AMHERSTBURG WAR OF 1812 BICENTENNIAL STRATEGIC PLAN - SUBMITTED BY: ANNE ROTA MANAGEROFTOURISMANDCULTURE 02,2011
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AMHERSTBURG
WAR OF 1812
BICENTENNIAL
STRATEGIC PLAN
SUBMITTED BY: ANNE ROTA
MANAGER OF TOURISM AND CULTURE 02, 2011
Town of Amherstburg 1812 Bi Centennial Events
“May Lasting Peace Prevail!”
September 2010 & Ongoing
Kings Navy Yard Park International Peace Garden Dedication - Amherstburg
The King’s Navy Yard Park’s 10.5 acres is a footprint of the prior Navy Yard dating 1796.
This site was responsible for the construction of several Provincial War Ships that fought
in the War of 1812. Significant water crafts built include: the Camden, General Hope,
General Hunter, Francis, Maria, Queen Charlotte, Lady Prevost, Detroit, Eliza and the
General Myers. The riverfront property was also used for rope making in which at times
the sailors would span the entire Town for stretching and producing the rope, often
referring to the process as the sympathetic “rope walk”!
Modeled on the International Peace Garden concept that originated in Canada in 1990,
the Peace Garden is designed to attract international visitors as well as residents of the
bi national region to experience and enjoy the natural beauty that a garden provides
while commemorating the peace that has existed between Canada and the United
States over the past 200 years. We honor the friendship between the two countries
having shared the longest undefended border since the War of 1812. Today, the King
Navy Yard Park boasts hundreds of indigenous and native plants, a lovely fountain and
soon, a bronze legacy monument honoring the Provincial Marine set along the Detroit
River at the mouth of Lake Erie. Many Bi Centennial events will be presented at the
Park. www.amherstburg.ca 519 730-1309
March 26, 2011
Roots to Boots Genealogy Seminar
Think you may have an ancestor who fought in the War of 1812? Well this seminar may
help you prove it. The Essex County Branch of the Ontario Genealogical Society is
hosting a meeting at Wesley United Church, 365 Sandwich Street South, Amherstburg,
Ontario on Saturday March 26, 2011 at 1:00 p.m. until 4:00 p.m. The cost is FREE.
We will discuss how to search for your family history through Birth, Marriage and Death
records as well as Census records; where to find specific records related to the War of
1812 and how to participate in our War of 1812 project.
Pre-registration is required by Wednesday March 23rd, by emailing us at
essex@ogs.on.ca or phoning us at 519-736-7737 and ask for Debra Honor.
June 6, 7, 8 2011
Charging Ahead ~ Multi National Trade Conference
Winning Strategies for a Successful Bi Centennial
Amherstburg & Windsor
June 6, Reception at Fort Malden National Historic Site of Canada
June 7, 8 Conference & Marketplace at Holiday Inn Select; Huron Church Rd. Windsor
Guest speakers, Workshops, Dine ~ Around the City 519 730-1309
September 17, 2011
Doors Open Amherstburg – Bi Centennial Kick off & Period Homes Showcase
Various historic locations throughout Amherstburg
View several of Amherstburg’s amazing properties and heritage buildings that
were present during the War of 1812 or have links to residents who lived in
Amherstburg during the War of 1812. Free public access, 10am to 4pm. For
more information 519-736-2511 or curator@parkhousemuseum.com. For
Provincial Doors Open sites, please visit www.doorsopenontario.ca
July 1, 2012
Canada Day Celebrations at Fort Malden National Historic Site of Canada
Our Culture, Our People! Amherstburg
Commemorating the 200 years of courage, sacrifice and valiant service between our
Nations. Aboriginal, Canadian, American and British War of 1812 actions resulted in the
independent Canada and the peace that we know today. Re enactments, Aboriginal Pow
Wow, Children’s Bi Centennial Activity Center, Live Entertainment, Family Food Court
and Spectacular Fireworks along the Detroit River! www.amherstburg.ca
519 730-1309
1812 SIGNATURE EVENT!
August 3, 4, 5 2012
Making our history relevant and fun!
Roots to Boots Festival ~ 1812 Alive Signature Event
Fort Malden NHSC and Downtown Amherstburg
Step back in time as Amherstburg transforms into an 1812 setting with a modern twist!
Military Heritage Days, Genealogy & Ancestry, Family Picnics, Period costumed
re enactors on every corner! Catch a glimpse of Chief Tecumseh, General Brock or a
one of the gallant women who cooked up a storm for the soldiers on an open hearth.
Your 1812 weekend comes to life! Wear your period dress to all the events.
Friday, August 3 Opening ceremonies – Celebrity Guest speaker
Open Air Tent Period Dinner & Tavern, Live Entertainment
Antiques Road Show & Sale
Multi National Fireworks along the Detroit River
Saturday, August 4 International Bi Centennial Parade downtown
Military Heritage Days at Fort Malden NHSC
International Tug of “Friendly” War ~ Canada vs.U.S.
Fashion “through the times” Show
Antiques Road Show
Trace your “Roots to Boots” and receive your authentic
1812 descendant’s certificate at the Genealogical Pavilion
Re enactments & Live Theater Pavilion
Children’s Bi Centennial Activity Pavilion
Aboriginal Pow Wow and Demonstrations
Canadiana Premier Concert at Dusk! Artist TBA
Sunday, August 5 Open Air Non Denominational Mass Service
All Canadian Breakfast serving Peameal Bacon,
Pancakes and “Real” Maple Syrup in the Park!
5 km Bicentennial Marathon
Antiques Road Show & Sale
Annual Car Show - downtown
Family Picnic Spaces Available – Call for weekend availability at various locations
August 4, 2012 Unveiling of the Provincial Marine Monument Ceremony Kings Navy Yard Park To honor the 123 American and British 135 dead and wounded in the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie, a life-sized bronze monument of a naval gun crew in action will be unveiled in the legendary King’s Navy Yard Park. The slight grade up to the cannon/figures group, will permit onlookers to move right in among these fighting men in the midst of that terrible Battle for control of these border territories and whose outcome realized the longest undefended border since the War of 1812. www.amherstburg.ca August 25, 2012 Capture of the Cayahooga Re enactment ~ Provincial Marine The capture of an American military transport schooner by a British boat crew opposite Amherstburg very early in the War of 1812, was pivotal in helping to secure British control of the area for the first half of the War. A demonstration of this action by a historical replica crew, boat and tall ship, including the first shot of the War in this region, will be re-enacted again on the Amherstburg waterfront. River Canard www.amherstburg.ca September 6,7,8,9 2012 Shores of Erie International Wine Festival & Windsor Symphony Orchestra Fort Malden National Historic Site of Canada This years Wine Festival will be spectacular and relevant! Toast to the tastes with wine from the Lake Erie North Shore region of Ontario paired with local foods and culinary exhibits. On the beautiful waterfront property of one of Canada’s most important historic sites, this year’s festival will feature The Windsor Symphony Orchestra with an outstanding performance; Tchaicovsky - 1812 Overture with full orchestra and simulated fireworks finale! www.soewinefestival.com
Other Pending Events
• Special Margaret Reynolds exhibit at the Gibson Art Gallery
• Native Encampment Re enactment on Boblo Island
• Tall Ships in the Great Lakes
• U.S. Navy Presence at the Coast Guard
• Canadian Navy Presence at the Coast Guard
• International Student Art Fair – partnership with Perry’s Monument
National Park Services
• University of Windsor Student exchange program with Fort Malden
Areas of note for the Western Frontier 1812 June 18 US Declaration of War against Great Britain July 5 Bombardment of Sandwich, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) Guns from Detroit and batteries along the river open a general barrage on Sandwich July 12 US General Hull invades Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) Hull crosses in the area of the current Hiram Walker offices and marches along the river toward Sandwich Town. The small British force and Essex militia retreat across River Canard. July 16 Skirmish at Canard River, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) The first engagement in the area results in the first British casualties of the war. Privates Hancock and Dean heroically defend the Canard bridge but are wounded and captured. Hancock dies later the same day. The American advance is stopped by a British gun boat, the HMS Charlotte. July 17 Capture of Fort Mackinac/Michilimackinac (Michigan, US) August 5 Battle of Brownstown (Michigan, US) Small skirmish on American supply lines by natives and militia launched from Canada. August 9 Battle of Maguaga (Michigan, US)
Small skirmish on American supply lines by natives and militia launched from Canada. Hull becomes nervous about his exposed supply lines and retreats back to Fort Detroit. Brock arrives at Fort Amherst with a force of 300 Royal Newfoundland Regiment soldiers, 400 militia and 800 natives. He meets Tecumseh and they become great allies. August 16 Capture of Fort Detroit (Michigan, US) Brock and Tecumseh capture Fort Detroit. November 22 Skirmish at Maumee River (Ohio, US) Natives and militia attack a US supply line. 1813 January 18 Battle of Frenchtown/River Raisin, (Michigan, US) The Royal Newfoundland Regiment, 41st Regiment of Foot, militia and natives defeat an army of 1000 American soldiers. The Kentucky militia are massacred by the natives after the British leave the next day. April 28 - May 9 Siege of Fort Meigs (Ohio, US) General Proctor lays siege to Fort Meigs in Toledo, Ohio. The siege is not successful. May 5 Battle of Fort Meigs (Ohio, US) - A force of Light Infantry and several hundred natives attacks a relief column coming to aid Fort Meigs. The column is almost completely wiped out. May 5, Fort Miami (Ohio, US) - Natives attack Fort Miami May 15, Raid of Mink River (Illinois, US) May 25 - 27, Capture of Fort George, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) May 29, Battle of Sackets Harbor, (New York, US) June 1, HMS Shannon vs USS Chesapeake (Atlantic, off coast of Massachusetts) June 3, USS Growler and USS Eagle captured (Richelieu River, Quebec, CAN)
June 6, Battle of Stoney Creek, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) June 8, Battle of Forty Mile Creek, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) June 22, Battle of Craney Island, (Virginia, US) June 24, Battle of Beaver Dams, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) June 26, Hampton, (Viginia, US) July 5, Raid on Fort Schlosser (New York, US) July 8, Fort George, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 11, Raid of Black Rock (New York, US) July 20, Battle of Cranberry Creek/Goose Creek (New York, US) July 21- 28 Second Siege of Fort Meigs, (Ohio, NY) - Proctor again lays siege to Fort Meigs. Again they are unsuccessful. July 27, Battle of Burnt Corn (Alabama, US) July 29, Plattsburg (New York, US) July 29, Burlington Beach, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 31, Raid of York , Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) August 2, Battle of Fort Stephenson (Ohio, US) - Proctor assaults the fort but is repelled with horrendous losses. This ends the invasions in the North western territories. August 7 -10 US fleet vs. British fleet, Lake Ontario August 8, USS Hamilton and USS Scourge sunk in Storm Lake Ontario August 10, Raid of St Michaels (Maryland, US) August 10, USS Julia and USS Prowler captured (Lake Ontario) August 13, Raid of Queenstown/Slippery Hill/Hall's Landing/Blakeford Shore (Maryland, US) August 14, HMS Pelican vs. USS Argus (Irish Sea, off coast of Wales) August 24, Fort George, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) August 30, Battle of Fort Mims (Alabama, US) September 5, USS Enterprise vs. HMS Boxer (Atlantic, off coast of Maine) September 6, Skirmish at Ball's Farm, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) September 10, Battle of Lake Erie/ Put-in-Bay (Ohio, US) - The British fleet is defeated on Lake Erie. General Proctor finds his position untenable and on September 27th with an impending invasion by the Americans Proctor orders Fort
Amherst and all of the stores that could not be moved burned. He retreats from the area
along the Detroit river and then inland.
September 20, Skirmish at Odeltown, Lower Canada (Quebec, CAN)
September 28, Burlington Races, Lake Ontario Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN)
October 1, near Chateauguay, Lower Canada (Quebec, CAN)
October 4, Battle of McGregor's Creek/Mills/Chatham/
the Forks of the Thames, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN)
- A small skirmish is fought at the mill by Canadian militia and the advanced guard of the
invading US army.
October 5, Battle of the Thames/Moraviantown/Thamesville, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN)
- The 41st Regiment of Foot is defeated and either flees or is captured. Tecumseh is killed.
October 12, Massequoi Village, Lower Canada (Quebec, CAN)
October 26, Battle of Chateauguay, Lower Canada (Qubec, CAN)
November 1-2, Battle of French Creek (New York, US)
November 3 Battle of Tallushatchee (Alabama, US)
November 9, Battle of Talladega (Alabama, US)
November 11, Battle of Crysler's Farm/Williamsburgh, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN)
November 29, Battle of Autosse/Tallahassee (Alabama, US)
December 10, Burning of Niagara, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN)
December 19, The Capture of Fort Niagara, (New York, US)
December 19, Burning of Lewiston (New York, US)
December 23, Battle of Eccanachaca, (The Holy Ground) (Alabama, US)
December 25, HMS Belvidera vs. USS Vixen II (North Atlantic)
December 29 - 30, Lewiston, Fort Schlosser (New York, US)
December 31, Burning of Buffalo & Blackrock (New York, US)
1814
January 22, Emuckfau Creek (Alambma, US)
January 24, Battle of Enotachopco Creek (Alabama, US)
January 27, Calabee Creek (Alabama, US)February 14, USS Constitution vs. HMS Pictou March 4, Longwood/Long Woods/Battle Hill, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) - A large patrol in force of British regulars, militia and naives “bump” into a large patrol in force of American regulars. The battle is essentially a stalemate with the arrival of nightfall ending the skirmish. The Americans claim victory due to shear number of casualties inflicted. Both sides retreat. March 27, Battle of Horseshoe Bend/Sehopiska (Alabama, US) March 28, HMS Phobe & Cherub vs. USS Essex & Essex Junior (Pasific, off coast of Chile) March 30, Second Battle of La Colle Mill, Lower Canada (Quebec, CAN) April 20, HMS Orpheus vs. USS Frolic (Caribbean) April 29, USS Peacock vs. HMS Epervier (Caribbean) May 5-6, Attack on Fort Ontario/Oswego, (New York, US) May 14, Raid on Port Dover/Long Point/Campbell's Raid, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) May 30, Battle of Sandy Creek/Oswego Falls (New York, US) June 1, Battle of Cedar Point/St. Jerome'sPoint (Maryland, US) June 22, HMS Leander vs. USS Rattlesnake (North Atlantic) June 26, Second Battle of St. Leonard's Creek (Maryland, US) June 28, USS Wasp vs. HMS Reindeer, (North Atlantic) June 28, Skirmish at Odelltown, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 3, Capture of Fort Erie, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 5, Battle of Chippawa, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 11, Fort Sullivan, (Maine, US) July 12, HMS Medway vs. USS Syren (off coast of South Africa) July 18, Burning of St Davids, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 18-19, Raid of Champlain Village, (New York, US) July 20, Siege of Prairie du Chien, (Wisconsin, US) July 21, Battle of Rock River, (Illinois, US) July 18, Burning of St David's, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 25, Battle of Lundy's Lane, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) July 26, Mackinac (Michigan, US) August 1 - September 19, Siege of Fort Erie, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN)
August 3, Battle of Conjocta Creek/Black Rock (New York, US) August 4, Attack on Mackinac/Michilimackinac Island, (Michigan, US) August 9 -12, Battle of Stonington, (Connecticut, US) August 11, Attack on St Micheals, (Maryland, US) August 12, USS Somers & USS Ohio captured (Lake Erie/Niagara River) August 14, HMS Nancy destroyed (Lake Huron) August 15, Battle of Fort Erie, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) August 24, Battle of Bladensburg, (Maryland, US) August 25, Burning of Washington, (DC, US) September 1, USS Wasp vs. HMS Avon (North Atlantic) September 4, Battle of Rock Island, (Illinois, US) September 6-11, Battle of Plattsburgh, (New York, US) September 12, Skirmish at North Point, (Maryland, US) September 13, Bombardment of Fort McHenry, (Maryland, US) September 15, Battle of Fort Bowyer/Mobile Bay, (Alabama, US) September 17, US sortie from Fort Erie, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) October 15, Skirmish at Chippawa, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) October 19, Battle of Cook's Mills/Lyons Creek, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) November 6, Battle of Malcolm's Mills, Upper Canada (Ontario, CAN) November 7, Occupation of Pensacola, (Florida, US) December 6, Battle of Farnham Church (Virginia, US) December 14, Battle of Lake Borgne, (Louisiana, US) December 23, Battle of Villere's Plantation, (Louisiana, US) December 24, Treaty of Ghent, Belgium ending the War of 1812 1815 January 1, Battle of Rodriques Canal, (Louisiana, US) January 8-9, Battle of New Orleans, (Louisiana, US) January 9-18, Battle of Fort St. Philip, (Louisiana, US) February 11, Siege of Fort Bowyer, (Alabama, US) February 16, President Madison ratifies Treaty of Ghent, War of 1812 officially ends.
February 20, US Frigate Constitution vs HMS Cayne & Levant, (off coast of North Africa)
February 24, Battle of St. Mary's River (Georgia,US)
May 24, Battle of Sinkhole/Fort Howard (Missouri, US)
June 30, USS Peacock vs East India crusier Nautilus, last battle of the War of 1812 (Indian Ocean)
The United States declared war on Britain on June 19, 1812 and word reached Fort
Amherstburg several days later. With this information the Commander of the fort,
Lieutenant-Colonel St. George, scored one of the first British successes of the war. On July
2, 1812 the American schooner Cuyahoga sailed up the Detroit River loaded with
supplies, a military band and numerous sick troops belonging to Brigadier-General
William Hull's North-Western Army. The occupants of the vessel were unaware of
Washington's declaration of war. As the Cuyahoga passed the fort a mixed force of
soldiers, sailors and natives lead by Lieutenant Frederick Rolette of the Provincial Marine
rowed out and forced the schooner to heave to. The startled Americans put up little
resistance.6 Of vital interest to the British was the discovery of Hull's papers outlining
scenarios for a campaign against Fort Amherstburg.7
To oppose Hull's 2500 strong army St. George had about 300 regulars of the 41st and
Royal Newfoundland Regiments stationed at Fort Amherstburg and the support of
approximately 850 local militia and 400 Native Allies.8 On paper the Militia was quite
numerous, but it was largely untrained, unequipped and unarmed. Essex County supplied
most of the militia, though counties farther east, such as Kent, contributed men for the
defence of Fort Amherstburg. The best Essex militiamen were grouped into two "flank
companies" (approximately 40-60 soldiers in each company) which had some training and
arms, and were perhaps better motivated. The Native Allies numbers varied greatly from
engagement to engagement, but their skill in guerrilla warfare was to be a great equalizer
against the Americans.
On July 12, 1812 Hull invaded Upper Canada crossing the river between Detroit and
Sandwich, about 35 kilometres above Fort Amherstburg. The Essex Militia stationed in
Sandwich scattered allowing the Americans to firmly establish themselves on Canadian
soil. The opposing forces first clashed south of Sandwich at the bridge over the River
Canard on July 16, 1812. Here the Americans threw the British back from the last natural
obstacle before Amherstburg. Hull did not fully exploit this victory. He was concerned
with his supply situation and the lack of serviceable heavy artillery to batter Fort
Amherstburg.9 When Provincial Marine vessels anchored near the mouth of the River
Canard further hindering the advance on Amherstburg, Hull let the initiative slip from hisgrasp.
The British at this point could not hope to directly force the Americans off Canadian
soil. Instead, with great success, their military effort was directed against Hull's supply
lines. Groups of British regulars, Canadian Militia and Native Allies sortied from Fort
Amherstburg threatening the American lines of communication on the west bank of the
Detroit River. At the battles of Brownstown, August 5, 1812 and Monguagon, August 9,
1812, the British attempted to sever Hull's supply route to Ohio. On July 26 Hull learned of
the fall of the American fort at Michilimackinac, located in northern Michigan. He now
greatly feared British and Native attacks from that direction cutting off his army from its
base of operations at Detroit.10 On August 8, 1812 Hull abandoned Sandwich and
evacuated his troops back to Detroit.
The initiative was now firmly with the British. On August 13, 1812 Major General
Isaac Brock, acting Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada and Commander-in-Chief of
forces in Upper Canada docked at Amherstburg with reinforcements of the 41st Regiment
and the Canadian Militia. His arrival gave heart to the Essex militia which returned to the
colours in increasing numbers. It was at Fort Amherstburg that Brock met the Great
Shawnee war chief Tecumseh and it was here that they formed their plan of attack on
Detroit. By August 15 the British re-occupied Sandwich and began shelling Detroit. On
August 16 the allies crossed the river. The British and Militia formed to the south-west of
Detroit and Tecumseh's Native Warriors deployed in woods west and north of the town.
The total allied strength was approximately 1500 - 2000, close to the strength of Hull's
remaining forces.11 Before a certainly bloody assault could begin the thoroughly
demoralized Hull surrendered.
The capitulation of Hull's army at Detroit was a boon to the British. The numerous
cannons, muskets and supplies stored in the town were used to equip and feed the
Canadian Militia and the Native Allies. The elimination of a major American army
lessened the immediate threat to Fort Amherstburg and south west Upper Canada. It also
meant the occupation of Michigan territory by the British and Canadians. Secure on this
flank, Brock now shifted forces away from the Detroit River region to the next pressing
theatre of operations, the Niagara Peninsula.
With the departure of Brock command of the troops at Fort Amherstburg devolved
upon Colonel Henry Procter, a career officer of the 41st Regiment. Procter's dilemma was
this: how does one hold on to Detroit, Michigan territory and southwest Upper Canada
with very limited forces? His answer was a defensive strategy coupled with limited
offensive actions to disrupt the build up of new American armies.
Though humbled at Detroit the Americans were not easily discouraged. They formed a
second North-Western Army under William Henry Harrison, Governor of IndianaTerritory and future President of the United States. He planned a winter campaign to
recapture the lost territory and to attack the British installations at Amherstburg. Harrison
hoped the frozen Detroit River would immobilize the vessels of the Provincial Marine and
that the ice in the river could be a bridge for his army of 4000.12 Harrison's force began its
advance late in the year and the first major clash with Procter came early in 1813.
The Battle of Frenchtown, January 22, 1813, was the first test of Procter's defensive
strategy. The leading elements of Harrison's army, approximately 1000 troops under
General James Winchester pushed north along the west side of Lake Erie.13 Canadian
militia and Natives driven out of Frenchtown by Winchester’s troops sent warning of the
American approach and Procter quickly dispatched all available forces for a counter-attack.
His troops included about 500 regulars and militia and approximately 400-500 Native
Allies under the command of Wyandotte Chief Roundhead.14 The ensuing battle was hard
fought with heavy casualties on both sides. Procter's troops prevailed and most of
Winchester's men were either killed or captured. The British victory was marred when the
following day numerous American wounded and prisoners were killed by Native Warriors.
The victory at Frenchtown ensured the safety of Fort Amherstburg until the Spring of
1813. By April Harrison had reorganized an army of 2000 at Fort Meigs in northern Ohio.15
Once again Procter set out from Amherstburg to disrupt this concentration. He sailed
across the recently thawed Lake Erie with approximately 2000 regulars, militia and Native
Allies and began a siege of the American fort.16 From the end of April to early May the
bombardment of the Americans continued. However, Fort Meigs could not be taken. A
relieving American force, while eventually defeated, disrupted the siege. Some of the
Natives left after the defeat of the American relieving force, believing that they had
achieved a victory. Also, the Canadian Militia, which contained a large number of farmers,
clamoured to return to Essex County for Spring planting.17 Procter, faced with these
circumstances reluctantly ended the operation and returned to Amherstburg.
During the Summer of 1813 Procter made his last efforts to stop the American build-
up. Leaving the militia to guard Fort Amherstburg, Procter's regulars and Native Warriors
attacked Fort Meigs from July 26-28 and Fort Stephenson, a few miles from Meigs, on
August 2. Both attempts were futile resulting in costly losses to the British Regulars. There
were no further allied efforts south of Lake Erie.
A new threat to Fort Amherstburg developed during 1813. Through the winter and
spring the Americans constructed a fleet at Presqu'ile, Pennsylvania and by August this
fleet was ready for action. Oliver Hazard Perry, the commander of the American squadron,
used his vessels to cut the British supply route across Lake Erie. By September the
Commissariat at Amherstburg was empty. Starvation threatened the garrison and the
numerous Native Allies encamped around the town. In a desperate attempt to break the
American blockade Captain Robert H. Barclay, a Royal Navy veteran of the Battle of
Trafalgar, lead six vessels out from Amherstburg to engage Perry's nine vessel fleet. OnSeptember 10, 1813 the two forces clashed. At first, Barclay’s squadron had the upper
hand disabling Perry's flag ship, the brig Lawrence. Perry transferring his flag to the Brig
Niagara, recovered the initiative and the Battle of Lake Erie was a complete American
victory. All of the British ships were captured.
The loss of the British Fleet meant Fort Amherstburg was now defenceless against an
American amphibious invasion. Procter ordered the destruction of the fort, the naval-yard
and all government buildings in Amherstburg rather than have them fall into American
hands. By late September the British regulars, and what Native Allies that would follow,
began the retreat from Amherstburg. Their goal was to reach other British forces at
Burlington Heights, about 400 kilometres to the east. The dilatory nature of Procter's
retreat allowed Harrison's army, which landed south of Amherstburg on September 27 to
catch the British. The Battle of the Thames, on October 5, 1813 was another decisive
American victory. The bulk of Procter's troops, dispirited by the retreat quickly
surrendered and the Native leader Tecumseh was killed. The defeat meant Fort
Amherstburg and most of South-Western Upper Canada would be occupied by the
Americans for the rest of war.
The Americans entered Amherstburg at the end of September 1813 and slowly set
about constructing a new fort on the ruins of Fort Amherstburg. They encountered many of
the same problems as the British in attempting to build a fort: shortages of manpower,
materials and tools.18 The US troops erected several structures inside the new fort and were
able to complete a palisade by the end of 1814. American and British diplomats signed the
Treaty of Ghent on 24, December 1814 bringing the war to a close. While fighting
continued in some areas until well after the ratification of the treaty Fort Malden, as the
Americans now described it, remained a sleepy backwater. The Americans returned control
of the partially reconstructed post to the British on July 1, 1815.Amherstburg, Ontario War of 1812 ~2012 Bicentennial Heritage Trail
Stop # 1. The Amherstburg Visitors Centre
116 Sandwich St. N
Welcome to the beginning of what will definitely be a
very moving experience as you travel back in time to get
a taste of just how Canada became what she is today!
We begin this tour of a lifetime at the entrance to the core of
Amherstburg. As you look past the cottage that is the Amherstburg
Visitor Information Centre, take in one of the greatest lookout points
in Amherstburg. This Visitor Centre is located along the Detroit River
just before it spills into Lake Erie to the South. Before the cabin
became a Visitor Information Center it was "Country Charm Gift
Shop." It was Mr. and Mrs. Paul Renaud that spotted the cabin for
sale by Mr. & Mrs. Clarke at a farm in Oxley for $22,000.00.
Amherstburg Chamber of Commerce raised the required $85, 000 for
the purchase and moving of the cabin from Oxley 30km away from its
current location. Plaques in the cabin commemorate the donations of
time and money that made the project possible. The municipal
government provided the land and on December 4th, 1993 the doors
of the cabin officially opened as the Amherstburg Visitor Information
Center. Situated along the Detroit River it is a very peaceful, scenic
location. This beautiful river location is the reason that Amherstburg is
here. A strategic location and safe deep water harbor, this location
was chosen for Fort Amherstburg (Fort Malden) and the Kings Navy
Yard in 1796. Water transportation was a significant part in the fur
trade and mercantile traffic which continues until today as a port
along the St. Lawrence Seaway. As well this beautiful waterway
provides endless enjoyment for recreation and leisure to residences
and visitors.The Wyandotte Reserve
& The Brunner Mond Story
Wyandotte Reserve Cemetery
At the lights at County Rd. 10
About five minutes north of here is the Wyandotte Burial Grounds,
where the stories of this town originated. This is the only graveyard
identified on the map of the Huron Reserve in 1836, any other
graveyards are no longer visible. Most of the tombstones in this
graveyard read "White," "Warrow," "Spitlog," or "Hunt," as these are
some of the largest Native families in the area. The most recent
burials here are of Samuel Drouillard in 1961, Stan Drouillard in 1977
and Cecile Drouillard in 1979. Another Wyandotte burial ground is a
minute or so east of this graveyard. Two tombstones remain here,
both from the late 1800's. The Wyandottes or Hurons had originally
been reserved the land that is present day Anderdon Township, but
these two burial grounds are the only remaining land not under
private ownership. On this reserve the Hurons ran stone quarries,
which laid the necessary groundwork for such companies as Brunner
Mond Limited, Church & Dwight, General Chemical, Allied Chemical
and Honeywell.Soda ash is an important chemical used in many everyday products. Take a drink of softened water from a glass, drink sweetened soft drinks, use medication to relieve any physical discomfort or use detergent in your home, soda ash is required. Even glass in your car windows need soda ash. Chances are this soda ash came from the Amherstburg Soda Ash plant originally known as Brunner Mond Canada Limited, then by General Chemical Canada Limited, and finally Allied Chemical Canada Limited. This soda ash production plant was the first of its kind in Canada, and in 1996 it was the only remaining of its kind in all of North America. Church & Dwight used the by-product from soda ash to make what we know as Cow Brand and Arm & Hammer Baking Soda. The process to make great quantities of soda Ash began in Europe, where American, English and German chemists and engineers brainstormed and conducted trials to determine the most efficient process. The Solvay process was deemed the best, and it spread from Europe back to America, specifically to Delray, Michigan near Detroit. It was under the management of Andrew H. Green, who enjoyed many vacations in this very town of Amherstburg. Coincidentally he stayed in the large 1859 cottage which was built for the superintendent of the Malden Lunatic Asylum. It was Rev. Thomas H. Nattress of St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church who informed Green of the abundance of essential ingredients in the area for soda ash production. Green began purchasing the old Wyandotte quarries of Anderdon. He then donated stone from these quarries for the building of the library, and St. Anthony’s school (now House of Shalom). Mr. Green brought Thomas W. Bellhouse to become manager of the quarry who helped to increase production, allowing the Solvay Process Company to be persuaded to build a major production plant of soda ash near their quarries here. To many it seemed positive that the plant would be built in Amherstburg, but there were a few conflicts. A new plant was opened in Kansas, which decreased the need for a plant in Amherstburg. Just after the opening of this new plant however, the original Brunner Mond plant in England was stopping production of soda ash in order to be converted for war production. Since most of Canada's soda ash came from England, there would be a greatly increased need for soda ash from other sources.
Because of this conversion of the Brunner Mond Company of
England to war production, the British were pressured into building
another plant outside of England.
It was two Sutherland boys of Amherstburg (wealthy miners
interested in investing) that helped to seal the deal of building a plant
in Amherstburg. One of the boys traveled to England in hopes of
being invited into the inner circle of the wealthy men of the British
Empire.
He purchased a car known as "the Silver Cloud," in hopes of
attracting attention of wealthy British investors. He was able to attract
the interest of Dr. Ludwig Mond who had already invested a great
deal in a nickel mine in Sudbury and would eventually invest in the
soda ash plant, Brunner Mond Canada Limited. Once it was decided
to build the soda ash plant in Amherstburg, it still wasn't smooth
sailing. There were still some issues with the plan however; the
proposed waste disposal of the plant would be dumped into the river,
near Amherstburg's water intake. At this time, there were many leaks
in the water system, which meant Amherstburg had to take in almost
twice as much water as it actually used. The water was also very
dirty, which caused sickness, misery and sometimes death. The plant
agreed to expand its water system to assist Amherstburg's need for
water, and it would also move its water disposal location out of
Amherstburg's water intake range. Finally, the plant could be built!
Brunner Mond and later Allied Chemical provided water for
Amherstburg until the province built a water treatment plant in the
1960’s for a public municipal system.
Tall Ship on the Detroit RiverStop #2. Fort Malden
National Historic Site of Canada
Fort Malden National Historic Site of Canada
100 Laird Avenue
Guided Tours and educational programmes may be arranged in
advance by calling 519-736-5416 or explored independently.
From Laird Avenue enter the Orientation Centre. Take a few
moments to browse the Garrison gift shop and begin to travel back
two hundred years ago, when this great nation of Canada was just
surfacing. The Fort and its facilities are accessible to everyone, each
providing many learning opportunities and the ability to experience
different aspects of life in the nineteenth century.The Fort was first built in 1796 by the British as a key defense post against the Americans and therefore played a major factor in Canada's destiny. The Fort is situated along the Detroit River (just before it opens into Lake Erie) and served as a garrison for the British army, the meeting place for Chief Tecumseh and General Isaac Brock as well as the location where General Isaac Brock prepared for the attack against Detroit! Its location along the River was a key factor in the war, so when control of Lake Erie was lost to the Americans after the Battle of Lake Erie, it became very difficult for the British to receive supplies. In September 1813 the British burned the fort and retreated east along the Thames River to Niagara. The Americans occupied the site from October 1813 until peace in July of 1815, at which time the British returned. When visiting today there are no visible remains of the first Fort. What we see is the Fort which was rebuilt first by the Americans during their occupation and later by the British. The Fort included the King's Navy Yard, which today is the King’s Navy Yard Park which is walking distance away. The Navy Yard was where the British Navy built many vessels and had their dockyard and harbor. Fort Malden tells the story of the War of 1812 and the Upper Canadian Rebellion in the Detroit River Region. After the military period, the site was used as a Lunatic Asylum and later was sold for public use including a lumber mill, and residential development. Today the site has been declared nationally significant and includes a fabulous museum and restored buildings. This site should not be missed for a visit. After your visit to Fort Malden, turn right onto Laird Avenue. To your left you will see the murals on the west wall of General Amherst High School painted by Kingsville’s Anne Fines in 1967. When leaving take your time and observe them all, trying to pick out what Anne is trying to portray in each. Beginning with the Northern mural (on the far left hand side), this represents Canada's centennial. Notice factories representing industry, modern ships for business, a flag for multiculturalism and a
maple leaf to represent the nation. Continuing to the right, the second
mural depicts the Underground Railroad and the experiences of the
fugitive slaves titled "North to Freedom 1793," broken chains and a
map of the United States are among the images of this mural.
"Teacher and Trader 1684," the third mural, illustrates a cabin,
French-Canadian priest, native woman cooking and a trader
(woodsman).
The fourth mural is of a pioneer clearing the forest. In the fifth mural, a
horse mounted Native looks on as the Griffon (the French explorer
LaSalle's ships) sails on. The next mural depicts Fort Malden which
provided forest and field products until the end of the 18th Century
(1700’s).
The last three murals are of extra importance as they deal directly
with the War of 1812. This seventh mural depicts the alliance
between General Isaac Brock and Native Chief Tecumseh. In the
eighth mural, the Battle of Lake Erie at Put-In-Bay (in present day
Ohio) is illustrated. It was this battle that cut off Fort Malden’s supply
source and drove the British from the Great Lakes, making the Fort
vulnerable to American attack. The final mural is a visual of American
ships firing at Fort Malden, and the Fort later being burned by the
British just before their retreat up the Thames River (near Chatham,
ON).
Murals at General Amherst High SchoolStop #3. Naval Yard and Port
& the Park House Museum
Park House Museum
214 Dalhousie St. S
The Park House offers tours, demonstrations and interesting
events year round. Call 519 736-2511
Take a look at the plaque outside the house, and prepare yourself for
a breathtaking experience. You are about to enter a house that is the
oldest house within 250 miles. As the staff will inform you, the Park
House was originally located in Detroit near the mouth of the Rouge
River. However, once Detroit was handed over to the Americans the
house was dismantled and floated down the Detroit River to
Amherstburg in 1799.
Although the Park family was not the original owners of the house,
together they occupied the house for 102 years. In 1972 the House
was threatened to be destroyed but due to its significance, it waseventually saved and relocated from its original location in
Amherstburg (to the North of Duffy's Tavern) to its current location
further North on Dalhousie St. The first floor is restored to the 1850
period. The second floor contains exhibits of medical practice and
changing exhibits tell stories of our community up to 1950.
Today, Amherstburg is proud to call the Park House Museum our
Community Gem.
Kings Navy Yard Park
Ask the staff to direct you to the exit of the house which brings you
inside the King's Navy Yard Park. When the Park was still a navy
yard, it consisted of a storehouse, two blockhouses, a timber yard,
sawpit, pier and a privately owned rope walk. William Mills and
William Gilkinson were the suppliers of the rope walk. This rope walk
was important to the navy yard, since a great amount of rope and
cable is essential for the building of vessels. The rope walk began at
Ramsay Street and ran parallel to Sandwich Street. If you visit the
Commissariat in the park, a very small sample of a rope walk can be
observed. Here materials such as hemp, used to make ropes would
be laid and then twisted into rope. Under the lead of Master Builder
William Bell, the yard produced and repaired many ships. It also built
the British fleet of war vessels for the provincial marine to use in the
war of 1812. The first dock was built in 1797. The Navy Yard was anexcellent source of income, and characterized Amherstburg as a port town. Amherstburg still has a port today at the Coast Guard docks. American trade dominated, in 1874 there were 15 Canadian Steamers at the port, compared to 323 American Steamers. The majority of Amherstburg men were employed in shipbuilding at these dockyards as shipwrights, joiners, sawyers, blacksmiths, block makers and laborers. In the 1813 Battle of Lake Erie, the naval yard lost its fleet of ships. The Navy Yard was burnt alongside Fort Malden during the British retreat in 1813. After the War of 1812, Fort Malden continued to own the Navy Yard until they sold it to a private owner in 1859. The park then became a grist mill owned by C.W. Thomas until 1891 when the town purchased some of the land and built a waterworks by Rankin St. When Bruner Mond built a water purification plant in 1919 and began to supply the town with clean water, a swimming wharf and break wall were built at the waterworks so it became a popular swimming spot. Before the Navy Yard was opened as a park on September 28, 1980, the Detroit River was dredged to construct a seawall. This dredging process unearthed 30, 000 artifacts. In 1984, Bob Sutherland of the Fort Malden Horticultural Society introduced rhododendrons and azaleas to the park. The Navy Yard now houses the Cenotaph, an important part of Remembrance Day Ceremonies. Originally it was located on the left side of General Amherst High School until it was moved to the southeast corner of Centennial Park. It stayed in the park until the King's Navy Yard Park was complete. It is rumored that an old field gun from World War I is buried beneath the monument. Once inside the 10.5 acre passive park overlooking the Detroit River, there are many plaques and monuments to be observed. Read each one as you pass and discover the historical wealth of this park. One such plaque regarding the Great Sauk Trail can be observed. The Great Sauk Trail begins at Rock Island (in present-day Illinois) to the Detroit River. This is the ancient network of Indian paths which led pro-British tribes (the Sauk and the Fox tribes) to Fort Malden where alliances were formed and strengthened with the British.
As you walk throughout the beautiful landscapes of the park you will
come across the commissariat office. It was here that the British
Government could purchase staple items for the garrison from locals.
The Commissariat
Home to Provincial Marine Amherstburg Re enactment Unit
224 Dalhousie St.
Today, the Provincial Marine Amherstburg Re-enactment Unit uses it
as an interpretive centre for visitors. Be sure to take advantage of the
knowledge that these volunteers can give to you! Stop in to learn
more about the history of this Navy Yard.Walking out of the building and looking across the River, Bois Blanc
Island (often referred to as Boblo Island) is directly visible, today
landmarks of the island include many large homes, a lighthouse on
the southern point and a tall white observation tower. Before the
island was a Resort Community or an Amusement Park, it was
strategically important to Fort Malden in guarding the passage along
the Detroit River. Interaction between the Island and the Fort secured
the river since guns fired from the Fort could reach the island across
the water. During the War of 1812, the island served as headquarters
for Chief Tecumseh (a British ally).
The Ferry Terminal to Boblo Island TodayStop # 4. Old Fort Town
Freedom of the City Parade in front of the Gordon House
268 Dalhousie St. S
Walking Tours Available with Experienced Guide! Brochures for
self guides are available at the Amherstburg Visitor Information
Center for more information. 519 736-8320
If you continue along the River in the Navy Yard Park, and follow the
path which circles back in the direction of the entrance, take in the
beautiful flower gardens. As you pass under the flower wisteria
arbour, take a right and you will come up behind the Gordon House.
This beautiful building was built between the years of 1798 and 1804.
William Mills used the building as a warehouse . Then the young
Scottish man, the Hon. James Gordon became the first occupant of
the building as a house.In 1875, fire ravaged this area of town (on Murray St. between Ramsey and Dalhousie Streets), the fire caused $25 000 damage (in 1875 dollars) and was known as "The Great Conflagration of 1875." The fire began at roughly 2am on a Sunday morning in Gilbert Lafferty's large two storey building. J.H. Crawley witnessed the flames and sounded the alarm. Before the fire was put out, it burnt two general stores on either side of Lafferty's building, a tailor shop across the street, the News store, the barber shop, the Prince Albert Hotel, the butcher's stalls, Joseph Reaume's stores, Louis Cadaret's grocery store, Bungey's Hotel, Smith's barber shop, two vacant stores, two barns and the home of John R. Park. The only buildings saved in this fire were the ones closer to the river. They are the buildings where Caldwell's Grant and the Downtown Espresso Cafe are located. Dunbar House 273 Ramsay. St. Found on Ramsay St. present day address is 273, across the road from the Kolfage Residence (the only two remaining Georgian brick buildings). It was built in 1849 as one of only three brick buildings built this year, when the population was a mere 900 individuals. William Mickel was the original owner, born in Scotland, he then moved to the United States and eventually Amherstburg. Mickle was the ship carpenter. Thanks to David Bernhardt of Olde Walkerville in Windsor, and then homeowners Stuart & Teddie Keith, the house is still around today for people to witness. The house was threatened with destruction or at best severe modernization in the 1960's. After Mickle's death, the house was then turned into a bakeshop and James Dunbar's residence. It then housed the Amherstburg library for twenty years, then in 1911 part of the house was transformed into a machine shop, and in 1917 it was the Amherstburg Continuation School until General Amherst High School opened in 1921, at which time the house fell back into the hands of several homeowners. The Keith's have since done many restorations to the house to bring it back to its 1840 appearance. As you admire the exterior of the house, take special notice of the windows, all eighteen of which are the originals from over one hundred and fifty years ago. Mr. Keith has
revealed that he often finds artifacts from the past around the house.
Underneath the house for instance he recently found a clay pipe and
small cannon ball.
Salmoni Place Condominiums
252 Dalhousie St. S
site of Salmoni House Tavern 1849
In 1849 Thomas Salmoni whose family was from England, built a
hotel and a general store at this location. The third floor was
designated as the Masonic lodge as Thomas Salmoni was a mason.
The building became Stedman’s Dealer Store and then the Navy
Yard Restaurant. The building was recently demolished to make way
for the beautiful waterfront condominiums that you see today. The
condominiums have kept the Salmoni name. Upon the demolition of
the original Salmoni House, many artifacts from the military period
were unearthed. The Salmoni family came to America for one of their
sons to fight in a boxing match, he unfortunately lost the match and
because the family had bet financially so heavily on him winning, they
only had the money to come to Canada rather than return to England.
It was in Amherstburg that Thomas re-established himself. Thomas
gave the building to his son Mark, and when Mark died, several
proprietors took over the building as a "dime store."
Kings Navy Yard Park near the Salmoni PropertyChittenden (Berthelot) House 296 Ramsay St. As you stand on the corner of Ramsay and Gore, try to step back nearly two hundred years ago. A great deal would change around you, but one thing would be familiar, the Berthelot Residence would still be in front of you. This regency style home was once the Caldwell Arms Tea Room and later the Museum Tea Room. Webber House 263 Dalhousie St. This 1820 building was first built to be a hotel and tavern where stage and mail coaches entered to the interior yard. Until 1907 it was a stage terminal and has since been completely altered. Billette (Askin) House 298 Ramsay St. This Ramsay street home was built in the 1830’s by John Askin Jr., son of a famous Detroit merchant and Deputy Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Western Development. Kolfage House 284 Ramsay St. Now a private residence, this 1840 building has a great deal of history behind it. The lot, on which this building stands, had belonged to Simon Girty’s son-in-law, whom built and ran an inn here. Upon Girty’s death in 1818, the inn was torn down and the lot sold. The house has been owned by the Duncanson Family, and later to J.G Kolfage (the first mayor) and his family.
Gibson Gallery 140 Richmond St. In 1892, this building had a much different role than the Gallery it is today, it was the Michigan Central Railroad Station, which was in operation until 1969 when it became an arts centre. Be sure to take a look at the Railcar behind the gallery as a reminder of this buildings former use. Today, the Gibson Art Gallery offers world class exhibits and art displays. Call 519-736-2826 Bondy (Caldwell) Residence 207 Gore St. This original log house was built between 1835 and 1840 by James Caldwell. Caldwell served with the British Army during the Revolutionary War. At the end of this war, he was given a large tract of land in Amherstburg for his service.
449 Dalhousie You are looking at the home of Captain Frances Bondhead Hackett. He along with his six brothers were keepers of the Bois Blanc lighthouse, he was also a prominent seafarer. Methodist Meeting House (now the Municipal Parking Lot) burned in 1887 The first Methodist Meeting Place was on the corner of Richmond Street and Ramsay Street. Although the building no longer exists, it is understood to be similar to the layout of the Park House. The house consisted of two rooms, one larger meeting room, and a smaller room where the pastor would sleep.
Stop # 5. Old Town Churches
and Burial Grounds
Christ Church and statue in Garden
317 Ramsey St.
Standing in front of Christ Church you are looking at one of the first
places of Anglican worship in western Upper Canada and one of the
oldest remaining churches in the entire province. A brief history is
located on the plaque outside the church. Worship in present day
Amherstburg first began at the Indian Council House near Fort
Malden with the arrival of the British forces led by Reverend Richard
Pollard.
Pollard was taken as a prisoner during the War of 1812, and both his
churches at Fort Malden and in Sandwich were destroyed at this
time. It was not until after the war that he was provided grants to build
churches, one of them being Christ Church in 1818-19.Col. Caldwell
donated the land for the church in exchange for a pew to be reservedat the church for his family. This exchange is still recognized today by a plaque within the church. Soldiers from Fort Malden built the church. The original structure of the church is still visible, but many renovations have taken place since it was first built, including a war memorial on its East side. The windows of the church pay tribute to the church’s Masonic connection, sailors during Amherstburg’s prosperous time as a port, longtime mayor Dr. Fred Park, Magistrate McCormick, John R. Park and to Walter Ranta, who gave a great deal of time to the church’s restoration. To the left of the church is located Christ Church Graveyard. This was the original burial grounds for the community. The north end was the military burials and the south end for civilian burials. Christ Church faced on to Ramsey Street. The Roman Catholic Chapel faced on to Bathurst Street. The burial ground contains graves dating as far back as 1813 and from the fallen of the War of 1812 and the Upper Canadian Rebellion of 1837. By the 1840’s, the Roman Catholic Chapel had been relocated to Brock Street with the establishment of St. John the Baptist Church and its burial ground. By the 1860’s, Rosehill Cemetery had been established on Alma Street and St. John the Baptist Cemetery on Meloche Road. St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church 129 Simcoe St. A Presbyterian congregation has been in Amherstburg sine 1828. The first church was built on Bathurst Street in December 1831 and was known as the Old Kirk. It is now a private home. St. Andrew’s Presbyterian Church was built in May 1846 on the corner of Simcoe and Bathurst Streets. It was Scottish Reverend Alexander Gale, and some of his fellow Scottish priests that began worship at St. Andrew’s, and one of Amherstburg’s first public school teachers, Rev. Robert Peden, that first led worship out of the new church in 1846. The Gothic wooden windows of the church were installed by soldiers of the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment at Fort Malden.
Stop #6.The Nazrey African Methodist
Episcopal Church
&
The North American Black Historical
Museum
North American Black Historical Museum
277 King St.
Guided Tours available :Call 519 736-5433
Canada was a special place for Black refugees, where they could feel
free after being enslaved for so long. As you approach this church,consider how it symbolizes their hope of finally being respected and recognized as human beings. Under the leadership of Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe, Upper Canada became the first British territory to legislate in opposition to slavery. The 1793 Act did not end slavery, but it was an essential stepping stone leading to the Act of 1833, which completely abolished slavery in British territories. The terms of the 1793 Anti- Slave act stopped the importation of slaves into Canada and stated that those born after the date of the Act would be free when they reached the age of 25. Blacks lived in this area as early as 1784, some arriving as slaves; others, like James Fry and James Robertson, having been granted land for their help in defending the British Empire. By 1828 the number of Blacks in Amherstburg reached 100 and continued to grow as activity of the Underground Railroad (movement of slaves from the United States to Canada in search of freedom) increased due to the the British Abolition of Slavery Law of 1833 and the U.S. Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Amherstburg was a critical entry point for fugitives escaping slavery by way of this Underground Railroad because of the narrow crossing point of the Detroit River from the United States to Amherstburg, Ontario, Canada. Bois Blanc Island served as a stopover point for some refugees before finishing the final leg of their journey to freedom. The Nazrey African Methodist Episcopal was built by Black refugees in 1848, one of the oldest existing Black churches in Canada. Bishop Willis Nazrey was the first pastor there, connected with the Canadian- based British Methodist Episcopal Church which allowed refugees to govern their own churches. The Nazrey provided shelter, fellowship, education and the teaching of essential skills which contributed to the success of many Black individuals in Amherstburg. Many Blacks put their skills to good use as sailors, prosperous farmers, innkeepers (William Hamilton), grocers (Henry Turner), millers (James Alexander) and shoemakers (Albany Pines). John H. Alexander was principal of the school for the Black community, later serving on the school board, town council and as town assessor.
The stone walls of the restored church are the same walls that Black refugees put up almost 165 years ago. After the Civil War in the United States, the church became part of the African Methodist Episcopal Conference. In 1979 the old Nazrey A.M.E church building began to show severe signs of aging and attendance of the church declined until the church was closed in 1987 after being declared unsafe. In 1975, the North American Black Historical Museum was incorporated, and the building to the right of Nazrey Church opened in 1981, in order to tell the story of the Black refugees’ journeys to freedom in Canada. Two of the key individuals responsible for the establishment of the museum were Melvin and Betty Simpson. Among the many successful Black individuals who have excelled in this town are Delos Davis, who became Canada’s first Black King’s Counsel in 1886; Jesse Henderson, who earned five medals from four different countries while he served as an army gunner in the Second World War; and Wayne Hurst who became the town's first Black mayor in 1997.George W.F. McCurdy became Human Rights Commissioner in Nova Scotia. Howard McCurdy, Ph. D. was elected to the House of Commons in 1984, serving as the first Black MP for the New Democratic Party. Descendants of fugitive slaves still live in Amherstburg today. Family names include Harris, Hurst, Thompson, Simpson, Wilson, McCurdy, Nelson, Henderson, Stewart, Jefferson and Chapman, among many others. Immediately south of the Nazrey Church and NABHM is the Simpson House. Built around 1848, this King Street home is one of only four known buildings which date to the time of the Underground Railroad. Melvin (Mac) Simpson, founder of the North American Black Historical Museum, resided here. Melvin's hope of "illuminating the history of Black people in a dignified manner" finally became a reality with the opening of the museum in 1981. Another noteworthy church is First Baptist, located at 232 George Street. Established in 1836, it is one of the oldest Baptist church buildings in Ontario. This church was one of the final stations of the
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