KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO COUNTRY PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK 2019-2023 - Food and Agriculture ...
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KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO COUNTRY PROGRAMMING FRAMEWORK 2019-2023
KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA
FAO COUNTRY PROGRAMMING
FRAMEWORK 2019-2023
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Phnom Penh, 2020
Required citation: FAO. 2020. Kingdom of Cambodia: FAO Country Programming Framework 2019–2023. Phnom Penh. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through publications-sales@fao.org. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: copyright@fao.org. Cover photographs (from right to left, and the center): ©FAO; ©FAO; ©FAO; ©FAO/ Chann Tet; ©FAO; ©FAO
CONTENTS
I. Introduction............................................................................................. 1
II. Country context and priorities............................................................... 2
General context........................................................................................ 2
National priorities...................................................................................... 4
FAO Regional priorities............................................................................ 5
UNDAF priorities...................................................................................... 5
III. FAO’s contribution and expected results............................................. 6
Country Outcome 1: Enhanced agricultural productivity, diversification
and commercialization, and safe and nutrition-sensitive food systems
for poverty reduction and food and nutrition security................................ 8
Country Outcome 2: Equitable and sustainable management of
natural resources, and increased capacity to monitor and report
climate action......................................................................................... 12
Country Outcome 3: Reduction of vulnerability, and improved
resilience to climate change and shocks at national, community
and household level............................................................................... 16
IV. Cross-cutting issues............................................................................ 19
V. Implementation, monitoring and reporting arrangements................ 21
References................................................................................................... 23
Annexes....................................................................................................... 25
Annex 1: CPF Results and Resource Requirements for 2019 - 2023.......27
Annex 2: UN-system linkage................................................................. 34
Annex 3: TCP Indicative Pipeline.......................................................... 36
Annex 4: TCP General Provisions......................................................... 37
Annex 5: Summary of Country Programme Evaluation (CPE) and
Reponses Matrix.................................................................................... 39
Annex 6: Key Government’s Sectoral Policies, Strategies and
Action Plans........................................................................................... 40
iii
©FAO
©FAO/Chann Tet
I
INTRODUCTION
This Country Programming Framework (CPF) sets out three country priority areas to guide
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) partnership with and
support to the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) – promoting innovative international
best practices and global standards through the provision of national, regional and
international expertise during five years from 2019 to 2023.
The CPF was prepared following consultations, through the Technical Working
Groups (notably Agriculture & Water, and Food Security and Nutrition and Social
Protection), with the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and its various line
general directorates, administrations and departments, the Ministry of Environment (MoE),
the National Council for Sustainable Development (NCSD), the Council for Agricultural and
Rural Development (CARD) of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Health (MoH), the
Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MoWA), the Ministry of Commerce (MoC), the Ministry of Water
Resources and Meteorology (MoWRAM), the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD), the
Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), the Ministry of Planning (MoP), the National
Committee for Disaster Management (NCDM), the National Committee for Sub-National
Democratic Development (NCDD), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MoEYS),
the Ministry of Social Affairs, Veteran and Youth Rehabilitation (MOSAVY), the National
Council for Social Protection (NCSP), and the Council for the Development of Cambodia
(CDC). The draft was shared for comments with these institutions and with key relevant UN
agencies, main Development Partners (DPs), and NGOs active in relevant sectors.
The CPF was also built on the outcomes of the Country Programme Evaluation (CPE), carried
out in 2018. The key recommendations from the CPE are reflected across outcomes. These
recommendations include: strengthen investments in research and innovation for resilient food
systems; improve market linkages, value addition, and quality and safety of the food
system; continue to promote evidence-based policy; strengthen its capacity development
efforts in line with a recent country gender assessment; widely share lessons from pilot
projects and from its experience and expertise. Detailed CPE recommendations and how
they are incorporated in the current CPF are presented in annex 5.
1
©FAO/Chann Tet
II
COUNTRY CONTEXT AND
PRIORITIES
General context
Cambodia has made significant progress in economic growth and poverty reduction. The
economic growth over the past two decades (1994–2015) averaged 7.6 percent per annum,
ranking sixth in the world. The poverty headcount has fallen from 47.8 percent in 2007 to 13.5
percent in 2014, and is now expected to be below 10 percent. Strong growth of agricultural
sector from 2004 to 2012 (above 5 percent per annum) significantly contributed to alleviate
poverty. It was estimated that more than 60 percent of the poverty reduction between 2007
and 2011 was attributed to agriculture sector (Eliste and Zorya, 2015). Thanks to rapid and
sustained growth, Cambodia achieved Lower Middle-Income status in 2016, and the RGC has
set a target to reach Higher-Middle Income status in 2030 and High-Income status in 2050.
2 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023
In spite o the significant reduction in poverty headcounts, the vulnerability or the risk o sliding
back into poverty remains high in Cambodia. While Cambodia has achieved the Millennium
Development Goal (MDG) target of halving poverty in 2009, the vast majority of families who
escaped poverty were only able to do so by a small margin. The multidimensional poverty
headcount (2014) stands at 34.9 percent of the population (UNDP, 2018). Cambodia’s Human
Development Index (HDI) value for 2017 is 0.582— which puts the country in the medium human
development category—positioning it at 146 out of 189 countries and territories, the lowest in
Southeast Asia after Myanmar (UNDP, 2018).
Cambodia is expected to graduate from LDC status by 2024. This is expected to imply
the phasing out of preferential treatment by development partners, financial institutions, and
partner countries, and the loss of preferential trade treatment. In addition, the safeguard
measures on rice from Cambodia imposed by the European Union early 2019, the possible
suspension of Cambodia’s preferential access to the European Union market under the
Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme, the possible loss of the US Generalized System of
Preference (GSP) pose serious threats for the Cambodia’s competiveness and economic
performance.
Agricultural growth has slowed down over the last five years (2013–2017), where the growth
averaged 1.0 percent per annum compared to 4.5 percent between 2008 and 2012. The
share of agricultural sector to the GDP has also been declining i.e. from 35.6 percent in 2012
to 24.9 percent in 2017. The sector is unlikely to resume its role as a driver of national poverty
reduction, but will continue to be a crucial source of livelihood and food security for the rural
population who mainly rely on agriculture for their livelihoods. Agricultural sector faces several
challenges including low productivity, low quality of agricultural products, low quality of
agricultural inputs, limited extension services, limited diversification, sanitary and
phytosanitary measures (SPS) issues, market access and low value addition. The RGC
recognizes the importance of diversification, modernization, product quality improvement,
commercialization, and resilience to climate change.
Cambodia has made sizeable improvement in food security and nutrition (FSN). Progress
has been made on all fronts in implementing the priority actions for the National Strategy for
Food Security and Nutrition (2014–2018). Despite the impressive progress on FSN, a number of
issues remain. The improvements in nutrition have lagged behind on a number of economic and
human development indicators. The progress across the country, demographic and socio-
economic groups remains uneven. Moreover, sustainability of progress could be challenged
by economic and disaster shocks, and therefore increasing emphasis will need to be placed on
risk reduction and resilience building (CARD, 2017).
Cambodia has made noticeable efforts in the protection and conservation of natural
resources. As a result, more than 970 000 hectares have been designated as fisheries
conservation areas, and some 7.5 million hectares or about 41 percent of the country
territory have been designated as Protected Areas and biodiversity corridors for
conservation (RGC, 2018; MoE, 2018).
Country context and priorities 3
Nevertheless, the natural resources are under continuous pressure due to the growing
population and rapid economic development. Cambodia faces more and more challenges in
balancing the requirements imposed on growing needs of development and conservation.
There has been an increased pressure to trade-off between the demand for land use and
conservation of forest resources. Weak governance of natural resources, forest clearing and
fencing for private ownership, encroachment of flooded forest areas and fishing domains,
offences related to forest, wildlife and fisheries remain a concern (RGC, 2018).
Much of the Cambodia’s cropland is under rain-fed system, which is highly vulnerable to
the climate variability and extreme weather events. The RGC recognizes that the rural poor
of Cambodia, the majority of whom are women, are most vulnerable to climate change and
disaster due to their limited coping capacity, high dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural
resources. Agricultural production, food security and rural livelihoods are also being threatened by
emerging transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases. Over recent years, Cambodia has
seen the emergence of destructive animal and plant pests and diseases in Cambodia, including
the Cassava Mosaic Disease (CMD) in 2015, the fall armyworm in 2019, and the African Swine
Fever (ASF) in 2019. Actions are needed to make agriculture more climate-resilient, to promote
economic and livelihood diversification to adapt to and mitigate the expected changes, and to
manage the threats of transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases in a comprehensive
and integrated manner in order to prevent their spread and minimize their impact.
National priorities
Cambodia’s long-term development vision is guided by the Rectangular Strategy (RS) for
Growth, Employment, Equity and Efficiency, now in its fourth phase, and the National Strategic
Development Plan (NSDP) 2019–2023, which is under preparation. Rectangle 4 of the RS IV
“Inclusive and sustainable development’’ is highly relevant to the FAO’s technical mandate.
Under this Rectangle 4, the government pays particular attention to inclusive and sustainable
development, especially its linkage with the National Action Plan for Zero Hunger Challenges,
2016–2025, and the Cambodian Sustainable Development Goals (CSDGs), 2030. Three of the
four priorities under this Rectangle 4 are the most directly relevant to FAO’s mandate:
1) Promoting agriculture sector and rural development: under this, the strategic goal
of the Royal Government is to strengthen the role of agriculture sector in generating
jobs, ensuring food security, reducing poverty, and developing rural areas. The focus
will be to improve productivity, quality, and diversification, promote agro-processing
industry and market linkage, booster vegetable production for import substitution,
improve irrigation infrastructure, develop and implement a number of regulations,
strategies and action plans.
2) Sustainable management of natural resources and culture: under this, the
strategic goal is to ensure a balance between development and conservation. Key
priorities include ensuring sustainable management of forest, wildlife and fisheries
4 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023resources and ecosystems, maintaining forest cover up to 60 percent, protection and
conservation of biodiversity, wet land and coastal areas, promoting engagement of
communities in the protection and management of natural resources, and restoration.
3) Ensuring environmental sustainability and readiness to respond to climate
change: under this, the strategic goal is to minimize environmental impacts, enhance
the capacity to adapt to climate change, and contribute to mitigate climate change
to ensure sustainable development. Key priorities include: promoting sustainable
consumption and production, climate-friendly technologies, carbon trading
mechanisms, financing for climate change actions, clean and renewable energy, solid
and liquid waste management, development and implementation of integrated water
resource management plan, implementation of key national strategies and action
plans.
The RS IV is operationalized in the NSDP 2019–2023 and complemented by sectoral policies,
strategies and plans of which the main ones of relevance to FAO are presented in Annex 6.
FAO Regional priorities
Key priorities identified by member countries during the 34th FAO Asia-Pacific Regional
Conference held in 2018 mirror the priorities of the RGC. These include:
1. Reduction of animal and plant pests and diseases
2. Sustainable production and resilience in the context of climate change
3. Improving nutrition and food safety
4. Minimizing food waste and loss
5. Inclusive value chain development
6. Better data and analysis for decision-making and M&E
The RGC launched its Zero Hunger Challenge in May 2015 and the National Action Plan
based on existing strategies and policies will facilitate the pursuance and monitoring of the
Sustainable Development Goals. Additionally, Cambodia is now covered by the FAO regional
Initiative on “Asia and the Pacific’s Zero Hunger Challenge”.
UNDAF priorities
The CPF seeks to ensure that the activities of FAO in Cambodia contribute to the outcomes
identified in the UNDAF 2019–2023 in support of an integrated approach to sustainable
development, aligned with the CSDGs framework and national development priorities. FAO’s
direct contribution to the UNDAF 2019–2023 priorities is mostly within outcome 3 “sustainable
living”, which is one of the central themes of the 2030 Agenda. The UNDAF outcomes are
described in Annex 2 while information on the UNDAF outcomes to which the CPF contributes
is included in the Results Matrix in Annex 1.
Country context and priorities 5©FAO
III
FAO’S CONTRIBUTION AND
EXPECTED RESULTS
Based on an analysis of the areas of intersection between 1) the priorities of the RGC as
expressed in the governmental priority setting documents at all levels mentioned above, 2) the
FAO corporate Strategic Objectives, 3) the FAO Regional Priorities for Asia and the Pacific, and
4) the outcomes identified under the UNDAF 2019–2023, the present CPF for Cambodia will
revolve around three Country Outcomes:
1. Enhanced agricultural productivity, diversification and commercialization, and safe and
nutrition-sensitive food systems for poverty reduction and food and nutrition security.
2. Equitable and sustainable management of natural resources, and increased capacity to
monitor and report climate action.
3. Reduction of vulnerability, and improved resilience to climate change and shocks at
national, community and household level.
6 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023The overarching goal of FAO’s programme in Cambodia is to contribute to the eradication
of poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition and to the sustainable management and use of
the country’s natural resources. This goal can be reached only through a coordinated and
programmatic approach in collaboration as well as partnership with all stakeholders. The three
priority areas above are thus interlinked and will be pursued in a coherent manner, within the
constraints of availability of funding. The Results Matrix containing outputs and indicators can
be found in Annex 1 which also provides an overview of the funding requirements.
Cambodia is facing new emerging challenges such as safeguard measures on rice imposed
by the European Union, the potential loss of the European Union preferential trade scheme
under the EBA, the US GSP to a lesser extent, as well as the graduation from LDC status.
Based on its expertise, mandate and experience, FAO will mobilize resources and expertise to
contribute to Cambodia’s efforts to prepare for these new development challenges. Priorities,
in this regard, will be to contribute addressing economic vulnerability, promoting human
development, and strengthening institutional capacity.
Several other key issues are cross-cutting throughout the CPF, including gender and indigenous
people (IP), youth, climate change, nutrition, capacity development and governance.
©FAO/Chann Tet
FAO’s contribution and expected results 71
COUNTRY OUTCOME
ENHANCED AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTIVITY, DIVERSIFICATION AND
COMMERCIALIZATION, AND SAFE AND
NUTRITION-SENSITIVE FOOD SYSTEMS
FOR POVERTY REDUCTION AND FOOD
AND NUTRITION SECURITY.
8 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023Despite significant progress made, the agriculture sector still lags behind that of neighbouring
countries. The productivity is relatively low due to unfavourable factors including reliance on
rain-fed systems, poor farm management practices, limited access to quality agricultural inputs,
including seeds, and high costs of production. Year-round consistent supply of the agricultural
produce cannot be secured. Access to market is a major problem for smallholder farmers while
the value chain actors are disorganized and highly fragmented. Processing of agricultural
commodities to increase value addition still lags behind neighbouring nations. Reliance on sale
of fresh and unprocessed products limits the access of Cambodia’s agricultural products to
wider market opportunities and increases vulnerability to price fluctuation. The entire agriculture
production and processing sector is challenged by a lack of skills and techniques on the part of
producers, including young farmers. They also lack knowledge and information on the needs of
the domestic and export markets, and of SPS and food safety issues. At the same time, more
attention and financial resources are needed for research, development and extension activities.
Currently, trained agricultural extension officers exist only down to the district level in most
areas with relatively low ratio of extension workers to the number of farmers. Further human
resource development including training and support of the specialized agricultural extension
workers (crop, livestock, fisheries, forestry) is therefore required for effective extension
services at all levels.
Despite impressive progress in addressing FSN challenges in the country (CARD, 2017),
the FSN status across the country and for different demographic and socio-economic groups
remains uneven. There is an ongoing challenge in ensuring food accessibility and dietary
diversity, especially among the rural poor, pregnant women and children under five.1 Significant
gender gaps, especially rural women whose roles contribute around 80 percent to food
production, persists. These include access to land and other resources and services, literacy
rates, income generation opportunities and decent jobs, women’s “time poverty” given their
multiple productive and reproductive roles, and their rights to decision making.
An emphasis on rice production has limited crop diversification, which is also reflected in
household dietary consumption patterns where despite increasing availability of food in the
markets, rice remains paramount in the diet (CARD, 2017). Malnutrition has a direct link to
poverty, low agricultural productivity and diversification, limited access to and unsustainable
use of forestry and fishery resources, landlessness, and insufficient off-farm income-generation
opportunities in rural areas. In addition to low purchasing power, reasons for malnutrition include
low availability of nutritious alternative foods to rice, limited knowledge and capacity to preserve
food, unawareness of the importance of a balanced diet, especially for small children, low levels
of food safety and quality, and a lack of legal instruments in this particular sector.
Food safety has become an increasingly complex challenge in Cambodia. Foodborne illnesses
are usually infectious or toxic in nature and caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or chemical
substances. Both imported and locally-produced foods have been found to be contaminated
with pesticides or other pollutants and bacterial contamination is commonly found in animal
1 Stunting, underweight, and wasting rates of under-five children were measured in 2014 at 32 percent, 24 percent, and 10
percent, respectively.
FAO’s contribution and expected results 9source foods. The absence of SPS standards in fish supply chains is a
growing concern and limits Cambodian exporters’ access to premium
export markets; there is an European Union and ASEAN ban on
Cambodian fish imports for failure to meet GAP and HACCP
standards.
Additionally, overuse and misuse of antimicrobials is
common and is believed to have contributed to the
emergence of resistance against a variety of antimicrobial
drugs. Unrestricted access to antimicrobials, lack of
data to guide veterinarians and animal health providers
in prescribing antimicrobials, poor application of
biosecurity at the farm level, and non-therapeutic
use of antibiotics for disease prevention and growth
promotion by farmers, often with antibiotics that are
critically important for human medicine, the absence of
a comprehensive national plan and strategy to combat
©FAO
antimicrobial resistance (AMR), lack of surveillance and
laboratory capacity, irrational use of antimicrobial agents
in the treatment of human infections, and limited infection
prevention and control measures in hospitals are important
factors contributing to AMR in Cambodia. Progress has been made
to combat the AMR in the country. A national action plan on AMR for food
and agriculture and a Multi-sectoral National Action Plan on AMR, building
on the One Health concept, which incorporates the agriculture, food, environment and
human health sector were drafted. More efforts remain to be done in close collaboration between
the government of Cambodia, FAO, WHO and OIE to develop a comprehensive plan that aligns
with the global action plan on AMR.
Given the above challenges, the government has taken and adopted a wide spectrum of policies,
strategies and action plans to improve the quality of the agricultural outputs, to diversify the
agricultural production toward more high value commodities, improve sector competitiveness
and commercialization, and to improve the nutritional status of the population, in particular the
marginalized people including women and children. Consequently, FAO’s interventions under
Outcome 1 of the CPF will aim to support the implementation of the RGC’s efforts, specifically
the following:
increase smallholder farmers’ (men, women and youth) access to knowledge, technologies,
innovation and micro-credit to increase agricultural productivity and diversify production,
as well as enhancing their access to markets, decent employment opportunities, safe
and nutritious food to improve income, nutritional status and living standards;
develop robust and evidence-based analysis including value chain, and increase
availability of statistical data on agriculture to inform sound policy and plan design,
investments and implementation;
10 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023 promote innovative practices through a participatory approach e.g. Farmer Field School
to increase farmer capacity on agricultural production, and Farm Business School to
support farming as a business;
promote initiatives that increase knowledge and implementation of a food-based
approach to nutrition, promote gender equality and women empowerment in food and
agriculture, mainstream gender into agricultural planning and implementation, and
identify and support livelihood options for women and youths while also protecting
children from labour, in particular the worst forms of child labour;
provide capacity development to the national and sub-national institutions and
stakeholders to enable them to design, implement and monitor agriculture and food
system, gender-sensitive legislative frameworks, policies, strategies and action plans
related to food security and nutrition, and social protection, including food safety and
plant and animal health, in line with international norms and standards;
promote agroecological practices, safe and nutrition-sensitive food system such as
organic agriculture, Conservation Agriculture, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP),
Geographical Indication (GI), and integrated pest management to minimize pesticide
risks;
support the national efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance using a One Health
approach and evidence-based risk management along the livestock production and
market chain as well as related to trades;
support to the government’s coordination mechanisms including the relevant Technical
Working Groups (agriculture and water, food security and nutrition, forestry reform
and fisheries), and their subsidiary bodies established in the country, that fall under
the mandate of the Organization, to facilitate policy discussion and decision, planning,
information sharing and monitoring as well as the engagement with the private sectors;
and,
strengthen capacity for sustainable land
management and soil conservation
to maintain healthy, productive
and climate resilient soil
management practices.
©FAO
FAO’s contribution and expected results 112
COUNTRY OUTCOME
EQUITABLE AND SUSTAINABLE
MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES,
AND INCREASED CAPACITY TO MONITOR
AND REPORT CLIMATE ACTION.
12 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023Forests generate important livelihoods benefits in Cambodia. According to Forestry
Administration (FA) (cited in MoE, MEF and UNDP, 2011), nearly 4 million rural people -more
than 30 percent of the population- live within 5km of a forest, with forest resources accounting
for an average of 10 to 20 percent of households’ source of consumption and income. With the
rapid economic development, Cambodia however faces more and more challenges to keep up
with the growing demand for forest products and related resources, and to ensure an effective
use of natural resources, in an environmentally friendly manner.
Forestland has been gradually declining, from 57.07 percent in 2010 to 48.14 percent in 2016
(FA, 2016; MoE, 2018). More than half of the forest has been estimated to have undergone some
reduction of canopy cover between the years 2000 and 2010 (FAO, 2014). The decline in forest
cover and degradation has caused negative economic, social and environmental impacts. It
has reduced the productive capacity of Cambodia’s forest ecosystem. In addition to the impact
on forest-dependent livelihoods, this destruction of habitats is leading to the disappearance of
biodiversity and wildlife at alarming rates and affects watersheds, with adverse impacts on the
quality and availability of water resources, and increased erosion.
Freshwater and marine fisheries, and aquatic resources provide employment to over three
million people. Fish and rice lie at the heart of the Cambodian rural economy and are a
crucial element of nutrition, especially for the poor. Much progress has been made in fisheries
reform in the country, but many challenges remain. Fisheries reform included shift from large-
scale to small-scale fishery management, a transfer of rights and responsibilities to fisheries
communities for co-management of the fisheries resources, establishment of Community
Fisheries as well as the sustainability concerns related to the productivity
of capture fisheries and the integrity of fish habitats. The major
current problems in Cambodia’s fisheries sector include
illegal fishing activities, adverse effects from hydro power
dam in the Mekong and its tributaries, limited capacity
of community fisheries, lack of understanding of
law, weak law enforcement, effects from the uses
of chemical inputs in agriculture etc.
More and more Forestry, Fisheries and
©FAO/Chann Tet
Protected Area Communities are established.
However, many challenges remain, including
a lack of understanding of the law and how it
affects communities, limited law enforcement,
and a lack of awareness about the importance
of natural resources among communities and
other stakeholders, and limited equipment and
funds to support the management, research
activities, extension, conservation and protection of
the forestry and fishery resources in the communities.
FAO’s contribution and expected results 13Tenure, including user rights to common goods, is a particularly
challenging issue in Cambodia. Smallholder farmers, fishers,
women and men, indigenous people and other marginalized
social groups, are threatened by eviction from their lands and
forests by the allocation of tracts of land to companies under
economic land concessions and by illegal exploitation of
forest and fisheries resources. While a legal framework
and recourse and safeguard mechanisms exist to
regulate and resolve tenure issues, the RGC is
struggling with their implementation and many conflicts
in Cambodia revolve around tenure.
Cambodia has submitted its first Nationally
Determined Contribution (NDC) to the UNFCCC,
setting forth a clear framework for action to address
both the impacts and drivers of climate change in
the agriculture and land-use sectors. Under the Paris
Agreement’s Enhanced Transparency Framework (ETF),
countries are required to provide national inventory reports
©FAO
of emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse
gases as well as information necessary to track progress made in
implementing and achieving NDC commitments related to mitigation and
adaptation. A number of barriers are facing the effective implementation of ETF
requirements in Cambodia. Addressing these barriers will enable Cambodia to produce more
timely and accurate reports for UNFCCC processes and particularly the reporting requirements
under the Paris Agreement ETF. A robust MRV systems will have to be established in order to
enable Cambodia to track the implementation of the NDC transparently and, more broadly, to
assess the impact of climate change actions and policies.
In this context and building on the initiatives of the RGC and its partners to harness the potential
of the natural resources of Cambodia for the benefit of the entire population present and future,
and to support Cambodia to effectively implement its commitment to the global agenda, FAO
will seek to achieve the following under Outcome 2:
build the capacity of concerned stakeholders to undertake gender-responsive data
collection, analysis and application related to land use and land use ecological zoning
and to manage land tenure;
further strengthen the government capacity to improve forest governance, and to design,
adopt and implement policies and incentive frameworks for forest and related forestry
production and conservation, and landscape restoration, sustainable forest management,
and urban forestry;
strengthen the role of community forests and forest smallholders, including indigenous
groups, in forest law enforcement, governance and trade (FLEGT) in Cambodia;
further strengthen capacities of the government at the national and sub-national level,
and communities to sustainably manage fisheries resources;
14 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023 support government efforts to enact and implement domestic fisheries legislation,
related regulatory frameworks and international treaties;
support closer links between natural resource-dependent communities, conservation,
diversification of livelihoods and social protection;
support initiatives towards sustainable financing options for conservation and
sustainable forest management such as REDD+ and Payment for Ecosystem Services
(PES);
support the capacity development in the Agriculture, Forest and other land use
(AFOLU) sectors for enhancing transparency in implementation and monitoring of
Cambodia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC);
continue to strengthen the forest monitoring system; in particular strengthen capacities
for development of activity data, emission factors, and to implementation a National
Forest Inventory (NFI) and regular monitoring;
provide support to the Biennial Update Report (BUR) preparations and Technical
Annex (BUR-TA) preparations for REDD+ result reporting against Cambodia’s Forest
Reference Level;
support targeted forestry, fisheries and protected area communities, with particular
attention to their women members to better manage natural resources and livelihoods
through the design and implementation of gender-sensitive strategies for eco-system
management, for restoration of degraded agricultural land and forests, and for food
system, in a manner that takes account of the impact of climate change; and,
support agricultural land use/land cover mapping and analysis for monitoring and
assessment of land degradation for sustainable management of soil and land resources
and land use planning.
© Sanh Bunhoeun
FAO’s contribution and expected results 153
COUNTRY OUTCOME
REDUCTION OF VULNERABILITY, AND
IMPROVED RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE
CHANGE AND SHOCKS AT NATIONAL,
COMMUNITY AND HOUSEHOLD LEVEL.
16 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023Cambodia has been identified as an extremely high-risk country to the impacts of climate
change and natural disasters with limited capacity to cope with and adapt to the increased
risks through long-term strategies (Birkmann and Welle, 2015). Most Cambodian farmers are
smallholders with less than two hectares of land per household and are highly susceptible
to extreme weather events and disasters. About 48 percent of communes in Cambodia,
especially in remote areas, were susceptible to natural hazards and climate-related impacts
with considerably limited capacity to cope with damage and loss (Neha Rai, et all., 2015).
Given the vulnerability of a large part of the Cambodian population living under or just above
the poverty line, and the high dependence on subsistence agriculture, food stability can be
easily disrupted by shocks such as illness in the family, price fluctuations and natural disasters.
The adverse effects of climate change and the unprecedented natural resource degradation
and depletion pose serious threats to food security and nutrition, especially for small-scale food
producers. Rural women are particularly vulnerable as they have limited access to productive
resources, services, education and employment opportunities, while experiencing excessive
workloads and limited decision-making power.
With increased regional integration, Cambodia faces greater exposure to transboundary
animal diseases (TADs). Cambodia is considered a high-risk country for the transmission of
highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) and low pathogenic avian influenza to and from
neighbouring countries due to frequent cross-border movement of people, poultry and poultry
products. Approximately 75 percent of poultry farming in Cambodia relies on small-scale
farmers who are highly dependent on poultry production for their livelihoods.
In such traditional, low-input farming systems, basic biosecurity
for animal husbandry and hygiene are typically inadequate
to effectively reduce the risks of disease introduction and
transmission. Surveillance studies in live bird markets in
Cambodia have revealed some of the highest avian
influenza virus detection rates in poultry globally.
The recently confirmed ASF outbreaks in Cambodia
represent an imminent threat for the pig industry in
Cambodia as well as in the region, affecting pig
and pork price, pig value chain and finally food
security, particularly for the population with lower
incomes. There is a prevailing risk that the virus
will spread within the country and further into the
region due to a high concentration of pig farms
with limited application of biosecurity throughout
©Sanh Bunhoeun
the associated value chains.
Against this background, FAO will work with national
and sub-national institutions, partners, and communities
to develop and implement gender-sensitive national climate
change adaptation, and disaster risk reduction strategies
in line with the Sendai Framework, to monitor threats and provide
FAO’s contribution and expected results 17early warning, and new innovative and smart
technologies. FAO also aims to build the
capacity of rural men and women and of other
stakeholders at all levels to prevent and mitigate
threats and crises through below apriority
©FAO/Makara Hak
actions:
develop human and institutional capacity on
climate information, forecast, early warnings, and
agro-met services for agriculture application;
support farming communities, forest and fisheries
dependent communities, farmers’ organisations and other
key stakeholders at sub-national level to improve their adaptive
capacity to climate change, and to prepare for and respond to the natural
threats and related crises;
empower agriculture communities, especially women, in accessing and using climate
information/services to plan/identify and implement climate resilient and nutrition-
sensitive agriculture and livelihoods, applying ecosystem-based approaches;
introduce Forecast-based Financing/Early Warning Early Action to promote early
actions to prevent/reduce risks and vulnerabilities and prepare better for crisis;
further strengthen the government capacity in the prevention and control of
transboundary animal and plant pests and diseases, and in emergency management
of zoonotic and Transboundary Animal Diseases (TADs), surveillance programmes,
laboratory systems and epidemiology;
support for more investments in research and innovation for resilient food systems to
increase sustainability of production and processing;
strengthen government capacity for gender-sensitive disaster and climate vulnerability
and risk assessment (VRA) and use of risk information to develop policy, plan and
implement DRR and CCA actions while contributing to Sendai Framework for DRR and
SDGs monitoring and reporting;
strengthen agriculture disaster damage and loss information management system;
support and promote climate smart agriculture (CSA) in crop production, aquaculture
and livestock and the micro irrigation dams and landscape systems approach to CSA, as
well as the update of the CSA country profile for Cambodia;
provide policy support, capacity development and advocacy for enhancing the synergies
between social protection, gender equality, nutrition, agriculture, natural resources
management and climate change, and advocate for programming in disaster-responsive
social protection system;
provide support to the government’s coordination mechanisms (such as Zoonotic TWG
and AMR TWG and sub working group on animal health and production), which serve
as important platforms to share information, to allow for joint planning of activities and to
further strengthen One Health collaboration in the country; and,
conduct studies, document and widely disseminate good practices for DRR and CCA,
TAD and other related approaches.
18 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023©FAO/Chann Tet
IV
CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES
Rural women play a very important role in agriculture and in food and nutrition security. They
are responsible for 80 percent of Cambodia food production and generate household income
through sale of surpluses. Women raise livestock, culture fish and are active in agro-forestry and
non-timber forest products (NTFP) harvesting. Women contribute to postharvest management
and are responsible for agricultural and fish processing. About 39 percent of women are
employed in the agricultural sector compared to 35 of men (NIS, 2018). Rural women balance
their productive roles with reproductive responsibilities to ensure the nutritional, childcare and
health needs of their families. There are still one-third of Cambodian children who suffer from
malnutrition and, specifically, micronutrient deficiencies, wherefore ensuring equal access for
women to productive resources, climate-smart and labour-saving technologies and practices is
crucial to enhance the sustainability of agriculture, achieve food security and nutrition, eradicate
poverty and build the resilience of rural households and communities. Women are active both
in self-employment and wage employment in the agricultural sector and 22 percent of small-
scale agricultural households are female-led (NIS and MAFF, 2015). They dominate wholesale
and retail markets for vegetables and fish products at the local, regional and national markets.
Cross-cutting issues 19Women also own and operate a wide range of farm and non-farm microenterprises that enable rural households to diversify and secure income sources. Women, especially in rural areas, are among the most vulnerable social groups in terms of food security and food safety. Their role in decision-making is not equal. The consequences for women of increased internal and cross- border labour migration for example, or climate change impacts means greater responsibility for household agricultural and economic activities at the expense of increased workloads for them. Their access to resources, land, rural credit, goods, extension services and other support services needs to be addressed while designing activities in all priority areas. Cambodian youth (15-30 years old) accounts for about 33 percent of the population (OECD Development Center, 2017). The majority of Cambodian youth live in rural areas where decent employment is rare. There is concern that the formal economy will not be able to employ this growing number of youths, with an estimated 366 000 young people entering the work force each year. While more youth migrated for work abroad, mainly to Thailand and South Korea or into the garment sector (mainly females), the proportion of youth working in the agricultural sector declined from 69.8 percent in 2004 (UNCT, 2018) to 47.1 percent in 2014 (NIS and ILO, 2015) and has subsequently continued to decline further still. Cambodian youth in rural areas are mostly low skilled, which can trap them in a vicious cycle of poverty. They are prone to unsafe labour migration or unskilled and low paid work in other sectors. Young people in agriculture usually work at their family farm. However, low-productivity family farming and poor income turn young people away from agriculture and make them more prone to migrate from rural areas. Future food security and agricultural development relies on the interest of younger generations in farming as a profession. There requires attention on cultivating the next generation of farmers, food entrepreneurs, scientists, agronomists, and extension agents, unions and government leaders. In the context of rapid development, Cambodia also needs better-quality statistical data in agriculture in the rural sector, provided in a timely manner to support evidence-based policy and program activity at National, Regional and Provincial scales. Timely and reliable statistics are vital for development of responsive policies and progressive agricultural programmes. Access to reliable data and information is also critical for the functionality of investment and market operations. However, critical gaps in data production and dissemination persist in the country. These critical gaps result from long-standing issues, such as limited funding allocated to agricultural statistics, shortage of adequate human resources, and subsequent limited technical capacity in data collection and analysis. In addition, the absence of coordination between sectoral institutions and ministries means that agricultural and related data are often collected in institutional isolation, which further expands data gaps and affects the country capacity to respond to emerging data needs, such as for data required to monitor the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and other national policies and strategic action plans. 20 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023
©FAO/Chann Tet
V
IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING
AND REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
The total resources required for the implementation of the CPF is estimated at USD 37 418 900.
About USD 28 878 900 are available, leaving a balance of USD 8 540 000 to be mobilized.
The CPF will be implemented and financed through broad partnerships, including the RGC
and development partners in the context of UN Joint programmes under the UNDAF, Unilateral
Trust Fund arrangements, Global Environment Facility (GEF), Green Climate Fund (GCF)
put, after European Union as well as other bilateral resource partners. Advocacy for
access to UN or slightly earmarked financial resources mobilized by FAO regional office
and headquarters will also support its implementation. FAO will seek to facilitate South-
South Cooperation arrangements as appropriate. Finally, TCP resources for the biennia
2018–2019, 2020–2021 and 2022–2023 will also support the CPF.
The CPF will be implemented with the broadest possible partnerships and in alignment with
the joint efforts o the RGC and its development partners or enhanced coordination and aid
effectiveness. This coordination will take place bilaterally between FAO and partner ministries
and between FAO and Development Partners as well as through the active participation of FAO
Implementation, monitoring and reporting arrangements 21in the aid coordination mechanisms established by the Government, in particular the Technical Working Groups and their subsidiary and associated structures and mechanisms. The Royal Government of Cambodia and FAO look forward to seeking collaboration and support from other concerned partners including non-state partners (NGOs, producer organization/ cooperatives, private sectors, etc.) for the successful implementation of the CPF. The FAO will keep maintaining the close collaboration with Rome-based agencies. This strategy favors complementarities, coordinated goals and actions between FAO, IFAD, and WFP. In line with the UN Development System (UNDS) reform, FAO will pay a stronger focus on effective coordination with UN Country Team entities (UN agencies, programmes, funds, etc.) in the implementation of this CPF, contributing to the UNDAF outcomes. The FAO Representation in Cambodia bears the main responsibility for the planning and implementation of the CPF in close collaboration with the RGC. An annual review of progress will be carried out in the last months of each year under the responsibility of the FAO Representation in Cambodia in consultation with concerned partners and FAO staff. The result of the review will constitute an input of FAO to the annual monitoring of the UNDAF. Modifications to the CPF Results Matrix will be undertaken, if required, based on the outcome of the annual review. The conclusions of the review and any proposals for major revisions at the level of outputs will be submitted to the Technical Working Group on Agriculture and Water which constitutes the aid coordination body for discussions related to the sector. The Group is chaired by two Secretaries of State of Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology, facilitated by FAO, and composed of representatives from the relevant ministries, departments, Development Partners and NGOs. A Monitoring and Evaluation Plan will be developed to allow for tracking of implementation and progress against the CPF indicators and outcomes, and the contribution to the UNDAF outcomes. The Monitoring and Evaluation Plan will take account of the need for monitoring against the Sustainable Development Goals starting in 2015. Major changes in country circumstances or context can be addressed by a CPF revision as and when needed. On behalf of: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and The Food and Agriculture Organization of Fisheries of the Royal Government of the United Nations Cambodia Signature: Signature: Name: Name: Title: Title: FAO Representative in Cambodia Date: Date: 22 KINGDOM OF CAMBODIA FAO Country Programming Framework 2019-2023
REFERENCES
Birkmann, J. and Welle, T. 2015. Assessing the risk of loss and damage: exposure, vulnerability
and risk to climate-related hazards for different country classifications. International
Journal of Global Warming, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp.191–212.
Council for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD). 2017. Mid-term and strategic
review of the National Strategy for Food Security and Nutrition 2014-2018. III. Strategic
Directions Towards 2030. Phnom Penh.
Council for Agricultural and Rural Development (CARD). 2017. Mid-term and strategic
review of the National for Food Security and Nutrition 2014-2018. II. Situation Update 2017.
Phnom Penh.
Eliste, P., Zorya, S. 2015. Cambodian agriculture in transition: opportunities and risks (English).
Washington, DC, World Bank Group. (also available at http://documents.worldbank.org/
curated/en/805091467993504209/Cambodian-agriculture-in-transition-opportunities-and-
risks
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2014. Global Forest
Resource Assessment 2015. Rome. (also available at http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4808e.pdf)
Forestry Administration (FA). 2016. Cambodia Forest Cover 2014. Phnom Penh.
Ministry of Environment (MoE), Ministry of Economic and Finance (MEF) & United Nation
Development Program (UNDP). 2011. Cambodia Human Development Report 2011.
Phnom Penh. (also available at http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/cambodia_2011_nhdr.
pdf)
Ministry of Environment (MoE). 2018. Cambodia Forest Cover 2016. Phnom Penh.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Ministry of Planning (MoP) & Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). 2015. Census of Agriculture of the Kingdom of Cambodia
2013. Phnom Penh.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Ministry of Planning. 2018. Cambodia Socio-Economic
Survey 2017. Phnom Penh.
National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning & International Labour Organization
(ILO). 2015. Labour Market Transitions of Young Women and Men in Cambodia 2014.
Phnom Penh.
Neha, R., Nick, B., Tin, P., Neth, B., & Erin, N. 2015. Developing a national M&E framework for
climate change: Tracking Adaptation and Measuring Development (TAMD) in Cambodia.
Research Report. London, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
OECD Development Centre. 2017. Youth Well-being Policy Review of Cambodia, EU-OECD
Youth Inclusion Project. Paris.
Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC). 2018. Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment,
Equity and Efficiency: Building the Foundation Toward Realizing the Cambodia Vision 2050
Phase IV. Phnom Penh.
United Nations Country Team. 2009. Situation Analysis of Youth in Cambodia. Phnom Penh.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2018. Human Development Indices and
Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update. New York. USA. (also available at http://hdr.undp.org/
sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf)
References 23©FAO/Chann Tet
ANNEXES
Annex 1: CPF Results and Resource
Requirements for 2019 - 2023
Annex 2: UN-system linkage
Annex 3: TCP Indicative Pipeline
Annex 4: TCP General Provisions
Annex 5: Summary of Country Programme
Evaluation (CPE) and Reponses Matrix
Annex 6: Key Government’s Sectoral Policies,
Strategies and Action Plans
25©FAO/Chann Tet
Annex 1: CPF Results and Resource Requirements for 2019–2023
Country outcome 1: Enhanced agricultural productivity, diversification and commercialization, and safe and nutrition-sensitive food systems
for poverty reduction and food and nutrition security.
Related UNDAF Outcome 1: Expanding social opportunities, in particular indicator 1.3.2: Government Current expenditure on social services as % of GDP (on health
and nutrition), UNDAF Outcome 2 Expanding economic opportunities in particular indicator 2.1.3 Human capital formation, numbers benefiting from: (i) TVET programmes
(ii) volunteer programmes (iii) entrepreneurship (iv) agricultural training/ mentoring / support, indicator 2.3.2 Economic Inclusion of poor, people living remote locations and
other marginalized groups, (number participating in RGC targeted UN-supported poverty eradication/ economic inclusion programmes - including SP & mine action)
And UNDAF Outcome 3 : Promoting sustainable living, in particular indicator 3.2.1: Agricultural land and labour productivity, indicator 3.2.2 Nutritional status of children under
five, prevalence of undernourishment and dietary diversity 3.3.1: Number of multi-sectoral policies, legislation, plans and strategies relevant to sustainable production and
living, which are developed/updated
Relevant SDGs: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 17
Relevant Regional Priority: Improving nutrition and food safety; Minimizing food waste and loss; Inclusive value chain development; and the better data and analysis for
decision-making and M&E
Indicative Resource Requirements (USD)
Implementing
Total Resource mobilization target
partners
Output and indicator Indicator target by end-2023 estimated Available Voluntary SSC or (Government actors
resources funding (Including other TCP and other)
required UTF) Partnerships
Output 1.1.: Increased access of 9 core activities with FAO’s technical 2 716 000 1 746 000 670 000 300 000 Ministry of Agriculture,
Cambodian rural people, especially and policy assistance that build Forestry and Fisheries
the poor and marginalized, capacities to effectively collect, analyse TCP/CMB/3702 (MAFF), Ministry of
including women, youths and and report data for decision making that GCP/INT/244/ Council for Agricultural
IPs, in target areas to appropriate foster sustainable production, address EC/FIRST and Rural Development
knowledge and technologies, climate change and environmental (CARD), Ministry of
GCP/GLO/701/
market information as well as degradation, including relevant SDGs. Health (MoH), Ministry
GER
other related rural services (e.g. national studies on agriculture of Commerce (MoC),
and infrastructure for improved value chain; nutrition sensitive TCP/RAS/3604) Ministry of Economy
production, income, nutritional fisheries; minimum dietary diversity GCP/CMB/036/ and Finance (MEF)
status. women indicator (MDDW); roles of LDF Ministry of Women’s
legumes nutrition, gut dysfunction Affairs (MoWA),
Corporate output 2.4.2: OSRO/CMB/401/
and microbiome (HUNGer) to improve sub-national entities
Capacities of institutions are USA
stunting for children; documentation of
strengthened to collect analyse GCP/CMB/043/
Annexes
country’s climate smart profile; CSA and
and report data for decision- EC
its curriculum; impact of climate change;
making on sustainable production,
KAP study on aquaculture and poultry; OSRO/CMB/401/
27
climate change and environmental
and the development of AMU/GHP/GAP USA
degradation, including relevant
pig training module., etc.). GCP-GLO-710-
SDGs
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