Austrian Research, Development & Innovation Roadmap for Automated Vehicles - FFG
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Klaus
Austrian
Research, Development & Innovation
Roadmap for
Automated Vehicles
Klaus
An Initiative of ECSEL Europe, supported by bmvit, ITS Austria, ECSEL-
Austria, A3PS, AustriaTech, ASFiNAG, ÖBB, FFG, Austrian industry,
and Austrian research & academia
1
With contributions from:
Josef Affenzeller Erwin Schoitsch
ECSEL Austria, Vienna, Austria AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
Andreas Eckel Daniel Watzenig
TTTech, Vienna, Austria VIRTUAL VEHICLE Research Center, Graz, Austria
Johannes Liebermann, Martin Russ Mark-Michael Weltzl, Reinhard Pfliegl
AustriaTech, Vienna, Austria A3PS, Vienna, Austria
Johann Massoner
Infineon, Villach, Austria
ECSEL-Austria Members
Michael Paulitsch, Peter Tummeltshammer
Thales Austria GmbH, Vienna, Austria AustriaTech Partners
Michael Paulweber A3PS Members
AVL List GmbH, Graz, Austria
Werner Rom
IESTA, Graz, Austria
2
Preface
The automotive industry faces the most sig- from the mobility sector and the ICT sector initiated
nificant changes in its history. Electrification and the creation of this Austrian RDI roadmap for the
digitalization are the new challenges. The latter ma- development of components, parts, services, infra-
jor trend will lead to new driver assistance systems, structure, pilots and test areas for automated vehi-
partially and fully automated vehicles and con- cles. ECSEL Austria is coordinating this activity.
nected mobility systems bringing unprecedented
The digitalization has stimulating effects for
comfort and safety to the users of vehicles. New
other sectors in transport industry as well. Drones
technologies extend classical automotive engineer-
will change from remotely controlled systems to
ing with new sensors, information and software
partially or fully automated devices. Trains and air-
technologies. The Austrian automotive supply in-
planes are already in the process of conversion to
dustry represents a significant share of the Austrian
more and more automated vehicles. Digitalization
gross national product. It is important to stimulate
not only effects the vehicles themselves, but it also
this transformation towards automated vehicles in
transforms the road infrastructure too. Intelligent
the Austrian industry and research arena. The value
vehicles take advantage of IT cloud services which
of automotive parts and components exported from
get their information from sensors and communica-
Austria is higher than the accumulated value of im-
tion systems along the roads.
ported vehicles. The automotive sector accounts for
about 14% of all researchers in the industrial sector, We would like to thank all experts from the
which is the the highest share of researchers in the Austrian industry and academia working together in
Austrian industry. It is therefore important to initi- several workshops to create this “Austrian Re-
ate strategic support of the necessary research and search, Development and Innovation Roadmap for
development activities in order to secure Austria’s Automated Vehicles” to ensure the continuation of
competitiveness in this field. Austria’s success in the mobility domain.
The experts within the Austrian Federal Min-
istry for Transport, Innovation and Technology
Vienna, Graz, Villach
February 2016
bmvit
Andreas Dorda
Lisbeth Mosnik
Michael Wiesmüller
Roadmap CoreTeam
Josef Affenzeller
Andreas Eckel
Wolfgang Kriegler
Johann Massoner
Michael Paulweber
Horst Pflügl
Werner Rom
Martin Russ
Erwin Schoitsch
Daniel Watzenig
3
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles 4
Table of Content
1 SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 7
Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................7
Objectives of the document ........................................................................................................................9
Relation to other roadmaps (whitepapers, visions and strategies) ........................................................... 11
2 TOWARDS AUTOMATED VEHICLES IN AUSTRIA ............................................. 15
Automated Vehicles for Tackling Societal Needs ...................................................................................... 15
Background 15
Societal needs and expected impact 16
Goals of Austrian industry in Automated Vehicles .................................................................................... 19
State-of-the-Art / Areas of Excellence....................................................................................................... 22
Electronics-based systems in Austria 22
Partner landscape 22
State-of-the-art 22
Knowledge available 22
Areas of excellence 25
Relevant products, procedures and services 27
Expected Impact ....................................................................................................................................... 28
3 APPLICATIONS .......................................................................................................... 30
Applications in automotive on-road vehicles ............................................................................................ 30
Applications in off-road equipment .......................................................................................................... 31
Applications in mobility infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 33
Applications in aerospace ......................................................................................................................... 33
Applications in railways ............................................................................................................................ 34
Applications for waterways ...................................................................................................................... 37
4 AUSTRIAN RDI ROADMAP FOR AUTOMATED VEHICLES .............................. 38
Task fields of activities / RDI topics........................................................................................................... 38
Timeline and relation of main RDI topics to national and European funding programmes........................ 40
Timeline for different levels of automation 40
Relation of main RDI topics to national and European funding programmes 41
5 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................... 43
5
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
Procedure of roadmap development ........................................................................................................ 43
Appendix: Questionnaires 44
Appendix: Workshops 45
Appendix: Consolidation and Harmonization 46
Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ 47
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Table of Abbreviations & Acronyms.......................................................................................................... 49
6
1 Summary and Introduction
Executive Summary
The present “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Auto- · To send a strong signal at international level
mated Vehicles” is a technology roadmap driven by of the Austrian strengths and RDI interests in
Austrian industry with support from the Austrian re- the area of automated vehicles
search community, and reflects the view of the main
Austrian players in ICT and mobility. It covers Tech-
nology Readiness Levels (TRLs) from 1-8 and a time This document is contains 5 chapters.
span of about 15 years and beyond. The aim of this
roadmap is not to “re-invent” existing European and The first chapter provides a detailed overview of
national roadmaps, but rather to align with them and to the objectives and a thorough analysis of the relation of
identify specific areas and focusses and related re- the “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles”
search, development and innovation (RDI) needs and to numerous other European and national roadmaps.
topics for the Austrian automated vehicles community The second chapter focusses on the benefits and
(see Figure 1). impact of automated vehicles in tackling societal needs,
elaborated on the detailed goals of Austrian industry in
automated vehicles, and provides an overview on the
The “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Ve- Austrian state of the art in this area, including available
hicles” serves several purposes: strengths in knowledge, areas of excellence as well as
products, procedures and services.
· To give a joint view of experts and stake-
holders from ICT and mobility, necessary to The third chapter addresses different areas of ap-
tackle the challenges of automated vehicles plication of automated vehicles (automotive on-road,
off-road equipment, mobility infrastructure, aerospace,
· To prepare the ground for an Austrian contri-
railways and waterways) and related challenges.
bution to establish a „European platform for
leadership in automated vehicles“ The fourth chapter, being the “core” of this
roadmap, identifies the main RDI task fields and topics
· To provide inputs to the future Austrian tech- of interest. This is complemented by timelines for the
nology as well as transport policy, and par- different levels of automation and the relation of the
ticularly to future RDI funding programs identified RDI topics and needs towards national and
· To be a guide for small and medium-sized European funding programs.
enterprises (SMEs), thus expanding the re- Chapter five contains several appendices with
lated Austrian eco-system particular focus on the procedure of how the “Austrian
RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles” was devel-
oped.
7
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
Figure 1: Positioning of the „Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles“ with respect to other Austrian Roadmaps (see also Section
1.3 F), G), and H))
8
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
Objectives of the document
Enhanced automation of vehicles (trains, cars, lanches or even during nuclear incidents (e.g. Fuku-
trucks, ships, airplanes etc.) will be one major enabler shima). The applications and benefits of automated
to master the Grand Societal Challenges. In particular cyber-physical systems are countless.
highly automated driving functions will increase traffic
It is commonly accepted that the automated driv-
safety, reduce traffic jams, increase passenger comfort,
ing functionality will not come overnight to our vehi-
reduce CO2 pollution and energy consumption but also
cles, trucks, off-road machines, ships or airplanes. In
help disabled or elderly people to extend their mobility,
some areas automated functions have already been in
independence and quality of living.
use for many years as autopilots in airplanes. In other
Automated vessel navigation systems can avoid areas only the first starts have been made to introduce
collisions and groundings, protect the environment, re- automation. Concerning car traffic, ADAS systems (the
duce bunker consumption, and improve the maritime driver is still fully responsible) will become more and
traffic flow as well as intermodal transportation. Un- more sophisticated up to the moment when the auto-
manned automated vehicles can perform heavy and mated car will also be capable of taking over full re-
dangerous tasks in harsh environments, such as mainte- sponsibility from the driver (SAE level 5, see Figure 2).
nance services on airplanes or underwater construction, Estimations expect such a function to become opera-
or in catastrophic scenarios including mudflow, ava- tional in standard cars by 2030 or even later.
Figure 2: SAE levels of automated driving [1]
SAE defined five different levels which are com- automotive expert group from the ERTRAC technol-
monly used to describe the degree of automation in ve- ogy platform predicts the introduction of the next levels
hicles [1] [2], see Figure 2. in automation according the roadmap depicted in Fig-
ure 3.
Already today OEMs market vehicles with sev-
eral automated driving functions of different levels. The importance of the new technology of auto-
Many vehicle manufacturers promise to deliver more mated vehicles for Europe’s industry is clearly shown
automated driving functionalities in the next years. An
9
Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
in a proposed lighthouse initiative to develop a Euro- strong presence of European industry, academia and re-
pean platform for leadership in automated vehicles. search institutions in cyber-physical systems, smart
This proposal has been made by industry stakeholders systems integration and MEMS as well as low power
in the framework of the ECSEL-JU (European Joint- and secure components. They shall enable closer coop-
Undertaking “Electronics Components and Systems for eration between Europe’s key actors in innovation and
European Leadership”). regulation contributing to the overall goal of the
ECSEL JU. Most important is the goal to strengthen
Lighthouse initiatives are clusters of high-impact
Europe's position in key parts of future digital value
projects that develop, test and deploy innovations in es-
chains and digital platforms.
sential areas of key importance to Europe in ecosys-
tems or along the value chain. They also involve legal, The specific lighthouse initiative proposal on au-
ethical and financial stakeholders creating a framework tomated vehicles mentioned above emphasizes Eu-
for fast market acceptance, regulation and standardiza- rope’s leading position in developing highly automated
tion, including de facto standards when relevant. This vehicles such as cars, airplanes and trains. To maintain
shall unlock barriers and facilitate large scale deploy- and extend this leadership, potentially enhancing it
ment. They will require considerable efforts from the with respect to other players in this field, it is important
private partners and therefore deserve the support of the that a solid base for the development and validation of
ECSEL JU. highly automated vehicles is available for European ve-
hicle developers and manufacturers. In this manner,
Notably this will materialize in platforms for
European industry aims to establish worldwide stand-
"Smart X" markets by building on and combining the
ards to support its leadership in this domain.
Figure 3: Deployment path for automated driving in passenger cars [1]
10Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
The Austrian Ministry for Transport, Innovation · ECSEL-Austria (coordinator of this docu-
and Technology (bmvit) recognized the importance for ment)
Austrian society of the radical new technology required
for “automated vehicles”. In addition, these new tech- · A3PS
nologies can be expected to provide substantial oppor- · AustriaTech
tunities for the Austrian high-tech community consist-
ing of related industry, academia and research institu- · the Austrian high-tech community consisting
tions, but also for SMEs, thus expanding the related of related industry, academia and research in-
Austrian eco-system in the area of automated vehicles. stitutions
Therefore bmvit has indicated its intention to support This roadmap focusses on the RDI activities nec-
the ECSEL lighthouse initiative. In addition, this essary to support the Austrian high-tech community in
roadmap document is intended to provide substantial their efforts to strengthen market and technology lead-
input to the future Austrian technology and transport ership required to build automated vehicles. This initi-
policy, and in particular future national funding pro- ative shall ensure that the Austrian economy benefits
grams. from the trend towards “automated vehicles”. It will
The topic of automated vehicles and related tech- create new, secure high-tech job opportunities in Aus-
nologies needs the combined efforts of ICT (infor- tria for the benefit of Austrian society in general. It may
mation and communication technologies) and mobility be stated that security aspects will also play a central
technologies at least. Thus, the two groups in the min- role when it comes to automated vehicles in order to
istry responsible for the different technology areas successfully defend against the threat of hostile intru-
jointly asked the relevant Austrian high-tech commu- sion and control by unauthorized individuals.
nity in October 2015 to develop one research, develop- It shall be noted that this roadmap is not intended
ment and innovation (RDI) roadmap for Austria, to cover efforts concerning the roll-out of the necessary
providing information on how the Austrian high-tech infrastructure for automated driving (cars, ships, trains,
community’s expertise would best support European airplanes) in Austria and the required investment to im-
efforts to propel the introduction of automated driving plement such automated traffic in Austria. It covers
functions in next generations of vehicles. only the RDI efforts to develop the necessary infra-
It should on the one hand analyse where the Aus- structure.
trian high-tech community can contribute valuable Complementary to this roadmap, A3PS analysed
knowledge and developments. On the other hand, Aus- the necessary steps and investments to bring automated
tria has proven to be most successful in specific areas vehicles to Austrian roads. The “Austrian Eco-Mobility
in ICT, automotive, rail, maritime or aerospace do- Roadmap 2025plus” [3] by A3PS describes the path for
mains. Therefore this “Austrian RDI Roadmap for Au- the radical change for Austrian roads and cities from
tomated Vehicles” shall explore research opportunities conventional vehicle concepts (SAE level 0) to fully
for the Austrian high-tech community, where available automated driving vehicles (SAE level 5) in the long
knowledge and technology can support the European term. Actually, the huge effort being spent by Austrian
efforts in creating new technologies (electronic compo- high-tech community in participating in and leading
nents and systems, required (embedded cyber-physical) numerous research projects, prototype and systems de-
software, tools and methods for automated vehicles and velopment will lead to an “electronic revolution” with
the necessary infrastructure for a successful launch in significantly reduced fatalities for vehicle occupants
the markets for autonomous vehicles). and other road users.
The following expert groups and specialists
helped to create this RDI roadmap:
Relation to other roadmaps (whitepapers, visions and strat-
egies)
In 2014 and 2015, numerous European and Aus- requirements of the Austrian industry, the folowing
trian Whitepapers, Visions and Strategies (all of them documents (A-E on European level, F-H on Austrian
being or including some sort of roadmaps), exclusively level) have been thoroughly analyzed and taken into
dedicated to or highly relevant to automated vehicles consideration during the creation of the present “Aus-
and/or automated driving, have been issued or pre- trian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles”.
pared.
Therefore, to avoid duplication and to facilitate
the optimum alignment of identified strengths and RDI
11Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
A) ECSEL – 2015 Multi Annual Strategic Re- · TRL: Research & Development [TRL 2-4],
search and Innovation Agenda MASRIA Demo [TRL 5-8], Production & Market [TRL
(2015)1 9]
· Document on electronic components and · Automation: according to SAE levels [SAE
systems (technologies and applications) J3016]
· Numerous areas of application / industrial · State of the Art mainly shown by research and
domains covered innovation projects funded by the EC and a
brief overview on demonstrations
· Dedicated sub-chapter and roadmap on
electronic components and systems for highly EPoSS - the European technology Platform on
automated and autonomous transport (key Smart Systems integration - is an industry-driven pol-
application area “Smart Mobility”) icy initiative, defining R&D and innovation needs as
well as policy requirements related to smart systems in-
· Industry-driven document
tegration and integrated micro- and nanosystems. It
· Roadmap focus (concerning automated driv- comprises major industrial companies and research or-
ing): Technologies and applications / mobility ganizations from more than 20 European Member
services States, bringing together European private and public
stakeholders in the area of smart systems integration.
· Roadmap timeline: 2015-2030
· TRL: Research and Innovation Actions (TRL
2-5), Innovation Actions (TRL 4-8) C) ERTRAC - Automated Driving Roadmap
(2015)3
· Automation: according to SAE levels [SAE
J3016] · Dedicated document on automated driving
from a general road transport point of view
· No description of state of the art
· Emphasis on automotive applications (incl. in-
ECSEL – Electronic Components and Systems
frastructure and legal & regulatory framework)
for European Leadership - is a partnership (joint under-
taking) between the private and the public sectors for · Document driven by all relevant stakeholders
electronic components and systems in Europe. Mem-
· Roadmap focus: Technologies, applications /
bers are i) the European Union (through the Commis-
mobility services and regulation/standardiza-
sion); ii) Member States and Associated Countries to
tion
the Framework Programme Horizon 2020 on a volun-
tary basis; iii) three associations (EPoSS, AENEAS and · Roadmap timeline: 2014-2025
ARTEMIS Industry Association) representing the main
· TRL: Technological Research (TRL 2-4);
European actors from the areas of micro- and nano-
Pilots and large scale demonstrators (TRL 5-7);
electronics, smart integrated systems and embed- Industrialization (TRL 8-9)
ded/cyber-physical systems. These actors draws up and
regularly update the Multi-Annual Strategic Research · Automation: According to SAE levels [SAE
and Innovation Agenda (MASRIA). J3016]
· State of the art description on European and
non-European level. Description of Austrian
B) EPoSS – European Roadmap Smart Systems level is quite similar to the one given in the “C-
for Automated Driving (2015)2 ITS Strategie Österreich” (see below)
· Dedicated document on automated driving ERTRAC - the European Road Transport Re-
from a smart systems integration point of view search Advisory Council - is a European technology
· Emphasis on automotive applications platform which brings together road transport stake-
holders to develop a common vision for road transport
· Industry-driven document research in Europe. These stakeholders comprise auto-
· Roadmap focus: Technologies (and legal motive, energy / fuel supply, road infrastructure, ITS,
frameworks) public authorities (EU, national bodies, cities, regions),
research, service providers, and users.
· Roadmap timeline: 2014-2030
1 3
http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/docu- http://www.ertrac.org/uploads/documentsearch/id38/ER-
ments/publications/2015%20ECSEL%20MASRIA.pdf. Ac- TRAC_Automated-Driving-2015.pdf. Accessed February
cessed February 2016. 2016.
2
http://www.smart-systems-integration.org/public/docu-
ments/publications/EPoSS%20Roadmap_Smart%20Sys-
tems%20for%20Automated%20Driv-
ing_V2_April%202015.pdf. Accessed February 2016.
12Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
D) 5G Automotive Vision (2015)4 · Roadmap focus: Technological challenges and
milestones categorized according to complexity
· Document on connected and automated driving / costs and importance / impact
and new mobility services from a 5G
communication point of view · Roadmap timeline: 2015 – 2025/2030+ (10 to
15 years)
· Emphasis on automotive + telecom industries
(incl. business and regulatory/standardization · TRL: no usage of TRL
aspects)
· Automation: no automation levels used
· Numerous connections to automated driving /
vehicles incl. specific use cases on automated · State of the art description: general world-wide
driving assessment + SWOT analysis on European
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
· Industry-driven document threats
· Roadmap focus: mainly technologies, but also The European Commission (EC) Directorate
business and regulatory/standardization aspects General Communications Networks, Content & Tech-
nology (DG CONNECT) manages the Digital Agenda
· Roadmap timeline: 2014-2025
of the EU. The work of the DG focusses on ensuring
· TRL: no usage of TRL (but KPIs, and - that digital technologies can help deliver the growth
according to the C2C Communication which the EU needs. DG CONNECT provides input to
Consortium Roadmap - 5 Phases up to accident- the Digital Single Market Project Team, led by EC Vice
free driving) President Andrus Ansip, through Commissioner Gün-
· Automation: According to SAE/VDA levels ther Oettinger.
[SAE J3016]
· State of the art description on limitations of F) AustriaTech - C-ITS Strategie Österreich
existing communication technologies used in (2016)
C-ITS
(To be published in Q1/2016.)
ERTICO ITS Europe – the European Road
Transport Telematics Implementation Coordination - is · Document on Cooperative ITS based on V2X
Europe's Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) or- (i.e. vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infra-
ganization that promotes research and defines ITS in- structure) communication
dustry standards. It is a network of ITS and services · Emphasis on automotive field incl. infrastruc-
stakeholders in Europe, connecting public authorities, ture
industry players, infrastructure operators, users, na-
tional ITS associations and other organizations. · No dedicated section on and only a few direct
connections to automated vehicles / driving
5G PPP - the 5G Infrastructure Public Private
Partnership - has been initiated by the European Com- · Policy-driven document
mission and industry manufacturers, telecommunica- · Roadmap focus: Applications / Mobility
tions operators, service providers, SMEs and research- services (demand-oriented)
ers. The 5G PPP will deliver solutions, architectures,
technologies and standards for the ubiquitous next gen- · Roadmap timeline: 2016 – 2020
eration communication infrastructures of the coming · TRL: no usage of TRL
decade.
· Automation/V2X: 5 Phases up to accident-free
driving according to the C2C Communication
E) EC – Next Generation Computing Roadmap Consortium Roadmap (see also “5G
Automotive Vision (2015)” above)
(2014)5
· General document on next generation compu- · State of the art description on C-ITS projects
ting (IT) and applications / mobility services on
European and non-European levels. No
· Numerous areas of application / industrial description concerning automated vehicles /
domains covered; 7 main scenarios of the future driving
(incl. intelligent transport)
AustriaTech is a private company whose mission
· Dedicated section(s) on intelligent transport is to maximize the societal benefits of new transport
incl. autonomous systems and cars technologies. It is a 100% owned subsidiary of the Fed-
4 5
http://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/dae/docu-
https://5g-ppp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/5G-PPP-
White-Paper-on-Automotive-Vertical-Sectors.pdf. Accessed ment.cfm?doc_id=6636. Accessed February 2016.
February 2016.
13Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
eral Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technol- development, deployment). A3PS members include
ogy (bmvit). AustriaTech assists the bmvit by pursuing partners from both Austrian industry and the research
a long-term strategy for developing and implementing community.
sustainable transport solutions. Furthermore, Austria-
Tech is responsible for ITS planning and national im-
plementation of the European ITS Directive. H) Austrian Unmanned Aerial System for Civilian
Missions (in progress)
This activity is currently underway in the course
G) A3PS – Eco-Mobility 2025plus Technology
of the project “Austrian UCM”, supported by bmvit
Roadmap (2015)6
and led by FH Joanneum. The goal is to establish a re-
· Document and website on future vehicles and search agenda pertaining to unmanned aerial systems
energy carriers for civilian missions in Austria. This activity is driven
by all relevant stakeholders from industry and research
· Emphasis on automotive applications
organizations. So far only a tiny share of all research
· Dedicated section on automated driving / vehi- activities identified can be linked to automated and au-
cles (advanced vehicle control systems) incl. in- tonomous aircraft and flight.
frastructure aspects
· Document driven by industry and research
community I) Other roadmaps and initiatives
· Roadmap focus: Technologies incl. TRLs, type Numerous other national roadmaps and initiatives
of required projects, R&D measures and targets bear relevance to the area of automated vehicles and
have been taken into consideration when creating the
· Roadmap timeline: 2015 – 2025+ present roadmap: the Smart Cities initiative of the Aus-
· TRL: 1-9 trian Climate and Energy Fund7, the Technology
Roadmap for the ICT of the Future program8, or the
· Automation: According to SAE levels [SAE Roadmap on Complex Systems9.
J3016]
Furthermore, a dedicated new roadmap entitled
· No state of the art description Embedded Systems in Automated Driving, coordinated
A3PS - the Austrian Association for Advanced by the international SafeTRANS ("Safety in Transpor-
Propulsion Systems – was founded by the Austrian tation Systems") Competence Cluster10, combining re-
Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Tech- search and development expertise in the area of com-
nology (bmvit) as a PPP and addresses all advanced plex embedded systems in transportation systems, is in
drive train technologies contributing to the improve- preparation (planned publication in 2016).Several
members of the core team of the present roadmap are
ment of energy efficiency and reduction of emissions
directly involved in contributing to the SafeTRANS
(for example hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell vehicles
as well as advanced fuel technologies including biofu- roadmap.
els) and supports the whole innovation cycle (research,
6 8
http://www.a3ps.at/site/sites/default/files/images/down- https://www.bmvit.gv.at/service/publikationen/innova-
loadfiles/a3ps_roadmap_eco_mobility_2025plus.pdf and tion/downloads/conquering_data__in_austria.pdf. Accessed
www.roadmap.a3ps.at. Accessed February 2016. February 2016.
7 9
http://www.smartcities.at/founding/climate-funds-initia- https://www.bmvit.gv.at/service/publikationen/innova-
tive-on-smart-cities/. Accessed February 2016. tion/downloads/komplexe_ikt_loesungen.pdf. Accessed
February 2016.
10
http://www.safetrans-de.org/.
14Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
2 Towards automated vehicles in Austria
Automated Vehicles for Tackling Societal Needs
Automated vehicle technology has the potential
of fundamentally changing mobility as we experience
it today. Automated / autonomous vehicles (AAV) of- Background
fer solutions to many of today’s grand societal chal-
Public authorities around the world recently pre-
lenges. In the automotive domain many benefits are ex-
sented action and innovation plans to facilitate the de-
pected ranging from improved safety, congestion-free
velopment and stepwise introduction of automated ve-
traffic and increased comfort, social inclusion, lower
hicles. Current midterm research is targeting intelligent
emissions, and better road capacity utilization due to
driver assistance functions and highly automated driv-
optimal integration of private and public transport. Ro-
ing modes while long-term research is aiming at fully
bots used in medical interventions will improve medi-
automated driving systems that are able to handle any
cal care because complex surgeries can be offered not
possible traffic and emergency situation safely without
only in specialized clinics. Unmanned autonomous ve-
relying on human supervision [4]. Many cars sold to-
hicles (UAV) can perform heavy and dangerous tasks
day are already capable of some level of automation
in harsh environments, such as maintenance services on
while more advanced automated prototype vehicles are
airplanes or underwater construction. AAV applica-
continuously tested on public roads especially in the
tions and benefits are countless and we are only begin-
United States, Europe, and Japan. AAV technology has
ning to understand the new markets, business models,
arrived rapidly on the market and future deployment is
and products of this emerging technology.
expected to accelerate over the next years. As a matter
Over the last two decades, vehicle automation has of fact, most of the core technologies required for fully
been an active research and innovation field. AAV are autonomous driving (SAE level 5) are available to-
often discussed as a so-called “disruptive technology” day.Many are mature and some are already on the way
with the ability to transform transportation infrastruc- to being deployed in commercially available vehicles
ture, expand access, and provide benefits to a variety of [5].
users and customers. In this context, AAV are not only
Automated driving is the next logical step to-
disruptive in a technical sense, but also in a social sense
wards future mobility that would build on maturity of
as we hand over part of our responsibility to the ma-
demonstrated advanced environment perception sys-
chine with all benefits and all the risks associated with
tems such as radars, laser scanners, cameras, and other
automation. What AAV from different industry sectors
sensors. In that context, automated driving requires in-
have in common is that they use complex sensing to
vehicle real-time decision making and planning capa-
gain an understanding of their operational environment
bilities as well as interaction with other vehicles, road
in order to either support humans in complex, often
infrastructure, and other third party services. Figure 4
safety critical control tasks or even to make decisions
illustrates the general micro architecture of an auto-
where the human user is no longer in the loop. This
mated vehicle. During operation, automated systems
poses completely new challenges for the required func-
typically encompass the three constantly executed tasks
tionality, quality level, and reliable operation of these
of sensing, planning, and (re)acting. The corresponding
systems, because they have to perform their tasks with-
macro architecture features a system of in-vehicle, cen-
out the fall back option to hand over control to the user
tral and roadside systems that work in concert to pro-
in critical situations – as e.g. in today’s driver assis-
vide the optimal solution for AAV on a micro and
tance systems.
macro level.
Although the present roadmap technologically
addresses all relevant application domains covered by
Austrian industry, in the following the automotive do-
main is exemplarily chosen to discuss the expected so-
cietal impact.
15Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
Figure 4: System architecture of an automated vehicle (Source: ECSEL Project proposal RobustSENSE)
traffic jams and less waiting time at
intersections and traffic lights are expected to
Societal needs and expected improve the traffic throughput by 80 %.
impact · Comfort: Enable user’s freedom for other
activities when automated systems are active.
Automated driving is seen as one of the key tech-
nologies and major technological advancements influ- · Better public transport: AAV are ideal for
encing and shaping our future mobility and quality of delivering passengers to or from public
life. Automated driving will, in the long term, contrib- transport systems. They can coordinate pickup
ute to the reduction of road fatalities and to social in- and delivery with the actual timetable of the
clusion, and add value in terms of energy efficiency and public transportation system.
the protection of the environment. Many predictions · Social inclusion: Ensure mobility for all,
have been released over the last five years in the auto- including elderly and impaired users. The over-
motive industry stating (on average) a limited availa- 65-years segment is growing 50 % faster than
bility of (highly) automated driving functions (low the overall population.
speed and high speed applications) by 2020 with wide
availability to the public by 2040. The main drivers for · Emergency response: AAV may also perform a
higher levels of automated driving are [1], [6]: special role in an emergency. They might be
able to switch into an emergency mode and
· Safety: Reduce accidents caused by human deliver anybody to the nearest hospital at
errors. 90 % of all accidents are caused by maximum speed.
human errors. In 2010, the European
Commission launched a new EU road safety Figure 5 summarizes and quantifies the top five
programme which aims at halving the number expected societal impacts for AAV in the automotive
of road deaths by 2020 [7]. domain.
· Efficiency: Increase transport system efficiency
and reduce time in congested traffic. Fewer
16Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
Figure 5: Expected impact of automated functions in the automotive domain
In early 2016, the Austrian government released of a driver/operator and also as a road user, when inter-
the figures of road fatalities in 201511. In total 475 per- acting with automated vehicles.
sons died on Austrian roads, which is a 10% increase
Knowledge and theories from social, psychologi-
compared to 2014 (430 road fatalities). As a main state-
cal and behavioural sciences are useful to understand
ment, approximately 70% of all accidents are caused by
how humans interact with such systems. Depending on
driver distraction, inadequate speed, and failure to yield
the level of autonomy (cf. SAE levels), a human driver
to traffic having the right of way. All of these issues are
will occasionally have to drive the car manually and
actually manageable by AAV, emphasizing the societal
simultaneously operate different autonomous function-
impact of such systems (Figure 6). Nevertheless it is
alities (i.e. turn on and off ADAS, switch control from
worth mentioning that due to the missing legal frame-
and to the vehicle). These interactions and handovers
work and the technological state-of-the-art, high speed
(both driver- and system-initiated) will have to be ef-
(e.g. highway pilots) and low speed functions (e.g. park
fective, efficient, trustworthy, safe, and easy to be
assistance, traffic jam pilot) are industrial priorities.
learned. Apart from that it is to be expected that, with
Figure 7 impressively depicts that a comparatively low
an increasing number of autonmated vehicles, de-skil-
number of incidents (50 fatalities) happened on high-
ling of drivers in their manual driving skills is likely to
ways while most deadly accidents occur on federal
occur over time.12
highways and rural roads. However, AAV for those
scenarios are under development despite the lack of test Efforts toward full automation tend to follow one
methods and test infrastructures. of two incremental paths. The first involves gradually
improving the automated driving systems available in
Concluding from the numbers, causes, and loca-
conventional vehicles so that human drivers can shift
tions of road fatalities in 2015, it becomes obvious that
more of the dynamic driving task to these systems
the driver has to be unburdened. Human drivers are
(SAE level 3 and 4). The second path involves deploy-
confronted with, and usually manage, an incredible va-
ing vehicles without a human driver and gradually ex-
riety of contexts (geographic areas, roadway types,
panding this operation to more contexts (SAE level 5,
traffic conditions, weather conditions, and events/inci-
e.g. robot taxi, UAV, autonomous trains). Figure 8 il-
dents) for which automated vehicles have yet to be de-
lustrates midterm and long-term research and develop-
signed and demonstrated. Human factors in automation
ment.
relate to understanding the interaction(s) of humans
with all aspects of an automated road transport system
(ART), both from within a vehicle, when taking the role
11
Austrian Ministry of the Interior (BM.I), Austrian Press 12
MadSAV, Maintaining Driving Skills in Semi-Autono-
Agency, January 2016. mous Vehicles. http://www.madsav.org. Accessed 17 Feb
2016.
17Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
28% 32%
3%
11%
26%
Driver distraction Inadequate speed Priority injury
Alcohol influence Any other reasons
Figure 6: Road fatalities in Austria 2015
111 50
198
116
Highways Federal highways Rural roads Other roads
Figure 7: Accident location of road fatalities in Austria 2015
Future advances and acceptance of AAV will di- · Shared vehicle fleet repositioning
rectly rely on safe and secure communication with
· Driverless urban goods pickup and delivery
other road users and the infrastructure. Examples which
will directly increase end-user acceptance are · User-centred design and evaluation approaches
to include user requirements in the design pro-
· Automated lane merging of vehicles cess
· Emergency stopping and warning (e.g.
In addition, safety, security and privacy have to
temporary construction areas)
be taken into account as societal needs expected by
· Obstacle and object avoidance consumers [8]. At present, large quantities of personal-
ized data are already collected via navigation systems,
· Truck platoons with short spacing to reduce smartphones, or during vehicle maintenance. Auto-
drag and save energy
mated vehicles are capable of recording and providing
· Multiple vehicle automated platoons with short large amounts of data that might assist crash investiga-
separations, to increase capacity tions and accident reconstructions. Such data is highly
relevant for improving active safety systems and sys-
· Speed harmonization to maximize traffic flow tem reliability, but also for resolving liability issues.
· Speed reduction when approaching a queue, for Furthermore, cybersecurity (vulnerability to hacking)
safety reasons has to be considered in order to avoid the vehicle or
driver losing control due to hacking attacks.
18Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
Figure 8: Relevant midterm and long-term scenarios based on [9]. Current UN R 79 allows above 10 kph only corrective steering (lateral
assistance). Therefore steering capability of today‘s Level 2 functions is still limited (*).
The global race for highly automated systems and been presented by European market leaders in the au-
ultimately fully autonomous systems in many domains tomotive, farming or rail sector as well as by global
(automotive, farming, rail, maritime, health, and aero- competitors. Today all demonstrations have been in-
space) has already begun. Big competitors and global vestigated and tested under well-controlled conditions
conglomerates are entering this race in all domains. Re- in well-defined environments. AAV will only succeed
cently, the transport sector has gained special attention and be accepted by society if they will perform safely
as new competitors from cross-cutting domains such as and securely in any situation at any time in any envi-
Google and Apple - to name just two - compete for ronment.
these future markets. Impressive demonstrations have
.
Goals of Austrian industry in Automated Vehicles
The goals of the various industrial domains for 2) Flexible and highly secure communication
different types of automated vehicles show a number of among vehicles and infrastructure. Ad-hoc broadband
commonalities concerning the needs and are thus com- and individual communications between vehicles and
parable in many aspects. However, each industrial do- between vehicles and infrastructure will play a crucial
main has its own specific needs as well as partially spe- role in applications such as traffic optimization or
cific views of the common goals. Therefore, we believe “swarm harvesting” (see 3.2). Any risk of abusing such
that describing both the common goals and the domain- communication for, e.g. causing misbehavior of vehi-
specific goals for automotive, aerospace, off-highway cles has to be minimized.
and railway applications seems most appropriate.
3) Efficient means for assuring required de-
(a) Goals Common to all Domains pendability (safety, security, reliability). State-of-prac-
tice V&V methods are insufficient for highly auto-
For enabling full automation of vehicles, the fol-
mated vehicles, at least in an efficient way. We will
lowing goals are pertinent for all industrial domains:
need a smart combination of analysis, simulation, vir-
1) Robust environment perception and scene un- tual and real testing, and formal verification, incorpo-
derstanding (situation awareness). Every moving vehi- rating new methods, coverage measures – and, finally,
cle has to recognize its near environment and under- standards – for achieving this goal.
stand at least aspects essential for its mission. Environ-
4) Ensuring a high level of user acceptance of the
ment, objects in it, and aspects may differ from domain
applied technology among all user groups regardless of
to domain, but all automotive vehicles have to possess
differences in e.g., gender, age, or level of education.
capabilities such as object detection and classification
(e.g. category, obstacle) as well as understanding
whether collisions or other dangerous situations (may)
emerge.
19Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
(b) Goals for Automotive Domain Automated 9) Provide means and platforms that allow seam-
Vehicles less integration of applications for multi/many core de-
vice architectures. Such an approach shall also support
The goals for the automotive domain foresee a
the use of different operating systems on the same de-
seamless integration of mobility into so-called “smart
vice.
mobility concepts” (SMC). SMC visions predict auton-
omous cars that will most likely be based on e-vehicles 10) Wireless connection (Car2Infrastructure,
(compare: Toyota predicts that no combustion engine Car2Car …) in order to allow services and safety mech-
driven cars will be on the market by 205013) that are no anisms beyond the individual decision level (i.e. colli-
longer privately owned and still satisfy “private traffic sion avoidance in urban intersections controlled by
needs” based on car sharing. Such vehicles will be tied centralized stations based on trajectory data transmitted
into overall traffic concepts where individuals purchase by each vehicle and processed outside the vehicle)
the kilometer of distance to travel, regardless of which
11) Integrated security measures designed to
means of transportation is selected. Such a scenario
avoid unauthorized intrusion into the mission computer
might start with a car sharing vehicle taking you to the
of the vehicle.
railway station and from there you use railway services
and change to a plane later on. The final part of the (c) Goals for Aerospace Domain Automated
journey may then be done by a car sharing offer again Vehicles
taking you from the destination airport to your final
destination. All these means would be paid for as a These goals are mainly intended for the integra-
combined single price and appropriate “fares” would tion of UAVs and drones to be operated in the same
be distributed by these “umbrella organizations” organ- airspace as civil and general aviation in a single Euro-
izing mobility. From the automotive viewpoint, this pean (world-wide) sky, flying free trajectories rather
than on pre-defined standard routes.
process will result in the driverless, autonomously op-
erated car. For this purpose the following challenges 1) Autonomous ATM (air traffic management)
need to be tackled in advance to make an autonomous command execution: Technologies that allow UAVs
car a reality: and drones to fly their routes as programs via GPS way-
points but accepting and executing general ATM com-
1) Today’s technologies for autonomous driving
have been integrated into the first impressive demon- mands. In order to use the same infrastructure (airports,
strator prototypes (compare i.e. Audi piloted driving on airspace etc.) as civil and general aviation, they must
the Hockenheimring). Learning from aerospace, the au- also be observed by air traffic control.
tomotive industry is also aware that bare triple redun- 2) Security: Technologies that avoid unauthor-
dancy with dissimilar designs will significantly exceed ized intrusion into ATM command communication re-
reasonable price levels. Thus concepts must be identi- quiring autonomous decisions for maneuvers in shared
fied that provide sufficient safety at an acceptable cost. airspace
2) Centralization of ECUs in order to increase 3) Appropriate on-board computer equipment
computing power using multi/many-core devices. and software implementing the technologies defined
3) Reduction of implemented different networks above.
in the vehicle (d) Goals for Off-Highway Domain Auto-
4) Miniaturization of ECU core electronics to re- mated Vehicles
duce cost and increase computing power Even if such vehicles will not have to satisfy re-
5) Reduce complexity by reduction of individual quirements in the sense of an SMC, goals will be almost
ECUs and diversity of networks. Potential network to identical to those defined in the automotive domain.
be used as a backbone as in aerospace may be automo- Nevertheless, the off-highway domain will require sig-
tive Ethernet nificant enhancements and adaptations, since the infra-
structure used will be significantly different. This will
6) Increase maintainability by diagnostic rou- even have to be split w.r.t. different application areas,
tines and service request routines prior to breakdown such as agriculture, forestry, heavy duty construction,
and municipal equipment for uses including fire-
7) Increase reliability in order to allow vehicles
fighting, garbage disposal and garbage collection, air-
to drive more kilometers (since the majority will be op-
ports, harbors or industrial applications in industry 4.0
erated by car sharing organizations rather than private
domains.
owners)
Apart from the commonalities between the auto-
8) Pricing will be based on the number of miles
motive and the off-highway domains, different types of
used rather than a purchase price, as is the case for an
sensors and surveillance strategies and techniques to
owner (similar to truck concepts)
13
http://www.wsj.com/articles/toyota-maps-out-decline-of-
conventionally-fueled-cars-1444824804. Accessed February
2016.
20Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
provide significant situation awareness need to be de- 5) Synergy with solutions available from other
veloped. automated vehicle domains (automotive)
Furthermore, the off-highway domain will re- (f) Goals of Inland Waterway Domain
quire fleet coordination in order to allow different ve-
The goal for the inland waterway domain is to use
hicles to cooperate autonomously.
up-to-date technology for improving the safety, reduc-
The different environments will potentially also ing the operating cost and enhancing the user attractive-
require special drones to provide data for sufficient sit- ness of inland waterborne transport
uation awareness and proper trajectory control capable
To reach these goals, both the vehicle itself and
of avoiding unexpected obstacles.
its surrounding ground infrastructure will have to be
(e) Goals for Railway Domain Autonomous adapted or renewed.
Vehicles
Increased assistance for nautical operation to-
The goal for the railway domain is to apply up-to- wards more automation should:
date technology for improving the safety, reducing the
· limit or avoid the risks inherent to human
operating cost and enhancing the user attractiveness of
behavior in the monitoring & controlling tasks
the rail transport system.
of ship staff or traffic controllers
To reach these goals, both the vehicle itself and
· offer the right balance between investment in
its surrounding ground infrastructure will have to be new systems and reduction of operating costs
adapted or renewed.
· offer new or improved services for passengers
The operation of automated railway vehicles and freight transport
should:
The following challenges need to be tackled in
· limit or avoid the risks inherent to human advance to make autonomous/assisted river ships a re-
behavior in the monitoring & controlling tasks ality:
of drivers or traffic controllers
1) Developing dependable and cost effective
· offer the right balance between investment in technical solutions for new vessels and for ret-
new systems and reduction of operating costs
rofitting existing vessels
· offer new or improved services forpassengers
2) Considering the existing telematics infrastruc-
and freight transport
ture (RIS – River Information Service)
The following challenges need to be tackled in
3) Clarifying the legal and normative frame for
advance to make an autonomous railway vehicle a re-
automated/assisted vessels operation
ality:
4) Generating a positive stakeholder acceptance
1) Developing dependable and cost effective
(public authority, cargo owners, passengers,
technical solutions for new vehicles and for ret-
ship personnel, commercial shippers and lei-
rofitting existing vehicles
sure boaters)
2) Minimizing the impact on the railway infra-
In terms of technical development for the in-
structure and wayside ground systems
creased assistance/automation of inland vessels, the fo-
3) Clarifying the legal and normative frame for cus should be on:
automated vehicle operation in a new railway
· Selection of the right mix of sensors
category (cargo locomotive, tramway…)
4) Generating a positive stakeholder acceptance · Optimization of the sensor fusion
(passengers, railway personnel, pedestrians, · Development of secure real time video & data
car drivers…) transmission systems
In terms of technical development for the auto- · Development of safe, reliable, available and
mated railway vehicle itself, the focus will have to be maintainable systems and components with
placed on: attractive cost/benefit relation
1) Selection of the right mix of sensors · Synergy with solutions available from other
automated vehicle domains (automotive)
2) Optimization of the sensor fusion
· Integration of assistance systems into the legal
3) Development of secure real time video & data framework of inland navigation
transmission systems
4) Development of safe, reliable, available and
maintainable systems and components
21Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles
State-of-the-Art / Areas of Excellence
· a broad research community, comprising both
Electronics-based systems universities as well as non-university research
institutions
in Austria · several road, rail as well as waterway operators
Since one of the motivations of the current such as ASFiNAG, ÖBB, Wr. Linien, viadonau
roadmap is to support ECSEL and its lighthouse initia-
· public and semi-public authorities, institutions
tive on automated vehicles (see e.g. Section 1.2), the
and associations such as AustriaTech, A3PS,
Austrian electronics industry and research environment ECSEL-Austria, or Austrian automotive clus-
shall be loosely examined. A recent study on “Electron- ters
ics-based systems in Austria, facts and figures”, initi-
ated by bmvit and carried out by Joanneum Research
provides comprehensive facts, figures and data for
electronics-based systems (EBS) in Austria. It provides State-of-the-art
a comprehensive SWOT analysis concerning both in- All partners participating in the creation of the
dustry and research in particular w.r.t. to other Euro- Austrian RDI Roadmap for Automated Vehicles were
pean countries, and includes recommendations for pol- asked to provide information on the current state of the
icy makers in Austria. art, i.e. current level of technology/knowledge, and
The main results of this study are: area(s) of excellence relevant to the roadmap, based on
the following criteria:
· About 510,000 employees and researchers
generate a turnover of close to 170 billion Euros · Current level of technology/knowledge in the
in Austria. area of “Automated Vehicles” in the partner’s
company or research institution itself (incl.
· Most actors are present in global international projects, patents)
markets and provide best in class solutions,
products, and services · Description of the main relevant area(s) of
excellence which can be used to contribute to
· EBS in Austria supports elements of various the area of “Automated Vehicles”
supply chains including but not exclusively: re-
search, components, systems and related SW up · Relevant products, procedures or services of the
to services levels and new business models. partner’s company/company group or research
institution in the area of “Automated Vehicles”
· Industry 4.0, Internet of Things IoT, mobility, that are already on the market / will soon be
energy efficiency, connected living and health introduced into the market
have been identified as major drivers for future
growth in the EBS sector also for Austria. Below (Sections 2.3.3.1 to 2.3.3.3) is a summary
of detailed partner inputs received.
Partner landscape
Knowledge available
Concerning vehicles as such, Austria basically
has no full vehicle manufacturers (there are exceptions R&D projects
to this in specific niches such as drones or powered
Austrian industrial and research partners have an
two-wheelers) but there are numerous, world-re-
excellent position in the European research landscape
nowned Tier1, Tier2 and specific component suppliers (ECSEL-Austria) and are leaders or participants in nu-
as well as engineering companies - mainly active in the merous European (ARTEMIS, ECSEL, FP7, Horizon
automotive (road and off-road vehicles) and rail areas, 2020 etc.) and Austrian national RDI projects (KIRAS,
but also in aeronautics. Therefore, either close cooper- ICT of the Future, Mobility of the Future) as well as
ation with foreign OEMs and/or close cooperation non-funded projects. Topics comprise
among Austrian partners to jointly design, develop and
build up platforms and demonstrators for automated · Automated vehicle testing
vehicles is required (see Section 4.1, TF_5: Applica-
tions & Field tests). · Testing and validation of ADAS/ADF
This is substantially complemented by · Radar sensor stimulation for automotive ap-
plications
· excellent industrial partners concerning road
and rail technical infrastructure (incl. commu- · Robust sensor platforms and sensor data fu-
nication and signage) sion
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