CEMENT-BONDED BOARD FROM DURIAN WASTE
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UM Research Journal
CEMENT-BONDED BOARD FROM
DURIAN WASTE
Arnold R. Gonzales and Evtri E. Tabanguil
College of Engineering, University of Mindanao,
Bolton St., Davao City 8000
Abstract. Durian makes the icon definition of Davao
City. Out of the abundance of this tropical fruit is the
voluminous waste that it generates. Concern on
environment brings stimulus to this study by utilizing
this waste into a useful product. The use of durian
pericarp as cellulosic fibers for cement-bonded board
will help address the problem in disposing those hard
and thorny shells. This research was undertaken to
develop a construction material from durian waste
fibers. The technical and mechanical properties of this
material were likewise determined in order to seek its
structural performance. Development of such material
and testing of its fundamental properties is the objective
of the researchers. Basically, the identification of its
structural uses was also established to conform to the
basic requirement set by the national standards based on
the properties tested. Results show that durian pericarp
is a promising source for alternative construction
materials. The fiber boards produced have mechanical
and physical properties comparable to those of other
wood wool cement boards in the Philippines. It has
good compressive strength, high shear and flexural
strengths, and has good fire resistance capacity.
Keywords: cement-bonded board, durian, durian waste
Background of the Study
With growing awareness that our planet has
limited natural resources, long-standing practices of the
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past are coming under scrutiny. Municipalities are
encouraging our formerly “throw-away” society to
become aware of the benefits of reusing or recycling
almost everything used in our everyday life.
In the Philippines, almost all resources used in
the construction industry are non-renewable. These are
in the forms of aggregates, cement, steel, and timber.
For every built structure, tons of these resources are
consumed, moreover, it generates ample amount of
construction wastes. The life of these vital resources
can be extended and the generated waste can be
minimized if the industry will use less of these
resources or by switching to renewable substitutes.
There are various types of agricultural and
industrial wastes that comprise the resource base for
alternative construction materials. Durian is a high
value crop and is one of the popular fruits grown
extensively in the southern part of the country. In the
1991 Census of Agriculture and Fisheries (CAF),
94,417 durian farms were counted covering 4,800
hectares planted to the crops. Southern Mindanao
accounted for 40% of all durian farms around the
country (Department of Agriculture 1998).
Davao City is one of the biggest producers of
the durian fruit. In 2002, its production reached
8,909.64 metric tons, a 56.63 per cent increase from its
2001 output (Department of Agriculture, 1998).
Together with this increase is the voluminous waste that
is produced by its thorny shells which is 50 percent of
the fruit approximating a waste value of 4454.82 metric
tons yearly. The shell is basically high in fiber and has
good adhesiveness that makes it suitable for making
boards and other alternative construction materials, but
presently, no firms or companies are using this waste.
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Durian waste is a major problem that must be addressed
by its stakeholders. For the growers of this crop, tons of
this waste is stockpiled in their farms and render useless
to space it occupies, it becomes ideal breeding hubs for
disease carrying insects. For the vendors and the city
government, durian pericarp is an undesired urban
waste. More than being an eyesore, they pose as threat
to the environment. They will clog the city waterways if
not managed properly and will be a big problem during
the rainy seasons.
The Research Problem
The researchers felt the need to do something to
utilize this waste and take advantage of its positive
properties. They would like to prove the feasibility of
making alternative construction products out of this
durian pericarp and compare its performance with the
standards. The objectives of this study were the
following:
1. To develop cement bonded board from durian waste
2. To be able to determine the following properties
and compare them with the accepted standard
values set by the National Code of the Philippines.
Specifically:
a. Compressive strength of the material pertaining
to axial load;
b. Shear strength of the material perpendicular to
its fiber strands;
c. Flexural stress capacity of the material;
d. Fire resistance capacity of the DPRM products;
e. Deflection rate performance of the material in
terms of its self weight, time duration, and its
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consideration to normal intensity of the
surrounding temperature;
f. Self weight by determining its specific gravity;
and
g. Water absorption rate.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
This study was anchored on the findings of the
DOST-FPRDI(2002) that cement-bonded board (CBB)
can be developed from agro-forest wastes and residues.
Forest Products Research and Development Institute
(FPRDI) developed technology for wood wool cement
board (WWCB) which can be a good substitute for
concrete hollow blocks and is cheaper than the
conventional construction materials. Studies on
scientific and technological development of agricultural
waste cement have reported promising results.
In this study, durian shell is considered as the
agricultural waste that could be transformed into
cement-bonded boards.
Method
This is an applied research which developed
construction materials out of the durian pericarp that
would satisfy the basic requirement of materials for
housing construction. The durian pericarp raw material
(DPRM) was polymerized to produce cellulosic fiber
strands and dusts.
The research equipment and materials used in
this study include the grinding machine, mixing palette
and bowl, form or die, extruder, drier, and property
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testing instruments. The definition of these instruments
is provided in the production process.
The entire process of production of Durian
Pericarp Products (DPP) consists of several steps,
including polymer production, blending with adhesive,
molding/die process, drying and finishing operations.
After the product was produced, testing of its properties
was done. The brief descriptions of these processes are
given below:
Polymer Production. Using the grinding
machine, polymer fibers were produced. Figure 1
shows the cross-section of the grinding machine
mechanically driven by motor screw to make the
spindle rotate and drive the resin DPRM. In the durian
polymer production, the durian skin fresh from
collection was chopped into uniform size, and air-dried
for few days under the heat of the sun. Crushing or
pounding of the raw material using a mallet was first
done before placing it in the grinding machine to soften
the raw material. The DPRM resin was then placed
into the hopper and pushed by the rotating spindle to
the cross knife, and then pulverized in between the
blade and plate cutter.
Grain Sizing. The DPRM grind grain size was
determined using a standard sieve. The test was to
quantify the available mass and its particle distribution.
Prior to this test, the material was sun-dried to lower its
moisture content. The distribution of particle size or
average grain diameter of the raw material was obtained
by screening a known weight of the raw material
sample through a stack of sieves of progressively finer
mesh sizes. Each sieve was identified by a number that
corresponded to the number of square holes per linear
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inch of mesh. The stacks of sieve were placed on a
vibrator, called a sieve shaker, and agitated.
Hopper
Resin ( DPRM ) Screw Ring
Driver Plate Cutter
Screw/Spindle Grinded
Material
Blade/ Cross Knife
Feed Section Compresion Section Metering Section
Fig.2.3. Cross Section of the
GRINDING MACHINE
Figure 1. Cross-section of the Grinding Machine
Blending. The additional adhesive agent used in
the process was Portland cement(ASTM C150). The
DPRM grind was soften with water before blending
with the adhesive to make the mixture uniform. Water
cement ratio was kept at 0.50 to 0.70 to enhance
bonding.
Molding/Die Process. Cold form was used to
shape the DPRM mix. After the blending process, the
DPRM mix was placed in a form for shaping the desired
product. Pressure was applied for densification before
ejecting the work piece.
Drying and Finishing. The sample was then
dried for 3 to 5 days and curing was set at 28 days.
After the drying process, finishing works to enhance the
surface of the DPRM products were done to make the
material more adoptable to architectural and structural
uses.
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Figure 2. The 4x8x2 inch brick cast in cold form
Establishing Optimum Mixture Proportion. The
proportioning of the mixture was done to provide the
ideal quantity needed in the design of DPRM mix
which will be used before establishing its benchmark
properties. Three samples were prepared for every
proportion with varied cement content. Each sample
was tested for compression and the optimum mixture
proportion was identified based on the results.
Testing of Physical Properties. The test
procedures conducted were as follows: compression,
shear, flexural strength, fire resistance, and other test
such us self-deflection rate, water absorption rate, and
the determination of specific weight or specific gravity.
For the compressive stress, the test specimen
made was in a form of 2”x2”x2” cube as shown in
Figure 3. Buckling in the sample was not intended to
exist during the compressive test. This is to make sure
that bending moment in the test specimen is zero, thus,
the effective length was considered to be equal to the
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length of the side of the cube to ensure that purely
compressive load is acting on the specimen during the
test.
Figure 3. Compression Test
For the shearing stress, the test specimen made
was a 2”x2” angle with a thickness of 1”. The intention
to govern a 1”x2” shearing area was made as used in
the sample or specimen to test the shearing property of
wood parallel to stress fibers. The shear strength is
determined by dividing the load applied to its shear area
which was considered parallel to the load applied.
Please see Figure 4.
In the flexural analysis of the material, a test
specimen of 1”x 2” cross-section and a 1 foot length
dimension was made. The test specimen was to accept a
midpoint load during flexural stress testing. No lateral
support was provided. The flexural stress of the product
was determined using the compressive testing machine
to quantify the force that was applied until failure. This
force makes the maximum moment, and the stress is
determined using the standard flexural stress formula
(Pytel, 1987).
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Figure 4. Shearing Stress Test
Figure 5. Flexural Stress Test
An aide of the Standard fire tube test apparatus
for ASTM E69-80 was not available in the premises of
the university and in the nearby locality for this
particular purpose. Thus, the researcher tested its fire
resistance using a blue flame from the Bunsen burner
fire using LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas). This method
was the copied miniature of the fire tube test. The test
specimen was a 3/8 by 3/8 by ¾ in. sample.
A test was also conducted to estimate the
deflection property of the material. A sample of DPRM
board 2 in. by 2 ft. in dimension and 8 mm thick was
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supported at its ends and laid for 7 days under the heat
of the sun. The load that it carried was only its self
weight, and observation was made for its deflection.
For the absorption rate test, a dried sample
specimen weighing 118.3g was placed inside a
graduated cylinder with 400 ml of water. The weights
before and after the test were recorded. The specific
gravity of the material was also computed as the ratio of
the weight of the DPRM product to the weight of water
of equal volume.
Results and Discussion
Grain Size. The results of the grain size analysis
is shown in Table 1. Most of the particles fall within the
average size from 2.0mm to 0.60mm. Figure 6 shows
the grain size distribution curve. The material is defined
as well graded according to Determination of Particle
Size (Budhu, 2000).
Table 1
Grain Size Analysis
Mass
Sieve Opening % Sum %
Retained
no. (mm) Retained (% Retained) Finer
( gm )
8 2.360 21.25 5.404 5.404 94.596
10 2.000 5.65 1.437 6.840 93.160
30 0.600 188.75 47.997 54.838 45.162
50 0.300 86.85 22.085 76.923 23.077
100 0.150 46.95 11.939 88.862 11.138
200 0.075 28.45 7.235 96.097 3.903
Pan 15.35 3.903 100.000 0.000
Total 393.25 100.000
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10
Figure 6. Grain Size Distribution Curve
Optimum Mixture Proportion. Samples of the
varied cement content were produced and the testing for
compression was conducted for the average of three
samples. Data revealed that the ratio 1:4 or 1 part
cement to 4 parts DPRM grind with the application of
3100 kg load makes up the inflection as shown in
Figure 7. Thus, this ratio was considered by the
researchers to be the best proportion.
Table 2
Optimum Mixture Proportion Matrix
Part Cement Part DPRM grind Applied Load in Kg
1 1 3490
1 2 3150
1 3 3100
1 4 3100
1 5 2400
1 6 2100
1 7 800
1 8 540
Compressive Strength. The compressive
strength result of the DPRM product is presented in
Table 3. The adopted compressive strength is 7.321
MPa or 1060 psi which is the average of compressive
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Optimum Mixture Graph
Ap plied Load in Kg 4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Part of DPRM grind per Part Cement
Figure 7. Optimum Mixture Graph
Table 3
Test Results for Compressive Strength
Cross- Applied
Specimen Compressive
sectional Load to
number 2 strength (MPa)
area (mm ) failure (kg)
1 2562.55 1300 4.98
2 2293.44 800 3.42
3 2500.00 2500 9.81
4 2600.00 3000 11.32
5 2612.50 900 3.38
6 2525.00 1300 5.05
7 2412.50 3100 12.61
8 2387.50 800 3.29
9 2612.50 2500 9.39
10 2464.50 2500 9.96
Mean compressive strength: 7.321 MPa. or 1060 psi
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strength results for 10 specimens. In this case, average
compressive strength is incomparable to the
compressive strength of concrete masonry units for
which the load bearing capacity ranges from 7.5 MPa
to 9 MPa set by the standards and adopted by the local
manufacturing agency. The 7.321 MPa compressive
strength of the DPRM product is suited to be used only
as a member which will carry less load or with an
allowable load application for axial strength.
Shearing Strength. Table 4 presents the results
of the shearing test conducted. The average shearing
strength was 13.3 MPa or 1928 psi for 10 sample
specimens. If 80 percent of this stress be utilized, the
value will be 10.64 MPa or 1543 psi will be the value.
This shearing resistance is quite comparable to the
shearing capacity of the 80 percent stress-graded
unseasoned structural timber of the Philippine woods,
where the maximum value for this stress is 10.2 MPa
according to NSCP 5th Ed. Table 6-1, Column 5, p. 6-
32 ( NSCP,2001).
Flexural Strength. Table 5 shows the results of
the flexural strength test. The average flexural stress of
44.6 MPa or 6.47 ksi was established. Eighty percent
of this stress amounts to 35.67 MPa or 5.17 ksi. This
result is comparable to the bending stress of the
structural timber of Philippine woods stress-graded
unseasoned, which is being lined out in Table 6-1
NSCP Code where a maximum stress of 31.3 MPa 80
percent stress grade is recorded . The bending stress of
the product relies solely on the tensile property of the
durian pericarp itself. Its cellulosic fiber strand inhibits
a good tensile property, thus giving it potential in any
bending stress application.
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Table 4
Test Results for Shearing Strength
Applied Shearing
Specimen Mass Shear area
Load to strength
number (grams) (mm2)
failure (kg) (MPa)
1 75.92 1262.50 1300 10.09
2 80.25 1293.75 3100 23.56
3 85.52 1375.00 800 5.70
4 83.43 1300.00 2500 18.87
5 85.40 1425.00 2500 17.23
6 86.89 1500.00 1800 11.76
7 87.21 1462.50 1600 10.71
8 88.80 1362.50 1900 13.67
9 86.40 1425.00 800 5.51
10 78.26 1412.50 2300 16.01
Mean shearing strength: 13.3 MPa. or 1928 Psi.
For 80% Stress grade: 10.64MPa. or 1543 Psi.
Table 5
Test Results for Flexural Strength
Applied Flexural
Specimen Mass Moment
Load to strength
number (grams) (N-m)
failure (kg) (MPa)
1 240.67 420 298.97 45.66
2 261.79 490 363.22 43.87
3 256.80 460 335.62 44.24
Mean flexural strength: 44.6 Mpa. or 6.47 Ksi.
80% Stress grade: 35.67mpa. or 5.17Ksi.
Fire Resistance. The average percent mass
reduction of 27.5% with the average temperature of
210.9oC indicates that the material is susceptive to fire
and its resistance is fair. The % mass reduction here is
beyond the limit set by the fire tube test standard. Also,
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the material did not emit any dangerous smoke and
inhibit catalytic reaction during burning.
Table 6
Test Results for Fire Resistance
Specimen Mass Temp. 30 Mass after % Mass
number (grams) mins. firing (gm) Reduction
1 20.60 215oC 17.73 13.94
2 20.90 202oC 14.17 32.20
o
3 20.45 200 C 14.10 31.05
4 22.15 221oC 15.33 30.79
5 19.10 217oC 13.64 28.59
o
6 21.43 208 C 14.93 30.33
o
7 23.85 200 C 16.91 29.09
8 20.43 204oC 14.83 27.41
o
9 20.54 222 C 15.40 25.00
10 18.83 220 oC 13.90 26.18
Mean % mass reduction: 27.5% weight reduction
Average Temperature: 210.9 oC
Deflection Rate. The deflection test results
suggest that the material may be unsuitable when used
without additional meshing or wiring requirement to
enhance its deflection property.
Table 7
Self-deflection Rate
Days Deflection (mm)
1 4.06
2 6.09
3 9.14
4 13.70
5 20.56
6 30.83
7 46.25
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Deflection Chart
Duration in days
8
6
4
2
0
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00
Deflection in ( mm )
Figure 8. Deflection rate curve of an 8mm sample
Water Absorption Rate. It has been computed
that the material can absorb 0.11g of water per second.
The material‟s resistance to this exposure is less which
indicates that it is vulnerable to molds and easy
deterioration. The use of water proofing agent in the
pre-mixture of the DPRM product is then necessary to
make it repellant to moisture.
Specific Gravity. The material has an average
specific gravity of 0.81. Multiplying this value to the
density of water, which is 9.79kN/m3 at 20oC, the
resulting value is 7.93kN/m3 which is the unit weight of
the material.
The summary of the properties of the cement-
bonded board from durian pericarp are enumerated in
Table 9.
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Table 8
Test Results for Specific Gravity Determination
Specimen Mass (grams) Volume (cm3) Density (g/cc)
number
1 122.63 150.625 0.814
2 115.7 139.241 0.831
3 110.50 132.926 0.831
4 120.56 145.027 0.831
5 114.85 138.158 0.831
6 119.50 147.175 0.812
7 104.96 142.337 0.737
8 111.72 139.668 0.799
9 109.15 141.728 0.770
10 123.07 150.212 0.819
Mean specific gravity: 0.81
Conclusions
Durian Pericarp Raw Material (DPRM) is a
promising source as an alternative construction
material. Results show that the DPRM products
especially the fiber boards have mechanical and
physical properties comparable to those of other wood
wool cement boards in the Philippines. The fibers bond
well together and it does not inhibit the setting of the
cement.
The cement-bonded board from durian waste
has good compressive strength, high shear and flexural
strengths, and has good fire resistance capacity.
However, its use may be limited to interior purpose
because of its high water absorption capacity. Its high
deflection rate requires reinforcement measures too.
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Table 9: Properties of the Cement-bonded Board from Durian Pericarp
Property Value Standard Values Remarks
Compressive 7.321 MPa 7.5 – 9 MPa Fair Adhesion
Strength
Shear Strength 10.64 Mpa 80% stress grade 10.2 Mpa 80% stress grade Good Fiber strength
Flexural Strength 35.67 Mpa 80% stress 31.3 Mpa 80% stress grade Good Fiber strength
grade.
Fire Resistance 27% weight loss 0 Fair resistance
Deflection Rate 4.06mm and an ave. of L/360 (1.70mm) in this case Poor performance
for particle 48% increment from initial for against high
boards 8 mm deflection per day 2 in.width 6 mm thk. 2ft. long temperature and
thick. sample deflection duration,
( Time dependent needs additional
) reinforcement.
Water Absorption 0.11 g /sec None Needs additional water
rate proofing agent.
Specific Gravity 0.81 None Light weight
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Recommendations
Since the durian fibers bond well and do not
inhibit the setting of cement, the boards that may be
produced from this raw material are ideal for walling
purposes. More specifically, they are recommended for:
1. Exterior wall cladding and interior wall
partitions for housing construction;
2. Ceiling materials but additional
reinforcement or embedment of wire mesh is required
to limit their deflection. The purpose of which is to
make the material resistive to excessive deflection so
that it will be within the limits of the allowable
deflection set by the structural code;
3. Core of panel boards to give the panel
boards shape and inertia. A “face and back” substance
such as laminated paper, laminated insulator or any
similar material may be utilized as outer layers of the
board.
Studies on the utilization of wastes should be
encouraged. Recycling and utilization of waste mean
conserving the natural resources, reducing the waste
stream, generating revenues and creating more jobs for
the Filipino people.
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References
Budhu, M.(2000). Soil mechanics and foundations.
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Department of Agriculture(1998). Costs and returns of
durian production. Bureau of Agricultural
Statistics. Quezon City
Forest Products Research and Development Institute
(2002). Department of Science and Technology.
National Statistical Code of the Philippines, 5th.
Edition.
Pytel, A. (1987). Strength of materials. McGRaw Hill,
Inc.
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