La mineralogia nei beni culturali - un approccio multiscala a sistemi complessi Gilberto Artioli
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La mineralogia nei beni culturali
un approccio multiscala a sistemi complessi
Gilberto Artioli
Dip. Geoscienze UNIPD
CIRCe Center for Cement Materials
SIF 2010 - Bologna
… from aerology to zymurgy …
(Goffer 2007)
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geology crystallography
petrology materials science
geochemistry mineralogy
structural chemistry
….. solid state physics
…..
• disciplines dealing with complex systems
• disciplines dealing with different time scales
• hard sciences
• forefront of analytical techniques
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• Bronze age blue/red glass
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Crucial issues in modern archaeometry:
use of combined techniques in the characterization of
complex systems
sampling:
optimization of non-invasive techniques
sampling of heterogeneous materials
appropriate/extensive use of databases
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Many times we have to deal with precious
archaeological or art works: non invasive neutron
diffraction is very important !!!
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Neutron imaging: radiography / tomography
P. Hallebeek Institute for Cultural eritage, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
D. Visser ISIS Facility & NWO-Physics,The Netherlands
NDK-340-2
14th century
Dutch Sn/Pb
spoon
SIF 2010 - BolognaTOF neutron diffraction
(ISIS)
Sn, Pb, Sn-Pb, SnO, Fe
SIF 2010 - BolognaSimultaneous complementary analysis
Chalcolithic axe,
Diffraction S. Shalev, Weizmann Institute, Israel PGAA
SIF 2010 - BolognaANGELINI I., ARTIOLI G.: Studio archeometallurgico di noduli
metallici da Santa Caterina Tredossi. In: Pizzi C. “L’abitato dell’età
del bronzo di Santa Caterina Tredossi (Cremona)”, Comune di
Milano, Settore Cultura Musei e Mostre, New Press snc, Como; pp.
135-140, 2006.
copper
cuprite
malachite,
brochantite,
etc.
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Ötzi ~ 3200 BC
SIF 2010 - BolognaIceman/Ötzi
SIF 2010 - BolognaTexture analysis
SIF 2010 - BolognaRemedello Tomba 102
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Maya blue
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Palygorskite and Sepiolite
Palygorskite
(dioctahedral)
Channel:4×8Å2
Sepiolite
(trioctahedral)
Channel:4×13Å2
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The “destruction” of Maya blue
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In-Situ SR XRD+Raman
b) Intensity [a.u.]
2θ [deg]
SIF 2010 - Bologna110 XRD Intensity
δC=C-CO-C
110 XRD Position
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A short review of the Maya Blue saga
(a) Maya blue is indeed and organo-clay complex, where the clay is the troublesome palygorskite mineral,
having at least two polymorphs (one monoclinic and one orthorhombic: Chisholm 1992), probably a good deal
of disorder and stacking faults, an possibly associated in some samples to sepiolite-type minerals;
(b) the organic part is without doubt the indigo molecule extracted from the Indigo suffruticosa plant
(popularly known as añil or xiuhquilitl), though careful spectroscopic work has yet to determine whether the
molecule is present in the complex as a monomer or a dimer;
(c) the ancient mode of preparation of the pigment out of the clay-plant mixture has been apparently sorted out,
first by Constantino Reyes-Valerio (1993) and then replicated (Sánchez del Río et al. 2006);
(d) there seems to be only one Yucatan source of palygorskite for the Mayan pigment (the region around
Uxmal: Sánchez del Río et al. 2009), whereas a similar pigment used by the Aztecs must have exploited a
different source area, based upon mineralogy;
(e) the complexity of the mineral structure and of the organic-inorganic interaction has baffled the researchers
for years, though now there is at least a plausible model for the locking of the indigo molecules on the surface
of the palygorskite fibers (Chiari et al. 2008).
SIF 2010 - BolognaSicilian Baroque
glass
Chiesa di S. Francesco Saverio - Palermo Chiesa della Immacolata Concezione al “Capo” - Palermo
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Johann Wolfgang Goethe „Italienische Reise“
«…Palermo, Freitag, den 13 April 1787. Vorgearbeitet in dem Steinreiche Siziliens hat
uns Graf Borch sehr emsig, und wer nach ihm gleichen Sinnes die Insel besucht, wird
ihm recht gern Dank zollen. …Indessen ist sein Heft in Quart, ganz dem sizilianischen
Steinreich gewidmet, mir von großem Vorteil, und ich konnte, dadurch vorbereitet, die
Steinschleifer mit Nutzen besuchen, welche, früher mehr beschäftigt, zur Zeit als
Kirchen und Altäre noch mit Marmor und Achaten überlegt werden mußten, das
Handwerk doch immer forttreiben. ... Doch wissen sie außer diesen beiden sich noch
viel mit einem Material, einem Feuererzeugnis ihrer Kalköfen.
In diesen findet sich nach dem Brande
eine Art Glasfluß, welcher von del
hellsten blauen Farbe zur dunkelsten, ja
zur schwärzesten übergeht. Diese
Klumpen werden wie anderes Gestein in
dünne Tafeln geschnitenn, nach der Hohe
ihrer Farbe und Reinheit geschätzt und
anstatt Lapislazuli beim Furnieren von
Altären, Grabmälern und andern
kirchlichen Verzierungen mit Glück
angewendet…».
SIF 2010 - Bologna«…Palermo, Friday April 13, 1787. Count Borch has very diligently worked before us in the
mineralogy of Sicily, and whoever of the same mind visits the island after him, must
willingly acknowledge his obligations to him. … Nevertheless, his essay in quarto, which is
exclusively devoted to the mineralogy of Sicily, has been of great use to me; and, prepared
by it, I was able to profit by my visit to the Quarries which formerly, when it was the custom
to case the churches and altars with marble and agate, were more busily worked, though
even now they are not idle. … But, besides these, they have still another for a material
which is the produce of the fire of their kilns. In these, after each burning, they find a
sort of glassy flux, which in colour varies from the lightest to the darkest, and even
blackest blue. These lumps are, like other stones, cut into thin lamina, and then pierced
according to the height of their colour and their purity, and are successfully employed in the
place of lapis lazuli, in the decoration of churches, altars, and sepulchral monuments. …»
(English translation from “Goethe’s travels in Italy”, London, George Bell and Sons, 1885)
SIF 2010 - BolognaAbbazia S. Martino alle Scale
- Palermo
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Near Boccadifalco
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3 problems: • the source of silica • the source of potash • the origin of blue colour SIF 2010 - Bologna
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Domenico Schiavo
Unedited manuscript dated 1756 located in the Biblioteca Comunale di Casa Professa, Palermo
«...Spezzati che abbiano con grossi martelli o picconi que' duri macigni, ed in un luogo raccortili,
preparata infine gran quantità di legna e tra queste della genista e molti fasci dell'erba chiamata
spartum, che in abbondanza ivi nasce, compongono certe camerette a volta delle pietre ben chiuse tolto
che da un sol lato, in cui lasciano un piccolo spiraglio di quattro o cinque palmi per introdurvi le legna.
Rassettata così la fornace, v'appiccano il fuoco, proseguendo di continuo più uomini a vicenda notte e
giorno a buttarvi legna per sei o sette giorni, secondo la grandezza della fornace, fin a tanto che si
calcino perfettamente que' grossi macigni per mezzo di quel continuo fuoco di riverbero...».
Spartium junceum syn. Genista juncea (Ginestra, Spanish broom) Ampelodesmos mauritanicus (Disa)
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The mistery of the
blue “avatar”
flints
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triphenylmethane dyes
pararosaniline derivatives
• fuchsine
• Methyl violet
• Victoria blue
• Crystal violet
• Aniline blue
SIF 2010 - BolognaThank you
for your attention !
Scientific Methods and Cultural Heritage
An introduction to the application of materials science to
archaeometry and conservation science
Gilberto Artioli
552 pages | 200 b/w line and halftone figures, 8pp colour plates | 246x189mm
978-0-19-954826-2 | Hardback | 08 July 2010
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