Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...

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Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
Battery Metals Report 2021
    Everything you need to know about the battery metals
        lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium!
Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
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Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
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Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
Table of Contents                                                                                                                                       Imprint

                                                                                                                                         Disclaimer                                                                                                                                     02      Editor

Invest with the commodity professionals
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                                                                                                                                         A story of „weirdoes“, bottlenecks and the „new gold“                                                                                          10      www.resource-capital.ch

                                                                                                                                         Interview with Tobias Tretter –                                                                                                                         Editorial staff
                                                                                                                                         Manager of the Structured Solutions Next Generation Resources Fund��������� 31                                                                         Jochen Staiger
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Tim Rödel

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                                                                                                                                         Company Profiles                                                                                                                                       Frauke Deutsch

You do not have to be a stock market professional                         SRC Mining & Special Situations Zertifikat                                                                                                                                                                             All rights reserved. Reprinting
                                                                                                                                         Canada Nickel������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 34         material by copying in electronic
to make wise investment decisions.                                        ISIN: DE000LS9PQA9
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Invest together with Swiss Resource Capital AG and                        WKN: LS9PQA                                                    IonEnergy���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38
Asset Management Switzerland AG in the mega­                              Currency: CHF/ Euro*                                                                                                                                                                                                   Editorial Deadline 10/31/2020
                                                                                                                                         NeoLithium������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42     Cover: Olivier Le Moal l adobestock.com
trend commodities. Since 05.03.2020 the experts‘                          Certificate fee: 0.95 % p.a.
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specialist knowledge has been available as a                              Performance fee: 15 % p.a.                                     Sierra Metals����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46      Page 31: shutterstock©andyparker72
Wikifolio certificate:                                                    *Trading in Euro is possible at the Euwax in Stuttgart.                                                                                                                                                                Back:
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 # 1: ssarwas0, Pixabay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 # 2: TravelCoffeeBook, Pixabay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 # 3: andreas160578, Pixabay
Currently the following titles are represented in the SRC Mining & Special Situations Certificate (4/2020): FRANCO NEVADA | BHP BILLI­                                                                                                                                                           # 4: Hookyung Lee, Pixabay

TON | R.DUTCH SHELL B | MAG SILVER CORP. | ENDEAVOUR SILVER | AGNICO EAGLE | RIO TINTO | TOTAL FINA ELF SA B EO 10 | CALEDONIA
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 All images and graphics are, unless
MINING O.N. | FREE MCMORAN COP | ANGLO AMERICAN | URANIUM ENERGY CORP. | DYNACERT INC. | OSISKO GOLD ROYALTIES LTD |                                                                                                                                                                             otherwise stated, by the companies.

SIBANYE STILLWATER LTD | CHEVRON | FIORE GOLD LTD | URANIUM PARTICIPATION CORP. | MAPLE GOLD MINES LTD | ROYAL NICKEL CORP. |
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Charts 11/30/2020
NEWMONT CORP. DL 1,60 | BLUESTONE RESOURCES | AURYN RESOURCES INC. | BARRICK GOLD
CORP. | GOLDMINING INC. | COPPER MOUNTAIN MINING CORP. | MILLENIAL LITHIUM CORP. |
ISOENERGY LTD. O.N. | SKEENA RES LTD NEW | AURANIA RES CAD R.S. | ENWAVE.
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Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
Commodity-TV                                                                   Preface
                     The whole world of commodities
                     in one App!
                                                                                                    Dear Readers,

                                                                                                    It is with pride and pleasure that we enter the     30,000 charging points are to be added by
                                                                                                    sixth year of publication of our Battery Metals     2030. That means millions of tons of copper
                                                                                                    Report.                                             which are not only needed for cars but espe-
                                                                                                                                                        cially for the charging infrastructure. 2020
                                                                                                    Our special report series started with lithium,     should not only be the beginning of a new
                                                                                                    as we see this metal, along with cobalt, ni-        decade, but it looks like a decade for raw ma-
                                                                                                    ckel, copper and vanadium, as one of the gre-       terials, as these are – and will remain – the
                                                                                                    at energy future metals and as a great oppor-       basis of our economic activities. Supply will
                                                                                                    tunity with great potential. E-mobility is on the   barely keep pace with the demand that will
                                                                                                    advance and since 2020, the eagerly awaited         set in once the corona virus is overcome.          Jochen Staiger is founder and CEO
                                                                                                    new models of German manufacturers but                                                                 of Swiss Resource Capital AG,
                                                                                                    also of international volume manufacturers          Swiss Resource Capital AG has set itself the       located in Herisau, Switzerland. As
                                                                                                    are finally coming onto the market. In additi-      task of providing up-to-date and comprehen-        chief-editor and founder of the first
                                                                                                    on, there are hybrid versions that have batte-      sive information on a wide range of commodi-       two resource IP-TV-channels
                                                                                                    ries on board in addition to the combustion         ties and mining companies to commodity in-         Commodity-TV and its German
                                                                                                    engine. The ranges are increasing and with          vestors, interested parties and those who          counterpart Rohstoff-TV, he reports
                                                                                                    them the acceptance of the end customers,           would like to become such. On our website          about companies, experts, fund
                                                                                                    i.e. the car buyers. Volkswagen alone is plan-      www.resource-capital.ch you will find more         managers and various themes
                                                                                                    ning around 70 models by 2030 in the e-sec-         than 20 companies and a lot of information         around the international mining
                                                                                                    tor, as are Mercedes, Audi and BMW. The             and articles about raw materials.                  business and the correspondent
                                                                                                    electric car is now established and has won a                                                          metals.
                                                                                                    place among consumers. At the end of 2019,          With our special reports we would like to give
                                                                                   Download         there were over 8 million electric cars on the      you the necessary insights and provide you
                                                                                                    road worldwide. By the end of 2020, we              with comprehensive information. In addition,
                                                                                   our unique App   should be able to break the 10 million mark         our two raw material IPTV channels www.
                                                                                   for free!        despite corona. Lithium, nickel and cobalt are      Commodity-TV.net & www.Rohstoff-TV.net
                                                                                                    the main components of all batteries and ac-        are available to you free of charge at any time.
                                                                                                    cumulators available in large series and are        When you are on the go, we recommend our
                                                                                                    therefore the main link in the electric car dre-    new Commodity TV App for iPhone and And-
                                                                                                    am. Interesting are the movements in Germa-         roid, which provides you with real-time charts,
                                                                                                    ny, where Tesla is building a factory (Gigafac-     quotes and also the latest videos.
                                                                                                    tory).
                                                                                                    Even though many do-gooders have taken up           My team and I hope you enjoy reading the
                                                                                                    arms against the car, an automobile is still in-    Battery Metals Special Report and we hope
                                                                                                    dispensable for commuters, commercial tra-          to provide you with a lot of new information,
                                                                                                    velers and people who are active in business;       impressions and ideas.
    Watch Management & Expert Interviews, Site-Visit-Videos, News Shows
                                                                                                    not to mention personal freedom. 2020 is the                                                           Tim Rödel is Manager Newsletter,
    and receive top and up to date Mining Information on your mobile device                         year of the breakthrough for e-mobiles on a                                                            Threads & Special Reports at SRC
                                                                                                    grand scale worldwide, as all major manufac-        Yours, Jochen Staiger
    worldwide!                                                                                                                                                                                             AG. He has been active in the
                                                                                                    turers - especially the Germans - are laun-                                                            commodities sector for more than
                                                                                                    ching massive new e-models on the market.                                                              15 years and accompanied
                                                                                                    Away from the concept car and the study to
    Amazing features:                                                                                                                                                                                      several chief-editor positions, e.g. at
                                                                                                    mass production and day-to-day e-cars. All                                                             Rohstoff-Spiegel, Rohstoff-Woche,
    • Company Facts                                                                                 these will be enormous drivers of the demand                                                           Rohstoffraketen, the publications
                                                                                                    for lithium, cobalt, nickel and vanadium, but
    • Global Mining News                                                                                                                                                                                   Wahrer Wohlstand and First Mover.
                                                                                                    above all for copper. In general, copper is cur-                                                       He owns an enormous commodity
    • Push Notofications                                                                            rently being played as a recession barometer                                                           expertise and a wide-spread
                                                                                                    on the futures exchanges. However, accor-
    • Commodity-TV, Rohstoff-TV and Dukascopy-TV                                                                                                                                                           network within the whole resource
                                                                                                    ding to the German government, another                                                                 sector.
    • Live Charts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                9

Swiss Resource Capital AG | Poststrasse 1 | 9100 Herisau | Schweiz | www.resource-capital.ch
Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
The electrical revolution is unstoppable! –
A story of „weirdoes“, bottlenecks and the „new gold“

             Elon Musk‘s obsession is unstop-                  tion in mobility has begun, but the electric            be allowed, likewise completely locally      quickly. The following company targets from
             pable – but who invented it?                      boom will now really take off, and not only in          emission-free school buses from 2028,        early 2020 are likely to have to be revised
                                                               automobile manufacturing. After more than               and from 2035 all delivery traffic in the    relatively quickly:
             Who would have thought in the year 2000           100 years of the combustion engine, the                 city must be emission-free.
             that in no less than 36 months, a „weirdo“        next stage of development is finally taking            Mexico: 30% electric vehicles sold by           BMW: By 2025, 15 to 25% of all vehicles
             from South Africa would emerge and turn the       off, and it is called electric mobility and elec-       2030                                             produced are to be powered purely elec-
             entire automotive industry upside down wit-       tric storage.                                          Brazil: 30% electric vehicles sold by            trically, which means a total of about
             hin 20 years? Elon Musk, the eccentric South                                                              2030                                             300,000 to 600,000 vehicles;
             African, who as a child had been bullied and                                                             Great Britain: End of sale of burners by        The now more than 170 Chinese car ma-
             beaten to unconsciousness because of his          ... and electric mobility in particu-                   2030                                             nufacturers want to put at least 4.5 milli-
             fancy ideas and who first made headlines by       lar is picking up speed!                               Scotland: End of sale of burners by 2032         on electric vehicles on the road from this
             inventing and selling the payment system                                                                 France: End of sale of burners by 2040           year onwards;
             PayPal to eBay, had the vision of a purely                                                               Paris: Diesel ban until 2024, gasoline ban      Daimler: Ten new electric models by
             electric locomotion at the beginning of the       The automotive industry is clearly playing a            until 2030                                       2022. 15 to 25% of all vehicles produced
             21st century and then, together with some         pioneering role in this respect, because               Spain: End of sale of burners by 2040            are to be powered purely by electricity by
             other „weirdoes“, founded Tesla Motors on         many countries have jumped on the electric             Mallorca: End of sale of burners by 2035         2025, which means a total of about
             July 1, 2003. He was supposed to trigger a        mobility bandwagon, especially in order to             Ireland: End of sale of burners by 2030          300,000 to 600,000 vehicles;
             revolution like there has rarely been a similar   achieve the climate targets they have set              Denmark: End of sale of burners by 2030         Ford: By 2022, at least 13 models are to
             one in the history of mankind. Within a very      themselves, and have introduced measures               Norway: End of sale of burners by 2025           be powered electrically, which is about
             short period of time, „weirdoes“ became vi-       that will further accelerate the move away             Netherlands: End of sale of burners by           10 to 25% of the complete model range;
             sionaries and Musk became the second ri-          from the combustion engine and the simulta-             2035                                            General Motors: 20 new electric models
             chest person on the globe. He is one of the       neous shift to the electric motor.                     Amsterdam: Ban of all burners by 2030            by 2023 and complete conversion to
             very few who changed or will change the                                                                  Sweden: End of sales of burners by 2035          electromobility - period still open;
             world with their ideas.                           The following states, provinces and individu-          Slovenia: End of sale of burners by 2030        Honda: In 2030, two thirds of all models
             But he was „only“ the one who gave the im-        al cities have already formulated concrete             Germany: End of sale of burners by 2050          are to run on electric motors - around 3.3
             petus for the revolution of locomotion; the       goals:                                                 Bavaria: End of sale of burners by 2035          million today;
             actual idea of locomotion by means of an                                                                 Italy: 30% electric vehicles sold by 2030       Hyundai: At least 10% electric vehicle
             electric motor had already been put forward        Canada: End of sales of burners by 2050              EU: 30% electric vehicles sold by 2030           share by 2025 - 800,000 vehicles;
             by some before him.                                 - the province of Quebec wants to en-                Israel: End of sale of burners by 2030          Peugeot: 80% conversion to electric dri-
             Because even before 1840, Scottish inven-           force this already by 2035, British Colum-           Egypt: End of sale of burners by 2040            ve by 2023;
             tor Robert Anderson developed the first             bia by 2040                                          India: End of sale of burners by 2030           Porsche: conversion of 90% of the pro-
             electric vehicle. The first known German           USA: 9 states want to enforce an end to              Japan: 30% electric vehicles sold by             duct range to electric drives;
             electric car was built in 1888 by Maschinen-        the sale of burners between 2030 and                  2030                                            Renault/Nissan: 1.5 million vehicles
             fabrik A. Flocken in Coburg, Franconia. Al-         2050, including the New England states               South Korea: 30% electric vehicles sold          from 2021;
             though electric vehicles were considered            of Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maine,                 by 2030                                         Tesla: 1 million vehicles from 2020;
             superior at the time, vehicles with combusti-       Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Ver-                 Singapore: End of sale of burners by            Toyota: 50% conversion to electric drive
             on engines initially prevailed. From 1910 on,       mont as well as New York, California and              2040                                             and hybrid by 2030 ;
             driven by the strong oil industry, they were        Oregon.                                              Sri Lanka: End of sale of burners by 2040       Volvo: 100% conversion to electric and
             considered a cheaper alternative and even-         With the exception of security vehicles,             China: 20% electric vehicles sold by             hybrid drive by 2022 (500,000 vehicles);
             tually prevailed.                                   California already no longer orders go-               2025 + end of sales of combustion engi-         VW Group: By 2025, 20 to 25% of all ve-
                                                                 vernment vehicles with classic combusti-              nes by 2050                                      hicles produced are to be powered pu-
                                                                 on engines.                                          Hainan: End of sale of burners by 2030           rely electrically, which means a total of
             The „electro-revolution“                           San Francisco is aiming for completely                                                                 about 2 to 3 million vehicles. By 2030,
             prevails ...                                        emission-free traffic by the year 2040. By                                                             300 electric models are to be brought
                                                                 2025, half of all new passenger car regis-        Car manufacturers plan to build                      onto the market.
             But electric locomotion is only one of several      trations should be accounted for by elec-         many millions of electric vehicles
             aspects of the electrical revolution. The leap      tric cars. From 2030 onwards, only ve-                                                             Overall, the leading car manufacturers
             from the age of fossil combustion and the           hicles with electric drives are to be newly       In the EU in particular, the planned Euro 7      planned to produce over 20 million electric
             most immediate consumption possible to              registered.                                       standard is likely to bring about the end of     vehicles per year from 2025 alone. This
             the decentralization of energy production,         As early as 2025, 25 percent of the cars in       many combustion engines very quickly and         should now be noticeably faster.
             the corresponding need to store electrical          Los Angeles are to be purely electric,            the corresponding car manufacturers will
             energy on site and, ultimately, a true revolu-      from 2028 only purely electric cabs will          have to switch to electric vehicles more

10                                                                                                                                                                                                                    11
Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
... but the development continues
                                                                                         steadily!
                                                                                                                                              Composition and operating principle of a lithium-ion accumulator
                                                                                         Although not much has changed in the basic
                                                                                         principle of the lithium-ion battery over time,
                                                                                         the development continues. Efficiency and           Composition of a lithium-ion accumulator
                                                                                         charging capacity (often referred to as range
                                                                                         in electric vehicles) are at the center of atten-   Essentially a lithium-ion accumulator consists of the following components and materials:
                                                                                         tion, but also the use of metals and ele-
                                                                                         ments. To this end, there is currently a trans-                                                     LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
                                                                                         formation away from high percentages of              Positive electrode (cathode):                                 CHARGE
                                                                                         cobalt (NMC 111, where the numbers indica-            Lithium-Cobalt(III)-oxide                                         ELECTROLYTE
                                                                                                                                                                                                   SEPARATOR
                                                                                         te the ratio of nickel, manganese and cobalt)         Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide                                           ANODE (-)
                                                                                         to a higher percentage of nickel (NMC 811),           Oxygen                                                                          COPPER
                                                                                                                                                                                               CATHODE (+)
                                                                                         although development is still at an interme-          Aluminum as conductor material                  ALUMINIUM
Battery growth in the coming years                                                       diate stage (NMC 622 / NMC 532). NMC 111
(Source: own presentation)                                                               is considered the simplest battery version           Negative electrode (anode):
                                     There is currently no way around                    based on an equal amount of the atoms of              Graphite or related carbon materials
                                     the lithium-ion battery ...                         the three elements, NMC 532/622 have a                Silicon
                                                                                         higher energy density and a lower price than          Tin dioxide
                                     In addition to the motor, the heart of every        NMC 111 due to a lower cobalt content and             Copper as conductor material
                                     electric vehicle is the energy storage unit, i.e.   NMC 811 is the latest and most advanced                                                                                                 CARBON
                                     a rechargeable battery (in short: battery). In      battery version with the highest theoretical         Electrolyte (solution)                                                           (GRAPHITE)
                                     order to be operated economically in the            lithium and cobalt performance. It was preci-                                                                                    LITHIUMION
                                     long term, electric vehicles, but also increa-      sely because of this trend towards higher            Polymer membrane separator                                     OXYGEN + METAL
                                     singly decentralized storage systems - for          nickel content that Elon Musk called Nickel                                                           ELECTRON       COBALT/NICKEL/MANGANESE
                                     example for photovoltaic or wind power              the „New Gold“ in mid-2020 and literally
                                     plants - require ever more powerful batte-          begged mining companies to develop new
                                     ries. The lithium-ion battery has now emer-         nickel mines.
                                     ged as the clear favorite. One reason for this                                                           Functionality of a lithium-ion battery
                                     is that within a lithium-ion battery the voltage
                                     is achieved by exchanging lithium ions.                                                                  In simple terms a lithium-ion accumula-      largely electrically neutral. The negative
                                     Because of their high energy density, lithi-        Decentralized storage                                tor generates an electromotive force by      electrode is a so-called graphite inter-
                                     um-ion batteries deliver constant perfor-
                                     mance over the entire discharge period and
                                                                                         will clearly                                         the movement of lithium-ions. During
                                                                                                                                              charging the positive lithium-ions migra-
                                                                                                                                                                                           calation compound where lithium exists
                                                                                                                                                                                           as cation. During discharge the intercala-
                                     do not exhibit a so-called memory effect, i.e.      dominate the market in                               te through the electrolyte and the sepa-     tion compound emits electrons which
                                     a successive loss of capacity over many ye-         the future                                           rator from the positive to the negative      flow back to the positive electrode viathe
                                     ars of use or frequent partial discharge. The                                                            electrode. In the process the lithium-ions   extern circuit. Simultaneously many
                                     name „lithium-ion battery“ is only the gene-        Vanadium redox batteries are bet-                    can move freely between the two elec-        Li+ ions migrate from the intercalation
                                     ric term for a whole range of possible chemi-       ter suited for use in the field of                   trodes through the electrolyte within the    compound through the electrolyte also
                                     cal structures, such as the lithium-cobalt          renewable energies                                   accumulator. Unlike the lithium-ions the     to the positive electrode. At the positive
                                     (dioxide) battery, the lithium-manganese (di-                                                            transition metal and graphite structures     electrode the lithium-ions do not receive
                                     oxide) battery, the lithium-iron-phosphate          The use of lithium, cobalt and nickel in lithi-      of the electrodes are stationary and pro-    the electrons of the external circuit but
                                     battery and - less commonly used - the lithi-       um-ion batteries and accumulators of the             tected by a separator from a direct con-     the present structures of the transition
                                     um-titanate battery and the tin-sulfur-lithi-       same name in automotive engineering is one           tact. The mobility of the lithium-ions is    metal compounds. Depending on the
                                     um-ion battery. The most common battery is          side of the coin. Correspondingly larger             necessary for the compensation of the        type of accumulator these are cobalt, ni-
                                     currently the lithium-nickel-manganese-co-          energy storage units are increasingly being          external current during recharging and       ckel, manganese or iron ions that change
                                     balt (NMC) battery.                                 used to store electricity from alternative           discharging so that the electrodes stay      their charge.
                                                                                         energy sources. The virtually explosive ex-
                                                                                         pansion of energy generation from wind

12                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           13
Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
farms or by means of solar cells is a huge        largest battery in the world is also to become
     step forward in terms of environmental pro-       a vanadium redox flow battery. This is to
     tection, but it is an enormous challenge for      have a capacity of 200 megawatts in
     the power grids. This is because renewable        northeast China and be able to store 800
     energy sources often exhibit extreme fluctu-      MWh of energy.
     ations in power generation. When the wind         For powerful electric cars, however, the va-
     blows or the sun shines, large quantities of      nadium redox accumulator is not an option,
     Electricity is „pumped“ into the power grid.      because the volumetric energy density of the
     In the short term, this creates enormous          battery is much too low, i.e. the battery
     overcapacities of electricity, some of which      needs too much space.
     are not needed at all. According to calcula-
     tions, up to 20 percent of the annual yield of
     a wind farm is already lost today because         The largest future application
     the turbines have to be shut down at short        area for vanadium redox batte-
     notice due to grid overload. This can be re-      ries: decentralized energy storage
     medied by storage facilities that initially ab-
     sorb the excess energy and later release it       So-called smart grid systems require a large                                                                                                          (Source: own presentation)
     back into the grid when needed, i.e. when         number of short- and medium-term energy
     there is a threat of undersupply. The vanadi-     storage devices that can absorb too much
     um redox accumulator in particular plays a        generated energy and later, when there is no
     decisive role here.                               wind or sun, release it back into the grid. Va-
                                                       nadium redox batteries can clearly provide a
                                                       remedy here by temporarily storing the
     Vanadium redox battery - higher                   over-generated energy and only releasing it       is a photovoltaic factory located in Buffalo,    step ahead, already operates a plant in Sax-
     operational reliability than the                  back into the grid when needed. Many ma-          New York. The „Gigafactory 3“ was comple-        ony and wants to invest 20 billion euros in a
     lithium-ion battery, but not suita-               nufacturers are already trying out efficient      ted in record time in China, near Shanghai,      battery cell production network by 2030. The
     ble for electric vehicles                         vanadium redox batteries, which are to be         and will produce the same number of ve-          partners are mainly from Asia. The EU has
                                                       used primarily on a decentralized basis, i.e.     hicles as the plant in Nevada.                   made a total of 3.2 billion euros available for
     The vanadium redox accumulator is a so-cal-       directly in the household of a family with a                                                       the construction of two Gigafactories. Great
     led flux accumulator, which uses vanadium         photovoltaic system on the roof or near wind                                                       Britain plans to provide 15 GWh within two
     compounds in aqueous solutions in both            farms.                                            ... the EU is steadily catching up ...           years. In addition, corresponding production
     electrolytes. Vanadium redox flow cells offer                                                                                                        facilities are also planned or under construc-
     a very high operational safety compared to                                                          In Germany, Tesla, is building another Giga­     tion in Hungary and Poland.
     other storage systems (especially the lithi-                                                        factory near Berlin. But CATL, Farasis,
     um-ion accumulators) because the electroly-       Asians dominate the                               Northvolt and Volkswagen will also rely on
     te is neither flammable nor explosive due to
     its high water content. The currently availab-
                                                       battery sector                                    battery production Made in Germany in the
                                                                                                         future. The furthest away is currently the
                                                                                                                                                          ... but the music is made in Asia!

     le commercial batteries are used exclusively                                                        Swedish company Northvolt, which is buil-        China alone already accounts for about one
     for stationary applications, such as in the       North America is Tesla country ...                ding a Gigafactory in Skellefteå in the north    third of the total demand for lithium-ion bat-
     field of regenerative energy sources for co-                                                        of Sweden, around 700 kilometers from the        teries. According to expert estimates, this
     vering peak loads and as load balancing, as       Outside Asia, North America in particular         capital Stockholm. Initially, annual cell pro-   percentage will even increase as China con-
     well as in the field of uninterruptible power     has taken the dominant position in lithi-         duction of around eight gigawatt hours           tinues to have by far the largest output of
     supplies. By the end of 2019, more than 80        um-ion battery production. Tesla Motors, in       (GWh) is to be achieved, followed by 32          rechargeable batteries and accumulators.
     large vanadium redox flow batteries were in       particular, has a big say in this. The company    GWh from 2023. This would enable around          This stimulates the immense lithium and co-
     operation worldwide. The largest vanadium         has been operating the so-called „Gigafac-        650,000 cars to be equipped with a 50-kilo-      balt consumption of the country. It is still ex-
     redox flow battery in Germany, with a capa-       tory 1“ in Nevada since 2016. Lithium-ion         watt hour battery. VW announced that it          pected that China will continue to experien-
     city of 2 megawatts and 20 MWh energy sto-        batteries, battery packs, electric motors and     would enter the project with 20%. The car        ce the strongest annual increase in lithium
     rage capacity, was completed in Ba-               drive units for up to 500,000 electric vehicles   manufacturer is investing around 900 million     and cobalt demand of all major market play-
     den-Württemberg in September 2019. The            per year are built there. The „Gigafactory 2“     euros in this project. Daimler is already one    ers over the next 5 to 10 years, mainly due to

14                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        15
Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
Lithium                                             the production of aluminum-lithium alloys.

                                                                                                                                                                                                          The industry essentially distinguishes three
                                                                                                                                                      The element lithium                                 types or qualities of lithium compounds:

                                                                                                                                                      Lithium is a light metal from the group of alka-    1. „Industrial Grade“, with a purity of over
                                                                                                                                                      li metals. It has the lowest density of all known      96%, mainly for glass, casting powder
                                                                                                                                                      solid elements. It is only about half as heavy         and lubricants,
                                                                                                                                                      as water, naturally silvery white and relatively    2. „Technical Grade“, with a purity of about
                                                                                                                                                      soft. Lithium is highly reactive, which is why it      99.5%, mainly for ceramics, lubricants
                                                                                                                                                      is basically always found in nature as a lithium       and batteries and
                                                                                                                                                      compound. When exposed to air, it tarnishes         3. „Battery Grade“, with a purity of over
     China already has more than 40 major                                                                                                             rapidly, which is due to the formation of lithi-       99.5%, especially for high-end cathode
production facilities for lithium-ion batteries                                                                                                       um oxide and lithium nitride. In pure oxygen it        materials in batteries and accumulators.
                  (Source: own presentation)                                                                                                          burns with a bright red flame at 180°C to form
                                                                                                                                                      lithium oxide. Lithium reacts very strongly
                                                                                                                                                      with water to form lithium hydroxide.               There are two types of lithium
                                                                                                                                                                                                          deposits

                                                                                                                                                                 [HE] 2s1                                 Lithium is generally obtained from two diffe-
                                                  an expected multiplication of the number of       production capacity similar to Tesla. In Chi-                                            3            rent sources.

                                                                                                                                                                            Li
                                                  rechargeable batteries. Other major sup-          na, 5 Gigafactories are currently being built
                                                  pliers of lithium-ion batteries, including        in parallel. In addition, there are already                                                           1. So-called „Brine“ -, thus (salt) sheet or
                                                  South Korea and Japan, are also expected          about 40 larger companies producing lithi-                                                               also brine occurrences: Mainly in salt la-
                                                  to ensure robust growth in lithium and cobalt     um-ion batteries.                                                                                        kes, lithium carbonate is obtained from
                                                  demand. Most notably, electronics giants                                                                         Melting Point 180,54° C                   lithium-containing salt solutions by
                                                                                                                                                                    Boiling Point 1330°C
                                                  Panasonic, Samsung, LG Chem, BYD, Bos-                                                                                                                     evaporation of the water and addition of
                                                  ton Power, Lishen, CATL, Dynavolt and Gre-                                                                                LITHIUM                          sodium carbonate. To obtain metallic lithi-
                                                  at Wall.                                          Lithium-ion batteries are the                                                                            um, the lithium carbonate is first reacted
                                                                                                    current state of the art and market                                                                      with hydrochloric acid. This produces car-
                                                                                                    leader                                                                                                   bon dioxide, which escapes as gas, and
                                                  Further Gigafactories are already                                                                   Lithium production is either                           dissolved lithium chloride. This solution is
                                                  being created                                     In addition to the already mentioned raw ma-      lengthy or expensive                                   concentrated in the vacuum evaporator
                                                                                                    terials lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese,                                                           until the chloride crystallizes.
                                                  Tesla is by far not the only lithium and cobalt   a lithium-ion battery essentially consists of     Worldwide lithium production is divided into        2. So-called „hard rock spodumene“, i.e.
                                                  consumer planning to increase production of       aluminum, copper, graphite, zinc, tin, silver     several different branches, producing the fol-         hard rock pegmatite deposits: Here, lithi-
                                                  lithium-ion batteries. LG Chem has already        and steel. The majority of the (lithium-ion)      lowing types of lithium compounds:                     um compounds are not extracted from the
                                                  started production for Chevy in Michigan in       batteries currently on the market are lithi-                                                             salt of lakes, but from spodumene, a lithi-
                                                  October 2015. Foxconn, BYD (the world‘s           um-cobalt (dioxide) batteries, which is why       1.   lithium carbonate,                                um-bearing aluminum silicate mineral.
                                                  largest producer of rechargeable batteries,       this report focuses primarily on the battery      2.   lithium hydroxide,                                Produced using conventional mining
                                                  primarily for cell phones), Lishen, CATL and      metals lithium, nickel, vanadium and cobalt.      3.   lithium chloride,                                 technology, the resulting concentrate is
                                                  Boston Power are also working on the cons-        We also want to take a look at the increasingly   4.   butyllithium and                                  often converted into lithium carbonate
                                                  truction of their own Gigafactories, including    important copper for the first time.              5.   lithium metal.                                    with a purity of more than 99.5%. The in-
                                                  for so-called power banks, i.e. decentralized                                                                                                              tensive thermal and hydrometallurgical
                                                  power storage facilities. Outside of Asia and                                                       Metallic lithium is usually produced from lithi-       process required for this is considered
                                                  North America there are currently only a few                                                        um carbonate in a multi-stage process and is           very costly. Such deposits are currently
                                                  serious players. Worthy of mention are                                                              usually traded with a purity of 99.5%. This            exploited almost exclusively in Australia,
                                                  Northvolt from Sweden and Terra E Holding                                                           metallic lithium is used as a catalyst in the          with most of the processing taking place
                                                  from Germany, each of which is aiming for a                                                         chemical and pharmaceutical industry and for           in Chinese facilities.

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Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt, copper and vanadium! - Swiss Resource ...
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