First Nation Nipissing First Nation
region. One Director’s position Finance Committee Member Meadow Lake, SK Garden Village, ON
comes up for election from each
of the three regions annually.
The LAB Chair is elected for a
five year term. The Directors are
elected for three year terms. COUNCILLOR
WILLIAM MCCUE
Chippewas of Georgina Island
COUNCILLOR
CHIEF GORDON PLANES STEVEN ROY JOHNSTON First Nation
T’Sou-ke First Nation Mistawasis First Nation Sutton West, ON
B.C. Region Sooke, B.C. Leask, SK Finance Committee Member
Prairie Region
Eastern Region
CHIEF LEAH GEORGE-WILSON CHIEF CHIEF KELLY LAROCCA
Tsleil-Waututh First Nation CHRISTIAN SINCLAIR Mississaugas of Scugog Island
North Vancouver, B.C. Opaskwayak Cree Nation First Nation
Finance Committee Member Opaskwayak, MB Port Perry, ON
10 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 11
The original signatories of the Framework
Agreement established the LAB to assist
12 NEW SIGNATORIES TO THE
FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT
them in re-asserting land governance over It is the mandate of the LAB and RC to
their reserve lands and resources. Councils ensure that all First Nations have the
of the signatory operational First Nations opportunity to exercise their inherent right
determine the composition of the LAB. to govern their lands, as enshrined in the
Framework Agreement.
In 2019-20, the following First Nations
LAB PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES became signatories to the Framework
Agreement:
The responsibilities of the LAB public gatherings directly • Lac des Mille Lacs First Nation, ON
are prescribed by the Framework relevant to the promotion and
Agreement and are ratified by First awareness of the Framework
• Lac Seul First Nation, ON
Nations through land code votes, Agreement; • Naotkamegwanning First Nation, ON
and by Canada through the FNLMA. • Canupawakpa Dakota Nation, MB
• When requested by a First
• Gambler First Nation, MB
The LAB is composed of Nation, attending community
representatives regionally meetings and/or providing • Poplar River First Nation, MB
nominated and elected from high level political and • Waywayseecappo First Nation, MB
among the operational signatory strategic advice to Chiefs and • Woodland Cree First Nation, AB
First Nations involved. The LAB Councils in the developmental
mandate includes but is not limited phase and those operating
• Kwikwetlem First Nation, B.C.
to: under a ratified land code; • Shackan Indian Band, B.C.
• Skwah First Nation, B.C.
• Policy & planning at the • When requested, providing
• Tseycum First Nation, B.C.
political level; advice to First Nations
seeking entry into the
• Intergovernmental Framework Agreement; and
relations/meetings with
Canada, Parliament, • Political advocacy with
provincial, regional and signatory First Nations
municipal governments, related to the fulfillment
financial institutions, etc., of Framework Agreement
to implement the spirit, responsibilities such as the
intent and meaning of the negotiation of operational
Framework Agreement; funding and Framework “First Nations working together to resume jurisdiction
Agreement and FNLMA
• When requested, attendance amendments. over reserve lands, environment and natural resources.”
at conferences and other
LAB Mission Statement
12 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 13
LAB ACTIVITIES: 2019-20 THE 2019 LAB ANNUAL GENERAL
MEETING
Highlights of the many events and responsibilities
attended to by the LAB in 2019-20 include:
Regional LAB elections
Monthly reviews, updates and decisions
regarding the LAB and RC activities,
workplan, finances and upcoming votes
LAB AGM, hosted by the Chippewas of Rama
First Nation
This year’s LAB Annual General Meeting (AGM) was
LAB Annual Audit held on September 17 and 18, 2019, and hosted
by the Chippewas of Rama First Nation.
Review and update of Risk Management
The LAB AGM was live-streamed (in both English
Strategy & Multi-Year Strategic Business Plan
and French) to ensure that all those unable to
2018-23
travel in person could monitor the event.
Meetings with Indigenous Services Canada In addition to the presentations, updates, and
(ISC) regarding the facilitation of new question and answer periods, the LAB sought
signatories to the Framework Agreement direction of the signatory leadership to move
forward on various topics of importance that will
Meetings with Ministers, officials and carry forth into the coming year. This included
Members of Parliament to discuss resolutions on Amendment #7 of the Framework
improvements to areas of the Framework Agreement and Replacement of the FNLMA.
Agreement, as well as the replacement of the
First Nations Land Management Act (FNLMA) The meeting was complimented by a tour of
Chippewas of Rama Community Hall and an exhibit
of the rich history and traditions of the community.
Meetings and presentation to operational and
Guests were then treated to a special feast and
developmental signatories
entertainment, and were invited to tour Rama
lands.
Presentations to interested communities
Many progressive programs, successful economic
Presentations at conferences and meetings ventures, and integral member services are
with numerous organizations concerning hallmarks of Rama First Nation, as is the gracious
the merits and challenges of the Framework and sharing nature of its people. Our great thanks
Agreement to the community for the warm welcome all
attendees received throughout our visit.
Hosting of the 2019 First Nations National
Land Governance and Economic Development Live-stream recordings of the
Conference and Trade Show AGM can be found by visiting:
www.vimeo.com/labrc
14 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 15
A MESSAGE FROM
OUR RC CHAIR
Looking back over the 20 years since Muskoday
First Nation became operational under its land
code, I am awestruck to see the incredible
transformation for our people. We had
experienced the loss of complete autonomy
through the imposition of the Indian Act and
later had limited land management delegated
authorities through the government's 53/60
program. However, when we voted to approve
our land code in 1998, becoming operational
on January 1, 2000, we regained full
jurisdiction over our lands, natural resources,
and environment. Through our land code, we
removed 25% of the Indian Act's control from
our daily lives.
I am thankful to the membership of Muskoday
for allowing me to serve as Chief for the last
29 years. Having retired in 2019, I have been
able to pause and reflect further on our journey.
AUSTIN BEAR, RC CHAIR
As a band member, father, grandfather, and
former Chief, I am filled with great pride for the (MUSKODAY FIRST NATION)
tremendous progress we have made for this
generation and those to follow.
Austin Bear has been a key proponent
Since 2001, I have also had the privilege of
of the Framework Agreement since its
serving as Chair of the RC Board of Directors
and Finance Committee. With my fellow Board creation. His community (Muskoday
members, I have had the benefit of working First Nation, SK), was the first Prairie
with communities across the country as they community to ratify their land code.
come out from beneath the Indian Act's 44 land He served an unprecedented 29 years
management limitations and advance land laws as Chief of his community prior to
of their own making.
announcing that he would retire in
From January 1, 2000, to March 31, 2020, we
2019. First elected as RC chair in 2001,
have seen the growth of operational signatory Austin continues to serve in this role.
16 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 17
“Supporting First Nations to exercise
their Inherent Right to govern their
Lands, Environment and Resources.”
RC Mission Statement
communities skyrocket from the initial The FNLMA was enacted by Canada only
three (3) to 95 First Nations. The growth of to ratify the Framework Agreement.
participating communities would not have Unfortunately, its wording has given many example. The remainder of the annual back over the last 20 years since those
been possible without the tireless efforts the mistaken impression that it controls report will showcase the scope of work that first land codes took effect, I am inspired
of the 14 original First Nation signatories the expression of the Inherent Right of our team has performed throughout the by the legacy of change that has followed.
who had the vision, determination and First Nations. Many have incorrectly been year. Our field services staff supported an It remains a great honour to continue to
persistence to establish the Framework led to believe Canada has "delegated" astounding 13 community votes this year. walk beside the now hundreds of First
Agreement, the LAB and RC. its authority to First Nations through the The RC is spearheading many significant Nations who look to see their inherent
FNLMA. This is not the case. and exciting projects. It continues to right take flight through the Framework
The RC, incorporated in 2001, has evolve innovative tools and initiatives to Agreement. I can only imagine the great
expanded significantly over the years to Among proposed changes that would benefit First Nations governing, or looking heights we will achieve in twenty more
match increasing support requirements see the above issues rectified, is a more to govern, under their own land laws. years.
for the ever-growing participation in efficient progression for First Nations
the Framework Agreement. The RC's through the developmental process and Throughout the year, the RC has held Sincerely
combined expertise in the field of First clearer communications to Interested several conferences, workshops, and
Nation land governance is second to First Nations, government and 3rd parties one-on-one guidance sessions, sharing
none. This past fiscal year saw our team and clearer land code implementation essential knowledge on the benefits, best
of dedicated staff completing a variety of authority. The LAB and RC were given practices, and challenges faced by the
challenging projects and activities to help a directive at the 2019 LAB AGM, from signatory and interested First Nations of
propel signatory communities forward as its signatory leadership, to continue the Framework Agreement. It provides Austin Bear
they seek to exercise their Inherent Right negotiating with the federal government to these services to help First Nations make Chair, First Nations Land Management
to self-determination. bring about these necessary changes. the best decisions for their communities. Resource Inc.
The Framework Agreement has always
One of the most significant efforts of the Each year I am impressed by the been voluntary. It was created by a small
last year has been to make headway on professionalism and dedication of our group of First Nations who looked to create
the repeal and replacement of the FNLMA. staff, and this year is another stellar a better future for their people. As I look
18 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 19
2019 LAB AGM • Penelakut, B.C.
THE YEAR IN REVIEW: • Moose Deer Point, ON
2 0 1 9 -2 0 This past year’s LAB Annual General
Meeting (AGM) was held on September REPLACEMENT OF THE FIRST NATIONS
17 and 18, 2019 in Rama, Ontario. The LAND MANAGEMENT ACT (FNLMA)
Chippewas of Rama First Nation graciously
The 2019-20 fiscal year has seen the LAB hosted the meeting. Parliament enacted the FNLMA in 1999
and RC progress on many projects and as part of the federal ratification of the
initiatives in support of the operational and The two-day session presented and Framework Agreement. Unfortunately,
developmental First Nations signatories of discussed the RC’s many efforts and legislative drafters chose to restate much
the Framework Agreement. The following expansions including the updated LAB of the text of the Framework Agreement
includes some of these support activities. and RC Strategic Business Plan, new in the FNLMA, in some places inaccurately
concentrations on climate change, and in other areas chose to omit important
2019 LAB ELECTIONS enhanced Training, Mentorship and parts of the original agreement. The
Professional Development services, the federal Minister of Crown Indigenous
The LAB Board of Directors is a First next wave of Framework Agreement Relations signalled her support in
Nation controlled entity and is comprised Amendments, and various topics of February 2020 for our proposal to replace
of 15 elected positions and a Chair. Five signatory First Nation importance. the FNLMA with the shortest possible
(5) positions are located in each support Resolutions were passed by the federal law to ratify the Framework
region: B.C., Prairies, and the East. membership to pursue additional Agreement. These changes will respect the
Annually, on a rotational basis, regional amendments. fundamental primacy of the Framework
seats on the board come up re-election. Agreement.
Copies of all presentations, materials
In 2019, three Board positions came up for and the recorded live-stream can be INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
re-election. Chief Gordon Planes (T’Sou-ke) reviewed at www.labrc.com.
was re-elected to the Board representing Various calls and bi-weekly meetings
the B.C. Region. Representing the Prairies NEW OPERATIONAL SIGNATORIES between the LAB, RC, and ISC continued
Region, Chief Darcy Bear (Whitecap TO THE FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT in 2019-20 to enable all parties to
Dakota) was re-elected by acclamation to provide updates on current activities
his seat on the board. Equally, the Eastern In 2019-20, 13 First Nations voted to affecting Framework Agreement
Region saw the re-election by acclamation approve their land codes. By order of signatories. These communications
of LAB member Chief Kelly LaRocca vote, these newly operational First Nation also facilitate a proactive approach
(Mississaugas of Scugog Island). signatories include: to resolving issues as they arise to
• Algonquins of Pikwakanagan, ON minimize any potential negative impact
The LAB gives thanks to the operational • Membertou, NS on First Nations who are developing or
signatories for their participation in • Sheshegwaning, ON implementing their land codes.
the LAB election process. By regionally • T’it’q’et, B.C.
nominating and voting for their chosen • Beausoleil, ON Discussions included implementing the
Directors, these signatories mold the • Brunswick House, ON renewed operational funding formula,
LAB’s leadership, who, in turn, continue • Cowichan Tribes, B.C. improving developmental funding,
to provide guidance and support to • Ditidaht, B.C. amendments to the Framework
First Nations involved in the Framework • Homalco, B.C. Agreement and FNLMA, and new First
Agreement. • Lac La Ronge, SK Nation Signatories.
• Kitsumkalum, B.C.20 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 21
LAB directors and RC Staff met with workshops to deliver bilingual training to crafted laws are a vital ingredient in the
representatives from the office of Minister First Nation attendees on Land Regimes. strategy of pursuing greater respect for and
Lametti, Minister of Justice and Attorney enforcement of First Nation laws.
General of Canada, Environment Canada, FINANCE
Natural Resources, ISC, the Conservative Many aspects of enforcement are an
Party of Canada and Minister Bennett to The RC managed a budget of over $19 exercise of self-government by First
discuss the improvement of various areas million this past fiscal year on behalf of the Nations, and work has continued on the
of the Framework Agreement and FNLMA LAB, which facilitated the accomplishment training of appointed officers and training
replacement. of the expectations of the fiscal year. for lands managers. Outreach to other
governments to build enforcement systems
The LAB, RC, and ISC identified 12 The LAB annual audit was completed in has also advanced. Most noteworthy over
new entrants to become Framework June 2019 and is available for review at the past year was the signing of an MOU on
Agreement signatories and begin www.labrc.com. enforcement involving the Whitecap Dakota
developmental activities in 2019-20. and Muskoday First Nations as well as the
The RC commenced negotiations for
A further 12 First Nations have been Government of Saskatchewan.
a renewed multi-year funding agreement,
identified to commence developmental
which is expected to be completed in Much still needs to be done to raise
activities in 2020-21.
early 2020-21. awareness amongst federal and provincial
During the year, representatives of the officials of the Framework Agreement and
EXPANSION OF RC SUPPORT SERVICES
LAB and RC continued to promote the the sophisticated nature of laws made
success of the Framework Agreement under the Framework Agreement. At the
In 2019-20, the RC expanded by
First Nations and their viability as close of the fiscal year, we rapidly moved
three staff members. Joining our Field
business partners to other First Nation to assist First Nations in responding to the
Support Services Team in the Eastern
organizations, the private sector, COVID-19 pandemic, particularly with the
Region are Brenda Belmore (Kiashke
GOC, and provincial and municipal enactment of COVID-19 laws.
Zaaging Anishinaabek) and Heather
governments.
Sawdon (Atikameksheng Anishnawbek).
ENVIRONMENT
Ms. Leeanna Rhodes (Muscowpetung
PARTNERSHIPS WITH OTHER
Saulteaux) joined the new Land The RC worked with several developmental
ORGANIZATIONS
Governance Planning HUB as our GIS First Nations regarding environmental
The LAB and representatives from the Specialist. The RC expects additional site assessments (ESA’s). Efforts involved
RC worked collaboratively with numerous positions to be filled throughout the 2020 working collectively with ISC and First
organizations throughout the year. In fiscal year as it adapts to ensure that Nations to comprehensively identify areas
2019, the LAB entered into a Cooperation signatory First Nations have the relevant of potential environmental concern on
and Communication protocol agreement services, capacity, assistance, and expert reserve before First Nations move away
with 10 First Nations organizations advice required to develop and implement from the old Indian Act lands system.
and institutions in British Columbia various projects under their land codes.
(B.C.) to coordinate efforts to support The RC also assisted several operational
LAW MAKING AND ENFORCEMENT First Nations with Phase II ESA’s
capacity development in governance and
governance administration for B.C. First and efforts to tackle long-standing
The RC continued to work with land code
Nations. environmental concerns, community
First Nations on the design and drafting
engagement and drafting of environmental
of their laws, covering a broad range of
During the year, the LAB and RC laws, solid waste projects,through
subjects such as matrimonial real property,
partnered with the National Aboriginal environmental management plans.
waste disposal, and trespassing. Well
Lands Managers Association (NALMA) on The RC has worked with ISC partners22 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 23
to secure funding to implement these ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT CONFERENCE
CONFERENCE & TRADE SHOW
plans, which is vital to ensure continued 2019 FIRST NATIONS NATIONAL
effectiveness. The LAB and RC hosted the First Nations LAND GOVERNANCE &
National Land Governance and Economic ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING, MENTORSHIP AND Development Conference and Trade Show, CONFERENCE AND TRADE SHOW
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT (TMPD) which took place from April 1-3, 2019, in
Winnipeg, MB. The event focused on how From April 1-3, 2019, the LAB and RC
During 2019-20, the RC’s TMPD team First Nations have cast away the Indian hosted the First Nations National Land
organized seven (7) face-to-face Act’s restrictions and developed new Governance and Economic Development
trends in Economic Development with the Conference and Trade Show. Held in
workshops on Land Use Planning, Solid
Winnipeg, MB, the event attracted a
Waste Management, Land Registry, Framework Agreement.
maximum capacity audience of over
Climate Change, Financial Governance,
400 attendees from across Canada.
GIS Mapping, and Law Enforcement. The sold-out event was attended by
Other offerings included three (3) virtual full capacity participation of over 400 Interested in discovering more about
webinars, and two (2) collaborated delegates and included keynote speakers success in land governance attainable
workshops. Dr. Stephen Cornell and Dr. Bob Kayseas. under the Framework Agreement,
attendees were introduced to more than
In light of restrictions imposed by The conference was geared towards 30 distinguished presenters, discussing
COVID-19 in the last quarter of 2019- discussions of economic experiences a range of conference topics including:
20, the RC revised its TMPD strategy to and opportunities offered by land code Economic Development and Preserving
offer additional webinars and other virtual communities throughout the country. Traditions, Small Business Growth
gatherings designed to meet ongoing In addition to the panel discussion and on Reserve, Tourism and Gaming
learning objectives. presentations, an extensive trade show, Opportunities, Commercial Leasing on
including a large variety of vendors and Reserve, Attracting Investors, Policies
and Laws, and much more.
The TMPD team has planned various jointly services, complemented the event.
developed and presented learning sessions
The two-day event,
with the Tulo Centre of Indigenous Copies of conference materials, and
which featured
Economics (TULO) and NALMA that will recordings of the various presentations, ceremonies, keynote
take place in 2020-21. can be found on the conference’s website addresses, and
at www.labrcecdev.com. numerous presentations
LAND USE PLANNING are available for review
RESOLVING IDENTIFIED “LEGACY” by visiting the event
Land Use Planning (LUP) efforts continue ISSUES website at: www.
to increase, with more requests from labrcecdev.com.
both operational and developmental This past fiscal year marked the first
communities. RC LUP advisory services time that the RC has received funding to Video recordings of each
continued throughout the year. They assist First Nations in resolving identified session can be found by
outstanding legacy issues. clicking the links below
ranged from fundamental LUP assistance
or visiting :
to more sophisticated support related
www.vimeo.com/labrc
to linkages between LUP, Economic The Legacy Project Funding proceeded with
Development, service agreements, a call for proposals in July of 2019, with
traditional knowledge, and Geographic projects approved in the following First
Information Systems (GIS). Nations:24 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 25
• Algonquins of • Mcleod Lake
RC PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITIES
discussed in consideration of COVID-19
Pikwakanagan restrictions. RC PRIMARY
• Beecher Bay • Mississauga RESPONSIBILITIES:
• Fort McKay • NCN The RC has continued its research into
• Kahkewistehaw • Nipissing provincial systems of registration and
The LAB established the RC to
First Nation requirements with follow-up
• Katzie • Shawanaga discharge the LAB’s technical
meetings planned with B.C. Land Titles in
responsibilities under the
early 2020-21.
Some delays were experienced due Framework Agreement including
to the COVID-19 pandemic and other COMMUNICATIONS negotiating the terms of
unanticipated issues, but work is continuing
comprehensive funding
with the RC, ISC, and Natural Resources Our Communications Team continues to arrangements with ISC/Crown-
Canada assisting as required. refine a broad strategy for implementing Indigenous Relations and Northern
the new corporate branding while
Affairs (CIRNA).
IMPROVEMENTS TO THE FIRST NATION remaining focused on working with
LAND REGISTRY SYSTEM (FNLRS) field teams to improve vote-based The roles of the LAB and the RC are
communications strategies and specific inextricably linked. The RC roles
The RC staff have worked to assist products for developmental and
include but are not limited to:
operational First Nations, and collaborate operational communities. Three new
with ISC, to continuously improve the editions of the RC’s The Lands Advisor • Policy, planning &
First Nation Land Registry System. RC newsletter were produced this year, with administration at the technical
staff provide ongoing assistance to First content related to regional and subject level;
Nations in updating information in FNLRS matter interests. In 2020-21, a new, bi-
as needed. • Intergovernmental relations
annual format for The Lands Advisor will
with federal, provincial, regional
be released.
An RC regional session was held in BC in and municipal government
organizations to implement
early 2020 to provide First Nation staff Throughout the year, in addition to regular
the technical aspects of the
with hands-on, in-depth training on the responsibilities, the RC Communications
Framework Agreement;
FNLRS as well as information on the team actively supported major projects
Privacy Act in relation to forms and data as well as evolving a new wave of videos, • Operational field and subject
collected. community and project-specific websites, matter support services such
social media content, and digital and as transition planning, capacity
Ongoing work continued with the Nipissing print media products for a variety of RC and training, law-making and
First Nation and Opaskwayak Cree Nation initiatives. enforcement, surveys, land use
(OCN) concerning the development of planning, and communications;
an electronic Land Management System This fiscal year the RC retained the • Developmental field support
for Operational First Nations. Both OCN services of a public relations firm to services related to land code
and Nipissing First Nations approved the complement the RC’s misinformation development, land description,
modifications to the Land Registry module, strategy, which is geared toward clarifying environmental site assessments
which is the foundation of the entire confusion caused by inconsistencies and ratification vote support,
platform. The updated module’s release between the Framework Agreement etc.;
date is expected next year, with training and the FNLMA. In addition, Op-ed
• Technical Advice and support
to be provided to participating First development, and additional website for interested First Nations, and
Nations. Virtual training methods are being refinement efforts will be ongoing into the more.
new fiscal year.26 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 27
A MESSAGE FROM OUR
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Over the past 20 years, we have witnessed
the significant expansion of First Nation
participation in the Framework Agreement. In
response, the RC has worked to staff a team
of dedicated, knowledgeable, and experienced
professionals who regularly rise to support
First Nations.
As the number of signatory communities
continue to grow, and the operation of land
codes increase across the country, our internal
repository of knowledge gathered from
varied land governance experiences expands
with it. During the last year, our team has
responded to several complex and challenging
situations to assist communities in making
their way through the different stages of land
code development and implementation. The
extensive, collective experience of the RC staff
have proven invaluable to the provision of MEKO NICHOLAS, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
services to communities across the country. (TOBIQUE FIRST NATION)
It is an honour to work with so many First
Nations as they take back their rightful lands
governance authority and eliminate the legacy Meko Nicholas is responsible for the
of the Indian Act. day to day operations of the RC and
manages the technical partnership
This past year saw our Field Support Services with Canada. In addition to reporting
Teams expertly guide 13 First Nations to the LAB and RC Boards, he
serves as the main spokesperson
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT
TO THE EXECUTIVE and representative for the RC in
DIRECTOR all professional capacities. For the
last 25 years, Meko has worked to
support the development, finalization
Angie and fulfillment of the Framework
Pitre
Agreement.28 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 29
continues to offer First Nations a high that the RC and it’s staff have focused on
quality level of service needed in all throughout the 2019-20 fiscal year. It also
through the process of developing and unit which this year has grown to
areas of operational and developmental offers a few inspirational stories of note
ratifying their land codes, bringing the include a new Land Governance Planning
First Nation support. The RC strives from communities now operating with the
total number of communities operating HUB. The HUB aims to decolonize
to continually improve its operations governance authority regained through
with a land code to 95. This included land-use planning, elevate and re-
including hiring new staff to meet these the Framework Agreement.
Membertou’s historic land code vote, a establish traditional indigenous planning
expanding responsibilities to the growing
first in Nova Scotia and the 3rd in Atlantic practices, and promote cohesive and
list of Framework Agreement signatories. Finally, I would like to acknowledge our
Canada. Membertou has long been a holistic approach to planning informed
ISC and CIRNA partners, especially ISC
supporter of the Framework Agreement by traditional use, climate change, and
I am extremely proud of the level of DG of Lands Susan Waters, ISC A/Director
and is already hard at work developing specific community needs.
expertise and professionalism shown by of Lands Eric Grant and his talented team,
further land code laws, systems and
RC staff and am thankful to our Senior CIR ADM of Individual Affairs Martin
policies. Additionally, this year was particularly
Management Team, who help to guide Reiher and Manager of New Service
busy for our Law-Making, Enforcement,
our organization through a full range of Offerings Patrick McIntyre. We enjoy a
The RC’s Training, Mentorship, and Environment, and Waste Management
duties. Our year ended with the onset very collegial, supportive and positive
Professional Development (TMPD) Team Team. While participating in numerous
of the COVID-19 pandemic, and all the partnership that is and has been critical
has hosted several workshops, webinars, workshops and special projects, they have
uncertainty and fear that came with to the ongoing implementation of the
and co-partnered events throughout responded to a significant increase in
it. However, our staff responded with Framework Agreement and ultimately for
the year. These sessions help to further requests for support due to the COVID-19
increased determination and innovation the benefit of First Nations communities.
community capacity in undertaking lands pandemic. An array of additional services
to help our communities, which speaks
governance responsibilities and provide are planned for the coming year to help
volumes about their dedication to the Woliwon!
knowledge-sharing opportunities between signatory communities mitigate the risks
work that we take so much pride in.
First Nations. of this dangerous and devastating virus.
The following pages showcase many of
The TMPD strategy is part of the RC’s During the year, the RC completed an
the support services and special projects
Planning and Readiness support services organizational review to ensure that it30 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 31
Director, Finance, organization; and software, conferencing, and other conducted, with comments from each
Information Technology
• Survey contracts required to prepare equipment. party discussed.
(IT) and Administration
a Land Description Report defining the
Sandra Gfellner
extent of reserve lands subject to the Individual attention to training and Reviewing all of the received project
land code; assistance for staff members provides proposals, and narrowing down the
• First Nation funding, which included them with the additional tools they need selection to six (6) projects to be funded,
nine (9) different areas. Funding is to work effectively and efficiently from proved difficult. A number of issues were
provided to First Nations for land code their home offices. identified within the proposals, such as
development and ratification, solid environmental issues, estate issues,
waste projects, land use planning, While RC staff have functioned from surveys of individual lots, amending of
environmental management plans, home offices for many years, reduced older land codes, creation of new laws,
survey training, land management travel to communities during the later policies and procedures, the status of
ms. gfellner is responsible for the
financial, it, and administration staff software, legacy issue resolution, and part of 2019-20, due to COVID-19, has certain lands. Due to the quality and
and duties of the rc, to include the natural resource management; and greatly increased requests for remote volume of proposals received a total of
administration of surveys contracts. • Verifier role functions. First Nation support. In turn, IT has ten (10) projects were selected.
placed additional focus on ensuring the
FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION During 2019-20, the Administration Team infrastructure is in place to meet these The ten (10) proposals selected were
worked diligently to plan for a number needs. from the following First Nations:
The Finance, IT, and Administration of significant events, including the LAB
team keep all facets of our organization AGM and the First Nations National Land LAND DESCRIPTION AND SURVEYS British Columbia:
running smoothly. Associated tasks Governance and Economic Development SUPPORT SERVICES Sc’ianew (Beecher Bay)
include budgeting and reporting, Conference and Trade Show. Katzie
travel, event and meeting support, and In July 2019, a Request for Proposals McLeod Lake
necessary IT services. Our Finance department is responsible went out to all First Nations involved
Alberta:
for reporting on and ensuring compliance in the Framework Agreement, for six
Fort McKay
The Finance Department also works with our Comprehensive Funding (6) available projects relating to the
closely with our Survey Expert to Agreement as well as providing technical Identification, Review and Resolution of Saskatchewan:
administer necessary survey contracts support to Operational Funding Formula Legacy Issues. More than 30 proposals Kahkewistahaw
and related services. negotiations. were submitted for consideration. Manitoba:
Nisichawayasihk Cree
The RC managed a budget of over INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT) The proposal review process involved
$19 million this past fiscal year. These Our in-house IT support services provide regional representation from the RC, Ontario:
responsibilities included: day-to-day technical support for all Surveyor General Branch (SGB), and Algonquins of Pikwakanagan,
RC staff, including email accounts, ISC Regional branch and Headquarters Mississauga
• The day to day operations of the telephone systems, computer hardware (HQ). A review of each proposal was Nipissing
Shawanaga
EXECUTIVE EXECUTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE ADMINISTRATION IT SUPPORT LAND
ASSISTANT TO ASSISTANT TO THE ASSISTANT & HUMAN RESOURCES SERVICES SURVEYS
THE RC CHAIR LAB CHAIRMAN ADVISOR
Robina Virginia Dan Charmaine Martin Tania
Bear Game Bear Matteau de Kryger Bigstone32 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 33
Each of these projects is complex and
time-consuming, however, the First
IDENTIFICATION, REVIEW AND RESOLUTION OF LEGACY ISSUES:
Nations have maintained an enthusiastic
commitment to the work. Two (2) of the The Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN) Project
First Nations had the surveyors come
to their schools to discuss the projects Manitoba's NCN embarked on its Legacy
and demonstrate some of the survey Project in 2019, with several objectives in
equipment that was being used. Other mind. Having implemented their land code
in 2017, NCN's project was proposed to
First Nations had community members
strengthen the establishment of a system
join the survey crews to observe and
of good land governance under their land
learn more about the profession of
code and increase the number of registered
surveying, the Legacy Project, and their interests. Equally, NCN wanted to ensure
community. that surveys were conducted to enable the
granting of formal land interests (interests
Deadlines for the completion of the legacy where historically there was no formal
projects were intended to be the end of survey or interest granted under the Indian
June 2020. Deadline considerations will Act system).
be adapted as the State of Emergency for
the COVID-19 pandemic is lifted by the Another focus of the project was to
communities and the province. increase NCN's local capacity of surveying
and the creation and amending of their
While the pandemic has impacted the parcel survey fabric. At the beginning of
the project, it was estimated that less than
time-frames for project completion,
10% of the 600+ lots on NCN's reserve
the projects' allocated budgets and
were surveyed. Throughout the project,
expenditures remain on track. The
NCN has had a community member
remaining budget amounts will be used to accompanying the survey crew to gain
complete the projects when the work is knowledge and capacity.
safe to continue.
The image at left is a design of some of
2019-20 was the first year that the the new proposed lots within an area of
RC had received funding to assist NCN Reserve No.170. The white lines note
First Nations in resolving some of the current surveyed roads and lots. It
their outstanding legacy issues. Thus is apparent that not all of the constructed
far, the results have been productive, roads are fully contained within the
inspirational, and educational for all surveyed parcels. The NCN project includes
involved. The RC appreciates the First a design and re-design of their road
network through out the reserve. When
Nations' devotion to the project, and to
the fieldwork for the project is complete,
ISC and SGB for their support in assisting
the roads will be surveyed, as well as
the First Nations with their requests for
some lots, with the main focus on their
information and guidance. We are eager community-based services lots. The
to see this project to completion, and to project will continue into 2020-21.
sharing the knowledge and experiences
gathered with other communities.34 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 35
Advisor, Law Making & the FNLMA with the shortest possible and business permitting laws to
Enforcement Advisor federal legislation. Replacement environmental laws dealing with illegal REPEALING AND
legislation would also aim to simplify the dumping, transportation and removal REPLACING THE FNLMA
Andrew Beynon
process for implementing future agreed- of soil, and unsightly premises. Many
upon amendments to the Framework of these carefully drafted laws include
Agreement. sophisticated enforcement provisions,
such as the authority to conduct
The RC has drafted a proposed bill for inspections and required documentation
Canada’s consideration. The federal for permitted activities, the authority of
Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations inspectors to impose stop-work orders,
signalled her support in February for this and the offences for minor or major
proposal to replace the FNLMA with the violations of First Nation laws.
mr. beynon supervises the law-making
and enforcement, and environmental shortest possible federal law to ratify
team and related support services the Framework Agreement. It is hoped Several land code First Nations have During the 2019 LAB AGM, the
for the rc. that work with federal officials will be also enacted overarching enforcement LAB received direction from
finalized during the calendar year 2020- and ticketing laws to set up general signatories of the Framework
21 so that legislation to replace the rules to be used in the enforcement Agreement, to propose federal
REPLACEMENT OF THE FIRST FNLMA can be tabled in the fall of 2020. of all of their laws. Potential fines amendments to replace
NATIONS LAND MANAGEMENT ACT under laws that have been enacted by the FNLMA with legislation
(FNLMA) LAW MAKING AND ENFORCEMENT land code First Nations range from a that ratifies the Framework
maximum of $100 for minor offences Agreement.
Parliament enacted the FNLMA in 1999 In keeping with the growing number of
to $1000 for more serious offences
as part of the federal ratification of the First Nations across Canada operating
and even $1,000,000 for major
Framework Agreement. Unfortunately, under land code authority, there is an The new legislation would ratify
environmental offences.
Parliament chose to restate much of ever-growing number of First Nation the Framework Agreement “as
the text of the Framework Agreement laws governing lands. In addition to The RC continued to work with several amended”, establishing one
in the FNLMA and in some places growth from new First Nations, the land code First Nations during 2019-20 authoritiative legal text, saving
inaccurately. To make matters worse, RC assisted many veteran operational on the design and drafting of their laws, time and avoiding confustion for
many lawyers and government officials First Nations in updating their land as well as their own internal systems both First Nations and Canada.
tend to only refer to the FNLMA, rather codes and existing laws. Laws that for enforcement such as ticketing It would also better respect the
than the Framework Agreement itself have been enacted by operational processes. The RC has also worked with “government to government”
when addressing lands governance by First Nations range from subjects such authorities at all levels of government dynamic of reconciliation and
operational First Nations. At the 2019 as planning, zoning, and subdivision to build effective connections to the decolonization.
LAB AGM, participating First Nations controls to community safety-related courts and other established systems for
supported an LAB proposal to replace subjects such as trespass, nuisance, enforcement of laws.
ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT ENFORCEMENT WASTE
AND AND AND ADVISOR MANAGEMENT
ENFORCEMENT ENFORCEMENT ENFORCEMENT SPECIALIST
ADVISOR ADVISOR ADVISOR
Michelle Jennifer Gail Kevin Stefanie
Delorme Predie Starr Broughton Recollet36 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 37
The Framework Agreement respects a system for adjudication of tickets and their efforts. In the last few weeks of
the independence and self-government laws. Establishing an appropriate and RC NATIONAL
March, RC staff advised on COVID-19
authority of land code First Nations effective system that could serve the ENFORCEMENT WORKSHOP
risk management measures, including
regarding enforcement. For example, many First Nations in the Fraser Valley COVID-19 laws under land codes and
First Nations can appoint justices of is a complex undertaking. Elsewhere in the use of Indian Act by-laws. The
the peace, without any requirement Canada, there is potential for new pilot RC also advised on enforcement of
for approvals by other governments. projects to emerge in the coming year. those laws through formal warnings
However, the Framework Agreement and orders. This work is expected to
is also flexible, making it possible for In response to the legal precedent
continue for as long as the risks under
First Nations to forge connections to set by K’omoks First Nation, the
the COVID-19 pandemic persist.
existing systems for the administration LAB engaged provincial and federal
of justice. Attorneys General to raise awareness The RC was asked to lead the
of this important decision and the organization of a major National
On March 11-12, 2020, the RC
Further progress was made during the likelihood that there will be more private Conference to be held in 2020, to hosted a national enforcement
year on pilot projects for enforcement of prosecutions of land code offences in draw together federal, provincial, and workshop on law-making powers
laws. In Saskatchewan, the Muskoday future. The LAB and several operational Indigenous government experts to under the Framework Agreement.
and Whitecap Dakota First Nations First Nations have recommended to tackle the enforcement challenge. With
signed a Memorandum of Understanding provincial Attorneys General that the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, The session brought together
(MOU) with the Government of enforcement systems be established in the focus rapidly shifted to leading a First Nation leaders, community
Saskatchewan to explore enforcement cooperation with land code First Nations “National Electronic Conversation” on representatives, and experienced
options for their First Nation laws. In so that private prosecutions will no technicians to:
enforcement through a series of live-
the fall and early winter of 2019-20, this longer be necessary. streamed events. The first National • Examine the current scope
work went through preliminary stages of Electronic Conversation is expected to of law-making powers under
the development of terms of reference Late in the 2019-20 fiscal year, as all
launch in spring 2020. the Framework Agreement
and legal analysis of the issues and governments in Canada swung into
and gain an understanding
options. Discussions on options will action to try to manage the risks posed The RC will continue to work with all of enforcement and dispute
continue in 2020, with Muskoday and by the pandemic. The RC rapidly moved parties to promote greater awareness of resolution options;
Whitecap Dakota Nations deciding to assist land code First Nations in land codes and First Nation laws enacted
• Share First Nation experiences
whether acceptable options in accordance with the Framework in establishing enforcement
have been negotiated. Agreement as well to establish effective systems, including
systems for the fraction of cases that partnerships with prosecutors
In the Fraser Valley, after will need to be resolved in the courts. and mainstream courts;
exploring a potential new
role for Qwi:qwelstom’s ENVIRONMENT • Learn about support services
available from the RC when
existing Justice program in
implementing enforcement
the adjudication of tickets The RC is assisting First Nations in
processes;
and laws, it was decided improving environmental management
that it would be better to and protection. The Framework • Recognize the fundamental
maintain Qwi:qwelstom’s Agreement recognizes the governance sections and requirements
current focus and expertise authority of land code First Nations in the development and
enforcement of First Nation
and to separately establish in respect of both environmental
laws, etc.38 LAB ANNUAL REPORT 2019-20 WWW.LANDSADVISORYBOARD.CA 39
assessment and environmental with ISC, from which 16 projects were
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
management. During 2018, the approved for funding. These projects are
PLANNING WORKSHOPS
Framework Agreement was amended underway with a total of $751,042.00
to include the specific recognition of in funding going directly to the First
examples of land code First Nation Nations for their projects.
environmental law-making authority.
Examples include laws relating to Although there has been some delay due
contaminants on First Nation lands, to the COVID-19 pandemic, the projects
natural resources, soils, water remain on-track with adjusted work
and groundwater, environmental plans to ensure forward progression.
emergencies and natural disasters,
recycling, solid waste management and Current projects include:
garbage disposal, and implementation of
• Developing Solid Waste Laws; In July 2019, the RC hosted three
environmental management plans.
• Solid Waste Management Plans; Solid Waste Management Planning
Last fiscal year, the RC provided • Illegal Dumping Mitigation Strategies; workshops, held regionally
approximately $150,000 of funding in Sudbury, Kamloops, and
• Developing Waste Apps (for
and worked with several First Nations smartphones & handheld devices like Saskatoon. The sessions drew
in Ontario and the Prairies to develop Waste Wizard & Collects); participants from over 75 First
environmental management plans • Ticketing and Enforcement Laws; Nations nation-wide.
(EMPs). This planning work assists In addition, the RC worked with • Conducting Waste Audits and
First Nations in managing current several developmental and operational Feasibility studies; The workshops emphasized the
environmental issues and planning for First Nations regarding environmental importance of Solid Waste
• Establishing Waste Committees;
the environmental issues that are likely site assessments (ESA’s), assisting Management Planning and law-
• Creating and/or improving
to arise when pursuing other lands First Nations regarding the scope of making in ensuring environmental
diversion programs (ex. Recycling,
initiatives, such as future economic and phase I and II ESA’s as well as work protection, and community safety.
Composting);
residential development, conservation to be undertaken on areas of potential They also examined the scope of
• Landfill and transfer stations
areas, and infrastructure improvements. environmental concern identified in environmental law-making powers
upgrades;
The RC is looking to expand on the work ESA’s. under the Framework Agreement
• Remediation of old sites and the importance of solid
undertaken from 2018 to early 2020
The RC also assisted several First • Waste re-use pilot projects (Like waste management in relation to
by securing funding so that more First
Nations with community engagement plastics and construction waste); responsible land governance.
Nations will be able to undertake EMPs
and drafting of environmental laws, • Purchase of equipment (such as bins
in the future.
leading to the enactment of more and composters). Open discussions provided First
environmental laws in 2020. Nations with the chance to learn
Over the last year, the RC held a The call-out for Expressions of Interest
significant number of capacity building from others' challenges and
WASTE MANAGEMENT (EOI) for the next round of projects
workshops for land governance successes in solid waste, and
will begin in June 2020. In 2020-21,
directors and other lands related staff stewardship associations provided
This past year 22 proposals were the format of applications will change
in First Nations, including sessions updates on Waste Diversion and
received from operational and from proposal-based to an Expression
regarding environmental assessment, Extended Producer Responsibility
developmental First Nations to request of Interest (EOI) to remove barriers for
environmental management law-making programs.
funding under the expanded Solid Waste First Nations who may not have access
authority, and climate change. Management funding program. The RC to technical proposal writing.
reviewed the proposals in collaborationYou can also read
