A prevalência de diastemas abertos ou oclusos em dentes molares de cavalos e a sua associação com doenças periodontais The prevalence of open and ...
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RCPV (2014) 109 (589-590) 21-25
A prevalência de diastemas abertos ou oclusos em dentes molares de cavalos
e a sua associação com doenças periodontais
The prevalence of open and closed diastemata in cheek teeth of horses and its
association with periodontal disease
Fernando Mata*, Claire Johnson, Ashton Flavell-Irving)
Department of Animal & Land Sciences, Health & Welfare Research Group, Hartpury College,
University of the West of England, Hartpury, Gloucester, GL19 3BE, UK
Resumo: De forma a investigar a prevalência de diastemas aber- Introduction
tos ou oclusos e a sua associação com doenças periodontais,
foram efectuadas examinações dentárias completas em dentes
molares de 50 cadáveres de cabeças de cavalo. Diastemas aber- Equine diastemata are defined as a pathological
tos (mediana=2) apresentaram um maior grau de desenvolvi- dental condition that presents as abnormal spaces
mento de doenças periodontais (PMata F. et al. RCPV (2014) 109 (589-590) 21-25
the occlusal surface of the cheek teeth thus allowing binomial family, were adjusted and that with the best
interdental spaces to open (Baker and Easley, 2005). fit was chosen. The goodness of fit was evaluated via
As the horse ages the cheek teeth remain tapered in Deviance and Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC),
towards their apices and the reserve crown becomes being the best fit achieved with a logistic regression.
progressively smaller (Dixon, 2006). Tight com- Three factors (“gender”, “jaw” and “side”) and two
pression at the occlusal surface of the cheek teeth is covariates (“age” and “degree of periodontal disease”)
maintained by progressing eruption of the angulated were used to model and predict prevalence of “open”
rostral and caudal cheek teeth (Dixon, 2006). How- or “closed” diastemata. The levels considered for the
ever as the horse ages and progresses into the geriat- different factors were: “gender” (“gelding”, “mare”);
ric category the reserve crown ultimately wears away “jaw” (“maxilla”, “mandible”); and “side” (“right”,
and can no longer achieve compression, therefore, as “left”). A backwards stepwise procedure for selection
a result diastemata develop (Dixon, 2006). of significant variables and covariates was implemented,
Diastemata can develop secondarily in conjunc- and those found to be significant were left in the model.
tion with the development of acquired cheek teeth “Degree of periodontal disease” was also ana-
displacements (Dixon, 2006). Dixon et al. (1999) lysed via Mann-Whitney U test for “gender” (“geld-
proposed that cheek teeth displacements occur due ing”, “mare”); “jaw” (“maxilla”, “mandible”); “side”
to congenital or acquired defects. Congenitally dis- (“right”, “left”) and “diastemata prevalence” (“open”,
placement of caudal cheek teeth are considered to be “closed”). Age was also analysed via independent sam-
more frequent (Dixon et al., 1999) and develop as a ples Students t test and was correlated with “degree of
result of overcrowding of the dental arcades during periodontal disease” via Spearman’s rank correlation.
the eruption period (Dixon and Dacre, 2005). Open
diastemata can occur between the displaced and ad- Table 1 - Stages of Periodontal Disease (Klugh, 2005)
jacent teeth suggesting displacements materialise Stage Clinical signs
due to abnormal spacing of the tooth bud, rather than
Normal periodontium where there is no attachment loss
overcrowding of the arcades, which, depending on 0
and depth of the gingival sulcus is 5mm or less.
breed type, can also be an occurring factor (Dixon
and Dacre, 2005). Presence of gingivitis, gingiva swollen and reddened. Gin-
1 gival sulcus is normal depth and also there is no attachment
Due to the pathological nature of equine diastem-
loss. Any cemental disease remains supraginginval.
ata, feed material can become deeply impacted into
the gingiva and periodontal tissues (Dixon et al., Feed material is trapped in the interproximal space and
2008). As a result of this, periodontal food pockets further progression presents as a periodontal pocket
2
packed with food stasis, attachment loss is 25% and sul-
develop where food impaction becomes deeper and cus depth is greater than 5mm.
contribute to progressive stretching, inflammation
and obliteration of the periodontal ligament (Dixon, Moderate periodontal disease, where further attachment
3 loss occurs, presence of periodontal pockets is similar to
2006). The presence of impacted feed stasis and the stage 2 and sulcus depth is greater than 5mm.
results of its decomposition trigger the events of per-
iodontal disease (Klugh, 2005). Severe periodontal disease including, gingival re-
cession, ulceration, edema, gross periodontal pock-
eting, lysis of alveolar bone and loose teeth. In se-
4
vere cases the cementum is decayed and the secular
Material and methods epithelium is necrotic with possible presence of pu-
rulent discharge.
Fifty cadaver heads were used in this study. These
were collected from Potters abattoir, in Taunton,
Somerset, United Kingdom. A convenience sampling Table 2 - Classification of diastemata prevalence (Carmalt, 2003)
method was implemented, as all the horses used for Diastema
collection of data were the ones available for eutha- Clinical signs
prevalence
nasia during a single day at the abattoir.
Pathological gaps between adjacent cheek teeth
Severity of present periodontal disease was graded that interrupt the normal consistency of the oc-
from 0-4 by matching the clinical signs described in Open
clusal surface. Feed material can ingress and
the periodontal grading system to the clinical signs egress.
presented in each cadaver, as proposed by Klugh The valve is enclosed rostrocaudally by the
(2005) (Table 1). The “diastemata prevalence” was Closed cheek teeth, ventrally by the gingiva and dorsally
visually identified using a torch and dental mir- (valve) by the occlusal surface of the dental arcade. Feed
ror and the “diastemata prevalence” classification materials can only ingress.
(“open”, “closed”) was established using the defini-
tions proposed by Carmalt (2003) (Table 2). The statistical package used was the SPSS/PASW©
Due to the dichotomy nature of the variable “di- Statistics 18. The Research was approved by the Ethics
astemata prevalence” (“open”, “closed”), several Committee of the University of the West of England
generalised linear models with links belonging to the (Hartpury College) (Reference: ETHICS2010/22-S).
22Mata F. et al. RCPV (2014) 109 (589-590) 21-25
Results For the logistic regression modelling “diastemata
prevalence” the factors “jaw” (PMata F. et al. RCPV (2014) 109 (589-590) 21-25 Relatively to the factor “gender”, the level “gelding” ch does not happen. The mandible has in fact a higher was treated as reference, and “mare” leads to an in- degree of PD than the maxilla (P0.05), ledged that cheek teeth diastemata are more prone to which may be due to chance, as this relationship has be- occur within the caudal aspect of the mandibular ar- come evident in several previous studies. cades (e.g. Dixon et al., 1999; Dixon et al., 2008; du With regards to difference between gender it was Toit et al., 2009). Our results show the same tendency, found that mares have a higher degree of periodontal but with regards to the type of diastemata, our study disease (P
Mata F. et al. RCPV (2014) 109 (589-590) 21-25
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