BRIDGE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE - COWI

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BRIDGE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE - COWI
BRIDGE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE
BRIDGE OPERATION & MAINTENANCE - COWI
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A WORLD LEADER
For the past 80 years, COWI has been dedicated to providing state-of-the-art services in
bridge operation and maintenance. Over the same period, our world-class engineers have
pushed the boundaries of bridge design, designing more than 3,000 bridges across the globe
– including several of the world’s longest suspension and cable-stayed bridges.

Today, we are a world leader – not just in bridge design, but also in bridge     cover all stages of the bridge life cycle, ranging from service-life
operation and maintenance (O&M). It is a position we have achieved over          design through to caretaking and decommissioning.
time, through building up our skills, knowledge and experience, and by
developing our methodologies and technological applications. Our people          With a full repertoire of world-class competencies in operation
are among the best in the industry – comprehensively trained and commit-         and maintenance, we are ready to advise and support bridge
ted to delivering outstanding services in all aspects of bridge operation and    owners on any bridge, anywhere in the world – no matter its
maintenance.                                                                     condition, size or age.

A bridge is a long-term investment. Taking excellent care of it is paramount     Together, we will deliver the right solutions to keep your bridge in
to achieving and extending its intended service life. COWI has the expertise     satisfactory condition for continued operation.
to develop and deliver the right strategies and solutions to keep your invest-
ment safe and operational for years to come.

We are driven by innovation. We can provide lean services as well as high-
technology solutions to take your bridge into the future. Our O&M services
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WORLDWIDE REACH                                                                      SELECTED GLOBAL
                                                                                     ENGAGEMENTS

At COWI, we take pride in our achievements. For nearly a century,                                                                                              Sortlands Bridge                         Hålogaland Bridge
                                                                                                                                                               Strömsund Bridge
we have been at the forefront of bridge operations and maintenance,                                                                                            Ny Svinesund Bridge
setting the standard for tomorrow’s best practices.                                                                                                            Øresund Bridge
                                                                                                                                                               Storebælt Bridge                                     Ölands Bridge
                                                                                                                                                               Forth Road Bridge                                    Lithuania Railway Bridges
We are present in more than 90 countries, with offices all over the world. In                                                                                  Severn Bridge                                                     Russian Highway Bridges
close partnership with our customers, our teams are involved in operation and     Lions Gate Bridge                                                            Aquitaine Bridge                                     Danube Bridges
maintenance projects around the globe, providing services tailored to project                                                                                                                                       Messina Bridge

requirements, local regulations and codes of practice. Our assignments range                                                                 A. L. Macdonald Bridge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Bosphorus Bridges No. 1, 2 and 3                          Seo-Hai Grand Bridge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Busan Goeje
from conventional road, rail and pedestrian bridges to landmark bridges.         New Bay Bridge                                                                       Constantine Bridge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    Izmit Bay Bridge

                                                                                                                                          Old Champlain Bridge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Naini Bridge    Haicang Bridge
                                                                                                                                          New NY Bridge,                                                                                Qeshm Bridge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                Sitra Bridges                                 Second Iswar    Stonecutters Bridge
                                                                                                                                          George Washington Bridge                                                                                            Gupta Bridge
                                                                                                                                          Walt Whitman Bridge                                           Shoaiba Jetty
                                                                                                                                          Ohio River Downtown Crossing

                                                                                                                                  Maracaibo Bridge
            TOTAL EMPLOYEES:                             OFFICES                                                                                                                     Uganda Railway Bridges
            6,400+                                       Denmark (head office)      Nicaragua Highway Bridges
                                                                                                                                                                                     Kenya Railway Bridges
                                                         Norway                     El Salvador Highway Bridges                                                                                                                          Thailand Highway Bridges
            BRIDGE, TUNNEL and MARINE                    Sweden                                                                                                                                                                          Laos Highway Bridges
            EMPLOYEES:                                   United Kingdom                                                                                                                                                                  Malaysia Railway Bridges
            1,200+                                       Germany                                                                                                                                                                         Singapore Highway Bridges
                                                                                                                                                              Rio Niteroi Bridge            Luangwa Bridge

            O&M ENGINEERS:                               Qatar
            250+                                         United Arab Emirates
                                                         Bahrain
                                                         India

                                                         Hong Kong                                                                                                                                                                                                               West Gate Bridge
                                                         Korea
                                                                                                                                                 Uruguay Highway Bridges
                                                         USA                                                                                     Zárate - Brazo Largo Bridges
                                                         Canada                                                   Chacao Bridge
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    DIFFERENT NEEDS                                                                                                                                                                                           EMERGENCIES
                                                                                                                                                                                                              In case of an emergency, we

    DIFFERENT SERVICES
                                                                                                                                                                                                              are here to assist. Whatever the
                                                                                                                                                                                                              incident, trained experts will be              CABLE REHABILITATION
                                                                                                                                                                                                              readily available to provide the               The cable systems are a principal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    SURVEYING OF GEOMETRY
                                                                                                                                                                                                              necessary guidance and support.                element of most large bridges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             and need to be kept in excellent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    AND LOADS
                                                                                                                                                                                                              We have the experience and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    By combining teams of
                                                                                                                                                                                                              know-how to put together the                   condition. Our experts provide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    surveyors and structural experts,
                                                                                                                                                                                                              right response team to handle and              assessments of cables, suspenders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    and applying advanced laser
                                                                                                                REHABILITATION AND                                                                            mitigate any unforeseen incident.              and hand ropes – and then
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    technology, we can determine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             recommend the right solution to
                                                                                                                STRENGTHENING                                                                                                                                                                                       the geometry and loads of bridge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             any issues that arise, whether it is
                                                                                                                When it is time for rehabilitation, we                                                                                                                                                              decks as well as cable systems.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             water causing corrosion or wind that
                                                                                                                design, plan, manage and supervise
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             is causing vibrations and fatigue.
                                                                                                                on site together with the permanent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             Cable dehumidification and vibration
                                                                                                                O&M team. By combining our
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             dampers are among our core
                                                                                                                leadership in bridge design with our
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             competencies.
                                                                                                                maintenance knowledge, we deliver
                                                                                                                durable solutions that minimise the
                                                                                                                impact on traffic. We have experience
                                                                                                                in all types of rehabilitations, from
                                                                                                                replacing bearings and expansion
                                                                                                                joints to cables and pavement.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  STRUCTURAL HEALTH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  MONITORING SYSTEM
                                      O&M SYSTEMS                                                                                                                                                                                                 We provide new or retrofitted
                                      We perform operation and
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  structural health monitoring systems
                                      maintenance in a structured,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  (SHMS) designed to obtain additional
                                      systematic and transparent
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  information on bridge operation
SERVICE-LIFE DESIGN                   way. We have procedures to
                                                                                                                                                     INSPECTION AND CONDITION                                                                     and overall condition. We can use
COWI has a reputation as a            keep track of bridge condition
                                                                                                                                                     ASSESSMENT                                                                                   the system to provide short-term
leading bridge design company         and maintain records, and we
                                                                                                                                                     Our inspection engineers                                                                     assessments as well as long-term
that delivers bridges designed to     can even provide you with an
                                                                                                                                                     are specialists in their field of                                                            predictions on structural performance,
last. We have built this reputation   intelligent bridge management                                                                                                                            CORROSION PROTECTION
                                                                                                                                                     knowledge. Some hold rope access                                                             on a scale agreed with you. Further
by always adhering to the highest     system. Our approach is                                                                                                                                  We can specify the right
                                                                                                                                                     certificates while others are certified                                                      benefits can be achieved by integrating
standards, best practices and         tailor-made to your specific                                                                                                                             materials to protect your bridge                   the results with visual inspection                OPERATION
                                      requirements.                                                                                                  to fly drones or are experts in long-                                                                                                          We aim to keep your bridge open for
strong management principles.                                                                                                                        term instrumentation. For every           against corrosion, whether you                     data through the use of a bridge
Our signature designs utilise                                                                                                                                                                  need a repaint or a retrofit of a                  management system.                                traffic, even in severe weather. No one
                                                                       CONCRETE DEGRADATION                                                          task, we provide a carefully chosen                                                                                                            can control the weather, but we have the
durable materials, minimise                                                                                                                          team for assessing your structure.        dehumidification system. We will
fatigue, offer effective drainage                                      AND REPAIR                                                                                                              assess the environment and the                                                                       experience, tools and techniques to deal
details as well as easy access                                         Our experts can inspect the condition                                                                                   bridge condition, look at the costs                                                                  with wind, falling ice or vibrations that
for inspection, maintenance                                            of your concrete on site as well as                                                                                     and provide you with the most                                                                        may cause disruption. We will help you to
and replacement. We can even                                           in our laboratory. We have the latest                                                                                   suitable solution.                                                                                   ensure maximum uptime of your bridge.
provide you with a lifetime                                            NDT tools, and can provide corrosion
budget for operating the bridge.                                       monitoring using smart sensors,
                                                                       detecting corrosion before it develops
                                                                       into a serious durability problem.
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OUR TEAMS
Since designing our first bridge in 1938, COWI has actively recruited, trained and
coached the best engineers. Now, our O&M teams are among the best in the
world, adopting the latest techniques as well as cutting-edge technologies and
materials. We push boundaries to innovate and maximise value, but at the same
time, our engineers are focused on finding workable solutions.

Every bridge job is unique, so we select a specific team to deliver a solution
tailored to you.
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O&M TEAM LEADER                 STRUCTURAL                   CABLE EXPERTS                  DRONE INSPECTION               ROPE ACCESS                    SURVEYING TEAM                    FATIGUE EXPERTS              CORROSION                 PAINT AND                     PAVEMENT                    STRUCTURAL                    WIND                      SEISMIC
An experienced chief project    ENGINEERS                    Our cable experts have         TEAM                           TEAM                           The surveying team are            Our fatigue experts          ENGINEERS                 COATING                       EXPERTS                     HEALTH                        ENGINEERS                 EXPERTS
manager or specialist heads     Structural engineers         extensive experience and       Our experienced drone          Our rope access team are       experienced surveyors using       identify any cracks and      Corrosion engineers       SPECIALISTS                   Pavement engineering        MONITORING                    Our wind engineers        Seismic experts can
up each O&M team and will       provide structural assess-   insight so they are able       inspection team can provide    not only excellent IRATA-      state-of-the-art technology       can make a prediction on     have an experienced       Paint and coating             is a specialist area that   SYSTEM EXPERTS                assess wind climate and   model local seismic
complete the assignment         ments by analysing and       to identify any problem        aerial screening of bridge     certified climbers, they are   and tools such as 3D laser        the remaining service life   eye for identifying the   specialists assess existing   requires our experts        Our team of SHMS experts      bridge loads through      conditions and combine
in close cooperation with the   modelling the structure      and find the right solution,   structures using drones, to    also experienced qualified     scanning and photo mapping,       of a structure.              corrosion mechanism       coatings and provide a        to have excellent           and engineers combine the     sophisticated numerical   that with structural
customer.                       and help find the right      even for complex cable         determine the full condition   inspection engineers.          and are supported by structural                                and the knowledge         cost-effective solution       knowledge of condition      science of instrumentation    models, measurements      models to identify any
                                solutions.                   systems.                       of the bridge.                                                experts who link geometry with                                 to select the right       for renewing paint and        assessment together         and knowledge of meth-        and laboratory tests.     requirement for retrofit
                                                                                                                                                          bridge condition.                                              corrective maintenance.   coatings.                     with the capability to      odologies to extract useful                             designs as well as
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 pick the right design for   data about structural per-                              criteria for operation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 a durable pavement.         formance and condition.                                 and monitoring.
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OPERATION
FROM DAY 1
To ensure full and safe bridge operation, O&M should be carried
out from day one of the service life. However, it is never too late
to start taking care of your bridge assets.

In a perfect world, the bridge has been designed with due
consideration to service life aspects such as durability, access
and efficient operation and maintenance. However, bridges also
happen to be in the less glamorous world. O&M may have been
forgotten for a period, or problems may have been inherited from
the construction phase.

No matter the challenge, COWI has the expertise to help and
provide due diligence.
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SERVICE-LIFE DESIGN                                                                                                                                       CARETAKING 24/7
To achieve a long service life, modern bridge design must take into account durability, access and                                                        Every bridge is a unique structure that requires a well-considered caretaking routine of inspection and
the right O&M instructions for the management of the bridge. The goal of service-life design is to                                                        maintenance activities developed specifically to meet its needs. Having worked on a range of unique
minimise life cycle costs.                                                                                                                                bridges, COWI has an exceptional vantage point to recognise the special caretaking needs involved.

Durability design using reliability-based engineering provides the foundation for achiving the target
service life of a bridge with minimum life cycle costs. A comprehensive service-life design also
comprises an access strategy ensuring efficiency in operation, inspection and maintenance, and
an O&M manual allowing the owner to take over and manage the bridge efficiently from day one.

An important focus is to produce a practical O&M manual adapted to local laws and regulations.
                                                                                                                                                                 INSPECTION                                                                                         REHABILITATION
With a manual in hand, a bridge management system can be specified and purchased. This                                                                           All structures must be inspected regularly to ensure that any changes are recorded,                During the service life of a bridge, it may need to undergo some form of rehabilitation.
allows for effective electronic bridge management and may even be developed into a true 6D BIM                                                                   investigated and the significance of any identified defect is understood. This allows              We can conduct assessments and develop a cost-effective plan of strengthening,
system with easy access to as-built data. To optimise O&M, a structural health monitoring                                                                        the appropriate response to be developed and planned. Structural components that                   improvements and enhanced protection measures that enable optimum serviceability
system (SHMS) dedicated to the bridge may be used to support and optimise O&M.                                                                                   are critical or vulnerable require more frequent inspections than other parts. Knowing             levels to be maintained. We have gained valuable knowledge and experience from
                                                                                                                                                                 the optimum inspection frequencies for different areas and components can result                   our extensive repair, refurbishment and strengthening works on a wide variety of
                                                                                                                                                                 in significant cost savings. We undertake many criticality and vulnerability ratings for           bridges, which ensures that the schemes we develop are viable – and that any
                                                                                                                                                                 complex structures in addition to optimisation of inspection and monitoring programmes.            potential risks are identified, understood and mitigated before work commences.

                                                                                                                                                                 ASSESSMENT                                                                                         PROTECTION
                                                                                                                                                                 All bridges need to be assessed from time to time to ensure that assumptions made                  Protection measures must be implemented before damage and degradation
                                                                                                                                                                 at the time of design, (e.g. loading, construction workmanship, settlement and                     occur. At COWI, our engineers are well-versed on protection details and the
                                                                                                                                                                 creep), remain valid for the bridge to operate as intended. Any changes to the original            variety of established and developing protection strategies. We strive to be at the
                                                                                                                                                                 design assumptions may affect the medium and long-term serviceability of particular                forefront of the latest protection measures that are required and how these should
                             Durability design                                                                         Bridge management system                  components. Our experts can identify the critical and the vulnerable parts of a bridge             best be provided. These include measures such as protective coating systems,
                                                                                                                                                                 and develop targeted inspection and monitoring protocols that deliver the data                     dehumidification techniques and cathodic protection options.
                                                                                                                                                                 necessary for us to undertake comprehensive structural assessments to enable any
           Access design                           O&M manual                     Operation emergency plans     SHMS                         BIM system
                                                                                                                                                                 areas of concern to be identified.

                                                                                Reliability-based engineering
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INSPECTION
ROPE ACCESS TEAM                                                                   DRONES
The great benefit of rope access is that it allows for inspections without         Drone inspections offer an exciting new way of working, where the
traffic disruption. Normally, damage to bridges cannot be detected without         drones make it possible to perform fast, inexpensive screenings of
a close look so it is vital that inspectors have access to all parts of a          large areas.
structure. With traditional access methods such as temporary platforms,
sky lifts or hoists, it can be difficult to access all components of the bridge,   The drone method offers better efficiency, saves time and money,
not to mention being time-consuming and expensive. Costs can escalate if           reduces traffic interference, and minimises risk compared to more
traffic lanes need to be closed to make room for such access equipment.            traditional methods.

Rope access is a quick and safe way of conducting an inspection.                   COWI employs a team of highly skilled drone pilots and inspectors
It avoids lane closures, does not disrupt traffic flow, minimises associated       with global experience. Our advanced drones make it possible for the
road user costs, making it a far more attractive alternative.                      inspectors to operate a separate live camera feed that they can control
                                                                                   independently. This ensures that no areas are missed and any damage
COWI has an in-house rope access team. It is an international IRATA-               or defects are registered as the inspectors monitor the structure
certified team of qualified engineers with an established record of                themselves. Furthermore, the drone photos can be used to provide a
inspection experience in corrosion, steel coating, cables and concrete.            6D BIM-like user interface to inspection and as-built data.

                                                                                   Drones can also be equipped with different sensors such as a
                                                                                   thermographic sensor, which makes it possible to detect
                                                                                   delamination and flaws in pavements or in concrete.
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ASSESSMENT
SURVEYING                                                                       STRUCTURAL MONITORING
Surveying deals not only with geometry, but also with loads and bridge          A structural health monitoring system (SHMS) is essential for optimising inspection
conditions. We provide long-term monitoring of bridge movements to              and maintenance of bridges. COWI’s SHMS can provide a safe and cost-efficient
account for geometry, settlement, bridge condition and loads. COWI has          way for the bridge manager to operate the bridge with minimal traffic restrictions.
a large surveying unit of 400+ employees and can provide a specialist
surveying team to perform surveys with high-precision equipment.                For all bridge structures where a structural monitoring system is considered
                                                                                necessary, COWI carries out initial analyses for recognised hazards and deterioration
The surveying teams carry out measurements to monitor ground                    mechanisms to map out the requirements for the SHMS. We can then establish
movement, earthquake impacts and other incidents, delivering a                  the parameters of the on-structure installations and the functions of the data
time-efficient service with high-quality results. If required, conventional     management and control in order to secure the most reliable, easy-to-operate
high-precision surveying may be extended to include 3D laser scanning.          and cost-efficient system to design and install.

3D laser scanning also allows as-built dimensions to be established by          By monitoring the actual exposure conditions and performance of the structures
sampling a point cloud. This can then be used to set up very accurate           through the SHMS systems, the bridge manager can compare the data collected
drawings of the available space and access options when performing              against the fundamental design assumptions and make an assessment of the
inspections, maintenance and larger rehabilitations. For instance, the          structure’s remaining service life and plan hands-on inspections if required.
replacement of bridge elements such as bearings, expansion joints and           The data can also be used to identify areas where mitigation may be necessary
cables etc. may be critical with respect to the available space for using       before significant degradation occurs, minimising future maintenance costs and
access ways and installing new bridge elements.                                 enhancing the bridge’s service life.

Virtual reality tools may be used to mazimise the interaction and               COWI’s SHMS consists of four important technical elements:
understanding of such data.
                                                                                ›› Sensors placed on the structure. These modules house various types of sensors,
                                                                                   depending on the nature of the structure. This also includes a signal collection and
3D laser scanning is also an effective tool for scanning the geometry of
                                                                                   conditioning unit.
cable systems and assessing their condition and loads. A large number
of cables can be measured over a very short period, thereby minimising          ›› A data communication system for the transfer of the collected data to
the impact on traffic flow. It may even be carried out during a single night.      a remote computer.
Through the use of these structural models, our specialists can efficiently
                                                                                ›› A database application, which collects, stores and processes the sensor data
extract valuable insights from gigabytes of data.
                                                                                   in real time, providing an evaluation of the condition of the structure based on
                                                                                   application areas such as user safety, trouble shooting, natural disaster
                                                                                   follow-up and maintenance optimisation.

                                                                                ›› Processed data can be used to derive service life models, enabling the bridge
                                                                                   owner to decide if structural components shall be replaced or whether the service
                                                                                   life of the component can be prolonged.
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PROTECTION
DEHUMIDIFICATION                                                        CABLE INTEGRITY
COWI is a pioneer in using dehumidification systems for corrosion       COWI has many years of international experience in inspecting and
protection and has been a leader in the field for more than 45 years.   maintaining cable systems. We offer a wide range of valuable services.
It is a state-of-the-art technological solution that has been adopted
for large bridge structures all over the world.                         Our specialists provide solutions for coping with fatigue damage,
                                                                        corrosion damage, fire damage as well as water in cable systems.
A dehumidification system blows dry air through the main cables or      We have assisted owners with replacing suspenders, cable stags
box girders, keeping the atmosphere so dry that corrosion cannot        and main cables. We have experience with inspecting all types of
occur. Integrated monitoring components provide real-time data from     cable systems with components, such as wires and strands, HDPE
the dehumidification systems and automatically indicate areas that      coatings, paints, anchorages, sealants, dampers and deviators.
require maintenance or repair, avoiding the need for regular manual
inspections. Life-cycle cost analyses show that dehumidification        Our experts solve vibration problems by designing and installing
systems are a sound investment and increase the overall life            vibration dampers such as hydraulic, friction, impact and stockbridge
expectancy of steel structures.                                         dampers. This serves to prevent further fatigue damage while
                                                                        addressing public concern about cable vibrations.
COWI started designing dehumidification systems with the box girders
of the New Little Belt Bridge in Denmark in 1970. Later, in 2003, the   To help owners be proactive, COWI offers planning of inspections,
main cables were retrofitted with elastomeric wrapping and connected    NDT and monitoring programmes. Where feasible, we also contribute
to a dehumidification system. These areas of the bridge have been       with design and installation of cable monitoring systems for vibrations,
protected from corrosion successfully ever since.                       corrosion and water ingress. Proactively, we secure improved drainage
                                                                        conditions and sealing systems and install cable dehumidification and
Since then, COWI has designed dehumidification systems for corrosion    fire protection.
protection on new and existing suspension bridges all over the world
including the Great Belt Bridge in Denmark, Höga Kusten, Älvsborg,
Walt Whitman, George Washington, Izmit Bay Bridge and the A.L.
Macdonald Bridge.
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OPERATION
SAFEGUARDING OPERATIONS                                                     EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Historically, carrying out maintenance activities has required lane         Unforeseen and unexpected emergencies do sometimes occur.
closures, carriageway closures and, in some cases, bridge closures.         When this happens, bridge owners know that they can call upon us
                                                                            to provide rapid support to deal with the consequences of incidents
Customers often ask us to develop alternative methods or strategies         such as vehicle fires, accidents, ship collision or sudden failure of a
to minimise such traffic disruption, which is costly for the owner and      major component.
an inconvenience for users. Furthermore, traffic management activities
often have health and safety implications that need to be addressed.        Bridges are usually closed or severely restricted whilst damage
                                                                            assessments are undertaken. A prudent amount of pre-planning
Through experience and insight, we know the degree of traffic disruption    for such emergencies can ensure that disruption and loss of use
that can result from maintenance activities. Based on our customer’s        are minimised as far as possible.
preferences for limiting such restrictions, we can propose alternative
processes to be considered and developed.                                   Our experienced teams can work with you to help identify ‘unlikely
                                                                            but high-consequence’ incidents and to proactively develop a range
For instance, the use of drones or high-definition photography to record    of emergency procedures.
the condition of structures above road level are means to avoiding the
disruption caused by providing access for a visual inspection team.
Another example is the installation of temporary bridging units to enable
work to remove and replace expansion joint units to be undertaken
outside peak traffic hours.
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DIFFERENT CHALLENGES
DIFFERENT TOOLS                                       STRAIN GAUGE
                                                      The strain gauge is a device used to
                                                      measure strains and stresses, and
                                                      evaluate steel and concrete fatigue.
                                                                                                 SURVEYING
                                                                                                 Surveying instruments such as 3D laser
                                                                                                 scanning of geometry, 3D photo mapping,
                                                                                                 GPS coordinate measurements and
                                                                                                                                                ENDOSCOPE INSPECTION
                                                                                                                                                The endoscope inspection uses an
                                                                                                                                                instrument to check out inaccessible
                                                                                                                                                locations such as small cavities,
                                                      Connected to a data logger, it can         inclinometer slope monitoring provide          channels and tubes. The results may
At COWI, we have a comprehensive set of expert        be used for testing as well as for
                                                      continuous long-term monitoring.
                                                                                                 important information about the global and
                                                                                                 local geometry.
                                                                                                                                                be documented with photos or movies.

competencies and array of tools to help deliver the
solution to your challenge. This list shows
a selection of the tools we use.

                                                      BEARINGS INSPECTION                        THERMOGRAPHIC CAMERA                           DRONES                                             ACCELEROMETER
                                                      Feeler gauges are used to measure          The thermographic camera takes images          Instrument-carrying drones are used to             INSTRUMENTATION
                                                      clearances and the wear between sliding    using infrared radiation. The technique        conduct complete inspections of large              Accelerometers are used to measure
                                                      surfaces to help determine the remaining   utilises variations in the exchange of heat.   structures. The drone is controlled by a drone     the oscillations of decks, pylons and
                                                      surface life of sliding components.        The camera captures possible defects and       pilot paired with an experienced inspection        cables. Connected to a data logger,
                                                                                                 moisture in concrete, coatings and sealings.   engineer controlling the camera. The drone         they can be used for testing as well
                                                                                                                                                identifies defects effectively over large areas.   as for continuous long-term automatic
                                                                                                                                                                                                   structural monitoring.

                                                                                                 CONCRETE NDT                                   CABLE TESTING                                      COATING NDT
                                                                                                 Handheld NDT tools are primarily used          Cable load measurements using jacks                A coating thickness gauge is used to
                                                                                                 to inspect concrete. The GalvaPulse is         can be supplemented with COWI’s                    assess the condition of coatings. This
                                                                                                 used to measure the speed of corrosion         frequency testing or laser scanning                handheld device can be used to obtain
                                                                                                 while the Impact-Echo Hammer, MIRA             techniques. In addition, electromagnetic           samples from structures and determine
                                                                                                 tool, Schmidt-hammer and georadar              or ultrasound scanners can be used to              its remaining service life. A pull-off test
                                                                                                 are used to check for delamination and         identify faults in the cables.                     may be needed to check coating quality.
                                                                                                 cavities in the concrete.
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MAINTAINED AND
INSPECTED BY COWI

GREAT BELT EAST AND WEST                     THE ÄLVSBORG BRIDGE,                    IZMIT BAY BRIDGE, TURKEY                   NAINI BRIDGE, INDIA                        HUMBER BRIDGE, UK                     CLIFTON SUSPENSION                    WEST GATE BRIDGE,                           OLD CHAMPLAIN BRIDGE,
BRIDGES, DENMARK                             SWEDEN                                                                                                                                                              BRIDGE, UK                            AUSTRALIA                                   CANADA

FACTS                                        FACTS                                   FACTS                                      FACTS                                      FACTS                                 FACTS                                 FACTS                                       FACTS
›› Year of completion: 1998                  ›› Year of completion: 1966             ›› Year of completion: 2017                ›› Year of completion: 2004                ›› Year of completion: 1981           ›› Year of completion: 1864           ›› Year of completion: 1978                 ›› Year of completion: 1962
›› Type: Suspension and twin girder bridge   ›› Type: Suspension bridge              ›› Type: Suspension bridge                 ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge               ›› Type: Suspension bridge            ›› Type: Suspension bridge            ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge                ›› Type: Steel truss and concrete
   (road and rail)                           ›› Length: 933 m with 408 m main span   ›› Length: 2,682 m with                    ›› Length: 610 m with 260 m main span      ›› Length: 1,410 m main span             (national heritage)                ›› Length: 2,600 m with 336 m main span        girder bridge
›› Length: 17 km with East Bridge            ›› Period of services: 1999-ongoing        1,550 m main span                       ›› Period of services: 2004-ongoing        ›› Period of services: 2000-ongoing   ›› Length: 214 m main span            ›› Period of services: 1970-1978            ›› Length: 3,440 m
   1,624 m main span                         ›› Client: Trafikverket                 ›› Period of services: 2010-2017           ›› Client: National Highway Authorities    ›› Client: Humber Bridge Board.       ›› Period of services: 2006-ongoing   ›› Client: Roads Corporation of Victoria.   ›› Period of services: 1991-ongoing
›› Period of services: 1998-ongoing             (Swedish Transportation Agency).     ›› Client: IHI Corporation.                   of India.                                                                     ›› Client: Clifton Suspension                                                     ›› Client: Jacques Cartier and Champlain
›› Client: A/S Storebælt.                                                                                                                                                                                           Bridge Trust.                                                                     Bridges Incorporated.

SERVICES                                     SERVICES                                SERVICES                                   SERVICES                                   SERVICES                              SERVICES                              SERVICES                                    SERVICES
›› Serviceability design                     ›› Principal and special inspections    ›› Durability design                       ›› Bridge asset management for the owner   ›› Inspections                        ›› Emergency response to failure      ›› Strengthening scheme due to              ›› Assessment
›› Inspection and maintenance manual         ›› Cable force measurements             ›› Access design                           ›› Inspection and maintenance manual       ›› Fatigue assessment of deck         ›› Investigation                         traffic increase                         ›› Emergency repair
›› Advanced structural and corrosion         ›› Replacement of suspenders            ›› Inspection and maintenance manual       ›› Advanced structural health monitoring   ›› Structural assessments             ›› Structural assessment              ›› Maintenance and damage repair.           ›› Structural strengthening and repair
   monitoring systems                        ›› Maintenance of pendulums             ›› Advanced structural health monitoring   ›› Principal and special inspections       ›› Load monitoring                    ›› Replacement of hangers                                                         ›› Minimisation of disturbances to traffic.
›› O&M assistance                            ›› Maintenance of expansion joints      ›› Main girder dehumidification system     ›› Pavement and deck assessment.           ›› Replacement of hangers             ›› Resurfacing
›› Railway expansion joints testing          ›› Dehumidification of main cable       ›› Main cable dehumidification system.                                                   and handstrands                    ›› Strengthening
›› Vibration and fatigue assessment          ›› Operational safety analysis.                                                                                               ›› Resurfacing                        ›› Asset management.
   of deck and suspenders                                                                                                                                                  ›› Supervision of works.
›› Principal and special inspections
   of steel and concrete
›› Emergency assistance on ship damages.
OPERATION &   29
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           MAINTENANCE

FARO BRIDGES, DENMARK                     TJÖRN BRIDGE, SWEDEN                        ERSKINE BRIDGE, SCOTLAND                    UDDEVALLA BRIDGE, SWEDEN                        NEW SVINESUND BRIDGE,                     SEVERN BRIDGE, ENGLAND                   FATIH SULTAN MEHMET                       THE HÖGAKUSTEN BRIDGE,
                                                                                                                                                                                  NORWAY-SWEDEN                                                                      BRIDGE, TURKEY                            SWEDEN

FACTS                                     FACTS                                       FACTS                                       FACTS                                           FACTS                                     FACTS                                    FACTS                                     FACTS
›› Year of completion: 1985               ›› Year of completion: 1981                 ›› Year of completion: 1976                 ›› Year of completion: 2000                     ›› Year of completion: 2005               ›› Year of completion: 1966              ›› Year of completion: 1988               ›› Year of completion: 1997
›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge              ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge                ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge                ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge and                ›› Type: Arch bridge with suspender and   ›› Type: Suspension bridge               ›› Type: Suspension bridge                ›› Type: Suspension bridge
   and concrete girder bridges            ›› Length: 664 m with 366 m main span       ›› Length: 1,320 m with 305 m main span        girder bridges                                  approach bridges                       ›› Length: 1.6 km with 988 m main span   ›› Length: 1,510 m with                   ›› Length: 1,867 m with
›› Length: 3,332 m with 290 m main span   ›› Period of services: 2010-ongoing         ›› Period of services: 1998-ongoing         ›› Length: 1,712 m with 414 m main span         ›› Length: 704 m with 247 m main span     ›› Period of services: 1976-ongoing         1,090 m main span                         1,210 m main span
›› Period of services: 1985-ongoing       ›› Client: Trafikverket                     ›› Client: Renfrewshire Council,            ›› Period of services: 2001-ongoing             ›› Period of services: 2010-2011          ›› Client: Department of Transport,      ›› Period of services: 2005-2009          ›› Period of services: 2004-ongoing
›› Client: The Road Directorate.             (Swedish Transportation Agency).            Amey Infrastructure Services, Scotland   ›› Client: Trafikverket (Swedish                ›› Client: Statens Vegvesen (Norwegian       Highways Agency, Severn River         ›› Client: KGM                            ›› Client: Trafikverket
                                                                                         Transerv.                                   Transportation Agency).                         Road Agency), Trafikverket                Crossing plc.                            (General Directorate of Highways).        (Swedish Transportation Agency).
                                                                                                                                                                                     (Swedish Transportation Agency).

SERVICES                                  SERVICES                                    SERVICES                                    SERVICES                                        SERVICES                                  SERVICES                                 SERVICES                                  SERVICES
›› Inspection programmes                  ›› Principal and special inspections        ›› Inspections                              ›› Principal and special inspection             ›› Inspection manual                      ›› Inspections                           ›› Structural assessment                  ›› Principal and special inspections
›› Principal and special inspections      ›› Improvement of access conditions         ›› Structural assessment                    ›› Assessment of ingress of water into          ›› Principal and special inspections      ›› Structural assessment                 ›› Bridge specific live load assessment   ›› Main cable dehumidification system
›› Maintenance and repair of expansion       and drainage of cable anchorage          ›› Strengthening design                        cable stays                                  ›› Assessment of water in cable stays     ›› Strengthening design                  ›› Development and implementation of      ›› Assessment of suspender vibrations
   joints and bearings                    ›› Laser surveying and monitoring of        ›› Resurfacing design                       ›› Monitoring programme                         ›› Assessment of structural cracking      ›› Replacement of hangers and               structural health monitoring systems   ›› Rope access inspections
›› Cathodic protection of piers              cable forces                             ›› Supervision of works                     ›› Repair of broken upper cable anchorage       ›› Rope access inspection.                   handstrands                           ›› Inspection and strengthening           ›› O&M assistance.
›› NDT and frequency testing of cables    ›› Calibration of finite element model to   ›› Improved access                          ›› Rope access inspections                                                                ›› Resurfacing                              planning.
›› Cost estimates                            bridge full-scale performance            ›› Upgrading of vehicle barriers            ›› Inspection of cable-stay friction dampers.                                             ›› Supervision of works.
›› Seabed surveys                         ›› Safety assessment of cable system        ›› Enhanced public safety barrier
›› Rope access inspections.               ›› Laboratory test of corroded cables       ›› Impact damage
                                          ›› Cable replacement with specification,    ›› Emergency assessment and repair
                                             procurement and supervision.                after ship impact.
OPERATION &     31
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               MAINTENANCE

THE CHACAO BRIDGE, CHILE                  VIADUC TRANSRHUMEL,                       YAVUZ SULTAN SELIM BRIDGE                   THE NEW N.Y. BRIDGE                       NEW LITTLE BELT BRIDGE,                         ZÁRATE-BRAZO LARGO                          LUANGWA BRIDGE, ZAMBIA                      AQUITAINE BRIDGE, FRANCE
                                          ALGERIA                                   (3RD BOSPOROUS BRIDGE)                      (TAPPAN ZEE), USA                         DENMARK                                         BRIDGE, ARGENTINA

FACTS                                     FACTS                                     FACTS                                       FACTS                                     FACTS                                           FACTS                                       FACTS                                       FACTS
›› Year of completion: 2021 (expected)    ›› Year of completion: 2014               ›› Year of completion: 2016                 ›› Year of Completion: 2018               ›› Year of completion: 1970                     ›› Year of completion: 1977                 ›› Year of completion: 1968                 ›› Year of completion: 1967
›› Type: Consecutive suspension bridges   ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge              ›› Type. Suspension-cable stay Bridge       ›› Type: Twin cable stay bridges with     ›› Type: Suspension bridge                      ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge                ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge                ›› Type: Suspension bridge
›› Length: 2,635 m, two main spans of        with access bridges                    ›› Length: Main span 1408 m                    approach bridges                       ›› Length: 1,700 m with 600 m main span         ›› Length: 550 m with 320 m main span       ›› Length: 222 m main span                  ›› Length: 1,776 m with 400 m main span
   1,055 and 1,100 m                      ›› Length: 1,119 m with 259 m main span   ›› Period of services: 2016                 ›› Length: 4,800 m with 365 m main span   ›› Period of services: 1970-ongoing             ›› Period of services: 1996-2000            ›› Period of services: 1993-1997            ›› Period of services: 1999-2003
›› Period of services: 2014-ongoing       ›› Period of services: 2012-2014          ›› Client: ICA (Ictas Construction          ›› Period of services: 2012-2018          ›› Client: The Road Directorate.                ›› Client: Direccion Nacional de Vialidad   ›› Client: Ministry of Works and Supply.    ›› Client: DDE de la Gironde, Bordeaux.
›› Client: MOP                            ›› Client: Construtora Andrade               and Astaldi).                            ›› Client: Tappan Zee Constructors.                                                          (National Road Administration).
   (Ministry of Public Transportation).      Gutierrez S.A.

SERVICES
›› Independent checker and advisor on:    SERVICES                                  SERVICES                                    SERVICES                                  SERVICES                                        SERVICES                                    SERVICES                                    SERVICES
›› Durability design for a 100-year       ›› Durability design                      ›› Commissioning inspections of             ›› Corrosion protection plans             ›› Operation, inspection and maintenance        ›› Structural assessment after cable        ›› Inspection and NDT                       ›› Feasibility study for main
   service life                           ›› Access design                             construction works for the contractor.   ›› Access strategy                        ›› Rehabilitation of expansion joints,             failures                                 ›› Condition and bearing capacity              cable replacement
›› Access design                          ›› Inspection and maintenance manual                                                  ›› Access and inspection manual              pavement, concrete, steel coating etc.       ›› Inspection, testing and NDT                 assessment                               ›› Tender rehabilitation design
›› O&M organisation                       ›› Geotechnical instrumentation                                                       ›› Operation and maintenance manual       ›› Vibration monitoring and damping             ›› Emergency strengthening                  ›› Structural analysis                      ›› Tender evaluation
›› Inspection and maintenance manual         and monitoring                                                                     ›› Life cycle cost estimate               ›› Noise and wind screens for road              ›› Stuctural analysis                       ›› Project for replacement of cable stays   ›› Technical follow-up during construction.
›› Dehumidification project               ›› Structural health monitoring.                                                      ›› Structural monitoring system.          ›› Dehumidification of girder and main cables   ›› Reliability assessment                      and strengthening of girder and towers
›› Operational risk analysis                                                                                                                                              ›› Drone inspections                            ›› Rehabilitation design and tender         ›› Tendering
›› Structural health monitoring.                                                                                                                                          ›› Emergency assistance on fire damages         ›› Inspection and maintenance manual.       ›› Site supervision.
                                                                                                                                                                             to cable systems.
OPERATION &        33
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       MAINTENANCE

ÖLAND BRIDGE, SWEDEN                         ORESUND LINK BRIDGE,                         BOSPHORUS BRIDGE, TURKEY                        A. L. MACDONALD BRIDGE,               BUSAN-GEOJE LINK, KOREA                  RIO NITEROI BRIDGE, BRAZIL                 BJÖRNAFJORD BRIDGE,                     HAICHANG LINK, CHINA
                                             DENMARK-SWEDEN                                                                               CANADA                                                                                                                    NORWAY

FACTS                                        FACTS                                        FACTS                                           FACTS                                 FACTS                                    FACTS                                      FACTS                                   FACTS
›› Year of completion: 1972                  ›› Year of completion: 2000                  ›› Year of completion: 1973                     ›› Year of completion: 1955           ›› Year of completion: 2011              ›› Year of completion: 1974                ›› Year of completion: TBC              ›› Year of completion: 1999
›› Type: Consecutive girder bridges          ›› Type: Cable-stayed bridge                 ›› Type: Suspension bridge                      ›› Type: Suspension bridge            ›› Type: Two cable-stayed bridges        ›› Type: Consecutive girder bridges        ›› Type: Floating cable-stayed bridge   ›› Type: Suspension bridge
›› Length: 6,000 m                              with approach bridges                     ›› Length: 1,560 m with 1,074 m main span       ›› Length: 441 m main span            ›› Length: Two bridges with 2,364 m      ›› Length: 13,000 m bridge,                ›› Length: 4,200 m link                    with approach bridges
›› Period of services: 2003-2014             ›› Length: 7,800 m with 490 m main span      ›› Period of services: 2005-2009                ›› Period of services: 2005-ongoing      and 1,856 m main spans                   300 m main span                         ›› Period of services: 2015             ›› Length: 6,000 m link with 600 m main span
›› Client: Trafikverket                      ›› Period of services: 1997-2000, 2015       ›› Client: KGM                                  ›› Client: Halifax Harbour Bridges.   ›› Period of services: 2003-2011         ›› Period of services: 2015                ›› Client: Norwegian Road Authority.    ›› Period of services: 2000-2003
   (Swedish National Road Administration).   ›› Client: Sundlink contractors and             (National Highways Directorate).                                                   ›› Client: Daewoo Engineering &          ›› Client: Studio Franchetti/Ecorodovias                                           ›› Client: Corporation of Xiamen.
                                                Øresundsbron.                                                                                                                      Construction Co. ltd.                    (Operator).

SERVICES                                     SERVICES                                     SERVICES                                        SERVICES                              SERVICES                                 SERVICES                                   SERVICES                                SERVICES
›› Principal and special inspections         ›› Service life strategy                     ›› Structural assessment                        ›› Suspended spans deck replacement   ›› O&M system                            ›› Special inspections                     ›› O&M concept for floating bridge      ›› O&M system
›› Condition assessment                      ›› Design of corrosion monitoring system     ›› Structural health monitoring system          ›› Hanger cables replacement          ›› O&M organisation                      ›› Validation of previous inspections.     ›› Access concept design                ›› O&M organisation
›› Preparation of maintenance strategy          for concrete substructures                   development and installation                 ›› Dehumidification of main cables    ›› O&M life cycle costs                                                             ›› Durability concept design.           ›› Inventory listing
›› Preparation of concrete repair methods    ›› System specifications                     ›› Monitoring of structural behaviour              and main towers                    ›› Operation, inspection                                                                                                    ›› Operation, inspection
›› Design of cathodic protection             ›› System installation                       ›› Detailed inspection of critical components   ›› Supervisory control                   and maintenance manuals                                                                                                     and maintenance manuals
›› Tender and supervision assistance.        ›› System operaton                           ›› Improved access provision.                   ›› Inspection.                        ›› Basis for bridge management system.                                                                                      ›› Basis for bridge management system.
                                             ›› Strategy for steel coating maintenance.
OPERATION &   35
                                                                                                                                                          MAINTENANCE

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