Foraging Assemblages Volume 2 - Edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović - Diva Portal
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Foraging Assemblages
Volume 2
Foraging Assemblages is the publication of the proceedings
of the Ninth International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, held
in Belgrade in September 2015. The two volumes of these proceedings
gather 121 contributions on Mesolithic research in Europe, covering almost
Volume 2
every corner of the continent. The book presents a cross-section of recent
Mesolithic research, with geographic foci ranging from the Mediterranean
to Scandinavia, and from Ireland to Russia and Georgia. The papers in the
volumes cover diverse topics and are grouped into 11 thematic sections, Edited by Dušan Borić,
each with an introduction written by prominent Mesolithic experts. The Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Foraging Assemblages
reader will learn about changes in forager lifeways and the colonization
of new territories at the end of the Ice
Age and the beginning of the Holocene
warming; the use of diverse landscapes
and resources; climatic instabilities
that influenced patterns of settlement
and subsistence; the organization of
settlements and dwelling spaces; the
formation of regional identities expressed
through various aspects of material culture
and technologies of artefact production,
use, and discard; aspects of social relations
and mobility; symbolic, ritual, and mortuary
practices; diverse ways in which Mesolithic
communities of Europe were transformed
into or superseded by Neolithic ways
of being; and how we have researched,
represented, and discussed the Mesolithic.
Volume 1 Volume 2
Transitions – Beginnings Technology
Colonization Social Relations,
Communication, Mobility
Landscapes
Rites and Symbols
Settlement
Transitions – Endings
Regional Identities
Representing and Narrating
People in Their Environment the Mesolithic
Foraging Assemblages
Volume 2
Edited by Dušan Borić,
Dragana Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović
Serbian Archaeological Society
The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University
Belgrade & New York
The NOMIS Foundation provided a grant in support of preparation and publication of this book
Publishers
Serbian Archaeological Society, Belgrade, Republic od Serbia
The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia University, New York, USA
For Publishers
Adam Crnobrnja
David Freedberg
Edited by
© Dušan Borić, Dragana Antonović, Bojana Mihailović 2021
This publication is in copyright. No reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of the authors.
First published 2021
Peer-reviewed by
Pablo Arias
Nuno Bicho
Clive Bonsall
Dušan Borić
Chantal Conneller
Emanuela Cristiani
Vesna Dimitrijević
Federica Fontana
Ole Grøn
Judith Grünberg
Lars Larsson
Dušan Mihailović
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Nicky Millner Народна библиотека Србије, Београд
T. Douglas Price
Rick Schulting 903(4)"632/633"(082)
Robert Whallon 902.2(4)(082)
FORAGING Assemblages. Vol. 2 / edited by Dušan Borić, Dragana
Copy-editing and proof-reading Antonović, and Bojana Mihailović. - Belgrade : Serbian Archaeological Society
Hannah Elmer ; New York : The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America, Columbia
Dušan Borić University, 2021 (Belgrade : Publikum). - VIII str., str. 353-820 : ilustr. ; 29 cm
Design Tekst štampan dvostubačno. - Tiraž 400. - Napomene i bibliografske reference
uz tekst. - Bibliografija uz svaki rad. - Registar.
Dušan Pavlić
ISBN 978-86-80094-15-1 (SAS)
Index compiled by ISBN 978-86-80094-16-8 (niz)
Mia Borić
Dušan Borić 1. Borić, Dušan, 1973- [уредник] 2. Antonović, Dragana, 1960- [уредник]
3. Mihailović, Bojana, 1963- [уредник]
Desktop publishing а) Археолошка налазишта, праисторијска -- Европа -- Мезолит -- Зборници
Marko Huber б) Археолошка истраживања -- Европа -- Зборници
Print run 400 COBISS.SR-ID 35939593
Printed by Publikum
ISBN
978-86-80094-15-1
978-86-80094-16-8
A CIP record of this book is available from the National Library of Serbia, Belgrade
Front Cover Illustration: Sculpted sandstone boulder named ‘Progenitor’ (inv. no. 41) from Lepenski Vir (National Museum in Belgrade)
Back Cover Illustration: Lepenski Vir during excavations (Photograph courtesy of of Alan McPherron)
Contents
VOLUME I
List of Contributors ix
Preface xxv
The Danube Gorges Mesolithic: The first fifty years (Dušan Borić) xxvii
Transitions – Beginnings 1
1 Introduction: Transitions – Beginnings (Dušan Mihailović and Robert Whallon) 3
2 Transition and tradition: Lithic variability in the cave of Vlakno, Croatia 5
(Dario Vujević and Mario Bodružić)
3 Workspace organization of a Final Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer camp 12
(Anton A. Simonenko and Olesya I. Uspenskaya Aleksandrova)
4 The problem of the Palaeolithic to Mesolithic transition on the Upper and Middle Don River 20
(central Russia) (Alexander N. Bessudnov and Alexander A. Bessudnov)
5 Early Holocene human adaptation and palaeoenvironment of the north-western Caucasus 29
(Elena V. Leonova, Olesya I. Uspenskaya, Natalia V. Serdyuk, Elena A. Spiridonova, Alexey S. Tesakov,
Elena V. Chernysheva, Pavel D. Frolov, and Elena V. Syromyatnikova)
6 Early Mesolithic of northern Bohemia: 2015 excavations (Jiří Svoboda) 36
7 The last hunter-gatherers of South Arabia: A review of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene 45
archaeological record (Yamandú Hieronymus Hilbert)
Colonization 53
8 Introduction: Colonization 55
9 First Mesolithic occupations at high altitudes in Vercors (Isère, France): The case studies of Les Coins I, 57
Roybon, and Gerland (Alexandre Angelin and Régis Picavet)
10 The Mesolithic site of Borovskoye 2 in light of the Pre-Boreal habitation in Karelia 64
(Sergey Lisitsyn, Alexey Tarasov, Nataliya Tsvetkova, and Stanislav Belsky)
11 The Mesolithic of Fontanella rockshelter (Vilafranca, eastern Mediterranean Iberia) and the last hunters- 74
gatherers of northern Valencian country (Dídac Román, Inés Domingo, and Jordi Nadal)
Landscapes 83
12 Introduction: Landscapes (Dušan Borić) 85
13 The missing landscapes and territories of Mesolithic Portugal 88
(Ana Cristina Araújo and Ana Maria Costa)
14 A comparative perspective on Mesolithic assemblages from different landscapes in Bohemia 94
(Katarína Kapustka, Jan Eigner, and Matthew Walls)
15 The Early Mesolithic of the Piave River basin: Mountain tops, riverbanks, and seashores? 102
(Federica Fontana, Davide Visentin, and Stefano Bertola)
16 Integrating communities and landscape: A wetland perspective from the Lower Rhine area 110
(Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz)iv Contents
17 Tracing raw materials: Procurement strategies and movements in the Early Mesolithic, a case study from 118
Larvik, south-eastern Norway (Guro Fossum)
18 Local or imported? Tracking the provenance of flint raw materials of the Mesolithic habitants of Estonia 123
and northern Latvia with the help of geochemical methods (Kristiina Johanson, Aivar Kriiska, Jaan Aruväli,
Peeter Somelar, Kaarel Sikk, and Liina Sepp)
19 The Upper Dee Tributaries Project: Finding the Mesolithic in the mountains of Scotland 129
(Shannon M. Fraser, Gordon Noble, Graeme Warren, Richard Tipping, Danny Paterson, Wishart Mitchell,
Ann Clarke, and Caroline R. Wickham-Jones)
20 Surviving Doggerland (Caroline R. Wickham-Jones) 135
21 A Mesolithic moment in time: The Drumnaglea Cache (Peter Woodman† and Sarah Close) 142
22 Transient campsites, logistic campsites, and the cumulative taphonomy of Malham Tarn site A: 148
A persistent place in the northern Pennines (William A. Lovis and Randolph E. Donahue)
Settlement 157
23 Introduction: Settlements, dwellings, pits, and middens – still very far from a theory of everything! 159
(Ole Grøn and Nuno Bicho)
24 Of space and time: The non-midden components of the Cabeço da Amoreira Mesolithic shell mound (Muge, 162
central Portugal) (João Cascalheira, Nuno Bicho, Célia Gonçalves, Daniel García-Rivero, and Pedro Horta)
25 Looking for the ‘Asturian’ dwelling areas: New data from El Alloru and Sierra Plana de la Borbolla 169
(Asturias, Spain) (Pablo Arias, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Ana Cristina
Araújo, Marián Cueto, Patricia Fernández Sánchez, Eneko Iriarte, Inés L. López-Dóriga, Sara Núñez,
Christoph Salzmann, Carlos Duarte, Felix Teichner, Luis C. Teira, and Paloma Uzquiano)
26 Habitation areas in Asturian shell middens and site formation processes: Mazaculos II cave 177
(La Franca, Asturias, northern Iberia) and the new sites of El Total III and El Mazo
(Manuel R. González Morales)
27 Mesolithic settlement patterns and occupation of central and eastern Cantabria (Spain) 184
(Mercedes Pérez-Bartolomé)
28 Domestic life by the ocean: Beg-er-Vil, c. 6200–6000 cal BC (Grégor Marchand and Catherine Dupont) 191
29 Mesolithic pit-sites in Champagne (France): First data, key issues 198
(Nathalie Achard-Corompt, Emmanuel Ghesquiere, Christophe Laurelut, Charlotte Leduc, Arnaud Remy,
Isabelle Richard, Vincent Riquier, Luc Sanson, and Julia Wattez)
30 Some observations on the archaeological record of the (Late) Mesolithic in the northern Netherlands 202
(Marcel J. L. Th. Niekus)
31 Life on the lake edge: Mesolithic habitation at Star Carr 210
(Nicky Milner, Chantal Conneller, Barry Taylor, Mike Bamforth, Julian C. Carty, Shannon Croft, Ben Elliott,
Becky Knight, Aimée Little, Harry K. Robson, Charlotte C. A. Rowley, and Maisie Taylor)
32 Late Mesolithic shallow pithouse from Sąsieczno 4 (central Poland) (Grzegorz Osipowicz) 216
33 Mesolithic complexes on the right bank of the Vyatka River (the middle Volga Basin) 223
(Tаtyana Gusentsova)
34 Mesolithic hearth-pits and cooking-pits in western Sweden and south-eastern Norway: 227
When, where, how, and a bit about why (Robert Hernek)
35 Mesolithic ‘ghost’ sites and related Stone Age problems with lithics (Ole Grøn and Hans Peeters) 233
36 Sømmevågen. A Late Mesolithic–Early Neolithic settlement complex in south-western Norway: 240
Preliminary results (Trond Meling, Hilde Fyllingen, and Sean D. Denham)
37 Mesolithic settlement on Utsira, western Norway: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in transition as reflected by 246
dwellings and site patterns (Arne Johan Nærøy)
38 Mesolithic dwellings from Motala, Sweden (Ann Westermark) 252Contents v
Regional Identities 259
39 Introduction: Regional identities (Rick Schulting) 261
40 Holocene foraging in the Dinaric Alps: Current research on the Mesolithic of Montenegro 264
(Dušan Borić, Emanuela Cristiani, Ljiljana Đuričić, Dragana Filipović, Ethel Allué, Zvezdana Vušović-Lučić,
and Nikola Borovinić)
41 New perspectives on the Mesolithic of the Sado Valley (southern Portugal): 274
Preliminary results of the SADO MESO project
(Pablo Arias, Mariana T. Diniz, Ana Cristina Araújo, Ángel Armendariz, and Luis C. Teira)
42 The ‘Asturian’ and its neighbours in the twenty-first century: Recent perspectives on the Mesolithic of 281
northern Spain (Pablo Arias, Esteban Álvarez-Fernández, Miriam Cubas, Miguel Ángel Fano, María J.
Iriarte-Chiapusso, Mercedes Pérez Bartolomé, and Jesús Tapia)
43 The Mesolithic in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula (Galicia, Spain): The state of art 289
(Eduardo Ramil Rego, Natividad Fuertes Prieto, Carlos Fernández Rodríguez, Eduardo González Gómez de
Agüero and Ana Neira Campos)
44 The last foragers in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula: New evidence of human occupation during 295
the seventh/sixth millennia cal BC (Antoni Palomo, Igor Bodganovic, Raquel Piqué, Rafel Rosillo, Xavier
Terradas, Marta Alcolea, Marian Berihuete, and Maria Saña)
45 The Late Mesolithic of the south-western coast of Portugal: The lithic industry of Vale Marim I in focus 301
(Joaquina Soares, Niccolò Mazzucco, and Carlos Tavares da Silva)
46 The temporality of the Mesolithic in southern France (Thomas Perrin) 308
47 Re-evaluating the old excavation from Pinnberg, Germany 312
(Daniel Groß, Steffen Berckhan, Nadine Hauschild, Anna-Lena Räder, and Anne Sohst)
48 Exploring early Ertebølle: Results of preliminary assessments at a submerged site in the Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea, 318
Germany) and its potential (Julia Goldhammer, Annika B. Müller, Laura Brandt, Steffen Wolters, and Sönke Hartz)
49 Identifying regional practices in cave use during the Mesolithic in south-western Britain 324
(Caroline Rosen)
50 About time for the Mesolithic near Stonehenge: New perspectives from Trench 24 at Blick Mead, 330
Vespasian’s Camp, Amesbury (David Jacques, Tom Lyons, Barry Bishop, and Tom Phillips)
51 Secrets of Blue Maiden: The archaeology of a virgin island in the Baltic Sea 337
(Kenneth Alexandersson, Anna-Karin Andersson, and Ludvig Papmehl-Dufay)
52 Mesolithic site locations in the river valleys of Karelia, west of Ladoga Lake, Russia 345
(Hannu Takala, Mark. M. Shakhnovich, Aleksey Yu. Tarasov, and Anssi Malinen)
VOLUME II
People in Their Environment 355
53 Introduction: People in their environment (Clive Bonsall and Vesna Dimitrijević) 357
54 Late Glacial to Early Holocene environs and wood use at Lepenski Vir 359
(Ethel Allué, Dragana Filipović, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Borić)
55 Plant use at the Mesolithic site of Parque Darwin (Madrid, Spain) 367
(Marian Berihuete Azorín, Marta Alcolea Gracia, Raquel Piqué i Huerta, and Javier Baena Preysler)
56 A tale of foxes and deer, or how people changed their eating habits during the Mesolithic at Vlakno cave 374
(Croatia) (Siniša Radović, Victoria Pía Spry-Marqués, and Dario Vujević)
57 Coastal resource exploitation patterns and climatic conditions during the Early Mesolithic in the 382
Cantabrian region (northern Iberia): Preliminary data from the shell midden site of El Mazo (Asier García-
Escárzaga, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, Adolfo Cobo, and Manuel R. González-Morales)vi Contents
58 How ‘marine’ were coastal Mesolithic diets? (Rick J. Schulting) 389
59 The seasonality of hunting during the Mesolithic in southern Scandinavia (Ola Magnell) 398
60 Incremental growth line analysis of the European oyster (Ostrea edulis, Linnaeus, 1758) from the kitchen 404
midden at Eskilsø, Denmark (Harry K. Robson, Søren A. Sørensen, Eva M. Laurie, and Nicky Milner)
61 Skellerup Enge: Evidence for a distinctive subsistence economy in western Denmark during 410
the early Ertebølle (Kenneth Ritchie, Søren H. Andersen, and Esben Kannegaard)
62 Hunting beyond red deer: Exploring species patterning in Early Mesolithic faunal assemblages in Britain 416
and north-western Europe (Nick J. Overton)
63 Size estimations of sturgeons (Acipenseridae) from the Mesolithic-Neolithic Danube Gorges 422
(Ivana Živaljević, Igor V. Askeyev, Dilyara N. Shaymuratova (Galimova), Oleg V. Askeyev,
Sergey P. Monakhov, Dušan Borić, and Sofija Stefanović)
Technology 429
64 Introduction: Technology (Federica Fontana, Emanuela Cristiani, and Dušan Mihailović) 431
65 Couteaux de Rouffignac: A new insight into an old tool 434
(Davide Visentin, Sylvie Philibert, and Nicolas Valdeyron)
66 The lithic assemblage of the Mesolithic station of Alp2 (pre-alpine mountain range of Chartreuse, northern 440
French Alps): Preliminary data (Jocelyn Robbe)
67 The First and Second Mesolithic of La Grande Rivoire (Vercors range, Isère, France): A diachronic 444
perspective on lithic technology (Alexandre Angelin, Thomas Perrin, and Pierre-Yves Nicod)
68 Techno-functional approach to a technological breakthrough: The Second Mesolithic of Montclus 452
rockshelter (Gard, France) (Elsa Defranould, Sylvie Philibert, and Thomas Perrin)
69 The late microblade complexes and the emergence of geometric microliths in north-eastern Iberia 457
(Dídac Román, Pilar García-Argüelles, Jordi Nadal, and Josep Maria Fullola)
70 Mesolithic raw material management south of the Picos de Europa (northern Spain) 464
(Diego Herrero-Alonso, Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, and Ana Neira-Campos)
71 New perspectives on Mesolithic technology in northern Iberia: Data from El Mazo shell midden site 470
(Asturias, Spain) (Natividad Fuertes-Prieto, John Rissetto, Igor Gutiérrez-Zugasti, David Cuenca-Solana, and
Manuel R. González Morales)
72 The conical core pressure blade concept: A Mesolithic chaîne opératoire (Tuija Rankama and Jarmo 476
Kankaanpää)
73 Middle and Late Mesolithic microblade technology in eastern Norway: Gradual development or abrupt 482
change? (Svein Vatsvåg Nielsen and Torgeir Winther)
74 Shaori II: An obsidian workshop in Javakheti, Georgia 490
(Dimitri Narimanishvili, Petranka Nedelcheva, and Ivan Gatsov)
75 Finding, shaping, hiding: Caching behaviour in the Middle Mesolithic of south-eastern Norway 495
(Lucia Uchermann Koxvold)
76 Hafting flake axes: Technological and functional aspects of an assemblage from north-western Norway 499
(John Asbjørn Havstein)
77 Quantifying Irish shale Mesolithic axes/adzes (Bernard Gilhooly) 505
78 Technology of osseous artefacts in the Mesolithic Danube Gorges: The evidence from Vlasac (Serbia) 512
(Emanuela Cristiani and Dušan Borić)
79 Antler in material culture of the Iron Gates Mesolithic (Selena Vitezović) 520
80 Tools made from wild boar canines during the French Mesolithic: A technological and functional study of 526
the collection from Le Cuzoul de Gramat (France) (Benjamin Marquebielle and Emmanuelle Fabre)Contents vii
81 Lost at the bottom of the lake. Leister prongs from the Early and Middle Mesolithic 535
(Lars Larsson, Björn Nilsson, and Arne Sjöström)
82 Late Glacial and Early Holocene osseous projectile weaponry from the Polish Lowlands: 540
The case of a point from Witów (Justyna Orłowska)
Social Relations, Communication, Mobility 547
83 Introduction: Social relations, communication, mobility (Chantal Conneller) 549
84 Role of personal ornaments: Vlakno cave (Croatia) (Barbara Cvitkušić and Dario Vujević) 551
85 Marine shells as grave goods at S’Omu e S’Orku (Sardinia, Italy) 558
(Emanuela Cristiani, Rita T. Melis, and Margherita Mussi)
86 Visual information in Cabeço da Amoreira, Muge (Portugal): Shell adornment technology 567
(Lino André and Nuno Bicho)
87 Neighbours on the other side of the sea: Late Mesolithic relations in eastern Middle Sweden 574
(Jenny Holm)
88 Sedentary hunters, mobile farmers: The spread of agriculture into prehistoric Europe 579
(T. Douglas Price, Lars Larsson, Ola Magnell, and Dušan Borić)
Rites and Symbols 585
89 Introduction: Rites and Symbols (Judith M. Grünberg and Lars Larsson) 587
90 A portable object in motion – Complex layers of meaning embedded in an ornamented sandstone-object 590
from the Late Mesolithic site of Brunstad (Norway) (Almut Schülke)
91 Net patterns in Mesolithic art of north-western Europe (Tomasz Płonka) 595
92 Protective patterns in Mesolithic art (Peter Vang Petersen) 602
93 Mesolithic engraved bone pins: The art of fashion at Téviec (Morbihan, France) (Éva David) 610
94 Final destruction and ultimate humiliation of an enemy during the Mesolithic of southern Scandinavia 619
(Erik Brinch Petersen)
95 Archaeological remains of Mesolithic funerary rites and symbols (Judith M. Grünberg) 622
96 Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of 629
their mortuary practices (Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)
97 Depositions of human skulls and cremated bones along the River Motala Ström at Strandvägen, Motala 637
(Fredrik Molin, Sara Gummesson, Linus Hagberg, and Jan Storå)
98 Human–animal symbolism within a ritual space in the Mesolithic wetland deposit at Kanaljorden, Motala 644
(Fredrik Hallgren, Sara Gummesson, Karin Berggren, and Jan Storå)
99 What are grave goods? Some thoughts about finds and features in Mesolithic mortuary practice 649
(Lars Larsson)
100 Mesolithic companions: The significance of animal remains within Mesolithic burials 655
in Zvejnieki and Skateholm (Aija Macāne)
101 Pit or grave? ‘Emptied’ graves from the cemetery at Dudka, Masuria, north-eastern Poland 660
(Karolina Bugajska)
102 Beware of dogs! Burials and loose dog bones at Dudka and Szczepanki, Masuria, north-eastern Poland 668
(Witold Gumiński)
103 Shamans in the Mesolithic? Re-analysis of antler headdresses from the North European Plain 678
(Markus Wild)
104 Birds in ritual practice of eastern European forest hunter-gatherers 685
(Ekaterina Kashina and Elena Kaverzneva)viii Contents
Transitions – Endings 693
105 Transitions – Endings: Introduction (T. Douglas Price) 695
106 Modelling the empty spaces: Mesolithic in the micro-region of central Serbia 699
(Vera Bogosavljević Petrović and Andrej Starović)
107 How North Iberia was lost? The Early Neolithic in Cantabrian Spain (Miguel Ángel Fano and Miriam 706
Cubas)
108 Debating Neolithization from a Mesolithic point of view: The Sado Valley (Portugal) experience 713
(Mariana Diniz, Pablo Arias Cabal, Ana Cristina Araújo, and Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna)
109 The Caucasian route of Neolithization in the Pontic-Caspian region 720
(Alexander Gorelik, Andrej Tsybriy, and Viktor Tsybriy)
110 The Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic of the Kama region, Russia: Aspects of the Neolithization process 727
(Evgeniia Lychagina)
111 The Late Mesolithic in western Lesser Poland: Spectators or participants in the Neolithization? 733
(Marek Nowak, Mirosław Zając, and Justyna Zakrzeńska)
112 Wetland sites in a dry land area. A survey for Late Mesolithic and Early Neolithic sites in and around 740
the Zwischenahner Meer Lake, Germany (Svea Mahlstedt)
113 Forager-farmer contacts in the Scheldt Basin (Flanders, Belgium) in the late sixth-early fifth millennia BC: 746
Evidence from the site of Bazel-Sluis (Erwin Meylemans, Yves Perdaen, Joris Sergant, Jan Bastiaens, Koen
Deforce, Anton Ervynck, and Philippe Crombé)
114 Ritual continuity between the Late Mesolithic Ertebølle and Early Neolithic Funnel Beaker cultures 750
(Søren Anker Sørensen)
115 Continuity and change: hunters and farmers in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition, Östergötland, 756
eastern middle Sweden (Tom Carlsson)
116 The Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in South Norway: Cylindrical blade technology as an indicator of 763
change (Dag Erik Færø Olsen)
Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic 771
117 Introduction: Representing and Narrating the Mesolithic (Nicky Milner) 773
118 Mesolithic movie stars: Analyzing rare film archives of the Muge excavations from the early 776
twentieth century (Ana Abrunhosa and António H. B. Gonçalves)
119 Elusive, perplexing, and peculiar? Presenting the Mesolithic to twenty-first century audiences (Don 785
Henson)
120 Public perceptions and engagement with the Jomon and the Mesolithic (Don Henson) 789
121 Building Mesolithic: An experimental archaeological approach to Mesolithic buildings in Ireland 796
(Graeme Warren)
Index 805Rites and Symbols
96. Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of
the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the
lens of their mortuary practices
Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna
This paper summarizes the results of my research (Peyroteo-Stjerna 2016a) focusing on burial activities of
the last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula. Human burials were investigated in terms
of time and practice based on the application of three methods: radiocarbon dating and Bayesian analysis
to define the chronological framework of the burial activity at each site and valley; stable isotope analysis of
carbon and nitrogen aimed at defining the burial populations by the identification of dietary choices; and
archaeothanatology to reconstruct and define central practices in the treatment of the dead. This research
provides new perspectives on the role and relevance of the shell middens in the Tagus and Sado Valleys.
Death rituals played a central role in the life of these hunter-gatherers in developing a sense of community, as
well as for maintaining social ties in both life and death.
Keywords: mortuary practices, hunter-gatherers, shell middens, Late Mesolithic, Tagus and Sado Valleys
Introduction and contemporaneous sites in the region. While burial as
The Late Mesolithic shell middens of the Tagus and Sado a mortuary practice was known in the Iberian Peninsula
Valleys in Portugal (Fig. 96.1) are remarkable because of before these times, it was not a common practice (Peyro-
the large number of human bodies buried at these sites. teo-Stjerna 2016b).
These places aggregate some of the largest and earliest These sites are also rich in faunal remains (Detry 2007;
burial grounds known, arranged and maintained by pop- Lentacker 1986; Marques-Gabriel 2015; Rowley-Conwy
ulations with an exclusive hunting, fishing, and foraging 2015), providing evidence for on-site consumption of a
lifestyle. varied range of food resources, both marine and terrestri-
Along the south-western Atlantic coast of Europe, the al (Umbelino 2006). There is no evidence for domesticated
rise of the sea levels during the Atlantic climatic optimum plants or animals, except for the domestic dog (Detry and
(c. 6400–4350 cal BC) resulted in the formation of large Cardoso 2010; Diniz et al. 2012). Stone tool production
estuaries (Arnaud 1989; van der Schriek et al. 2007). The is well documented for all stages of the chaîne opératoire
typical scattered settlement pattern known for the Pre-Bo- (Araújo 1995–97; Diniz and Nukushina 2014; Marchand
real, Boreal, i.e. during the very early phases of the Ear- 2001; Nukushina 2012). The few ceramic fragments found
ly Holocene (c. 9530–6400 cal BC), becomes clustered in in some of these contexts are attributed to later occupa-
these new ecosystems (Araújo 2015). This new form of set- tions – the Early and Late Neolithic (Diniz 2010), and
tlement was accompanied by a different relation to death. Chalcolithic (Santos et al. 1972).
In the Tagus and Sado Valleys, burial practice was a com- Shell middens with burial grounds have been interpret-
mon way of disposal of the dead. Newborn babies, chil- ed in the light of economic and environmental processes
dren, young and old adults, men and women, were careful- as territorial claims to establish control over limited re-
ly buried in these places. From the 13 middens identified sources (Arnaud 1989). In highly productive estuarine en-
in the Tagus Valley, 9 have human burials with a total of vironments such as these, this is a compelling argument.
at least 263 individuals (Table 96.1). Similarly, in the Sado However, subsistence alone does not explain the signifi-
Valley, there are 11 known middens, 6 of which with hu- cance of the frequent disposal of the dead in neighbouring
man burials, totalling c. 113 individuals (Table 96.2). This burial grounds, and how these sites were meaningful and
particular engagement with death contrasts with earlier socially recognized. Furthermore, the classic functionalist630 Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna
Table 96.1. Tagus Valley: sites with recorded human sociological research. In this view, the shift in the meaning
remains. of death, i.e. death’s paradigm shift will be consistent with
Tributary Site MNI Reference the changes of world view of a given society (Davies 2005).
The aim of my research (Peyroteo-Stjerna 2016a), which
Fonte da Fragments Santos et al. 1990 is summarized in this paper, was to understand the sig-
Moça 1 of bones
Fonte da
nificance of the systematic placement of the dead in these
and teeth
Moça burial grounds and how these sites might have been mean-
Fonte da Fragments Santos et al. 1990 ingful and socially recognized.
Moça 2 of bones
Fonte do 2–3 Meiklejohn et al. 2009 Material and methods
Padre Pedro The analyzed archaeological material consists of human re-
Flor da Beira 4–5 Meiklejohn et al. 2009 mains excavated from the nineteenth century to the 1960s
at the shell middens of the Tagus and Sado Valleys in Por-
Cabeço 110 Cunha and Cardoso
tugal. Understanding the significance of the mortuary ac-
da Arruda 2002–03; Roksandic
(CAR) 2006 tivity at these sites requires we define how consistent and
Muge deliberate these practices were, who was buried in these
Moita do 85 Jackes and
places, as well as when and how.
Sebastião Meiklejohn 2008
(MS)
To answer the question when, in relation to the chronol-
ogy of the burial activity, I developed a radiocarbon dating
Cabeço da 29 Bicho et al. 2013; programme, using the radiocarbon measurements on hu-
Amoreira Cunha and Cardoso
man bone collagen from 15 individuals previously dated and
(CAM) 2001; Roksandic 2006
30 new dates obtained in the scope of this study. The statisti-
Cova da 32 or 36 Cunha and Cardoso cal treatment and modelling of the data follows the Bayesian
Onça 2002–03; Roksandic approach to the interpretation of radiocarbon dates (Bayliss
2006 2009; Bronk Ramsey 2009). Each site was analyzed individ-
Magos
Cabeço dos 1 Paço 1938 ually and a model for the chronology of the burial activity at
Morros each site was proposed (Peyroteo-Stjerna 2016a).
To answer the question who, in order to define the peo-
ple buried in each place, I considered previously published
Table 96.2. Sado Valley: sites with recorded human isotopic signatures of carbon and nitrogen, and plotted
remains. these with 30 new signatures. Despite the current limita-
tions to the application of the isotopic method to this par-
Site MNI Reference ticular data set, due to the lack of specific isotopic faunal
Arapouco (ARA) 32 Cunha and Umbelino data from these regions, these data can be particularly in-
1995–97 formative in terms of mortuary practices, which can now
Cabeço das Amoreiras 6 Cunha and Umbelino be analyzed with a greater chronological resolution com-
(CAMS) 1995–97 pared to previous studies.
To answer the question how, in relation to the treatment
Poças de S. Bento (PSB) 16 Cunha and Umbelino
1995–97; Diniz et al. 2014 of the dead, I analyzed 82 individuals (Tagus: 33; Sado: 49)
with the method of archaeothanatology. In several cases
Vale de Romeiras (VR) 26 Cunha and Umbelino
due to the fragmented nature of the material and unclear
1995–97
documentation, the analysis was limited to a few elements.
Cabeço do Pez (CP) 32–36 Cunha and Umbelino However, this is a dynamic method, which with the com-
1995–97 bination of various observations allows a close reconstruc-
Várzea da Mó (VM) 1 Cunha and Umbelino tion of the chaîne opératoire from the human remains
1995–97 recovered in the archaeological context to the original fu-
nerary feature (Duday 2009; Nilsson Stutz 2003).
approach tends to reduce hunter-gatherers to highly adap- Results
tive humans with a functional responsive behaviour and When
ignore that they were also agents of history with a histori- Burial activity was more frequent between c. 6000 and
cal consciousness and an intrinsic symbolic expression. 5500 cal BC (Fig. 96.2). This is well attested by the burial
The history of death is entangled with the history of frequency during this time period at Moita do Sebastião
changing social values, as shown by anthropological and (c. 6000–5600 cal BC), Cabeço da Arruda (c. 5900–570096. Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of their mortuary practices 631
Fig. 96.1. Iberian Peninsula (right) and the location of the shell middens with human burials (left) in the Tagus and
Sado Valleys, Portugal.
cal BC), and Cabeço do Pez (c. 5600 cal BC). Based on Burial activity is a Late Mesolithic phenomenon in both
the spatial distribution of the burials and homogenei- the Tagus and Sado Valleys. Two exceptions are present-
ty of the burial modes, I suggest that this could be also ed in the Sado valley by the burial of a child at Cabeço do
the case at Arapouco and Vale de Romeiras, although Pez (CP1956, Sk2, Ua-46930, 4461–4266 cal BC, 95 per-
at present there are few measurements to confirm this cent probability), and one individual at Poças de S. Bento
hypothesis. (PSB1986, Skull, Ua-425, c. 4400–3800 cal BC, 95 percent
In both valleys, we find early episodes of human burial confidence) which are coeval with Middle Neolithic groups
activity during the very first phases of the Late Mesolithic in in Portugal. Another interesting case of the later use of
Portugal (c. 6350 cal BC). The earliest human burial known these sites for human burial is given by the early modern
at any of these sites (VR1959, Sk19, Ua-46972, 6593–6370 burial of a child at Vale de Romeiras (VR1959, Sk8, Ua-
cal BC, 95 percent probability) is found at Vale de Romeiras, 46968, cal AD 1445–1632, 95 percent probability) (see Pey-
Sado Valley. Early burials are found also at Moita do Se- roteo-Stjerna 2016a, 391). This updated chronology for the
bastião, Tagus Valley, although with slightly later posterior burial activity at these sites does not contradict the current
density estimate (MS1952–54, Sk9, Ua-46264, 6218–5998 cal chronological framework established for the Late Meso-
BC, 95 percent probability). These first episodes of burial ac- lithic in Portugal, it rather strengthens it.
tivity are followed by the earliest burials known at Arapouco
(Sado, ARA1962, Sk2A, Sac-1560, 6232–5713 cal BC, 95 per- How
cent probability), Cabeço das Amoreiras (Sado, CAMS1958, For the material from the Tagus Valley, the analysis was
Sk5, Beta-125110, 6156–5914 cal BC, 95 percent probability), particularly limited and constrained by the nature and
and Cabeço da Arruda (Tagus, CAR1937, Sk6, R_Com- availability of the source material. Despite the difficulties,
bine AA-101343/Beta-127451, 6133–5852 cal BC, 95 percent it was possible to obtain sufficient data supporting gener-
probability). al observations regarding the treatment of the dead, even
Overall, the sites are used for burial practices more or when detailed analysis was constrained. The sample for the
less synchronously. After c. 5500 cal BC, the frequency of Sado Valley is better documented. The dataset represents
the burial practice decreases dramatically, in both valleys. slightly less than half of the burials known in the region,
At this time period, the burial activity seems to be more but the consistency of the results indicates that the sam-
active at Cabeço da Amoreira and Cabeço da Arruda, Ta- ple is representative of the whole assemblage. Observations
gus Valley, with two coeval burials known at Cabeço das supporting the reconstruction of the treatment of the dead
Amoreiras and Várzea da Mó, Sado Valley. in the Tagus and Sado Valleys are presented elsewhere632 Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna
(Peyroteo-Stjerna 2016a). Overall, the mortuary practices
identified in the burial grounds of both valleys are com-
parable, with strong similarities. The analysis suggests
some intra- and inter-site variations, but these are minor
and do not affect the overall pattern of the treatment of the
dead. The cadavers were typically interred in individual
grave features while retaining their anatomical integrity
(individual primary deposits). The secondary nature of the
deposits was rare (Peyroteo-Stjerna 2016a, 287, 322), and
presumably absent from most of the sites.
In rare cases, the analysis confirms the multiple nature
of primary deposits containing the remains of two indi-
viduals. These striking episodes of double burials are well
attested at Arapouco (Sks 11, 12) by the synchronous de-
posit of an adult female and a three-year-old child, and at
Cabeço do Pez (Sks 9, 10) by the deposit of two adults. In
every burial ground, the bodies were typically laid on the
back, with the upper limbs arranged close to the body, and
with the lower limbs in flexion at various degrees, with the
feet often placed towards the buttocks. In one case only
(MS1952–54, Sk9) were the lower limbs placed in complete
extension. The practice of laying the cadaver on the lateral
side was unusual in most sites. Only at Arapouco was this
a common alternative.
Archaeothanatological analysis suggests that the ca-
davers were placed in pits dug into the ground, just wide
enough to contain the body. The construction of these sim-
ple features was possibly dependent on the planned burial
position. However, it is clear that in most cases the shape
of the grave had significant impact on the position of the
cadaver. Clumping of the body was common, particularly
at the level of the lower limbs which were commonly placed
in contraction. At some sites (MS, CAR, ARA, CAMS), the
grave features were somewhat wider, allowing a relatively
expanded position of the cadaver at the level of the lower
body. This was particularly common at Moita do Sebastião.
In contrast, at Vale de Romeiras the graves were notably
narrow and the cadavers were frequently compressed, with
their skeletons becoming hypercontracted in the feature.
Normally, the pressures observed on the bodies in the
features can be explained as the result of the physical limits
of the pit. A few cases (MS19th c., Sk10; MS1952–54, Sks 9,
30; ARA1961, Sks 6, 11, 12; CAMS1958, Sk7), suggest that
there might have been extra support offered by a soft con-
tainer, such as a light wrapping of the cadaver at the time
of the burial.
The floor of the graves tended to be uneven and slop-
ing from the upper to the lower end of the feature, and Fig. 96.2. Chronological model for the burial activity
often towards one side. Typically, the head was in a more in the Tagus and Sado Valleys. Calibrated by OxCal
elevated position than the trunk and pelvic region. After 4.2 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) using IntCal13 and Marine13
the placement of the cadaver into a grave, the feature was curves (Reimer et al. 2013), and regional reservoir
covered with sediment providing a filled space of decom- offsets (ΔRTagus= –140±40; ΔRSado= –100±155) (Martins
position. A few cases indicate mixed spaces of decompo- et al. 2008). Model-definition data and command files
sition (ARA1961, Sks 6, 12; VR1959, Sks 5, 6) suggesting after Peyroteo-Stjerna (2016a).96. Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of their mortuary practices 633
the existence of perishable material inserted in the grave in the different burial grounds. Overall, the mortuary pro-
along with the cadaver. Some of these elements may have gramme at the Tagus and Sado Valleys was consistent and
functioned as a cushion placed behind the upper body based on strong common principles indicating a shared
(ARA1961, Sk6; VR1959, Sk6), while other elements were mindset on the treatment of the dead (Fig. 96.3).
possibly placed in front of the body (VR1959, Sk5). These
interpretations are not conclusive, but they strongly sug- Who
gest the existence of other elements in the graves, placed Current isotopic data suggest that the protein sources of
along with the cadaver. choice varied regionally and possibly culturally (Fig. 96.4).
Typically, the cadavers lie underground and undis- Overall, while the isotopic signatures from the Tagus sites
turbed in their graves. Some skeletons were found dis- present a balanced intake of marine-estuarine and terres-
turbed in the feature, possibly due to the disposal of a new trial foods, the individuals buried at the Sado sites can be
cadaver. The practice of reduction (Duday 2009, 72) of the grouped into two isotopic populations. The isotopic popu-
skeletal elements of an individual to accommodate the bur- lation characterized by a mixed diet of terrestrial and ma-
ial of a new cadaver was presumably common at Moita do rine-estuarine resources was typically buried at the west-
Sebastião. This practice was also noted at Cabeço da Arru- ern sites. The population deriving their isotopes mainly
da, and possibly at Vale de Romeiras. These gestures, rather from terrestrial sources was buried at the eastern sites of
than suggesting disrespect towards the principle of integ- the valley.
rity of the body, strongly indicate the continued preference This isotopic contrast between the individuals buried
of certain areas for the burial of the dead. in the Tagus Valley and the western sites of the Sado Valley
In rare cases the data suggest the post-depositional ma- with those buried in the eastern portion of the Sado Valley
nipulation of selected skeletal elements, such as crania and suggests that these burial grounds were used by at least two
long bones, in association with secondary deposits (Peyro- major regional and/or cultural groups of hunter-gatherers.
teo-Stjerna 2016a, 251, 287). Few cases present deviant ele-
ments, but exceptional instances were noted almost at every Discussion
site, representing slight variations to a common theme. Site Evidence obtained from archaeothanatological and iso-
specificities are apparently not consistent with any specifictopic analysis within the chronological framework of the
trend over time, but new chronological data may refine this burial activity of each site demonstrates that the mortuary
observation. Further analyses of this material may provide programme at the Tagus and Sado Valleys was governed
additional elements about subtle and particular practices by a core set of common practices that defined the proper
burial. Despite the common
mortuary programme, the
people buried in each val-
ley were part of regional
bands with contrasting di-
etary patterns, suggesting
that different groups were
buried in different burial
grounds. Other lines of ev-
idence, such as recent lithic
analyses (Diniz and Nuku-
shina 2014; Pimentel et al.
2015), palaeodemograph-
ic, and osteological data
(Cunha et al. 2003; Jackes
and Meiklejohn 2008), and
preliminary analysis of ob-
jects of adornment (Roche
1959), suggest heterogeneity
between the sites, support-
ing the hypothesis of auton-
omous groups living side
by side and burying their
Fig. 96.3. This illustration presents several typical elements observed in the burials dead in neighbouring buri-
at the Tagus and Sado Valleys. Drawing by Susanna Berglund. al grounds.634 Rita Peyroteo-Stjerna
16 Furthermore, there is no evidence of con-
flict between these groups, at least on a
15 physical level (Cunha et al. 2004; Jackes
2004). Thus, current archaeological evi-
dence suggests that the geographical ar-
14
eas of the Tagus and Sado Valleys were
shared and used simultaneously by sev-
13 eral units of hunter-gatherers, and where
the dead were buried side by side.
12
Conclusion
The treatment of the dead was governed
δ15N (‰)
11
Moita do Sebastião, Tagus
by common principles, which were fa-
miliar to the communities of hunt-
10 Cabeço da Arruda, Tagus
er-gatherers frequenting the Tagus and
Cabeço da Amoreira, Tagus
Sado Valleys. The dead were staged re-
9 Arapouco, Sado (West) posing in a lifelike position and were
Poças de S. Bento, Sado (West) granted with a permanent location. This
8 Cabeço das Amoreiras, Sado (East) particular engagement with death, with
Vale de Romeiras, Sado (East) the development of cemeteries in open-
7 Cabeço do Pez, Sado (East) air sites, reveals a new relation of death
Várzea da Mó, Sado (East)
to a daily landscape. This history of death
starts with a paradigm shift contrasting
6
-22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12
with previous and contemporaneous re-
δ C (‰)
13 sponses to death in the region. This shift
reveals significant changes in worldview,
Fig. 96.4. Tagus and Sado Valleys: correlation between the δ13C (‰) and and it emerged in the context of settle-
δ15N (‰) values from human bone collagen samples (after Peyroteo- ment reorganization and cultural trans-
Stjerna 2016a). formations that define the Late Mesolith-
ic in the region, after c. 6350 cal BC.
Despite the geodemographic segmen-
This study suggests that the populations of the Tagus tation of these groups, the main principles governing mor-
and Sado Valleys coexisted side by side and the people fre- tuary practices were structured by a common understand-
quenting the sites of one valley were buried in the same ing of death. Mortuary ritual practices expressed common
valley. More significantly, these results challenge former social values reproduced in every burial and in every burial
interpretations which explained the Late Mesolithic set- ground. This research (Peyroteo-Stjerna 2016a) provides
tlement pattern in these regions in the framework of sea- new perspectives on the role and relevance of the shell
sonal and logistic models. Seasonal models imply that the middens of the Tagus and Sado Valleys. People frequent-
itinerancy between the sites would result in low inter-site ing these sites did not merely adapt to a new environment.
variability at the level of the dietary patterns of the burial Hunter-gatherer communities were structured within
population, which does not seem to be the case at least in specific social scenarios in a historical situated worldview.
the Sado Valley. People were bound by shared social and historical practic-
The geodemographic segmentation of the valleys (Pey- es, which included the formation and maintenance of buri-
roteo-Stjerna 2016a, 468) is clear in the Sado and likely at al grounds, as a primary means of history making. Mortu-
the Tagus. In this scenario, different groups used and bur- ary ritual practice had a central role in the formation and
ied their dead in different sites. In some cases, it is possible maintenance of these places, because this social practice is
that one group used more than one burial ground, but fur- an act of cultural production and a powerful memory aid.
ther analyses should be done to clarify this pattern. This Furthermore, I propose that the frequent burial of the dead
phenomenon of segmentation is possibly better termed as in these burial grounds was an act of historical conscious-
a phenomenon of shared landscapes between hunter-gath- ness motivated by the encounter and interaction with oth-
erers. The apparent social splitting of the land was possibly er bands frequenting the same environments. The sites in
based on the principles of trust, sharing, and exchange that the Tagus and Sado Valleys were places of shared narra-
apply to hunter-gatherer relations with the non-human en- tives, where people buried their dead according to a shared
vironment and with the human community (Ingold 1999). worldview in a shared landscape.96. Buried side by side: The last hunter-gatherers of the south-western Iberian Peninsula through the lens of their mortuary practices 635
Archaeological Reports Int. Ser. 1237), 41–6. Oxford, Archae-
Addendum opress.
Since the writing of this manuscript, I have reviewed the
Cunha, E., F. Cardoso, and C. Umbelino (2003) Inferences about
chronology of the burial activity at the Tagus and Sado Val- Mesolithic lifestyle on the basis of anthropological data.
leys and reported new radiocarbon dates (n=19) on human The case of the Portuguese shell middens. In L. Larsson, H.
bone remains from Mesolithic sites in Portugal (Peyro- Kindgren, K. Knutsson, D. Loeffler, and A. Åkerlund (eds.)
teo-Stjerna forthcoming). The new data indicate a broader Mesolithic on the Move: Papers Presented at the Sixth Inter-
time frame for the Late Mesolithic in Portugal than pre- national Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe, Stockholm
viously suggested, starting during a period of significant 2000, 184–8. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
environmental changes, c. 6550–6350 cal BC, and ending Davies, D. (2005) A Brief History of Death. Oxford, Blackwell
c. 5050 cal BC. The new data indicate that these burial Publishing.
grounds continued to be used by Mesolithic hunter-gath- Detry, C. (2007) Palaeoecologia e palaeoeconomia do Baixo Tejo
erers during the early phases of the Neolithic in Portugal. no Mesolítico Final: o contributo do estudo dos mamíferos dos
concheiros de Muge. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universidad de
Salamanca/Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa.
Acknowledgments
Detry, C. and J. Cardoso (2010) On some remains of dog (Canis
I am grateful to The Portuguese National Science
familiaris) from the Mesolithic shell-middens of Muge, Por-
Foundation (FCT) for funding this research (SFRH/ tugal. Journal of Archaeological Science 37, 2762–74.
BD/72758/2010) and to the Department of Archaeology Diniz, M. (2010) O concheiro Mesolítico das Amoreiras (S. Romão
and Ancient History, Uppsala University for the financial do Sado, Alcácer do Sal): o (outro?) paradigma perdido? In J.
support to attend to the MESO 2015 conference. Gibaja and A. Carvalho (eds.) Os últimos caçadores-recolec-
tores e as primeiras comunidades produtoras do sul da Penín-
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Lithic materials in the Sado River’s shell middens: geologicalYou can also read
