Marine Sewage Outfalls - Environmental Impact Evaluation - 1 January 2019 - 31 December 2022 - Innovasjon Norge
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SOUTH AFRICA – NORWAY COOPERATION ON OCEAN RESEARCH
INCLUDING BLUE ECONOMY, CLIMATE CHANGE, THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY
(SANOCEAN)
Marine Sewage Outfalls -
Environmental Impact Evaluation
1 January 2019 – 31 December 2022
SANOCEAN
Marine Sewage Outfalls - Environmental Impact
Evaluation
Collaborating organizations
• University of Stavanger
• University of the Western Cape
• University of Cape Town
• University of Stellenbosch
• South African Weather Services
• SHN-UBA-UNDEF, ARGENTINA
TEAM Norway • Prof. Magne O. Sydnes, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger (UoS) • Prof. Daniela M. Pampanin, International Research Institute of Stavanger and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger (IRIS-UoS) • Steinar Sanni, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger (UoS) • Mari Linn A. Larsen, NettOp, University of Stavanger (NettOP-UoS) • Emily Lyng, International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS)
TEAM RSA • Prof. Leslie Petrik, Dept Chemistry, University of the Western Cape (UWC) • Prof. Lesley Green, Environmental Humanities South, University of Cape Town, (UCT) • Dr. Christo Rautenbach, Marine research unit, South African Weather Service (SAWS), and the Marine Research Institute, University of Cape Town (UCT) • Dr. Jo Barnes, Senior Lecturer Emeritus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. Stellenbosch University (SU) • Dr. Sarah Fawcett, Lecturer, and Dr. Eleonora Puccinelli, Postdoctoral Fellow, Oceanography Department, University of Cape Town (UCT)
• How was initial contact made?
A HA!!
Karl Klingsheim
2019-03-28
2019-03-28
Capacity Building • U.Stavanger: Chris Espeland (PhD) • UWC: Franschke Soudens (MSc); Cecilia Oyemaje (PhD); Suzanne Grove (PhD and chief technical officer); Ilse Wells (SO); Denzil Bent (TO); Olanrewaju Fatoba(PD) • UCT: Eleanora Puccinelli (PD) • SAWS: Marc de Vos (PhD and SAWS employee)
Drinking water in industrialised and populated states is contaminated…
.. IWW,2014.
SOUTH AFRICA
Water availability in Africa 1990 vs 2025
Water availability vs
Population growth in South Africa (1961-2008)
vs water availability
Population growth in millions
2011/12
A total water volume of 4 512 million m3 being used Since 1995, the City of
Surface water reserves = 1 128 (106m3) Cape Town’s population
Groundwater reserves = 2 427 (106m3) has grown by 79%,
From 2.4 million in 1995
to ~4.3 million in 2018.
Over the same period
dam storage has
increased by only 15%Climate change
Climate change can potentially lead to changes in the frequency, intensity,
length, timing and spatial coverage of extreme events
THE ANNUAL NATIONAL STATE OF WATER RESOURCES
REPORT OCTOBER 2011 TO SEPTEMBER 2012Rainfall & Seasonal variability
Provincial average rainfall (mm) from 2001 to 2012.The Cape Messenger, 6 March, CTOC figures
Implication=Highly concentrated effluent!Number of treatment plants (and %) in
each performance categoryWRC Project No. K5/2369, March 2016
• Emerging contaminants in wastewater treated for direct potable re-
use: the human health risk priorities in South Africa.
• Volume I: A concise research report
• Volume II: A prioritization framework for monitoring contaminants of emerging concern in
reclaimed water for potable use
• Volume III: Occurrence, fate, removal and health risk assessment of chemicals of emerging
concern in wastewater treated for potable reuse
• download from www.wrc.org.za
• If not treated properly, reclaimed water can act as a possible exposure pathway to a high
number of emerging contaminants and their metabolites.
• Many of these compounds may pass through conventional wastewater treatment
systems without removal and accumulate in potable water supplies.
• The possible presence of emerging contaminants in the final reclaimed water is of critical
concern because of potential adverse impacts to human health.Swartz et al, 2017
WRC Project No.
K5/2369
EMERGING
CONTAMINANTS IN
WASTEWATER TREATED
FOR DIRECT POTABLE RE-
USE: THE HUMAN HEALTH
Perfluoroheptanoic acid
RISK
PRIORITIES IN SOUTH
AFRICA
This reclamation plant makes use of the modern dual-
membrane treatment process treated using a
sand filter, ultrafiltration (UF) reverse osmosis (RO)
membranes and finally advanced oxidation before
blending with treated water from a WTP, and then
distributed to the publicComparison of three WWTPs in the Western Cape
BACKGROUND • ~ 38 million cubic metres of untreated sewerage is pumped into the ocean PER DAY in Cape Town from 3 marine outfalls • Seapoint/Greenpoint, Campsbay, Houtbay marine outfalls • Includes Marine Protected Areas • An application to “discharge effluent into the coastal waters” of Cape Town to DEA - Lodged by the City of Cape Town • Mandatory public participation period from 1 June to 10 July 2015. • This raw sewerage being dumped into the ocean also contains a huge amount of persistent organic pollutants (PoP’s) • These compounds are not even listed on the permit application
CAPE TOWN CITY PLANS FOR DESALINATION
Evidence of a problem
• Kayakers, long-distance swimmers, and citizen groups like the Camps
Bay Ratepayers, have claimed that untreated effluent from the marine
outfalls washes back to shore in specific conditions.
• Positive independent E. coli counts have been demonstrated, by public
health researcher Edda Weimann
• Google and other images
• http://ewn.co.za/2015/06/22/City-urged-to-revisit-sewage-outfall-
decision
• http://ewn.co.za/Media/2015/06/22/Cape-Towns-sewage-debacle
• http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/06/22/Detergents-
damaging-ocean-beyond-repairhttp://www.wavescape.co.za/surf-news/breaking- news/city-stink-story.html
CURRENT QUANDARY
• The ongoing drought in the Western Cape has led to
the proposal to produce drinking water via
seawater desalination plants for the City of Cape
Town.
• Assumption that :
– the tens of millions of litres a day of untreated sewage
effluent discharged into the ocean via the marine
outfalls located around the Peninsula are dispersed out
to sea
– Intake seawater to the desalination plants will contain
only inorganic salts, and not organic chemical pollutants
or microorganisms
• Recovered water quality should comply with SANS:
241 but …..IMPACT OF SEWAGE ON MARINE ORGANISMS
28AIMS
• Tracking harmful chemicals and microbes and how
they flow and impact upon the terrestrial and marine
food chain
• Making the case that desalination – Cape Town’s
“back up” strategy in its 2020-2040 water plan –
cannot work if sewage goes to sea
• Changing the Paradigm from Pipes to Flows: shifting
to metabolic thinking as an environmental
governance paradigm for the anthropoceneTypes of persistent organic pollutants
TIJANI, J. O., FATOBA, O. O., BABAJIDE, O. O. AND PETRIK, L. F.
(2016). Pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, personal care
products, nanomaterials and perfluorinated pollutants: A review.
Environmental Chemistry Letters, 14:27-49. DOI
10.1007/s10311-015-0537-z
TIJANI, J. O., FATOBA, O. O., PETRIK, L. F. (2013). A review of
pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds: sources,
effects, removal and detections. Water, Air and Soil Pollution,
224, pp. 1770-1799. DOI 10.1007/s11270-013-1770-3.Limpets: Cymbula granatina and C. oculus
Sea weed: Ulva sp
Mussels: Mytilus galloprovincialis Sea urchins: Parechinus angulosus
Starfish: Marthasterias africana Top shells: Oxystele tigrinaDetection and Quantification of Emerging Micropollutants
PROTOCOL
Sampling
Filtration
Liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase
extraction
Derivitisation
Gas liquid Chromatography-Mass
Spectrometry (GC-MS)
High Performance Liquid
There are sophisticated Chromatography (HP-LC)
analytical tools available to Liquid Chromatography-Mass
detect these micropollutants spectrometry (LC-MS),
GC-MS LC-MS HP-LC
34Petrik L, Green L, Abegunde AP, Zackon M, Sanusi CY, Barnes J. Desalination and
seawater quality at Green Point, Cape Town: A study on the effects of marine sewage
outfalls. S Afr J Sci. 2017;113(11/12), Art. #a0244, 10 pages. http://dx.doi.
org/10.17159/sajs.2017/a0244Current work: False
Bay
• Fish species collected from
commercial catches sold at
Kalkbay from Cape Point,
Cape Town (South Africa)
• Marine biota and seawater
still being analysed
False Bay
37Kalk Bay fish study 2018
Four species of fish namely:
Thyrsites atun (snoek)
Sarda orientalis (bonito)
Pachymetopon blochii (hottentot)
Pterogymnus laniarius (panga)
panga
hottentot
The samples of fish muscle, tissue and liver were
prepared according to the modified QuEChERS
(quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe)
procedure
bonito
Analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with
mass chromatography
snoekFish fillets
5 Perfluorinated compounds
Diclofenac (anti-inflammatory)
Sulfamethoxazole (antibiotic)
Phenytoin (antiepileptic)
Carbamazepine (anticonvulsant)
Caffeine (stimulant)
Lamivudine (antiretroviral)
Acetominophen (painkiller)
Triclosan (biocide)
Bisphenol-A (plasticizer)
2-Nitrophenol (hair dye, etc)
2000
1800
1600
1400
Thyrsites atun (snoek)
1200 Panga (Pterogymnus laniarius)
Ng/gm dry weight
1000 Bonito (Sarda orientalis)
Hottentot (Pachymetopon blochii)
800
600
400
200
0Pesticides and Herbicides in fish sold at Kalk Bay Harbour
Marine Biogeochemistry: Dr Eleonora Puccinelli Puccinelli, Dr Sarah Fawcett
UCT
• Ongoing project since
May 2018
4
• Sampling conducted 4
3 a
times: May, August and b
5
a a
November 2018, March b b
2019 ba
2 6
a b
• 8 sites. Site 4 is where the
desalination plant is 1
ab 7
developed b
a
8
• 7 onshore-offshore
transects. Each transect is
composed of 2 stations.
Samples are collected
from 1-4 depths per
stationAlgal blooms • Silvia Inés Romero • SHN-UBA-UNDEF • ARGENTINA • VIRRS, from Nov. 24th, L2, product used OC and SST, ocean color and sea surface temperature • Software used SNAP http://step.esa.int/main/
Plume modelling Drifter model investigation • Compare various models • Highlight strengths and weaknesses • Appropriateness for our purposes • Case studies
Build, calibrate and validate full 3D, coupled flow and wave model • ~200m resolution • Non constant salinity and temperature • Delft3D flow + SWAN (Waves) • Unified model 4km and/or 1.5km atmospherics • Seasonal modelling • Hindcast case studies
Public awareness
Engagement with City • Dan Plato meeting re algal blooms Nov • DEA meeting Wilna Kloppers Jan 24 2019 • Water and Waste directorate & Technical services- Gisela Kaiser, 21 Jan 2019 • Water and Waste directorate-Gisela Kaiser, 15 Feb, Sandvliet community- walkout by City
Impact of Sewage on Marine Environment Presentation at Scientific Services August 2018
Community engagement • 8 Feb-Silvia Kirkman, Helderberg (Steve Kirkman DEA) • 5 March - CT Water Strategy UCT, Jessica Fell • 9 March 2019 - Lester September & GCTCA • 11-12 March 2019- SciFest Makanda (Grahamstown), • 11-12 March NSTF “Share and Dare” in Uitenhage and Makanda - primary and secondary schools tour • 19 March 2019 - NSTF Invited Talk to programme managers Depts Health, Agriculture, Rand water etc, Emperors Palace Jhb
Work Packages • WP 1. Sampling • (WP leaders: Prof. L. Petrik (UWC) and Dr D.M. Pampanin (IRIS-UoS); WP participants: Dr J. M. Barnes (US), Dr E. Puccinelli (UCT), Dr C. von der Meden (SAEON) PhD student, and MSc students). • Seawater samples for biogeochemistry, microbiological and chemical analysis will be collected at different points at False Bay every three months • biomonitoring of the chosen sites by caging mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis to be deployed for 4-6 weeks • Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis); Limpets (Cymbula granatina and C. oculus); Sea urchins (Parechinus angulosus); Starfish Marthasterias Africana); Top shells (Oxystele tigrina); Sea weed (Ulva sp.) will be collected from the intertidal zone
• WP 2. Sample analysis • (WP leaders: Prof. L. Petrik (UWC) and Asc. Prof. M.O. Sydnes, D.Pampanin (UoS); WP participants: PhD student and MSc students). • Chemical analysis • Microbial analysis (J.Barnes, US) • Biological analysis (WP3)
• WP 3. Biological effects of ECs • (WP leaders: Dr. D.M. Pampanin (IRIS-UoS), Prof. L. Petrik (UWC); WP participants: Dr J. M. Barnes (SU), Dr E. Puccinelli (UCT), Dr S. Fawcett (UCT); Dr C. von der Meden (SAEON), PhD student, and MSc students). • antibiotic resistance patterns • biogeochemistry analyses • nutrients (nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, and • phosphate), chlorophyll a and particulate organic matter for nitrogen and carbon isotopes and fatty acid composition, pollutants • stable nitrogen isotope • underwater drop-camera system to survey the seafloor macrobenthos • trends in assemblage structure
• WP 4. Sewage plume modelling • (WP leader Dr. C. Rautenbach; WP participants E. Lyng (IRIS), S. Sanni (IRIS) and students (UCT) • model verification • simulation of both nearshore hydrodynamics and sewage plume dispersion • operational forecasting
• WP 5. Workshop • (WP leaders Prof. L. Petrik (UWC) and Asc. Prof. M.O.Sydnes (UoS) • first workshop will take place in Cape Town in 2020 • second one will take place in Stavanger in 2022
• WP 6. Dissemination • (WP leader Prof. L. Green (UCT); WP participants: Prof. L. Petrik, Asc. Prof. M. Sydnes, and M. Larsen (NettOp-UoS)). • effective public science dialogue regarding anthropogenic effects on urban ocean ecology • Direct interventions will be performed through public talks at public high schools, TV shows and radio broadcasts in Cape Town • app– Blue-flag
PROPOSED ACTIVITIES
Goals of the Work Package:
Providing materials on harmful chemicals and microbes and how they flow into terrestrial and
marine food chain
Making the case that desalination – Cape Town’s “back up” strategy in its 2020-2040 water plan –
cannot work if sewage goes to sea
Changing the Paradigm from Pipes to Flows: shifting to metabolic thinking as an environmental
governance paradigm for the anthropocene
The desired route to accomplishing this:
PROJECT WEBSITE
DOCUMENTARY SHORTS
PUBLIC TALKS
NEWS MEDIA ARTICLES
CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
By consent of project research partners, sharing the process of making our research findings in
order to (a) be transparent and (b) educate the public on scientific accountabilityGannt chart
Environmental and Nano Sciences group
UWCAcknowledgements
• Interviews on the topic of “Persistent organic pollutants in water sources” with SAFM, SABCTV, 702, 50/50, ETV, Business Day, Carte Blanche
• http://www.timeslive.co.za/scitech/2016/09/01/Why-sea-creatures-are-swimming-in-a-chemical-soup
• youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEh5JpoH9qo
• http://www.timeslive.co.za/scitech/2016/09/01/Why-sea-creatures-are-swimming-in-a-chemical-soup
• How UWC plans to turn mountains of coal-ash into low-cost building materials http://m.bizcommunity.com/Article.aspx?l=196&c=493&i=163979
• https://www.facebook.com/BayOfSewage/posts/1048970948573897
• https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-12-04-scientists-sound-warning-over-pollutants-in-treated-sea-water/
• December 5, 2017 | Social-TV.co.za (South Africa) http://social-tv.co.za/?p=2501
• December 4, 2017 | Talk Radio 702 (South Africa) http://www.702.co.za/articles/283274/ct-s-desalinated-water-may-have-long-term-health-risks-
scientists-warn
• December 4, 2017 | The South African (United Kingdom) https://www.thesouthafrican.com/cape-town-sewage-desalination/
• December 4, 2017 | Nigeria Today.ng (Nigeria) http://www.nigeriatoday.ng/2017/12/local-scientists-are-freaking-out-about-desalinated-water-
pollutants-and-health-risks/
• December 4, 2017 | HuffingtonPost.co.za (South Africa) https://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/2017/12/04/water-from-cape-towns-desalination-plants-
could-pose-a-health-risk_a_23295883/
• December 1, 2017 | Cape Messenger (South Africa) http://www.themessenger.global/2017/12/01/ct-desalination-is-no-easy-fix/
• November 27, 2017 | Talk Radio 702 (South Africa) http://www.702.co.za/articles/282224/university-questions-accuracy-of-csir-waste-water-in-
oceans-report
• November 23, 2017 | Eye Witness News (South Africa) http://ewn.co.za/2017/11/23/academic-challenges-health-risk-report-on-ct-sewage-outfall
• July 10, 2017 | Talk Radio 702 (South Africa) http://www.702.co.za/articles/263715/uwc-researchers-turn-fly-ash-into-safe-economical-building-
material
• July 7, 2017 | Eye Witness News (South Africa) http://ewn.co.za/2017/07/07/ground-breaking-research-on-power-by-product-could-benefit-
environment
• July 6, 2017 | Eye Witness News (South Africa) http://ewn.co.za/2017/07/06/researchers-close-to-creating-building-material-from-fly-ash
• February 5, 2017 | W24.co.za (South Africa) https://www.w24.co.za/Work/Jobs/business-womens-association-of-south-africa-nominations-now-
open-20170205
• https://www.facebook.com/BayOfSewage/posts/1048970948573897
• https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2017-12-04-scientists-sound-warning-over-pollutants-in-treated-sea-water/
• Concerns over health risks of desalination. Publication: CapeTimes (Main) Publication Date: 01 Mar 2018 Page: 3 Part: 1 of 1 Circulation: 29673 AVE:
25318.79 http://www.peararchive2.co.za/media/Print/161E07BF317.jpg
• Water Month, Scientific Services, Water and Waste, Cape Town. Invited speaker. Technical talk: What is in our water? 16 March 2018 02:00 04:00
• https://www.atlanticsun.co.za/news/beach-of-waste-15005344
• Germany: https://youtu.be/WdlzZFMF2yQ
• Carte Blanche video on the wastewater situation at Sandvlei. 12 January 2019You can also read
