The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy

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The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I
              dosimetry study for thyroid ablation
              and adjuvant therapy
              Francesca Leek1, Jan Taprogge1, Rebecca Gregory8, Kate
              Newbold1, Frederik Verburg2, Markus Luster2, Tino Schurrat2,
              Johannes Trans-Gia3, Uta Eberlein3, Constantin Lapa3,
              Andreas K Buck3, Michael Lassmann3, Erick Mora-Ramirez456,
              Manuel Bardies45, Delphine Vallot7, Frederic Courbon7,
              Lavinia Vija7, Glenn Flux1

              1. The Royal Marsden NHSFT and Institute of Cancer Research, UK; 2.
              University Hospital Marburg, Germany; 3. University Hospital Wuerzburg,
              Germany; 4. Centre de Recherches en Cancerologie de Toulouse, France; 5.
              INSERM, Universite Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, France; 6. University of
              Costa Rica, Costa Rica; 7. IUCT-Oncopole, Toulouse Oncology Institute,
              France; 8. Barts Health NHSFT, UK

This project has received funding from the Euratom research and
training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 755523.
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Implications of Medical Low Dose Radiation Exposure

4 year EC Horizon 2020 funded project (2017 – 2021); 33 partners in 14 countries.
Aims
• increase knowledge of health effects of diagnostic and therapeutic medical radiation
  procedures.
• improve recording and estimation of doses.
• develop evidence based policies.

WP3 Impact of low dose radiation exposure from        131I   radioiodine ablation of thyroid
cancer
Objectives
• Establish range of absorbed doses delivered to healthy organs.
• Determine threshold absorbed dose required for successful thyroid ablation.
• Assess the relation between patient biokinetics, success of thyroid ablation and acute to
  mid-term toxicity.
• Assess optimal methods for internal dosimetry that can be applied practically in a large
  scale European multicentre setting.

                  EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Background

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy, with a
UK incidence of ~2,500 per year.
Standard approach       to   treatment     is   radioiodine   therapy   (RAIT)   following
thyroidectomy.
Current practice based on activity administered rather than dose to thyroid.
Activity administered for ablation is variable throughout Europe.
Hypothesis
Response is more dependent on the absorbed dose delivered to thyroid remnant or
residual disease than the level of activity administered. This would introduce the
possibility of tailoring administered activities to individual patients.

                  EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Work package design

                      Patient recruitment &
                  standardised data acquisition

               Dose data
              repository &
                biobank

                            Centralised       Biomarkers of
     Biokinetic
                             dosimetry        absorbed dose
     modelling
                            calculations      and sensitivity

                                                         Large scale
                                                       epidemiological
                                                            study
           EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Clinical protocol

Multicentre, international, prospective observational study.
100 adults with DTC post-total thyroidectomy will be recruited across four centres:
     • Philipps-Universität Marburg & Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Germany
     • Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopole, France
     • The Royal Marsden NHSFT, UK

Inclusion criteria
     •   Adults with histological evidence for DTC (papillary, follicular variants)
     •   Pathology stratification (AJCC/TNM 2017): pT1b - pT3, Nx-N0-N1, M0
     •   Total thyroidectomy performed within 8 weeks of radioiodine treatment

Exclusion criteria
     •   Aggressive histology variants
     •   EBRT / systemic chemotherapy in the last 6 weeks
     •   Previous radioiodine treatment
     •   Pregnancy/breast-feeding

Patient admission
     •   1.1 - 3.7 GBq 131I; mode of TSH stimulation at clinician discretion

                     EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

     Acquisition protocol development
     Flexible image acquisition protocol for dosimetry allows for inter-centre variabilities
     with respect to access to hybrid imaging and local radiation protection regulations.

Time post-131I admin.                 Mandatory                                Additional*
        6±2h                                                        WB planar and/or SPECT(/CT)**
       24 ± 4 h                       WB planar                               SPECT(/CT)**
       48 ± 4 h             WB planar and SPECT(/CT)**
      72 ± 12 h                       WB planar                               SPECT(/CT)**
      96 ± 12 h                       WB planar                               SPECT(/CT)**
      168 ± 24 h                                                    WB planar and/or SPECT(/CT)**
* To be conducted at the discretion of each site; ** SPECT(/CT) range: base of skull to top of thigh

                             EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

   Validation of centres within imaging network
   First European network able to perform
   standardised quantitative 131I imaging for
   dosimetry has been established.
   Each centre performed routine gamma camera
   quality assurance tests relevant to 131I imaging
   prior to calibration.
   Each system characterised in terms of sensitivity,
   recovery coefficients and dead time.

Centre    Country              Gamma camera
RMH         UK        2 x Siemens Intevo Excel SPECT/CT
UKW       Germany       Siemens Intevo Bold SPECT/CT
UMR       Germany          Siemens Symbia S SPECT
IUCT-O     France         GE Discovery 670 SPECT/CT

                    EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

System volume sensitivity

  Manufacturer         Model            SVS
                                     [cps/MBq]
                     Intevo Excel         79.1
                     Intevo Excel         81.6
     Siemens
                     Intevo Bold          91.9
                      Symbia S            44.9
       GE           Discovery 670         57.8

                 EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

Recovery coefficient determination
Six 3D printed spheres of varying volumes, 0.524 - 144 ml, positioned in a head
shaped phantom SPECT scanned.
Data was centrally reconstructed and partial volume corrections determined.

                 EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
The MEDIRAD multi-national 131I dosimetry study for thyroid ablation and adjuvant therapy
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

Dead-time characterisation
UK protocol developed for high activity 131I
imaging was modified to comply with local
radiation protection rules in France and
Germany:
• high activities of liquid   131I   deemed to be a
  contamination risk.
• phantom designed and built to allow the
  use of a high activity sealed source of 131I.

                   EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

Dead-time characterisation
   Manufacturer         Model              DT [μs]
                     Intevo Excel1    1.42 ± 0.08
                     Intevo Excel2    1.69 ± 0.06
     Siemens
                      Intevo Bold     3.47 ± 0.16
                       Symbia S       4.59 ± 0.07

                  EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Current status

Data acquisition and dosimetry protocols suitable for implementation in a multicentre
setting have been developed.
All four imaging centres have been set-up for quantitative imaging.
Ethics applications are under review with local IRBs.
A population biokinetic model has been developed incorporating covariates to explain
inter-patient variation.
Methodologies have been developed for planar and 3D dosimetry.
Preparatory work is being undertaken to conduct biomarker studies with γ-H2AX as a
marker of both radiation damage to the DNA and of sensitivity.

                   EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Conclusions

First European multicentre dosimetry study with SPECT/CT will be performed.
Results are expected to identify the threshold absorbed dose required for a
successful response.
Introduce the possibility of patient specific treatment planning that will minimise risk to
the patient while ensuring a successful outcome.
This will:
• facilitate the development of a large scale epidemiological study of the effect of low
  absorbed doses from irradiation of normal organs and internal sources of
  radionuclides.
• lead to recommendations and protocols for the calculation of absorbed doses to
  normal organs from internal sources of 131I that will facilitate accurate risk analysis
  in a large population.

                  EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
This project has received funding from the Euratom research and
training programme 2014-2018 under grant agreement No 755523.
Imaging and data acquisition standardisation

Standardisation SPECT/CT with low dose CT

              Scanning parameters SPECT/CT parameters for I-131 imaging
              (at IUCT-O), HEGP, high-energy general purpose; SPECT, single-
               EC Horizon
              photon       2020CT
                     emission   NFRP-9
Biokinetic modelling and treatment planning

Pharmacokinetic models of the International Commission on Radiation Protection
developed for healthy humans or animals.
Not appropriate to estimate radiation doses for individual patients or potentially a specific
patient cohort:
• Disease may affect bio-kinetic properties
• Radioiodine kinetics after partial or full thyroidectomy in thyroid cancer patients

Aim
Develop model for 131I-NaI in thyroid cancer patients
• Is personalised treatment planning based on individual biokinetics feasible?
• Assess relationship between patient biokinetics and outcome.

                   EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Pilot data-set & Methods

• 21 thyroid cancer patients after near-total or complete
  thyroidectomy treated with 3000 MBq of 131I-NaI
    • SPECT scans at 24, 48, 72 and (96) hours
    • Blood activity from samples at 24, 48, 72 and 144 h
    • Whole body activity retention measurements
• Two classical approaches for population modelling:
   • Two-stage approach (= fit each subject individually)
   • Naïve-pooled approach (= fit all at the same time)
• Use Non-Linear Mixed Effects (NLME) modelling instead:
   • Fixed effects: Population parameters (rate constants)
   • Random effects: Inter-patient variability +
     residual errors (i.e. measurement uncertainties)

              EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Blood sampling and immunofluorescence analysis
•   Blood sampling                              •   Incubation with specific antibodies for
•   Centrifugation  Separation of                  γ-H2AX and 53BP1
    leucocytes                                  •   Immunofluorescence analysis: manual
                                                    enumeration of co-localizing γ-H2AX
                                                    and 53BP1 foci in 100 cells

•   Washing in PBS
•   Fixation with ethanol

              Würzburg                                       München
                       EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Ex-vivo calibration curves for α- and β/γ-emitting
 radionuclides
 • small γ-H2AX + 53BP1 foci for β/γ-emitters
 • γ-H2AX + 53BP1 tracks for α- emitters

    Lu-177+I-131

            ܴ‫ܨܫ‬                ܴ‫ܨܫ‬                         ܴ‫ܨܫ‬
                (‫ = )ܦ‬0.0147 ȉ     ȉ ݉ ‫ିݕܩ‬ଵ ȉ ‫ ܦ‬+ 0.0363 ȉ
            ݈݈ܿ݁               ݈݈ܿ݁                        ݈݈ܿ݁

                                   γ

                                                                  Schumann et al., Sci Rep. 2018.
                                                                  Schumann et al., EJNMMI Res. 2018.
                         EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
Eberlein et al. PLoS ONE, 2015
In-vivo study with Lu-177-PSMA (16 patients)

     • γ-H2AX + 53BP1 radiation induced foci (RIF) as a function of the absorbed dose to the
       blood

Schumann et al. accepted 03/2019, EJNMMI
                                                          first three sampling time points:
                        EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
                                                           up to 2.6 h after administration
Next steps: Blood sampling protocol for radioiodine
therapy

• 20 patients from Würzburg (full protocoll)

• Blood sampling time points:
    •   before administration for background value and ex-vivo irradiation
    •   1 h after administration
    •   2 h after administration
    •   3 h after administration
    •   4 h after administration                  approx. 50 mGy
    •   24 h after administration               after 1 h incubation
    •   48 h after administration                         +
    •   96 h after administration                 10 patients from
    •   168 h after administration (optional)         Marburg

                EC Horizon 2020 NFRP-9
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