DESIGNING WITH TILE - DESIGNING WITH TILE - Porcelanosa
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
DESIGNING WITH TILE
ARIZONA CALIFORNIA COLORADO CONNECTICUT FLORIDA GEORGIA ILLINOIS
MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS NEW JERSEY NEW YORK PENNSYLVANIA TEXAS CANADA
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
WHO WE ARE
PORCELANOSA IS MANUFACTURER, DISTRIBUTOR AND RETAILER OF
TILE, KITCHEN, BATH AND RELATED PRODUCTS
• A conglomerate of eight family owned companies under the Porcelanosa Group umbrella
♦ Porcelanosa ♦ Gama-Decor
♦ Venis ♦ Noken
♦ L’Antic Colonial ♦ Systempool
♦ Urbatek ♦ Butech
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
Porcelanosa is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems. Credit earned on completion of this program will be reported to CES Records
for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for non-AIA members are available on request. This
program is registered with the AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not
include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of
any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in
any material or product. Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be
addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
COPYRIGHT MATERIALS
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws. Reproduction, distribution,
display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is prohibited.
© PORCELANOSA USA 2014
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:
1.) Understand how tile is made and the different types of tile products
available and the advantages they provide over other surface finishes
2.) Avoid problems with tile and stone installations by keeping in mind
proper design considerations to select the right products for each application
3.) Know how to specify the correct materials and installation methods and
products based on the building use, traffic, etc...
4.) Know how to utilize resources available for specification information and
current standards
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
DESIGNING WITH CERAMIC TILE
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
OVERVIEW
• Overview – 2 billion square feet a year in the US
• Evolution – technology in manufacturing
• Staffordshire/ Trenton / Modena / Valencia
• USA – The Market 60% Floor /40% Wall
• Consumers use floor tiles on the wall unnecessarily
• Consumption per capita: 6 sq ft per head in the US
- Spain 36 / Italy 26 / Canada 11
- Growth Potential in The US
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
CERAMIC TILE - WHAT IS IT?
Definition:
Thin and very resistant flat slabs made from various
compositions of clays and other inorganic raw materials.
Composition:
Clay + Water + Fire
(100% Natural Material)
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
TILE BODY TYPES
Homogenous
Through Body
Porcelain
Stoneware
Earthen Ware
Gres Body
with Glaze
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DESIGNING WITH TILE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 1)
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 2)
RAW MATERIALS
• Ceramic tiles are made from natural materials,
Ball Clay, Silica Sand, Talc, Calcium Carbonate,
and Feldspar are some of the materials that
might be mixed together to make ceramic and
porcelain tiles. The top class manufactures search
the world to bring in only the best raw materials
for their products
• Higher quality raw materials will assure a much
better final product
11DESIGNING WITH TILE
FINE PORCELAIN STONEWARE CONSTITUENTS
A Porcelain Tile will typically contain:
• 40 to 50% Feldspar
• 30 to 40% White Clays
• 0 to 15% Quartz
• 0 to 15% Kaolin and other fusible materials
12DESIGNING WITH TILE
MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 3)
GRINDING SPRAY-DRYING
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 4)
PRESSING
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 5)
DECORATION
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MANUFACTURING PROCESS (STEP 6)
FIRING RECTIFYING
CLASSIFICATION, PACKAGING AND EXPEDITION
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CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (1)
WATER ABSORPTION
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CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (2)
Tiles are classified based on their water absorption rate
• ISO 10545-3 describes the standard test method for determining the percentage
of water absorbed by the body of a ceramic tile, results are measured by the weight
of water absorbed to the weight of dry tile
• ASTM C-373 (equivalent ASTM method)
18DESIGNING WITH TILE
CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (3)
WATER ABSORPTION RATES
• Non-vitreous (Low dense) WALL TILES
- Tile with water absorption of more than 7.0 %
- Suitable for interior WALL USE only
- Lightweight and porous. Adheres very well to vertical surfaces
• Vitreous (High Dense) FLOOR and WALL
- Tile with water absorption of more than 0.5 percent, but not more than 3.0 percent.
- Suitable for interior or exterior use
• Impervious (Extremely dense) PORCELAIN
- Tile with water absorption of 0.5 % or less. This is where porcelain tile is categorized
- Interior and exterior use
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CERAMIC TILE CLASSIFICATION (4)
PORCELAIN VS. CERAMIC
• Is there a difference between porcelain tiles and ceramic tiles?
Porcelain tiles are also ceramic tiles. Rather, the question should be, “What are the differences
between porcelain tiles and non-porcelain tiles?”
• What are the differences between porcelain tiles & non-porcelain tiles?
Porcelain tiles are typically made with “porcelain” clays that have specific properties. Typically,
these tiles are dense and by definition, they have water absorption of 0.5% or less.
Non-porcelain tiles have water absorption greater than 0.5%.
Because porcelain tiles have a low water absorption, they are usually frost resistant -
although, not always. To know if a tile is frost resistant, you should check the manufacturer’s
recommendations.
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WHY CERAMIC TILE?
1. Design versatility
2. Green product
3. Low Life Cycle Cost / Durability
4. Colors are permanent
5. Fire resistant
21DESIGNING WITH TILE
1. DESIGN VERSATILITY
It offers unparalleled design versatility ...
• mono-chromatic colors • gloss or matte finishes
• hand painted designs • smooth or rough textures
• stone imitations • metallic or fabric textures
• rustic looks • & many other variations and formats
• ceramic mosaics
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WOOD PORCELAIN LOOK
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FABRIC LOOK
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MARBLE LOOK MARBLE LOOK
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CONCRETE LOOK DIMENSIONAL LOOK
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METALLIC LOOK
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CERAMIC MOSAIC
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MODULAR LOOK
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CONCRETE LOOK
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PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE
PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE
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PORCELAIN TILE LAMINATE
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VENTILATED FACADES
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RAISED ACCESS FLOORING
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TILE FORMAT SCHEMATICS & LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
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JACK-ON-JACK RUNNING BOND DIAMOND
CHECKERBOARD HERRINGBONE BASKETWEAVE
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BASKETWEAVE BASKETWEAVE VERTICAL OFFSET ALTERNATING HORIZONTAL BASKETWEAVE HORIZONTAL
BRICKWORK SQUARE ALTERNATING ESCALA CORRIDOR COBBLESTONE
BRICKWORK VERTICAL BRICKWORK VERTICAL NARROW CORRIDOR HORIZONTAL GRID HORIZONTAL HERRINGBONE
37DESIGNING WITH TILE
VERTICAL LINE
HORIZONTAL LINE
RUNNING
BOND
PATTERN
VERTICAL LINE
JACK-ON-JACK
PATTERN
HORIZONTAL LINE
38DESIGNING WITH TILE
2. GREEN PRODUCT
Ceramic tile is environmentally friendly
• Inhospitable to germs, bacteria & allergens
• Production uses renewable, plentiful raw materials, recycles energy & does not create industrial
refuse that burdens landfills
• Faces of glazed ceramic tile will not retain liquids or absorb fumes, odors or
smoke. It will not emit VOC’s thus allowing for good food, hygiene and increased air quality
• Many types of tiles are recommended for environments where hygiene is essential. In fact, in
Europe, ceramic tiles are required in public swimming pools, food processing plants and other
critical installations
39DESIGNING WITH TILE
95% RECYCLED CONTENT
In keeping with its environmental commitment, Recycled Porcelain was developed,
a tile collection manufactured with 95% recycled content from the company’s own
production process.
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3. LOW LIFE CYCLE COSTS / DURABILITY
(based on an independent study conducted and published by
THE TILE COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA)
Floor Finish Installed Cost* Life Cycle Cost* Expected Life (years) Cost Per Year*
Quarry Tile $6.83 $16.13 50 $0.32
Glazed Ceramic Floor Tile $7.00 $16.30 50 $0.33
Glazed Porcelain $8.34 $17.64 50 $0.35
Mosaic Tile $8.20 $17.50 50 $0.35
Unglazed Porcelain $8.30 $17.60 50 $0.35
Natural Hardwood $9.31 $20.80 50 $.042
Travertine-Turkish $12.50 $21.80 50 $.044
Marble $21.00 $30.30 50 $0.61
Laminate $8.84 $17.77 25 $0.71
Man-Made Hardwood $9.58 $18.51 25 $0.74
Portland Cement Terazzo $14.88 $24.27 30 $0.81
Stained Concrete $12.40 $24.60 25 $0.98
Carpet $3.22 $6.50 6 $1.08
Resin Terrazzo $8.50 $16.53 15 $1.10
Sheet Vinyl $6.90 $13.90 10 $1.39
Poured Epoxy $8.18 $15.18 10 $1.52
VCT $3.91 $18.35 10 $1.83
41DESIGNING WITH TILE
4. FIRE RESISTANT
• Ceramic tiles are completely fire-proof at any temperature
• Will not burn or feed a fire, nor will their surface give off any toxic gases or fumes
5. COLORS ARE PERMANENT
• Ceramic tiles will never be affected by
UV Rays. They present an excellent
solution for exterior facades in buildings
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TILE IS NON COMBUSTIBLE
• It will not emit noxious fumes
• It cannot be damaged by cigarette butts
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IMPACT RESISTANCE
• Porcelain tile has the highest resistance to impact damage
• A major factor is the solidity of the underlying substrate. The surface is
dependant on a structurally sound surface and bedding method
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EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE
• Porcelain tile has the best characteristics
to cope with extreme temperature changes
Thermal Shock
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CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
• Tile is highly resistant to acid and alkaline attack
• The optimum specification for
Hygiene critical areas inc.
Fast food outlets
Breweries
Dairies
• It will not harbor germs and can be easily disinfected without damage
46DESIGNING WITH TILE
SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (1)
• Ceramic tiles are one of the strongest and most durable surface finishes available
• By following some basic specification considerations we can make sure we are choosing
the right product for each application and achieve a long lasting installation
47DESIGNING WITH TILE
INSTALLATION OPERATIONS
PREPARATION OF THE SUPPORT SURFACE
PREPARATION OF THE BINDER
APPLICATION OF THE BINDER, I.E.
PREPARATION OF THE TILE BED
SETTING THE TILE
SEALING THE JOINTS
CLEANING
CONSIGNMENT
48DESIGNING WITH TILE
SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (2)
• The right type of tile for the each application
• Traffic pattern / wall or floor
• Reliable manufacturers will always provide technical information that will help
you determine the appropriate use for each tile SUCH AS:
Identifier Type of Use
1 Wall only
2 Floor with low pedestrian traffic
3 Floor with moderate pedestrian traffic
4 Floor with medium pedestrian traffic
5 Floor with high pedestrian traffic
6 Floor with very high pedestrian traffic
7 Floor with heavy or vehicular traffic
49DESIGNING WITH TILE
SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (3)
Review tests results from manufacturer’s specification sheet for:
• Interior or Exterior application
• Water Absorption: This will determine whether the tile can be installed in
an exterior application or interior only
• Coefficient of Friction: This will determine the suitability of the tile to be
installed in an exterior application or an area subject to pedestrian traffic
and presence of water or other liquids.
• Frost resistance: This result will determine if a tile will withstand a
freeze/thaw cycle in a harsh climate
50DESIGNING WITH TILE
SPECIFICATION CONSIDERATIONS (4)
COF – Static Coefficient of Friction (Old Method)
• ASTM – 1028 describes the standard used to determine the slip-resistance of
a tile. BUT not mandated by any industry body including ADA
• According to the ADA American Disabilities Act; accessible horizontal
routes should have a minimum static COF of .6 whereas ramps should
have a COF of .8
Pull-meter -
Meter is placed on a dry or
wet tile. the meter is then
pulled until it breaks free or
OLD TEST slides across the tile giving a
measurable COF of the tile
51DESIGNING WITH TILE
TCNA: NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING DCOF
• Dynamic coefficient of friction (DCOF) is the new gold standard for defining acceptable
coefficient of friction measurements. The DCOF AcuTestSM method will soon replace ASTM
C1028 as the specified method for coefficient of friction (COF) testing. DCOF AcuTest is a
more repeatable method offering a better indication of actual slip potential on a
tile surface
• This new method uses the BOT 3000 automated portable
testing device with a specific type of rubber sensor and
slightly soapy water. The sensor is resurfaced
using a sanding device designed by the
TCNA’s Product Performance Testing
Laboratory
• A new version of ANSI A137.1 has been published with the new DCOF AcuTest method. Ad-
ditionally, for the first time there is a minimum COF requirement of 0.42 for level interior tile
surfaces expected to be walked upon when wet, compared to the old .60 SCOF (static coef-
ficient of friction) wet measurement
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TILE COUNCIL OF NORTH AMERICA MODERN INSTALLATION METHODS
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PROPER INSTALLATION MATERIALS (1)
THIN-SET
Modified vs. Non-Modified
Again, the water absorption of the tile will determine if you should use a modified
or a non-modifed mortar. Porcelain tiles (less than 0.5% of water absorption) will
always have to be installed with a modified mortar. It is the latex additive which
allows the chemical bonding with a virtually impervious body. A higher absorption
body tile type creates an easier mortar bonding by penetrating the ceramic body
(wall tiles on a vertical application)
54DESIGNING WITH TILE
CORRECT ADHESIVE SPECIFICATION ANSI A118.1
• Porcelain tile cannot be adequately set in non
modified cement sand adhesive mortars
• The impervious body requires adhesion from
special bonding agents often referred to as
“Polymer Modified Adhesives”
• The Polymer may be generically known as
Latex and may be a synthetic latex or Acrylic.
It can often be applied as a liquid to standard
adhesive mortar or is commonly found pre
mixed within a single part adhesive which
prevents incorrect gauging at the job site
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ADHESION FAILURE
• Tile failure is most often attributed to incorrect usage / specification of
installation material rather than faulty product
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HIGHEST QUALITY PORCELAIN MAY TYPICALLY
HAVE POROSITY LEVELS AROUND...
0.1 0.02
= 5 x lower than standard = 25 x lower than standard
5 x more difficult to bond 25 x more difficult to bond
57DESIGNING WITH TILE
SURFACE REGULARITY FLATNESS OF TILED FINISH
• To achieve a level surface without lippage the substrate should be accurate to
within1/8”under a 6’ straight edge (3mm under 2m)
• There are accessories on the market to ensure proper installation
58DESIGNING WITH TILE
PROPER INSTALLATION MATERIALS (2)
When the use of MEMBRANES makes sense:
Waterproofing: in a typical shower tile installation there can be problems over time
created by moisture and water penetrating the wall and floor cavities. This factor can
produce serious damage to the installation and is the major cause of mold growth. The
use of a single ply waterproofing membrane minimizes the possibility of damaging
leaks and mold growth due to moisture penetration
Uncoupling (crack isolation): These membranes are specially recommended for
outdoors applications. They serve as an uncoupling layer, waterproofing membrane, and
vapor management layer that accommodates moisture from beneath the tile covering.
They effectively neutralize the differential movement stresses between the substrate and
the tile, thus minimizing the major cause of cracking and delaminating of the tiled
surface
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WATERPROOFING MEMBRANE
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WATERPROOFING
Tile is always the best choice wall and floor finish in Bathroom areas and is not
affected by water / water vapor, steam or humidity.
HOWEVER……
Substrate Preparation is essential to ensure that moisture ingress does not cause
progressive damage.
Specify:
• Waterproof Backer Boards
• Treat drywall with Waterproof Membranes
• Use Mould Inhibiting Grouts
• Specify Water Resistant Adhesives
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UNCOUPLING (CRACK ISOLATION) MEMBRANE
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PROPER INSTALLATION MATERIALS (3)
Grouts
Grout is usually a cement-based material used to fill in the spaces between the tiles.
There are different types of grouts.
Sanded
• One of the most common grout used for ceramic tile,
stone, and any tile with a grout joint 1/8” or larger
• Made of Portland cement, sand, and other additives
• When installed, it is mixed with water and toweled
into the grout joint
• Takes approximately 24 hours for the grout to dry
Non-sanded/ Un-sanded
• Similar to sanded grout without the sand
• Used on ceramic tiles and stones, with grout joints
smaller than 1/8”
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Latex modified
• Almost exactly the same as the other grouts
• Latex polymer is either incorporated into the pre-mixed powder or added during mixing
• This grout has increased water resistance and bonding characteristics
Epoxy
• 100% epoxy
• No water is present in the mixture, clean up is still accomplished with water
• Consists of epoxy resin, silica fillers, pigments, and a hardener
• Resistant to staining
• Very low water absorption
• Higher compressive strength than concrete
• Highly resistant to chemical attack
64DESIGNING WITH TILE
SELECTING THE RIGHT METHODS
Reference Standards
• Tile Council of North America (TCNA) Handbook for Tile Installation
- industry guidelines and specific installation types
• Amercian National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI)
- information on installation and testing methods and product
performance requirements
- A118 – Materials
- A108 – Installation Methods
• Marble Institute of America (MIA)
- information on natural stone and their installation methods
- Dimensional Stone
- Design Manual
• Manufacturer’s Recommendations
- product information, installation instructions, and material safety
through data sheets and MSDS
65DESIGNING WITH TILE
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME.
ANY QUESTIONS?
This concludes The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems Program
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