(IN)FINITE - Freudenberg Sealing Technologies
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Rubrikname 3
FREUDENBERG SEALING TECHNOLOGIES
(IN)FINITE
ALL OPTIONS EXHAUSTED?
IN CHARGE
6 Rubrikname Cover
Rubrikname
Theme 7
3
PIONEERING WORK
I N F I F T Y WO R D S FOR NEW SEALING AND DRIVE SYSTEMS
WATCH THE TRAILER Resources are finite. Really? The
How will we live in the future? Answers to the big questions of the future
such as emission-free mobility, sustainable energy supply, and effective
climate protection can be discovered by opening up to new ideas and alliances.
ideas for dealing with scarcity
As a sealing specialist, we design innovative, tailor-made solutions for all
industrial areas. In the last few years, we have expanded this expertise to
new drive systems. Our engineers and technicians currently develop and
are infinite – alternative pro-
manufacture high-performance batteries as well as fuel cells for buses,
trucks, trains, and commercial marine. Our hybrid system can be used in all
our Heavy Duty Systems, intelligently combining battery and fuel cells. Our
cesses, recycling, discarding a
willingness to embrace change has consistently made us the market and
technology leader for over 170 years of company history. fst.com
material. It simply means taking
a fresh look at the resource
THE MAGAZINE online:
www.fst.com/corporate/magazine question. Have we considered
everything? Has everything
been exhausted? There are
usually ways out. Searching for
them becomes all the more
NEW ENERGY MAP THE SKILLS SHORTAGE important.
(IN)FINITE
Political scientist Dr. Kirsten West- Skilled workers are in demand –
phal on hydrogen’s growing role. and increasingly in short supply.
ALL OPTIONS EXHAUSTED? THIRD DIMENSION
Aerial trams from LEITNER AG
improve public transport in cities. the magazine 1_ 21
4 Essay Essay 5
(In)finite –
All Options Exhausted?
An Essay by Claus Möhlenkamp, Chief Executive Officer,
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies
A person standing on the edge of a large forest or the shore of lar situation. Nearly two-thirds of the world’s population suffer that the demand for wood in preindustrial metalworking
an enormous lake may find it hard to grasp that they contain from a water shortage at least one month a year. And a full required massive amounts of charcoal. At about the same peri-
finite amounts of wood and water. When we see vistas that one-fifth of the world’s forests have been cleared since 1950. od in Central America, mercury was used to mine silver to
Resource scarcit y can
stretch beyond what the eye can see, perhaps views of a reduce the use of water and wood. But this proved not to be of ten be managed and
mountain or a desert, we call them “endless landscapes.” The This in turn has much to do with the sheer number of people, sustainable, mainly due to the impact on the workers’ health.
size of our planet is hard for us to comprehend, though we currently around 7 billion, populating our planet. By 2050, the
compensated for.
have an expression, “like sand in the sea,” that refers to seem- United Nations expects the world’s population to increase to The examples show that scarcity had always led humankind
ingly endless quantities. It comes from the Bible, making it nearly 10 billion. Since resources are finite, it seems as though to chart a different course and use a resource more efficiently
nearly 2,000 years old. In this day and age, we use 50 million the planet is unable to support all of them. as its supply dwindles. That means “finite” is a relative term.
tons of sand annually. The seemingly infinite supply of sand is Sometimes reserves last longer than originally assumed. Or it
running short. Coasts and rivers are eroding. Water is in a simi- Or are they finite? helps to change perspectives: How crucial is the raw material Incidentally, human labor can be a resource as well, and it is
actually? Do alternatives exist? The examples of water and already in short supply in some areas. Similarly, scarcities of
In the 21st century, we doubtless find ourselves in a situation wood show how diverse the possibilities may be. Raw materi- nonmaterial resources like time or attention may exist. The
of historic magnitude. Still, shortages of resources are actually als can be replaced. Processes can be changed or tools can be year 2020 did an excellent job of surprising us with what we
not that new. Over the course of history, many societies have reinvented. It might even be possible to reuse a material. And might lack: from medical equipment to toilet paper – or even
faced them again and again. there is always another question: How much of our consump- close human contact.
tion is really necessary? Might we be able to set limits on what
For example, archaeologists have considered the island of we consume? We are sure about one thing, however: It is often possible to
Pantelleria an exciting field of research, wondering why people manage and offset resource shortages, although not always
Nearly t wo -thirds of the have been living there, of all places, for thousands of years All of this applies to the present as well. People have been pro- immediately. And rarely without effort or sacrifice. But scarcity
even though it hardly has any water. The researchers found jecting the scarcity of oil for a long time, and the world has re- often leads to innovation and economic progress in the first
world’s population endure that the inhabitants collected rainwater in cisterns. In the end, sponded with alternative sources of energy, battery-electric place. Scarcity is a challenge that unleashes creative potential.
water shor tages at least one shortages of resources spur invention. That was the experi- propulsion and fuel cells, not to mention new conveyor tech- Have we really exhausted all the options? All the possibilities?
ence of the Sumerians who built an advanced civilization on nologies and the more economical use of fossil fuels. Some- Some raw materials may be finite, but the sources of ideas
month a year. the idea of irrigating an arid landscape and conveying water times we find that parameters can be changed. For example, and innovations that solve problems are clearly infinite, as
from the Euphrates onto their fields. The idea was not sustain- forecasts of the world’s population extend beyond the afore- is the range of ongoing social, technical and economic devel-
able, however, even if the difficulties only became apparent mentioned year 2050 and suggest that growing prosperity opments. We at Freudenberg Sealing Technologies want to
over the course of centuries. Evaporation salinized the soil, could lead to significant declines in birth rates and thus to a make contributions in these areas. To this end, the latest
making it unusable. In the 15th century in central Europe, cities shrinking population long-term. That alone won’t solve all the edition of ESSENTIAL should serve as both an inspiration and
came up with the idea of replanting forests. It turned out problems. But it will open up new possibilities. an incentive.
14 54
Interview Who Is Missing – and Where?
Content
Political scientist Dr. Kirsten The most important resource for the
Westphal on hydrogen and the economy is becoming scarce everywhere:
energy transition. skilled labor.
03 04 08 46 52
In Fifty Words Essay Story Board The Third Dimension Infographic
(In)finite: All Options The increasing scarcity of Wood, minerals, living LEITNER AG builds aerial Full speed ahead –
Exhausted? resources is opening our space: Resources are very trams in the mountains ... with renewable
eyes to alternatives. diverse – and coveted. and increasingly in cities. energy.
26 29 30 58 59 60
Methanol on the High Seas By the Numbers Swapping Everything Out High Skills for the Future Now I’m Telling You With a Cold Runner
Ships can generate clean A single date ought to Two brothers make a At FST, Cara Mia Pesta has Rare earths are indispensa- An injection molding tech-
electricity on board. sensitize humanity to how smartphone as sustaina- learned a trade that has ble, and not really as rare nology saves raw materials
wastefully we are behaving. ble as possible. never existed before. as you might think. and cuts CO2 emissions.
34 38 45 68 70
Raw Material on the Move For Lack of Evidence Essential Worth-Knowing Feedback and Contact
Designers around the world Chief Detective Jörg Vitamin D is important, News from the world We look forward to a
know bamboo is a superb Schmitt-Kilian tells how but not that easy to get. of Freudenberg Sealing dialogue with you!
material for bike frames. to convict a criminal. Technologies.
22 42 64
City – Sand – River Catapulted to the The Optimist
Not all sand is alike. And that World’s Summit A Swedish author
is especially a problem for the Barely professional yet world-class: believes in progress.
construction industry. Soccer in Iceland.
8 Rubrikname Rubrikname 9
Emerald Isle
One might think that the rugged beauty of Ireland is solely
Nature’s work. But that’s only part of the story. The Emerald Isle
ultimately owes its name to its ever-present meadows, not its
lush woodlands. This relates to the fact that its residents have
made abundant use of wood as a resource for centuries. To the
point that woodlands, which covered 80 percent of the island in
the distant past, were reduced to just 2.5 percent of its area
350 years ago. The wood was used to build ships and barrels and
to make charcoal for iron-working and glassmaking. Pasture land
for cattle also took its toll. By 1928, the share of woodlands in the
Republic of Ireland was 1.2 percent. Thanks to reforestation, the
figure is 11 percent today and rising. Three-quarters of Ireland’s
forests are less than 30 years old.
10 Rubrikname Rubrikname 11
Nature’s Treasures
The history of humanity is closely tied to the extraction of natu-
ral resources. Marble was already a much sought-after material
in ancient times. Its quarrying was manual back then, but today
machines do the work, as is the case here in Denizli, Turkey. The
country is currently the world’s largest exporter of marble. Re-
sources are spread out across the globe unevenly. While they are
abundant in a few countries, others, like Japan and Switzerland,
have hardly any at all. They specialize in processing imported
raw materials and the manufacture of goods that are in de-
mand worldwide. On the other hand, Russia, the United States,
Australia and China are rich in resources. Along with fossil-based
energy sources, they extract highly prized materials such as
copper, zinc, iron ore, aluminum oxide and rare earths.
12 Rubrikname Rubrikname 9
Artfully Small
Living space is in demand in times of growing urbanization.
Shortages of residential space and higher rents in cities like
Detroit have spurred the rise of “tiny houses” as alternatives to
standard homes. Twenty-five compact houses are being built in
that city to provide low income residents with new residences. A
project in Mexico is following a similar path. It is a settlement of
tiny houses that is being established in the country’s southeast
region. The plan is to make 50-square-meter (538-square-foot)
houses available to families who previously could only find make-
shift housing. The project is backed by an American building
technology company and a nonprofit based in the United States.
The highlight: Thanks to a special concrete compound, the struc-
tures can be built quickly using a 3D printing process.
14 Interview – Dr. Harry G. Broadman Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal 15
“„The Energy
Map Is Being
Redrawn”
Political scientist Dr. Kirsten Westphal advises political decision-makers
on issues relating to security and foreign policy. Her focus is currently
on the energy transition. A conversation about inexhaustible resources
and the growing importance of hydrogen.
16 Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal 17
With an energy transition,
economic value is no longer
DR. WESTPHAL, YOU HAVE BEEN DEALING WITH THE
“GEOPOLITICS OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION” SINCE 2018. created with resources but
WHAT IS YOUR AREA OF INTEREST?
My team and I investigate how the energy transition in Germa-
with the use of technology.”
ny and the EU affects their external relations. It can generally
be said that the energy transformation will have geopolitical
effects. It is going to be a different world.
IN WHAT RESPECT?
The countries that now import fossil resources are gaining
greater power. The producers of fossil raw materials are relin-
quishing it. There is the prospect that Europe will get more
room for maneuver, but it needs to answer a question: With THERE IS A “BUT” SOMEWHERE IN YOUR STATEMENT. SO RAW MATERIALS IN THE GROUND WON’T RUN OUT, BUT
whom does it intend to network on energy policy? In any case, Climate politics is not energy politics. While declarations are THERE HAVE BEEN AND STILL ARE COUNTRIES THAT HAVE
the energy map is being redrawn. important, measures must follow. The absolute supremacy of LESS OF THEM. HAS THIS CIRCUMSTANCE LED THEM TO FIND
climate politics poses problems, especially when real progress INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS?
IS THE ENERGY TRANSITION A REGIONAL OR GLOBAL ISSUE? on the energy transition lags and ambitions are spiraling faster That’s clear. The high level of energy efficiency in countries
Germany and the EU are playing a pioneering role here. But the and faster. This poses the risk of losing credibility at some such as Japan and Germany shows this. Any country spending
Paris Climate Agreement has shown that dealing with climate point. a large portion of its gross domestic product importing raw
change is a global issue. More and more countries want to be materials behaves differently than that who have substantial
climate-neutral by 2050 or at least CO2-neutral by 2060. The STILL, THE EARLY INDICATIONS SEEM TO BE POSITIVE FOR deposits of these resources. Countries poor in raw materials
declarations are coming in quick succession. Everything sounds AN ENERGY TRANSITION. are also forced to diversify in terms of countries of origin and
positive for now. Absolutely. We are seeing global momentum, not least of all supply routes. The concentration of energy riches will change
because the costs of renewable energy have fallen sharply. as the energy transition continues. Renewable energy along
This makes it an attractive option. It makes economic sense with generated hydrogen will be more evenly spread around
practically everywhere. From a global standpoint, the energy the world than oil and gas are.
transformation is moving ahead very differently across the
globe – the goals and the routes to the conversion are fre- THE COUNTRIES EXPORTING FOSSIL RAW MATERIALS
quently different than those in Europe. SHOULD BE INVOLVED IN THIS. HAVE THEY TENDED TO
STICK WITH THEIR RESOURCES AND INNOVATE LESS? Dr. Kirsten Westphal
WHAT ARE THE ENERGY TRANSITION’S DRIVERS? They can’t all be lumped together. Consider the United States,
Besides reducing costs, it is public opinion. The public sees Canada or Norway, for example. They are all resource-rich and Dr. Kirsten Westphal is a political scientist
climate change as a threat. It is tangible in many places. For innovative at the same time. Much would depend on how who works for SWP, the German Institute for
example, the air pollution that causes major problems locally. liberal the political system is. On the other hand, state-owned International and Security Affairs, in Berlin.
enterprises carry considerable weight in an economy. They are SWP analyzes foreign policy issues for federal
The absolute supremacy SO THE RESOURCES ISSUE IS LESS IMPORTANT? not under nearly the same pressure to innovate as multi political leaders, economic entities and the
This is an exciting aspect. The focus was once on the finite national corporations. public. At SWP, Dr. Westphal is responsible for
of climate politics poses character of oil and gas. We believed that extraction would international energy relationships and global
problems.”
soon reach its high point. The assumption became almost YOU MENTIONED HYDROGEN. THE CAPACITY TO INNOVATE energy security. She is also a member of the
baseless with fracking, the revolution in the extraction of IS IN HIGH DEMAND FOR ITS PRODUCTION. National Hydrogen Council. In addition, she
shale oil and gas. We now know there is more there than we That’s right. With an energy transition, economic value is no was on the panel of experts of the Global
thought. The actual scarcity is in the atmosphere. How much longer created with resources, but rather through the use of Commission on the Geopolitics of Energy
CO2 may we load into the air if we want to stay with the technology. As a result, an economic system’s capacity to inno- Transformation 2018-19 and collaborated on
two-degree goal? vate is a crucial factor. Here, Asia and especially China are the commission report “A New World.”
18 Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal 19
China clearly wants to advance
key technologies such as
hydrogen and set the
standards for them. The EU
must continue to be vigilant
worth noting, all the more since the size of a market plays in this area.”
a major role when new technologies are introduced. It was
significant for the battery revolution and e-mobility. China’s
economies of scale are enormous.
WHAT DOES THAT MEAN FOR EUROPE?
China has caught up with us in batteries, solar panels and
high-voltage, direct-current transmission lines. Will the EU suc-
ceed in avoiding this situation when it comes to hydrogen and European rule and market area and are pressing ahead with cli-
will we manage to export these technologies as well? China is mate protection. Of course, hydrogen should also be sourced
pursuing the strategies “Made in China 2025” and “Standards from other regions.
2035.” China clearly wants to advance key technologies such as
hydrogen and set the standards for them. And then there are WHAT IS YOUR CONVICTION BASED ON?
the structural asymmetries. We have highly innovative small Germany and the EU have to provide mutual economic inter-
and medium-sized companies supported by foreign trade connections to achieve stability and prosperity in neighboring
chambers and embassies. But in Africa, for example, they have regions. Imports of hydrogen and its derivatives offer coun-
to compete with China’s state-owned companies offering low- tries like Russia, the Persian Gulf states or even Algeria and
cost system solutions and loans as a package. The EU must Egypt the opportunity to keep earning money. As Europeans,
continue to be vigilant in this area. Competition from China we are unable to create an exclusive island of happiness when
has to be taken seriously, especially when it is exporting its our neighborhood is not benefiting as well. Such geopolitical
economic model as well. considerations must be taken into account.
THE EU IS STRIVING FOR GREEN HYDROGEN PRODUCED HOW WILL THE UNITED STATES POSITION ITSELF IN TERMS
FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY. WHAT ARE THE PREMISES OF ENERGY POLICY?
FOR IT? It has heavily focused on fracking and fossil fuels recently. That
I believe it is essential for us to develop the technology and cre- will change under the new U.S. President, Joe Biden. He is stress-
ate facilities for it to give Europe the ability to export and to ing climate protection, and the new Vice President, Kamala
keep it competitive and innovative. But it is important to re- Harris, is one of the signers of the Green New Deal. That’s
main realistic. The EU is limited when it comes to good loca- why I expect the new administration to move ahead with the
tions for solar and wind energy and generally available space. expansion of renewable energy and key technologies such as
In this sense, it is plausible or even essential to rely on imports hydrogen. But its energy and technology policies will focus
and carry out hydrogen projects abroad with partners. Here I heavily on the country’s own industries and employment. The
am initially thinking of Europe’s periphery and the countries country will collaborate more multilaterally on climate, but
connected by pipelines. Norway and Britain are close to us by “America First” will still guide its actions in economy. Not least
any measure. Geographically and politically, they are part of a of all due to its rivalry with China.20 Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal Interview – Dr. Kirsten Westphal 21
HOW IMPORTANT IS THE INTERPLAY OF THE GOVERNMENT
AND BUSINESS FOR A NATIONAL HYDROGEN AGENDA?
Very important. Three approaches have to work in parallel:
The technology has to be ready for market, you have to be able An energy system that
to foresee the business case, and the political conditions have
to be right. It won’t come together without this parallel inter- doesn’t include the use of
hydrogen would be
play. Otherwise, the old chicken-or-egg problem will continue.
Supply and demand must be triggered. We need new, clear
framework conditions and, most likely in the initial phase, non-
market-based tools, even if the goal must be to create a hydro-
inconceivable in 2050.”
gen market. Since it is essential to introduce new sources of
energy and technologies, this touches on the issues related to
EU subsidies. The policies are crucial. They determine whether
projects will pay off.
WHAT IS INDUSTRY’S READINESS TO TURN TO HYDROGEN starting to get out of fossil resources. They tend to see hydro- The country is pursuing “direct air capture,” that is, extracting
AS AN ENERGY SOURCE? gen-related projects and the associated infrastructure pro- CO2 from ambient air, storing it and creating synthetic fuels
We are now experiencing a real hype about hydrogen. This is grams as attractive measures. from it.
not the first time, but now it’s different since it has seized the
imagination of numerous countries and industries. An energy WHAT INDUSTRIES ARE SHOWING A SPECIAL INTEREST IN EUROPE IS THINKING IN TERMS OF GREEN HYDROGEN.
system that doesn’t include the use of hydrogen would be HYDROGEN? JAPAN IS INITIALLY BETTING ON THE IMPORT OF HYDROGEN
inconceivable in 2050. In addition, financial institutions are I think it is being discussed in every industry. It already plays a EXTRACTED FROM COAL. WHERE IS THE WORLD HEADED?
role in refineries. There are pilot projects in the steel industry. The world is very multicolored in this respect. It will be exciting
Plus cement, aluminum, glass. If you think further ahead, there to see how open the EU will be to hydrogen being produced
is heavy-duty transport and aviation. in different ways, how it will certify the fuel and build up com-
merce in it. This isn’t just important with regard to the Gulf
HOW COULD A BREAKTHROUGH FOR HYDROGEN TAKE States – the issue involves Russia as well. That country is tack-
PLACE? ling a wide variety of production methods. So is the United
“Hydrogen valleys,” places where industries and logistics States.
centers come together and network, seem promising to me.
Take port cities, for instance. Antwerp produces about 15 per- LET’S LOOK INTO THE FUTURE: WHAT ROLE WILL HYDROGEN
‘Hydrogen valleys,’ places cent of Belgium’s CO2 emissions, Rotterdam about 20 percent PLAY AT THE END OF THIS DECADE?
in the Netherlands. If these types of centers are de-carbonized I already hope that we in the EU will have achieved major
where industries and logistics with the help of hydrogen, much will have been gained. progress in offshore wind parks and water electrolysis, which
centers come together and
are key technologies. We have geographic advantages in these
HAVE THE OIL EXPORTING COUNTRIES SUCH AS THOSE IN areas. In the western portion of the continent, the “backbone
network, seem promising THE PERSIAN GULF BEGUN TO RETHINK THEIR STRATEGIES
AND SET THEIR SIGHTS ON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION?
infrastructure” will have made a great deal of progress.
Energy-intensive sectors will use hydrogen. At the same time,
to me. Take port cities, for Oh yes. They are further along than we have thought. Saudi
Arabia is pursuing its Vision 2030 program to diversify its
I think that we will discuss a number of issues more intensively
and openly: the colors of hydrogen, its role in the heating
instance.” economy. This includes Project Neom, a new city the size sector, and above all its system function that hydrogen can
of Belgium with desalinization facilities and green hydrogen provide as a storage medium for energy systems. Japan, the
production, encompassing the entire value creation chain that United States and China will all be using every form of hydro-
is due to take shape. When Saudi Arabia held the G20 presi- gen very pragmatically and will be geared to rapid industrial
dency in 2020, it actively advocated a circular CO2 economy. progress.22 Sand Mining Sand Mining 23
City – Sand –
River
Except for water, no resource on the planet is in greater demand
than sand, some experts say. Sand is not only found in many
everyday objects – it is particularly in demand for building Poyang Lake in southeast China is the
largest freshwater lake in the country.
construction. As a result, it is increasingly in short supply. At its longest point, it spreads out over a
surface of up to 4,500 square kilometers
(about 1,740 square miles). In the 14th
century, the inland lake is said to have
been the scene of one of the greatest
sea battles in history. Depending on the
time of year, its water level fluctuates
a great deal, recently to the point that it
could hardly be seen in satellite images. rapidly growing cities are dependent
The powerful Three Gorges Dam, which on sand as an ingredient in cement.
disrupts its flow, is one reason for the Every two or three years, China uses as
fluctuation. In addition, the extraction much sand as the United States did in
of massive amounts of sand has broad- the entire 20th century. Of the up to
ened and deepened the lake’s drainage 50 billion tons of sand consumed global-
channel, allowing its water to escape ly each year, China accounts for about
more quickly. 60 percent.
In 2014, the United Nations Environmen- All Sand Is Not the Same
tal Program estimated that 235 million Some might say this isn’t a problem. Af-
cubic meters (307 million cubic yards) of ter all, sand can be found in abundance
sand are mined from Poyang Lake annu- across the planet. The expression “like
ally. That would make it the site of the the sand in the sea” is already found in
world’s largest sand mining operation. the Bible and suggests something avail-
The gritty material is proving to be a hot able in great quantity. And that is cer-
seller as the country’s economy booms. tainly true: Deserts cover about one-
Its many infrastructure products and its fifth of the earth’s land surface. But the24 Sand Mining Sand Mining 25
Actually a lake, not a
river: After massive sand
mining, the waters of
Poyang Lake are draining
away even faster.
200
math doesn’t quite add up because all more quickly than rivers can produce a
sand is not the same. Only about 5 per- fresh supply. The world is heading to-
cent of the world’s sand deposits are ward a severe bottleneck. This can be
suited for cement production. tons of sand are needed to build seen in the prices of the commodity. The
an average single-family home. price for sand extracted in Germany
Desert sand is out of the question be- rose about 30 percent between 2000
cause wind and weathering have pol- and 2017. In the United States, the price
ished it to make it smooth. The sand rose by the same proportion between
used in construction must have an an- 2010 and 2019. And when a commodity
gular structure. The sought-after variant becomes lucrative, criminal energies are
only occurs in gravel and sand pits or in Illegal Mining On a Grand Scale unleashed. In India, there is already talk
lakes and rivers, which carry it along to The global demand for sand continues to about Mafia-like structures in the sand
the ocean. So construction sand is pri- rise. Nine times more sand is mined than business. It is being illegally mined there
marily mined in pits, on riverbanks and oil is extracted, statistics show. The Unit- on a grand scale. In the south Indian
shores, or at the bottom of bodies of ed Nations highlights the magnitude of state of Kerala alone, the value of the
water. That is what was going on at sand mining in its report, “Sand, rarer illegal trade is put at about $2.3 billion
Poyang Lake. It had been targeted to the than one thinks.” Enough construction U.S. Illegal mining has also been ob-
point that Chinese officials banned sand sand is used in the production of con- served in other parts of the world.
mining from the Yangtze River in 2001. crete to build a wall 27 meters (32 yards)
This was required after sand mining high and just as wide around the equa- Singapore is seen as a consumer of ille-
washed away bridges, endangered lev- tor. It goes without saying that the large gally mined sand. For a long time, the
ees and prevented navigation. grained sand is being extracted much city-state obtained its sand from Indo-
nesia, Malaysia and Cambodia from time The breakthrough?
to time. A few years ago, these countries Polymer resin turns
imposed an official ban on exports. ostensibly useless
Nonetheless, Singaporean statistics con- desert sand into
tinue to show sand imports from them. polymer concrete.
Singapore is heavily dependent on the
commodity. Surrounded by water, the
city-state has expanded its land area
by 20 percent since its independence in
1965. A United Nations report from
2014 says Singapore has imported more Khalifa, the world’s highest building, in follow suit when it comes to sand, which sand and artificial resin hardens after
than 500 million tons of sand over the the desert emirate. An abundance of sand brings up the issue of alternatives. In just twenty minutes. In their finished
Sand past twenty years. The imports from was also needed for another prestige this respect, the German company Poly- form, individual polymer-cement parts
neighboring nations have led to the dis- project: the artificial islands off the emir- care has attracted some attention; it can be inserted and screwed inside one
Grains of sand are 0.063 to 2 millimeters in diameter. appearance of entire beaches and some ate’s coast, designed in the form of palms. is supporting a construction project in another like Lego pieces. At some point,
They consist of rock that is gradually weathered from the sand islands off their coasts. The cause Namibia after years of research. Ostensi- a building could be dismantled and
effect of wind, rain, the sun and frost. As rock is carried is the suctioning of sand from the ocean A Glimmer of Hope? bly unsuitable desert sand was used as a rebuilt somewhere else. Time will tell
along by rivers to the sea, the grains are ground smaller floor. Singapore turned to Australia, The demand for sand persists in the construction material after polyester whether the method will prove to be a
and smaller. It is a process that can take place over several among other places, to obtain sand that West as well. It is substantial and una- resin was added to it as a crucial binding breakthrough. If it works out, the con-
hundred years. is needed to build its huge container bated. After water, it is the world’s most agent. The polyester resin was in part struction sector could turn to smoothly
terminal. Dubai was another of Austral- sought-after resource, experts say. The obtained from recycled PET bottles. polished desert sand. And this is indeed
ia’s customers, in part to build the Burj United Nations assumes that Africa will The polymer-cement made of desert as abundant as sand in the sea.26 Shipping Shipping 27
These giant container ships con-
sume 10 tons of heavy oil per
hour. Methanol could change that.
Methanol on
the Open Seas
International commercial shipping is intended to be
climate-neutral by 2050. This represents a major
challenge for the transportation sector – and opens
up an opportunity for alternative sources of energy.
Freudenberg Sealing Technologies is developing
maritime fuel cell systems that can produce elec-
tricity from green methanol.
The distance between the ports of Rot- since goods transport by ship accounts every shipbuilder and every operator is Three Times the Energy In the Tank space would be required. Freudenberg
terdam and Shanghai is 10,557 nautical for around 2.5 percent of global green- considering how to reach that goal.” “But we need different powertrains and Sealing Technologies has therefore de-
miles. Today’s container ships travel the house gas emissions, according to the In- A pure battery solution is only viable different sources of energy for interna- veloped a fuel cell system that operates
most important trade route between ternational Maritime Organization (IMO). when the traveling distance is short and tional shipping,” Martens explains. This with an upstream methanol reformer.
China and Europe in less than thirty The goal of the organization, which rep- the layover time is long enough to re- is where fuel cells come into play to gen- Methanol can be made with “green”
days – some in regular service with in- resents 174 member-states, is to make charge the battery – in ferry services, for erate the electricity for the propulsion hydrogen produced with the help of
3x
termediate stops and others without all shipping climate-neutral by 2050. example. Batteries can also support die- system and the “hotel” on board. For water and green electricity. But, unlike
extra layovers. On these trips, a single sel propulsion as part of a hybrid drive shipping on the open seas, hydrogen is hydrogen, methanol is a liquid under
ship can carry more than 20,000 stand- 2050 seems far off, but Nils Martens, system, making it possible to maneuver suited for use in fuel cells to only a limit- normal conditions and has about three
ard containers while burning nearly who is responsible for the batteries and emission-free in a harbor. It is a tried- ed extent. Even when it is liquefied and times its energy density. Moreover, if
higher – methanol
10 tons of heavy fuel oil per hour. These fuel cell systems business at Freuden- and-tested technology. For example, in kept at - 253°C (- 423°F), the volumetric the carbon for the methanol production
outstrips hydrogen’s energy
figures make it clear that operating the berg Sealing Technologies, points to the a partnership with ABB, Freudenberg energy density of hydrogen is seven doesn’t come from fossil sources, but is
density by far.
roughly 100,000 commercial ships CO2- long life cycles in the industry. “In some supplied batteries for new ferries on the times less than the ship diesel common- separated out of the air, or if methanol
neutrally on the world’s oceans is a huge cases, commercial ships are in service Dover-Calais run. They are scheduled to ly in use today. As a result, massive fuel derived from biomass is used, the result
challenge. Yet it still would be advisable for more than thirty years. That’s why begin service in 2023. tanks that take up valuable transport is a completely climate-neutral fuel.8
28 Shipping
Rubrikname Rubrikname
Fact Check 9
29
Destined for battery
operation: short-run
ferries in Scandinavia.
BY T H E N U M B E R S
“This puts us in a range where we are
competitive and are overtaking internal
combustion engines.”
08/22/2020
Taking the Ocean Plunge
Before year’s end, Freudenberg‘s first
P
fuel cell system will have to prove itself
out on the high seas. It is scheduled eople aren’t very considerate of the
Freudenberg is developing fuel cells in to be tested under real-life conditions planet they live on. The international
a container design for use on the high aboard a new Helios-class cruise ship research organization Global Foot-
seas. The fuel cell stack, reformer, control built by Meyer Werft in Papenburg. At print Network has tied humankind’s largely
electronics and all other components first, the system will only produce on- unsustainable activities to a particular date
With operating lives are placed in a prefabricated container, board electricity, however the first ships each year: Earth Overshoot Day. As of this
of 30,000 hours or permitting easy installation on board. equipped with a hybrid system based
on fuel cells and batteries could be
day, the world’s population has consumed
more ecological resources in a calendar year
more, fuel cells are A single container can provide a rated launched well before the year 2030. “We than Nature can renew. From then on, it
output of up to 500 kW. When com- are already in the middle of industriali- can’t replace the forests harvested or the
competitive with bined with other units, the total output zation,” Martens says. In 2021, Freuden- fish caught or absorb CO 2 emissions in
combustion engines.” is scalable to the high double-digit mega-
watt range or even higher.
berg Sealing Technologies is opening a
second development center in Munich.
equivalent quantities.
The focus will be on the ongoing optimi- In 2020, Earth Overshoot Day fell on August
Compared to a combustion engine sys- zation of production technologies as well 22. Thereafter, the resources of future gen-
tem, a fuel cell also offers shipbuilders a as products. erations were being consumed. The last
huge advantage: The mechanical drive- time the day fell that late in the year was
shaft to the propeller is eliminated. This back in 2005. So, why so late last year? Be-
permits entirely new designs that could cause CO2 emissions fell due to the corona
make large central engine rooms unnec- pandemic, for example.
essary.
There has also been criticism of the Global
But are these fuel cell stacks – where Footprint Network’s calculations. The or-
hundreds of wafer-thin membranes con- ganization doesn’t hide the fact that it re-
taining precious metals work with one lies on assumptions and can only approxi-
another – as robust as a massively heavy Shipping is expected to mate reality. But it uses valid data when it
cylinder in a two-stroke diesel engine? become more climate- can find the information, from the United
“We achieve operating lifespans of more friendly. Freudenberg Nations, the International Energy Agency
than 30,000 hours with our systems and Sealing Technologies and the Canadian Institute of Forestry. In
can see possibilities to increase them to has the answers. the end, Earth Overshoot Day offers a sense
even higher in the future,” Martens says. https://on.fst.com/3mvJRlR of how wasteful humanity is.30 Electronics Materials Electronics Materials 31
Swapping So mobile phones have to be
repaired by experts and end up as
Everything Out
electronic scrap in two years?
There are two entrepreneurs who
aren’t happy with that situation.
The Waldeck brothers produce
sustainable smartphones while
keeping close track of the resources
they use.
A
s children, Carsten and Samuel Waldeck confronted
scarcities of resources at an early age. Their father had
founded an organization to help drug-dependent
young people. It was housed in an old manor out in the coun-
try. “There was a shortage of everything. It ran totally on dona-
tions,” Samuel Waldeck recalled. Anyone who has ever started
a charitable project likely knows how he feels. The experience
left its mark on him. Waldeck says Mother Nature, with its
ever-present cycles, became his model. “Everything that func-
tions is actually a cycle. Only human beings conceive of cycles
that don’t work. Or there’s no cycle to begin with.” Take smart-
phones, for example. On average, less than 20 percent of peo-
ple use their smartphones more than two years. In the United
States alone, about 150 million smartphones are discarded
every year – as special waste containing toxic components.
Recycling is difficult because the individual parts are connect-
It only requires a single screwdriver, and ed and fused to one another. “Shredded telephones are a huge
it is delivered with the product: SHIFT mix of materials,” Waldeck said.
mobile phones are built to allow individual
parts to be repaired or replaced. The two brothers wanted to do things differently. They want-
ed to have mobile telephones that were easy to repair and to
recycle. As much as possible, without glued and soldered32 Electronics Materials Electronics Materials 33
SHIFT buys electronic scrap from Ghana that is certified as
child-labor-free and supports the Earth Beat Foundation,
which finances small farmers in Uganda so they don’t need to
work in gold mines. “Everything that we invest financially inev-
itably has something to do with sustainability and social
justice,” Waldeck said.
Shredded telephones contain
a massive mix of materials.”
Above all, the Waldecks have set the goal of seeing their smart-
phones recycled or reused as much as possible, and they have
come up with the idea of a telephone deposit as part of the Company founders: Samuel (l)
and Carsten (r) Waldeck
22 €
answer. Buyers pay a 22-euro deposit on their phone and get ($ 26) is the deposit for a
the money back later, even if they send an inoperable phone launched their company in phone, and customers get their
back to the company. “Electronic scrap that is discarded may Falkenberg, Hesse, in 2014. money back.
not legally be resold or reused,” Waldeck said. “But we’re
allowed to do it since we are officially taking the used devices
back.” That not only lengthens the phone’s lifecycle – the man-
ufacturers can also recycle individual parts if they are needed.
components. With as few multi-component plastics encased This is especially true for precious metals and single-variety
inside one another as possible. Both studied design. “A device plastics. The designers have provided a modular design and
that can’t be repaired is bad design,” Samuel Waldeck is an assortment of raw materials in advance that makes this
convinced. So the two founded SHIFT in Falkenberg, Hessen, in recyclability possible and ensures that it runs smoothly.
2014, and have produced about 50,000 devices since then. “For us, it is ultimately a matter of closing the material cycle,”
Waldeck reaches for a smartphone and removes its backside. Waldeck says.
There was a cracking sound and then the interior lay open.
A user could replace what was inside without expert help – Paying Attention to Time and Money
everything from the battery to the camera – and in some SHIFT is deliberately striking out in another direction when it
cases even repair the item. SHIFT offers advice and videos comes to another resource: time. After placing the order, cus-
to explain all this. A screwdriver comes with the phone at tomers wait four to eight weeks to get their phone. That is part
purchase. of the concept. “We start about a year before the production
of a device, in part to pay for it,” Waldeck said. “If we have any
Coltan, Gold, Lithium and Cobalt buffer in terms of the timeframe, it helps us.” As some supply
But then the Waldeck brothers turned their attention to the chains wobbled during the pandemic, SHIFT was still able to
issue of resources. What about the raw materials that are built make on-time deliveries. “As consumers, we’re used to getting
into telephones? The pair delved into the matter of where the everything the next day,” Waldeck said. “I think that, as a pro-
over-exploitation of Nature or the abuse of workers has been ducer, you can draw attention to why a long-term approach
taking place. One of their decisions involved coltan. “To the ex- can be a good thing.”
tent possible, we don’t want coltan in our devices,” Waldeck
said. Coltan is a tantalum ore that is used to produce a Part of the reason for this approach is that the brothers have
heat-dissipating ceramic. Forced labor is used in a large part of been running their company without investors since 2014. “To
Congo where it is mined. Due to smuggling, it’s not easy to see us, it was important for the company not to fall into a state of The assembly and screwing operations
whether the trade in coltan is “fair.” Nor is it easy to determine dependency,” Waldeck said. All too frequently, they have seen take place in China, at fair terms. Social
the amount of coltan actually used in a phone. The brothers investors exert considerable pressure on companies during cri- justice is important to the entrepreneurs.
are now having their main circuit boards shot with neutrons to ses. This has not always been to the company’s benefit. SHIFT
get the answer. They think the expense is worth it. At the same wants to grow, but not in response to pressure. “This brings us
time, they are supporting local aid projects. The same issues back to Mother Nature as our model,” Waldeck said. “In a for-
apply to components such as gold, lithium or cobalt. But alter- est, large trees and small trees grow at their own pace.” That
natives are clearly not available for every material. makes them resilient. If companies grow independently, they
don’t suddenly find themselves in dire straits.
“About 150 grams of gold have been incorporated in all the
SHIFT phones that we have ever produced,” Waldeck said. “In
any case, scouring our supply chains to preclude any problems
is expensive. And this would basically be much too small a
lever.” It would be better to spend money on support projects.34 Bamboo Bamboo 35
A Material Bamboo – isn’t it breakable? Not any more than steel, to cite one
On the Move
example. This underappreciated natural material has been inspir-
ing bicycle designers for a while. A survey of visionaries in Vietnam,
Malaysia and California – as well as a German world traveler.
I
t is indeed strange that a Vietnamese bamboo is reinforced, heated and glued
engineer would be inspired, in Ger- with epoxy resin at its joints. Pham now
many of all places, to use bamboo to manufactures his bikes for customers
build things. In 2009, Minh Tri Pham, worldwide. That makes him part of a
then a student at the Berlin Institute of trend: Manufacturers are designing and
Technology, attended a workshop on selling bamboo bikes in other countries
bamboo bicycles. The idea fascinated as well, and not just for stylish, leisurely
him, and he was unable to shake it. excursions, but for racing and mountain
Today Pham runs a company called biking, too. The first e-bikes are now
“Vietnam Bamboo Bike,” in Ho Chi Minh available as well.
City. As an engineer, he is above all fasci-
nated by bamboo’s material qualities. Basti Gutmann has subjected the mate-
“Various forces are at work when you rial to a special stress test: In 2017, the
ride a bike,” he said. “For example, the German cyclist set out on a trip around
position of the pressure points is crucial the world on a bamboo bicycle he built
when someone presses down on the himself. “On a whim,” he said. So far, it
40
pedals full-strength.” has developed into a 37,000-kilometer
(23,000-mile) trek. Traveling under the
Bamboo isn’t wood – it’s a grass. It con- nickname “Bamboo Basti,” Gutmann
sists of fibers grouped around a hollow was on the road nearly three years
Bamboo can achieve a tensile form, separated by nodes. “The strong- before the corona pandemic and its ac-
strength of 40 kilonewtons per est fibers are exactly where the largest companying border restrictions stopped
cubic centimeter, plus a tensile stress point prevails mechanically,” Pham him in his tracks. Aside from being an
strength at break of more than said. That gives bamboo extreme hard- advocate of sustainability, he is tinkerer
200 pascals. That gives it an ness combined with great tensile and and carpentry hobbyist. The fact that he
advantage over steel in some compressive strength. It is an illustration chose a bamboo frame for his trip has
applications. of lightweight construction in Nature. more than just symbolic significance.
The material can’t compete with ultra-
light carbon frames based on weight, “Compared to carbon or other materials,
but it does very well in comparisons bamboo is the easiest to patch. You only
with metal. For bicycle frames, the need an epoxy resin and hemp, which36 Bamboo Bamboo 37
“I want to build frame construction. He first experiment-
attractive, robust ed with the material in 1995. Since 2005,
bicycles.” One of he has been manufacturing bamboo bi-
the models from cycles professionally and advertises his
Minh Tri Pham, current model as “more rigid than many
an engineer. carbon frames.” That is remarkable inas-
much as Calfee was one of the first in Bamboo Basti
the industry to develop carbon frames
in the 1980s, equipping Tour de France Cyclist and activist Basti Gutmann, 29, launched his trip
winner Greg LeMond with them, among around the world from Munich in June 2017. As part of
others. Accordingly, his bamboo frames his plan, he resolved to plant 40,000 trees over the
fetch a high price: between $3,000 and course of his trip. As soon as the pandemic permits, he
$5,000. Basti Gutmann also met Calfee wants to wrap up his circumnavigation with a Europe-
during his travels, encountering him ac- an tour.
cidentally while he was looking for lodg-
ing. “Tomorrow I want to find that mad-
man around here who builds bamboo Find out more at
bicycles,” Basti told him. “That’s me,” http://bamboobasti.com
Calfee replied. Gutmann stayed with
him for two weeks.
Bamboo grows quickly. Some species
shoot up as much as 90 centimeters
can be easily obtained anywhere, espe- more oxygen than most other plants. (about 35 inches) per day. The niche
cially if you are on a coast.” By contrast, Architects worldwide are increasingly market for bamboo bicycles may not be
steel or aluminum would have to be discovering the material‘s advantages. growing quite as quickly – but buyers’
welded. Bamboo doesn’t break apart interest seems to have been awakened.
like wood either; the fibers tear length- Minh Tri Pham tackled the promise of “Bamboo can grow in a great many loca-
wise, which does not affect its stability bamboo with a similar scientific ap- tions on the planet,” Pham said. From all
Viet Bamboo Bike provided that the tears are promptly proach. After his return to Vietnam from appearances, the same applies to the in-
closed. Gutmann rode his bamboo bicy- Germany, he identified 360 species of terest in Nature’s lightweight material.
Minh Tri Pham founded his com- cle across the Balkans to India – and bamboo, and he has worked intensively
pany as a side project. In his regu- happened to meet a man in Malaysia on mechanical simulations since then.
lar job, he works as an engineer who owned a large bamboo factory. He has now settled on the species that
in the renewable energy field. Ahmad Mazlan Othman is an engineer, are best suited for bicycle frames. The
He now sells city and mountain construction planner and visionary who pandemic has slowed him down as well,
bikes worldwide through his on- also uses bamboo, in his case, for home but Pham has used the time for more
line shop. construction. It was then that Gutmann research and development. “The designs
realized there were more than a thou- are my strength,” he said. “I want to
Find out more at sand species of bamboo with highly build attractive, robust bicycles” – with
https://vietbamboobike.com/ specific properties. “Ahmad told me materials that do not have to be import-
with a grin that my bike was assembled ed. Pham is planning a small factory
extraordinarily well, but the bamboo where 300 frames a month can be built.
wasn‘t really suited for it. There were Target audience: Customers abroad. In
better choices,” he said. Still, the bike Vietnam, the hot weather coupled with
had indeed carried him all the way to torrential rain discourages the use of
Malaysia. Ahmad Mazlan Othman is a bicycles as a daily means of transporta-
bamboo activist. In his lectures, he espe- tion. But Pham finds that the number of
cially stresses the sustainability of the active recreational cyclists is growing. A special kind of stress
material. Due to its rapid growth, bam- test: “Bamboo Basti” under-
boo binds up large quantities of carbon Craig Calfee of California is considered way on his world tour.
dioxide and, in the bargain, produces one of the world’s pioneers in bamboo38 Interview – Jörg Schmitt-Kilian Interview – Jörg Schmitt-Kilian 39
For Lack of Some resources can be replaced. But what happens when
there is a lack of evidence, but you know who the offender
Evidence
is? Or you at least have a suspicion. In an interview, Chief
Detective Jörg Schmitt-Kilian talks about evidence that
comes to light decades after the crime and the moment
that the felon is suddenly standing before you.
JÖRG SCHMITT-KILIAN, HOW LONG down during interrogation and confess.
DO YOU KEEP LOOKING IF YOU Another reason for their behavior is that
HAVEN’T FOUND ENOUGH EVIDENCE they can finally ease their consciences.
IN YOUR CASE?
You keep looking until you have it. But if CAN THERE BE EVIDENCE THAT YOU
the search comes up empty, the team HAVE BUT CAN’T USE?
working on the crime is reduced in size, Yes. For example, this is often the case
and at some point the prosecutor stops with crime-related telephone surveil-
the process. But if new evidence comes lance subject to prohibitions on its use
up, some cases are reopened. There is no as evidence. In Germany, we offer great- Cold Case
statute of limitations on murder. This is er protection for the offender than in
occurring a lot right now. You couldn’t most other countries. That can be frus- “Cold Cases” refers to un-
perform DNA analyses before, but trating, of course. You know someone is solved crimes for which
samples for DNA matches are available the offender, but you can’t prove it. there is new evidence, either
today. I know of a cold case involving a from new testimony from
woman who was murdered in 1994. In WHY NOT? CAN YOU CITE witnesses or DNA analyses.
that case, the murderer was convicted AN EXAMPLE? In many countries, there is
because he committed another offense Let’s take narcotics: You have a dealer no statute of limitations
and his DNA ended up in a file. under surveillance and you see him on serious crimes such as
coming out of a location that is a proven murder and rape. The first
SO A HIT ISN’T EVIDENCE IN ITSELF? drug house. But his lawyer says, “Maybe special cold case unit was
No. Sometimes it’s not proof, but rather he was visiting the apartment next established in the United
a reason to take up the case again. Actu- door.” If we don’t have other evidence, States in the late 1990s.
ally, after such a long time, some offend- the accused person will get the benefit
ers are so surprised that they break of the doubt here.40 Interview – Jörg Schmitt-Kilian Interview – Jörg Schmitt-Kilian 41
pletely clean. There was nothing that we
could find in her past. Nothing at all. It
was only after we arrested her that we
learned she had adopted the identity of
Wily attorneys often try her sister in Canada. The computer spit
to make officers seem out a huge file once we entered her real
name. In fact, she was a main witness in
as though they aren’t an unsolved murder case in the Nether-
lands. She used that as a bargaining chip
credible.” after her arrest.
SHE WAS WILLING TO TESTIFY IN
EXCHANGE FOR A MORE LENIENT
PENALTY?
Due to her addiction, she was in therapy.
The principle of “therapy, not punish-
ment” was at work here. She was re-
leased from custody to meet with
SO WHAT SEEMS TO BE EVIDENCE IS tennis, I was taking a shower, and some- me. The murder wasn’t my case, but my
SUDDENLY NEGOTIABLE? one suddenly began speaking to me. It colleagues asked me to try to figure out
On one occasion, we arrested the son turned out that I was responsible for what evidence she had. The end of the
of a well-known municipal politician sending him to prison for seven years. story was that she never showed up for
on whom 4 kilograms (8.8 pounds) of I felt queasy for a moment, and then it the meeting. She seized the moment to
heroin were found. His attorney asked was okay. “You did your job,” he told me, vanish without a trace and is still at
whether we might have convinced the “and you dealt with me fairly.” large. And the murder case is still un-
suspect to make a delivery. The problem: solved.
As a narcotics investigator, I can only ON THE SUBJECT OF POLICE
make specific statements on tactical an- RESOURCES: WERE YOU DO YOUR CASES REMAIN STORED IN
ti-crime measures in court if I have been WELL-EQUIPPED AT THE TIME? YOUR MEMORY FOR A LONG TIME?
given an exemption. Wily attorneys of- Back then, our resources weren’t as In my crime novels, I come up with liter-
ten try to make officers seem as though good as they are today. But staffing is al- ary solutions to some of the crimes.
they aren’t credible. They stray into your ways in short supply, especially in the The case I described with the dealer
private life, ask all kinds of questions, area of organized crime. For the most was even filmed. In the novels, I often
Jörg Schmitt-Kilian and as soon as you say, “I don’t recall,” part, we can only infiltrate these areas describe situations that seem invented
they counter with: “Ah, but somehow with covert measures, which are labor-in- to the reader. But sometimes reality
A chief detective and former you do remember that detail in this case. tensive. And now the Internet is adding surpasses even my fantasies.
narcotics investigator, he spent You may have worked on the case two new issues, and the police have to con-
more than forty years on the job. years earlier.” tinually handle more tasks. It’s possible
Today, he holds readings, train- for an organized crime department to
ing sessions and events on the DO INVESTIGATORS LEARN THE be reduced in size because other basic
prevention of violence and illicit OUTCOME OF THE CASES THEY areas would otherwise be neglected.
drug use. Schmitt-Kilian also WERE INVESTIGATING?
writes crime novels based on The spectacular cases, yes. But in prac- DO YOU REMEMBER A CASE THAT WAS Got a taste for crime fiction? You
real cases as well as advice books tice, you get totally caught up in your PARTICULARLY PUZZLING? can find some short crime stories
and travel guides. Find more in- next case for quite a while. Some trials Yes, it was obvious that a heroin dealer in our “Future Files.” This is where
formation about the author at go on forever. I can’t remember every- was deeply involved in the drug scene. we visualize the world of tomorrow.
www.schmitt-kilian-aktuell.de one that I put in jail. Once, after playing But based on her resume, she was com- https://on.fst.com/3fRJQHzYou can also read
