A Study for Requirements of Video Games for Cataloging - Kazufumi Fukuda (Ritsumeikan University) International Digital Game ...
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A Study for Requirements of
Video Games for Cataloging
Kazufumi Fukuda (Ritsumeikan University)
fukudakz@gmail.com
International Digital Game Preservation 2019 (January 7th, 2019)
Preservation Activities at Ritsumeikan University
• First project started in 1998.
• Game Archive Project. http://www.gamearchive.jp/
• Ritsumeikan Center for Game Studies (RCGS) was
established in 2011.
• Ritsumeikan Center for Game Studies.
http://www.rcgs.jp/
• Nakamura et al. (2017)
Owned Resources
• 10,000 computer resources
• Video games
• 180 devices
• Consoles, Personal Computers, Peripheral
Equipment
• 4,000 volumes
• Video game Magazines, Strategy Guides, Catalogs,
Game Studies, Journals, Reports
Published Data
• Media-Arts Database (2015-)
• https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/gm/
• Development version (Official Version scheduled to be released in 2020)
• Comprehensive Catalogs for manga, anime, game and media arts
• It is produced by Agency Cultural Affair. RCGS is in charge of design and
construction of the game field database.
• RCGS OPAC (2017-)
• http://www.dh-jac.net/db/rcgs/search.php
• Online Public Access Catalogue
• Records of owned resources are registered.
Background
• Huge number of video games are distributed to date.
• In fact, 47,959 bibliographic records are registered in Media-Art
Database.
• https://mediaarts-db.bunka.go.jp/gm/
• Only console games and arcade games are registered in this catalog. Mobile
games and PC games are not included.
Background • As the information environment changes, the video game platform is becoming borderless. Especially it is assumed that the huge number of mobile games are released. • Appropriate accessibility is required for video games. • There is no metadata model for adequately cataloging video games and providing access. It is currently being discussed.
Purpose • The purpose of this study is to extract requirements which are necessary for design of metadata model for cataloging video game. • Main targets are console games and PC games in this study • Based on FRBR (IFLA Study Group on the FRBR 2009) and IFLA Library Reference Model (IFLA LRM: Riva et al. 2017) • McDonough et al. 2010, Online Audiovisual Catalogers Inc. 2015 • Method • Topics gained through practice of cataloging • Analysis of previous studies
FRBR
Figure. FRBR model entities from FRBR final reports
http://www.ifla.org/files/assets/classification-and-indexing/functional-requirements-for-subject-authority-data/frsad-final-report.pdf
Previous Research • There are few studies focusing on resource characteristics of video games. • On the other hand, there are several studies on the data model. • McDonough (2010) • Online Audiovisual Catalogers Inc (2015) • Jett et al. (2017) • Fukuda & Mihara (2018)
Item (Manifestation)
• Almost physical video games are
composed of a plurality of parts. This is a
distinct difference from books in
traditional library materials.
• These typically consist of one or more
carriers containing the game content,
manual in volume and containers.
Figure. Opened Package “Final Fantasy XIII (PS3)”
• It is required that bibliographic units are
designed to be described each items.Title (Manifestation)
• The selected title is usually recorded in the
local language or script. In the case of video
games, statement in alphabets sometimes
becomes a selected title.
• The trend of englishization of video game titles has
been strengthened in recent years (Fukuda et al.
2017).
• How to control and mean by language tags.
Figure. Package Image “Metal Gear Solid V (PS4)”Nintendo DS
Wii
PlayStation
Space
Super Family Computer
Symbol
Family Computer
Chinese Letter
Alphabet
Number
Katakana
HiraganaNotes and Source (Manifestation)
• Video game materials do not have a custom of recording colophons.
• Release dates, price and responsibility statements are often not recorded in
the materials.
• These items are obtained from other resources such as magazines,
catalogs or website. These sources of records are must be recorded.Online Resource (Manifestation)
• Rapid growth of the online resource game market
• Distribution by online resources has been a popular format on mobile and PCs
for several years. It has also become common in home games in recent years.
• The online resource platform has a huge number of game titles. It is
assumed that this is the reason that the barrier to the indie game has
declined.
• Game titles distributed on Google Play and APPSTORE exceed 1,000,000 in
trial calculations.Platform & Device (Manifestation & Expression)
• Platform is a "Standard" or "Specification" that is strongly related to
playing and implementing most video games, and even development
and production.
• It was assumed that users also uses this as a reference in identifying
the game.
• Montfort and Bogost (2009)
• Kaltman et al. (2016)
Figure. Logos of PlatformPlatform & Device (Manifestation & Expression)
• The platform is an abstract entity. In practice users often distinguish
them with device and software. However, the platform and the device
are not identical.
• Some devices implement two or more platforms
• ex: Nintendo DS implements Nintendo DS and Gameboy Advance
• We need to construct authorities for platforms and devices.
implements
Platform Device
Figure. Relationship among Platform entity and Device entityMiddleware & Game Engine (Manifestation & Expression) • Middleware and game engines provide (integrated) development environment for video games. • These are often expressed in videogame carrier, container and game contents. • Authorities or Controlled Vocabulary
Content Rating (Manifestation & Work)
• Several standards of content rating are
diffused for each region.
• ex: ESRB, CERO, PEGI, IARC, USK,
AustralianClassification, BBFC
Figure. ESRB Content Rating
• These are important attributes concerning
game access and usage restrictions
• It is also common that “content rating
descriptors” indicating reasons for ratings
are also shown together.
• They are effective to records these using Figure. CERO Content Rating and Descriptor
https://www.nintendo.co.jp/support/cero/index.html
controlled vocabulary.Software Version (Expression)
• Popularization of online update
• A huge number of derivatives arise
from a (popular) game
Figure. Version History of “Pokémon Go (Appstore)”
https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/pok%C3%A9mon-go/id1094591345?mt=8Identical Content (Expression)
• Even with the same title, the game content
may be different depending on the version
• Ex “Biohazard 7 resident evil”
• 30 type of packages are distributed in Japan
• 9 games are created when distinguished by game
contents
• Normal Edition
• Grotesque Version (PS4, Xbox One)
• Normal Version (PS4, Xbox One)
• Gold Edition
• Grotesque Version (PS4, Xbox One)
• Normal Version (PS4, Xbox One)
• TEASER
Figure. Image of “Biohazard 7 resident evil”biohazard 7
title
Biohazard 7
Normal Edition Biohazard 7
rg:wor
k:#1 Gold Edition
Biohazard 7
Trial Edition
isPartOf
isPartOf isPartOf title
title title
rg:wor expanded rg:wor expanded rg:wor
k:#2 VersionOf k:#3 VersionOf k:#4
realize rg:pf:Xbox
rg:pf:Play realize One
realize realize realize
station4 realize
realize
gamePlatform realize realize gamePlatform
gamePlatform gamePlatform gamePlatform
gamePlatform gamePlatform
rg:expr rg:expr extremeE rg:expr rg:expr rg:expr rg:expr extremeE rg:expr rg:expr extremeE rg:expr
extremeE
ession: ession: ession: ession: ession: ession: ession: ession: ession:
xpression xpression xpression xpression
#7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15
Expanded Expanded Expanded Expanded
embodies embodies embodies embodies embodies embodies embodies embodies embodies
Figure. Apply to FRBR model of “Biohazard 7 resident evil”
21Contributor (Expression)
• Numerous people contribute for video 100
game development. 90
80
• As the scale of video game development 70
grows, the number of contributors will
60
50
increase. 40
30
• Contributors will not be shown in many 20
game careers or instruction books. We 10
0
need to reach the ending by playing the 1 2
Dragon Quest
3 4
Final Fantasy
5
game for input them. Figure. Number of Staffs noted in the endingCreator (Work)
• Video games are collective productions as mentioned above.
Therefore it is not easy to clarify the creator of video games.
• On the other hand, right holders are explicit. However, it is not clear
whether it can be said that this is the creator.
• It is an issue that there are many cases where notation of such
particularly important responsibility is not clearly indicated.
Figure. Statement at ending of “Super Mario Odyssey (Nintendo Switch)”Series (Work & Expression)
• The series of video games will have an
important role in the identification of
• W1 The Legend of Zelda
the resource. • W1.1 The Legend of Zelda
• W1.2 The Adventure of Link
• Basically the series of video games can • W1.3 The Legend of Zelda: A Link to Past
be regarded as one work. • W1.4 The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening
• W1.5 The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time
• “The intellectual or artistic content of a
…
distinct creation” (Riva et al. 2017, p. 21) Figure. Nested Structure of The work of “The Legend of Zelda”
• “Aggregate and Component Entity” (IFLA
Study Group 2009)
• This can be recorded in a nested structure.Series (Work & Expression)
• While, a part of video
game series has twisted
relationships
(McDonough 2010)
• Ex: Super Smash Bros.
• Ex: Torneko no
Daibōken: Fushigi no
Dungeon
Figure. Image of “Dairanto Smash Brothers Special (Nintendo Switch)”Subject (Work) • Various facets are assumed to describe the contents of the video game (Lee et al. 2014) • It is necessary to construct a list for each facet. • Shortage is expected in the existing vocabulary made by library community. • Using Wikipedia as a dictionary of these records is considered an effective option
Compilation (Work & Expression)
• Many compilation or collection type video
games are distributed.
• How to describe such content aggregation is an
important issue in metadata modeling.
• Modelling of Aggregation (Neill, Ed O 2011, Riva et al.
2017)
• “Collection” entity (Jett et al. 2017)
• In the case of video games, it is also required to
record the upgrade package in relation to its Figure. Append Disc “beatmania 3rdMIX”
foundation.Conclusion • FRBR model is useful as a basis for description of video games. • However, interpretation and application of models based on the characteristics of video games are required. • In addition, it is necessary to advance the construction of controlled vocabulary and authority file peculiar to the game.
Device Form of Aspect Content Sound Colour
Device Content Content Nomen TimeSpan
Item Work Ratio Type
Type
connectedWith language
Prepheral
Equipment examplifiedBy formOfWork OfNomen
deviceType soundContent Place
subclassOf distributorOf Langua
manufacturerOf xontentType appellationOf
precededBy ge
Device language
subclassOf sequel of content associatedWith
remadeAs aspectRatio associatedWith
Console expression
expandedAs of content Master
inSeries Data Type
subclassOf … colourContent
implementedOn dedicated Work Series
Personal DeviceOf part subclassOf
Computer subclassOf derivationOf
insertedIn asSubject
realizedThrough masterDataType Res
Platform subclassOf Topic
Mobile
platform porting
sameVirtualWorld
m creatorOf
Computer emulated directorOf
Middleware platform aggregated subclassOf
producerOf
or Game … Master executiveProducerOf
middleware Character
Engine Data productionCompanyOf
middleware OrGameEngine
actedBy
OrGameEngine …
awarded
actorOf subclassOf
…
animatorOf
rating embodiedIn artDirectorOf Event
Rating deluxeEdition gameDesignerOf
Reproduction marketerOf subclassOf
memberOf
rating insert …
ContentDescriptor rating … subclassOf
Rating publisherOf Agent GamePlay
Content Package distributorOf Genre
Descriptor manufacturerOf language
Online subclassOf OfPerson
Package file subclassOf
subclassOf custodianOf Type subclassOf
File Type Narrative
examplifiedBy ownerOf
Genre
formerOwnerOf
Physical package donerOf material Person
mode
Package EditionType sellerOf Type
OfIssuance
Material
media broadcast Type language Award
play encoding Item Type subclassOf
Standard OfCollective
Package Format carrier Agent
Edition Type
Type Mode of Broadcast Collective
Issuance Media Standard
Carrier Agent
Encoding Type typeOf
Type Type of
Format subclassOf Collective
Type of typeOf Agent Collective
Encoding Corporate Agent
Encoding
Format Body
FormatFuture Works
• Designing metadata model for videogame cataloging and publishing
• Update RCGS-OPAC
• Implementing web publishing system
• Publish Linked Data
• Developing Media-arts Database
• From “development version” to “official version”
• Designing a integration with multiple popular culture database such as manga
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