Flussbad URBAN RENEWAL AND SWIMMING-POOL PRECINT, BERLIN, GERMANY
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Flussbad URBAN RENEWAL AND SWIMMING-POOL PRECINT, BERLIN, GERMANY
2 VIEW OF POOL AREA TOWARDS DOM, LUSTGARTEN & CASTLE
3 Project Group Landscape, Urban Design & Infrastructure Project Client Kunst und Technik e.V. supported by Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung in preparation of IBA Berlin 2020 Main Author realities:united Tim Edler studio for art and architecture falckensteinstr. 48 10997 berlin germany tel. +49. 30. 20 64 66 -30 fax. -39 info@realU.de www.realities-united.de Further Authors Jan Edler/ realities:united, Berlin, Germany Denise Dih/ DODK, Berlin, Germany Team Kai Dolata, Erik Levander, Wolfgang Metschan, Daniel Mock, Carmen Reina Consultants Landscape Design Man Made Land Anna Lundquist & Christian Bohne Berlin, Germany Hydraulic Engineering Ingenieurgesellschaft Prof. Dr. Sieker Heiko Sieker Hoppegarten, Germany
4 VIEW OF FILTER BASIN ALONG FRIEDRICHSGRACHT
5
SEGMENT A
SWIMMING POOL
SEGMENT B SEGMENT C
FILTER BASIN RENATURIZED RIVER
The goal of the Flussbad project is the permanent transformation of a 1.5-
km stretch of river in Berlin’s historic center that has gone unused for more
than 100 years.
The lower section of the course of the river, currently channeled as a canal,
will be made into a space accessible to the public via two broad shoreline
stairways at the Lustgarten and the Schlossplatz. The design alterations in
this sensitive city-planning area, part of which belongs to the “Museum Is-
land”, a UNESCO world cultural heritage site, are restricted to a minimum.
In the former canal in the middle of these historical environs, a new site will
be created for sitting, watching, and relaxing. And for swimming.
These stairways provide access to a natural swimming pool 745m long, for
the water flowing through this arm of the river has bathing water quality.
A functional changing facility with lockers serving the practical needs of
swimmers is invisibly integrated in the unused lower storey of the former
Kaiser Monument.
The filtered water comes from the upper reaches of this section of the river,
which lies about 1.2m higher than the pool. There, on a stretch 390m long,
a 7.200m2 constructed wetland is inserted into the canal profile to purify
the running water in a natural way. The 640-m uppermost section of the
river that continues from there will be renaturized. To this end, the northern
shore wall will be completely removed and the course of the river gently
widened into the grounds of the Fischerinsel. As an auxiliary purpose, this
section serves as an inner city green area and preliminary water purifier.
The actual main purpose of this side arm of the river is as a wildlife refuge,
to support the resettling of riparian flora and fauna in the channeled main
arm of the Spree River in Berlin’s urban area. (-> Fig.6)
OLD
NAT
IONA
LER L GAL-
Y
6
PERG
AMON
MUSE
UM
UM
BODE MUSE
3
O
MU LD
PLAN A SEU
M
BERLIN’S HISTORIC CENTER | MUSEUM ISLAND
1:4.000 LUS
TGA
R TEN
4
KU
PF
AA
ER
GR
AB
EN
/S
WI
MM
IN
1 Outdoor Stairway GP
OO
GE
L
Two stairways, 120m and 75m in length, cut into the eastern side of the
RM MU
AN SE
existing canal wall.
HI UM
ST
OR
N
DE
IC
AL
Changing Rooms (-> Fig.1) N
2 N
LI
Surface ca. 400 m2. Lockers, showers, and changing rooms. DE
R
TE
Access to the water is possible within the area shielded from public UN
view.
3 End Weir
The end weir regulates the outflow from the swimming pool into the
main arm of the Spree and prevents the reverse flow of water into the
swimming pool, which is dammed 5 cm higher.
4 Flood Canal (Bypass) and Rescue Jetty
Any overflow from the mixed wastewater system (-> Planet) in the
project area will be drained via a separated bypass about 2-3 m wide
along the western shore wall. The bypass opens into the main arm
of the Spree at the northern tip of the island. The upper side of the
bypass is designed as a wharf and serves as a strolling path on the
level of the river and if necessary as a rescue jetty. In the area of the
Schloss Bridge, the jetty will be widened and, together with 2 broad
access stairways, will also serve as a pedestrian underpass under the
street Unter den Linden. If the water of the Spree rises higher than
the highest mark of the last 20 years, the bypass serves as a spillway
channel to regulate the level of water in the arms of the Spree along
the island’s shore.
5 Filter Basin (-> Fig.2 & 3)
The filter basin consists of a gravel filter ca. 0.8 m thick, covered by an
average of about 0.5 m of water. The filter has a capacity of ca. 0.5m3/
second and is able to purify inflowing impure river water to the quality
of drinking water. The filtered water is collected and led away through
drainage pipes below the sand packing. The upper side is planted eve-
rywhere with various marsh, shallow-water, and deep-water plants.
In rare extreme high water situations (as occur on average every 50
years), the end weir can be used to lower the level of the main arm of
the Spree.
MIN
STE
R
ATZ
MAI
NR
IVER
SPR
EE
7
MAIN
SPL
RIVE
R SP
REE
LOS
SCH
CAS
TLE
1
FRE
E2DO
M
MEM & UN
ORIA ITY
4 L
SC
HIN
KE
LP
LA
TZ BA
UA
KA
DE
MI
E
CC
N
5
ES REIG
FA FO
AF Y OF
IR
R
ST
BB
NI
MI
FRI
EDR
ICH
SGR
ACH
T
CKE
4
RÜB
EN
UD
TRA
GER
8
1
4 1
2
MOOD SEGMENT A SEGMENT A MOOD SEGMENT B
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF SWIMMING POOL AREA AT LUSTGARTEN
9
5
SEGMENT B MOOD SEGMENT C SEGMENT C
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF FILTER BASIN ALONG FRIEDRICHSGRACHT ISOMETRIC VIEW OF RENATURIZED UPPERMOST SECTION OF THE RIVER
10
a
a Pedestal (Former Kaiser Monument)
b Stairway to Canal
c Showers
b
d Wooden Access Deck
e Water Access
f Changing Rooms and Lockers
g First Aid c
d
h Bathrooms
i Storage e
f i
g h
FIG.1 CHANGING ROOMS
EXPLODED VIEW | FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM
SECTION A 1:300
SWIMMING POOL11
PROGRESS
A RADICALLY NEW ROLE FOR OLD RIVERS, ASSESSABLE
MEANS, GOOD SELF-CONFIDENCE
Innovation And Transferability
Like Berlin, many cities grew along rivers or at fords and have turned away • The changed standards of evaluation of the use value of the river as a This unique situation will give the project and the approaches it transports
from their rivers in the last 150 years. Today this situation offers the basic resource – no longer primarily as a transport route, but also or above all a greater reach. It will give it a further level of meaning that might facilitate
precondition to approach their original resource, the river, once again and as a resource for natural and social recuperation. the approval and acceptance elsewhere. The juxtaposition of the issues it
with similar interventions to transform their river courses or canal systems (-> Prosperity, People) raises with other important values (tradition, heritage, identity) will stimu-
into publicly usable spaces. late the general question of the weight of these issues for a modern society.
• The changed standards of evaluation in regard to the reason and object
• As shown in this project, this can lead to river courses in which people can of a public investment as the basis for projects like the Flussbad that do
swim in in the middle of the city. not promise direct monetary revenues (like a swimming lake located in
The methods and technologies used in this project are tested, simple, the middle of the city, Flussbad is accessible completely free of charge).
robust, and easily understood. (-> Fig.2) (-> Prosperity, -> Fig.9)
• But transferability is not restricted to the technical aspects of this pro- And at last it is he location that matters. This spot is not just an anonymous
ject. At the center is, above all, a change in fundamental ways of viewing, test site. In fact Flussbad lays claim to one of the most prominent and
change that can be transferred: symbolic sites that exist in Berlin and Germany. The model for a thorough
of the value of natural resources and public property makes demands on
• Societal participation in and influence on the river as a public resource.
a site that is widely regarded to stand for the new identity of the reunited
(->People)
Nation.
SECTION B 1:300 SECTION C 1:300
FILTER BASIN RENATURIZED RIVER12
PROFICIENCY PEOPLE
MORE COMPLEX USE OF THE HISTORICAL CENTER, THE RIVER BELONGS TO EVERYONE –
PRESENT AND PAST, FOR TOURISTS AND LOCAL RESIDENTS AND SO DOES THE RESPONSIBILITY
Contextual And Aesthetic Impact Ethical Standards And Social Equity
The project creates an elemental and universally accessible use offering in Flussbad creates public space in the middle of the city.
the historic center of the city. The possibility to dangle one’s feet in the water
The canal, which lost its earlier use 120 years ago, but has remained legally
may be used by some of the ca. 3 million museum visitors, but the offering
a shipping route, is in principle publicly accessible and usable again.
aims primarily at those who live in the city.
This change in function and the resulting space and potential for use cre-
This cannot be taken for granted, because in Berlin – as in many compa- ate a direct possibility for participation in a central site that has previously
rable cities in the world – the historic inner city has developed into a place mostly been marked by increasing specialization of use and privatization of
populated mostly by tourists and hardly any more by the city’s own resi- space. (-> Proficiency)
dents.
Beyond that, the process of completely refunctionalizing a whole arm of the
The Flussbad moderately counteracts this functional separation. It is an river also has a great symbolic significance – for the process of democratiz-
approach, also in the center of a city and under monument protection, to en- ing the water, or more precisely, access to water in the city.
able a multiplicity of uses that do not rule each other out, but mix and over-
In Germany, as in many other countries, the administration of the rivers has
lap. The river swimming pool thus serves the everyday, the touristic, and
traditionally been oriented almost exclusively toward the needs of shipping
the iconic Berlin. (-> People)
and the disposal of wastewater. (It is no coincidence that the river is the
This gives a new depth of meaning to Museum Island, which has long been property of the federal government, which keeps local possibilities of influ-
one-sidedly cultivated as a historic pictorial landscape soon to be augment- ence as restricted as possible.)
ed by a replica of the historic City Palace. Indeed, it may be above all the
The project Flussbad is a model for the so far mostly neglected weighing of
delicately balanced provocation of the unaccustomed simultaneity of nature
which purposes and whose benefit the river in the city should and can most
and culture, body and mind, present and past, that gives the Flussbad pro-
sensibly serve.
ject the potential to become another, new landmark of Berlin. (-> Prosperity)
As a symbol of a new and civilized way of appropriating public space as a Making the river and the water experiencable and demonstrating the possi-
living “res publica”, this project will invite the city’s residents to a new, en- bilities that lie in this unsoiled resource will also directly contribute to finally
gaged form of democratic participation. (-> People) bringing the general theme of urban wastewater treatment to society’s
consciousness. For in Berlin, the problematic of the mixed wastewater sys-
tem (-> Planet, Fig.4) is not widely known. The financial, juridical, technical,
administrative, and political means provided to improve the situation are
correspondingly limited.INTEREST
GROUPS & 13
SCIENCE NGOS
INFORM &
PRESSURE
PUBLIC
AWARENESS
CREATE &
GOVERNMENT
INCREASE The direct experience of unpolluted AUTHORITIES
water & the understanding of the pol-
lution caused by the city’s outmoded
sewage system.
(-> Planet)
FLUSSBAD
PROJECT ACT &
(-> Fig.2) ENFORCE
Renaturalization of
FURTHER upper river section
RIVER BED
PROJECTS compare (-> Planet) RENATURAL-
RECREATIONAL IZATION
WASTE
WATER
TREATMENT
RIVER RAIN WATER
DRAINAGE &
ECOSYSTEM SEWERAGE
(-> Fig.4 & 5)
ENABLES & SEPARATION
WATER
CURRENT SITUATION
INSPIRES
FLUSSBAD: DIRECT EFFECT QUALITY
RESTORE &
FLUSSBAD: INDIRECT
Purification of 16.0 Mio m3
IMPROVE
river water p.a. (-> Planet)
FIG.9. RIVER HEALTH/ WATER QUALITY EFFECT CYCLE
The Missing Link: Envisioned direct and indirect positive effects of the flussbad pro-
ject on ongoing processes aiming to restore the ecosystem of the river and improv-
ing the water quality.14
DEEP WATER ZONE SHALLOW WATER ZONE SWAMP ZONE
Water Depth: 40-100 cm Water Depth: 20-40 cm Water Depth: 0-20 cm
Species: Nuthar lutea, Nymphea alba, Persicaria amphibia Species: Alisma plantago-aquatica, Phragmites australis, Schoenoplectus laucus- Species: Carex acuta, Glyceria maxima, Iris pseudocorus, Mentha aquatica, Phalaris
tris, Typha beccabunga, Typha angustifolia arundinacea
FIG.3 SPECIES IN THE CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT15
PLANET
CLEANER WATER, A HEALTHIER RIVER, MORE SPACE TO LIVE IN
Environmental Quality & Resource Efficiency
Two essential resources are at the center of this project: public space and
water.
The focus in respect to space is on optimizing and concentrating the use of
and access to inner city spaces. (-> people)
In regard to water, the aim is primarily to reduce the deleterious influence of
civilization on the river as an ecosystem.
The latter involves substantial problems; in Berlin, the greatest single
problem of water pollution results from the outmoded mixed wastewater
WETLAND ZONE system in Berlin’s inner city districts (-> Fig.4). This system overflows after
Water Depth: +/-0 cm heavy rainfall up to 30 times a year. Each time, this means the influx of large
Species: Juncus conglomeratus, Juncus effusus, Myosotis scorpioides amounts of unpurified wastewater directly into the Spree River, which is a
tremendous burden on the water quality and the ecosystem of the river.
(-> Fig.5 & 8)
The project Flussbad influences this complex on two levels:
• On the concrete level, the project will effect a moderate improvement in
the water quality of the whole river by filtering ca. 16 million m3 of water
per year. In addition, the area of the upper course of the river, restored
to nature, will reduce the rate of flow to about 1.5 cm/sec. on a surface
of about 1.8 ha, making it resemble an old arm of the river. Here, a large
ecological “stepping stone” will arise within a river landscape, which has
been rigorously canalized over many kilometers; it will promote the settle-
ment and migration of natural riparian fauna and flora.
(-> Fig.9, light green)
• Additionally, we expect the project to have an effectively even greater
influence on the indirect level, because it supports a number of indepen-
dently developing processes that aim to improve the river’s water quality
and ecological function.
The problem with these processes, some of which aim at restructuring
Berlin’s mixed wastewater system or at reducing the influx of nutrients
from agriculture in Berlin’s environs, is that they are always very expen-
sive and at the same time highly abstract. That means: people don’t see
them; they are hard to understand and so it is difficult to organize the
financial means for these measures.
The project Flussbad aims to alter this lack of perception. It directly dis-
plays the value of the quality of living achievable through these processes
and is thus extremely well suited to awaken and increase the necessary
public awareness of them.
(-> Fig.9, dark green)16
Reed and other water plants
Plant roots (prevent filter clogging)
Water cover >0-50cm
wol
f re
taw
rev
ir
Creates pressure for water
to run through filter
Level difference
Sand filter >80cm
Coarse gravel in drainage layer
Interface
Old canal bed
Drainage pipes
Pool Water
FIG.2 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF FILTER BASIN17
Schönerlinde
5 km
Wansdorf
Ruhleben
Münchehofe
Waßmannsdorf
FIG 4. SEWAGE SYSTEM | SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS Stahnsdorf
city limits
area with combined sewer system
waste water treatment plant18
500m
FIG 5. SEWAGE SPILLWAYS
existing canals
new flood canal
existing discharge spillways
modified (intercepted) discharge spillways19
500m
3,3
KM
4,5
KM
1,8 HA RESTORED RIVER HABITAT AS A STEPPING STONE DIVIDING THE DISTANCE
FIG 6. SPREE: POTENTIALS FOR RIVER RESTAURATION BETWEEN NEXT POTENTIAL WILDLIFE HABITATS UPSTREAM AND DOWN-
HABITAT STEPPING STONES STREAM
highly modif. river sections with no opportunity for river restoration
highly modif. river sections with potential for river restoration
Flussbad project area
other surface water bodies20
’s
ion a lity sbad s nt
a l lat r qu lus gie v e me
t te F te
ins wa t with stra pro
b ad e d r y i m
ss ct men othe ali
t
Flu oje qu m-
Pr prove e on
m n c a te r
l i ty i bad
Closure of Last
i lue dw d ua ss
inf cte ssba te r q t Flu
j e
River-Bath o
Pr h Flu wa hou
First Public River Bath i t c ted t wit
Sewerage w oje en
Redirection German Pr vem
First River Bath
Reunification pro
polluted
verunreinigt
sauber
clean
1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
FIG.8 ESTIMATED WATER POLUTION OVER TIME
FIG.7 HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER SPREE21
PROSPERITY
A RETURN TO AN OLD TRADITION, AN ADVERTISING CAMPAIGN
FOR THE CITY, A BETTER QUALITY OF LIFE FOR THE RESIDENTS
Economic Performance And Compatibility
For centuries, Berlin’s Spree River pragmatically served urban develop- • Its future use as a resource for social and natural regeneration will again • Another aspect of value creation lies in the external effect of the project.
ment. The river was alternately and simultaneously used as a transport give impetus to the city’s development and enhance the quality of life in the More than any other city in Germany, Berlin lives from its “image” as a
route, for waste disposal, as a defense installation, a source of food, and an inner city districts. special place: a place of brusque ruptures and contradictions, but also
energy provider. Its function, course, and profile were always adapted to its These areas have experienced a striking densification of use in the 20 as a site of very special possibilities. This image is an essential motor for
uses. Unused areas of the river were usually filled in. (-> Fig.7) years that have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall. In the area where tourism and, in particular, ensures a constant inflow of young people, who
The section of the river in the project area is an exception to this. It lost its also much informal green and recreation surface have disappeared, the today are vital for the cultural and educational landscape and for many
usable function as a shipping channel in 1888 and has remained unused river swimming pool will create urgently needed opportunities for leisure branches of the economy. With its future-oriented, pragmatic, and simul-
ever since. and sports. taneously somewhat provocative message (-> Proficiency), the Flussbad
is a very fitting new building block for this image of Berlin.You can also read
