Massage and Cancer A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends - Cancer Council NSW

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Massage and Cancer
A guide for people with cancer,
their families and friends

                                    Practical
                                  and support
                                  information

www.cancercouncil.com.au
Massage and Cancer
A guide for people with cancer, their families and friends

First published February 2008. This edition September 2014.
© Cancer Council Australia 2014. ISBN 978-1-925136-38-8

Massage and Cancer is reviewed approximately every three years. Check the publication
date above to ensure this copy is up to date.

Acknowledgements
This edition has been developed by Cancer Council NSW on behalf of all other state and territory
Cancer Councils as part of a National Publications Working Group initiative.

We thank the reviewers of this booklet: Kate Butler, Supervising Oncology Massage Therapist,
Olivia Newton John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Hospital, VIC; Dragana Ceprnja, Health
Professional Educator, Westmead Hospital, NSW; Erinna Ford, Consumer; Jane Hutchens,
Naturopath and Registered Nurse, NSW; Katherine Maka, Senior Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist,
Westmead Hospital, NSW; Jim Olds, Vice President of Australian Natural Therapists Association,
QLD; Helpline Operators, Cancer Council Queensland and Cancer Council SA.

We would also like to thank the health professionals and consumers who worked on the previous
editions of this title. We also acknowledge the input of US-based massage therapist Gayle MacDonald,
who wrote the first edition of this title.

Editor: Kerry Eyles. Designer: Eleonora Pelosi. Printer: SOS Print + Media Group.

Note to reader
Always consult your doctor about matters that affect your health. This booklet is intended as a general
introduction to the topic and should not be seen as a substitute for medical, legal or financial advice.
You should obtain appropriate independent professional advice relevant to your specific situation and
you may wish to discuss issues raised in this book with them.

All care is taken to ensure that the information in this booklet is accurate at the time of publication.
Please note that information on cancer, including the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer,
is constantly being updated and revised by medical professionals and the research community.
Cancer Council Australia and its members exclude all liability for any injury, loss or damage incurred
by use of or reliance on the information provided in this booklet.

Cancer Council NSW
Cancer Council is the leading cancer charity in NSW. It plays a unique and important role in the fight
against cancer through undertaking high-quality research, advocating on cancer issues, providing
information and services to the public and people with cancer, and raising funds for cancer programs.
This booklet is funded through the generosity of the people of NSW. To make a donation to help
defeat cancer, visit Cancer Council’s website at www.cancercouncil.com.au or phone 1300 780 113.

Cancer Council NSW
153 Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo NSW 2011
Cancer Council Helpline 13 11 20
Telephone 02 9334 1900 Facsimile 02 9334 1741
Email feedback@nswcc.org.au Website www.cancercouncil.com.au
ABN 51 116 463 846
Introduction
Complementary therapies are widely used in Australia, and many
people with cancer use them during treatment for cancer.

Massage is a commonly used complementary therapy to provide
relaxation and relief from some symptoms of cancer. Massage
therapists use different terms to describe this technique, such as
touch therapies and bodywork.

We hope this booklet will help you understand more about
massage. It explains the benefits of touch and massage during and
following cancer treatment. It includes advice on how to receive
a safe, comfortable massage from a professional therapist, as well
as tips for family members and friends who wish to give you a
simple, gentle massage at home.

This booklet does not need to be read from cover to cover – just
read the parts that are useful to you. Some terms that may be
unfamiliar are explained in the glossary. You may like to pass this
booklet to your family and friends for their information.

This booklet was developed with help from a range of health
professionals including massage experts and people affected by
cancer who have used massage as a complementary therapy.

  Cancer Council Helpline 13 11 20 can arrange telephone support in
  different languages for non-English speakers. You can also call the
  Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS National) direct on 13 14 50.
Contents
Touch therapies................................................................. 4
Touch through massage........................................................................ 4

Key questions.................................................................... 5
What is massage?................................................................................. 5
Why do people with cancer use massage?.......................................... 5
What are the benefits of massage?....................................................... 6
Is massage safe for people with cancer? ............................................. 6
Where can I have a massage?.............................................................. 7
Research into massage for people with cancer.................................... 8
Key points............................................................................................. 9

Types of massage and touch therapies........................ 10

Having a professional massage..................................... 13
Choosing a massage therapist............................................................ 13
Discussing your medical history.......................................................... 14
Setting the scene................................................................................ 15
Taking it slowly.................................................................................... 15
Feeling safe......................................................................................... 16

Making the right adjustments........................................ 17
Adjustments for different treatments................................................... 17
Adjustments for people after cancer treatment.................................. 18
Massage for children........................................................................... 19
Adjustments for the end of life............................................................ 20
Key points........................................................................................... 21
Simple massage at home............................................... 22
Preparing for a massage..................................................................... 22
Massage techniques........................................................................... 24
Self-help with acupressure.................................................................. 26
Key points........................................................................................... 28

Finding a professional massage therapist.................... 29

Seeking support.............................................................. 30
Caring for someone with cancer................................... 31
Useful websites............................................................... 32
Question checklist........................................................... 33
Glossary...................................................................... 34
Touch therapies
    Touch is important for wellbeing. It helps people of all ages, from
    babies to the elderly, and on many levels – including physical and
    emotional. Evidence suggests it improves sleep, reduces muscular
    tension, provides a sense of calm, and can improve self-image,
    concentration and quality of life.

    Touch is important during illness. It can express care, reassurance
    and support. During treatment or when you feel discomfort or
    anxiety, touch from friends or family can be comforting.

       What are body-based practices?
       Body-based practices involve a series of specialised movements
       or strokes on a person’s body to provide relaxation or relief from
       physical and emotional symptoms. They are sometimes called
       touch, physical or manual therapies; soft tissue techniques; or
       bodywork. Massage is a body-based practice.

    Touch through massage
    Holding hands, hugging or sitting close to someone are ways a
    person with cancer can receive touch. You can also receive touch
    through massage.

    Massage can reduce anxiety and pain, decrease nausea, and
    improve energy and wellbeing. Touch through massage is a way
    to communicate love or care, and to help re-connect with yourself
    and others. It can also create a nurturing environment.

4   Cancer Council
Key questions
Q: What is massage?
A: Massage is an ancient technique that involves manipulating
    muscles and rubbing or stroking soft tissues of the body.

    Massage is considered a type of complementary therapy.
    Complementary therapies aim to treat the whole person,
    not just the symptoms of disease. They are used together
    with conventional or mainstream medicine. Complementary
    therapies are not used instead of cancer treatments such as
    chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery or drug therapy.

    While massage doesn’t treat the cancer itself, it may help
    reduce the side effects caused by conventional treatments
    and improve quality of life and wellbeing.

Q: Why do people with cancer use
   massage?
A: As well as improving physical symptoms, some people with
    cancer say that having a massage:
    • makes them feel whole again
    • helps them to relax
    • helps them share feelings in an informal setting
    • makes them feel more positive about their body
    • rebuilds hope.

  Research shows that massage of muscle and soft tissue does not
  spread cancer cells.

                                                         Key questions   5
Q: What are the benefits of massage?
    A: Scientific studies have looked at the effects of various
          body-based practices on people having cancer treatments
          such as chemotherapy and surgery. These studies have shown
          that massage may reduce:
          • pain
          • fatigue
          • nausea
          • anxiety and depression.

          See page 8 for more information.

          Individuals who have had massages during cancer treatments
          have reported a range of positive outcomes such as
          improvements in:
          • sleep
          • the health of the scar tissue
          • quality of life
          • mental clarity and alertness
          • the range of movement.

    Q: Is massage safe for people with
       cancer?
    A: Light, relaxing massage can safely be given to people at all
          stages of cancer. Tumour or treatment sites should not be
          massaged to avoid discomfort or pressure on the affected
          area and underlying organs. If you have any concerns, talk to
          your doctor or call Cancer Council Helpline 13 11 20.

6   Cancer Council
Some people worry that massage can spread cancer
    cells throughout the body via the lymphatic system. The
    lymphatic system is a network of vessels, organs and nodes
    through which lymphatic fluid (lymph) flows. It is part of
    the body’s immune system. Lymphatic circulation occurs
    naturally as we move.

    Cancer may spread (metastasise) into the lymphatic system
    via the lymph nodes, or it may start in the lymphatic system
    itself. However, the circulation of lymph – from massage
    or other movement – does not cause cancer to spread.
    Researchers have shown that cancer develops and spreads
    because of changes to a cell’s DNA (genetic mutations) and
    other processes in the body.

Q: Where can I have a massage?
A: Massage may be offered to cancer patients in some hospitals
    and hospices. Ask your doctor or nurse if massage is available
    at the centre where you are having your treatment. Some
    patients are able to have chemotherapy and a hand or foot
    massage at the same time, or you may prefer to have the
    massage after the treatment has finished.

    You can also have a massage from a private practitioner in
    their own rooms. See Finding a professional massage therapist
    on page 29 for more information. Some massage therapists
    have undertaken specialist oncology massage training. Go to
    www.oncologymassagetraining.com.au to find one near you.

                                                       Key questions   7
Research into massage for people with cancer
       • Several clinical studies show                hospital had a 20-minute
            that massage can reduce                   massage, and people
            symptoms such as stress,                  treated as outpatients had
            nausea, pain, fatigue and                 a 60-minute session. The
            depression.                               study found that overall,
                                                      massage therapy reduced
       • A systematic review1 of
                                                      pain, nausea, fatigue, anxiety
            studies on aromatherapy
                                                      and depression. The benefits
            and massage for relieving
                                                      lasted longer in the patients
            symptoms in people with
                                                      who had the 60-minute
            cancer looked at 10 studies
                                                      session.
            including eight randomised
            controlled trials. It found             • Another American study3
            that massage consistently                 of 39 people looked at the
            reduced anxiety and                       safety and effectiveness
            depression. Massage also                  of massage in reducing
            helped lower nausea and                   stress hormone levels in
            pain, but not as consistently.            patients with blood cancer.
                                                      It randomised people to
       • A large American study2
                                                      receive aromatherapy,
            published in 2004 looked
                                                      massage or rest. The study
            at the effects of massage
                                                      concluded that massage
            therapy on almost 1300
                                                      significantly reduced the
            people with cancer over
                                                      stress hormone.
            three years. People in

        1
            Fellowes D, Barnes K, Wilkinson SSM. Aromatherapy and massage for
            symptoms relief in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic
            Reviews 2008, Iss 4.
        2
            Cassileth BR, Vickers AJ. Massage therapy for symptom control: outcome study
            at a major cancer centre. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004 Sep; 28 (3): 244–9.
        3
            Stringer J et al. Massage in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy reduces
            serum cortisol and prolactin. Psycho-Oncology 2008 Oct; 17 (10): 1024–31.

8   Cancer Council
Key points

• Massage is a type of             • Research shows that
  complementary therapy.             massage doesn’t spread
                                     cancer.
• Massage works by using
  rubbing or stroking to move      • Massage can be safely given
  muscles and soft tissues of        to people with any stage
  the body.                          of cancer, although some
                                     adjustments may be needed.
• While massage doesn’t
  treat cancer, it may help        • Massage can be done by
  reduce the side effects of         a professional massage
  conventional treatments and        therapist or by family and
  improve quality of life.           friends.

• Some of the benefits of          • Some massage therapists
  massage include reducing           have undertaken specialist
  pain, fatigue, nausea, anxiety     oncology massage training.
  and depression. It may also        See page 13.
  help manage the symptoms
  of lymphoedema.                  • If you have any concerns
                                     regarding massage consult
• Some of the reasons people         your doctor or health care
  with cancer have massages          provider.
  include making them feel
  whole again, helping them
  share feelings in an informal
  setting, re-establishing a
  positive body image and
  rebuilding hope.

                                                       Key questions   9
Types of massage and
           touch therapies
           There are many different types of massage therapy, and it’s
           important to choose the right massage for your needs.

           The style used for people with cancer or recovering from it will
           depend on the treatment they’re having.

     Massage styles

                                 Pressure points on the body are massaged to change
     acupressure                 the flow of energy in the body and relieve physical
                                 symptoms in different organs.

                                 Aromatic essential oils made from selected flowers
     aromatherapy                and plants are blended and applied to the skin during
                                 a massage to help release stress and tension.

                                 Hawaiian style of massage that uses large, broad
     lomi lomi or ka huna
                                 movements to stimulate the flow of energy and help
     massage
                                 release stress and tension.

     manual lymphatic            Gentle strokes that stimulate the movement of
     drainage                    lymphatic fluid.

                                 Gentle sustained pressure and strokes to soft tissue
     myofascial release
                                 to help relieve pain and restore motion.

10         Cancer Council
Most commonly, soft and gentle styles are recommended.
    Regardless of the massage style used, it will be adapted for you.

        Massage, for me, makes an unbearable day
    bearable.    Melissa

                              The feet and hands are stimulated in specific
reflexology                   areas (reflex points) that correspond to other
                              parts of the body.

                              Massage is focused on the head, neck,
seated chair massage          shoulders, back and arms to release stress
                              and tension.

                              Pressure points are massaged lightly with the
shiatsu                       fingers, thumbs, elbows, knees, hands and feet
                              to improve circulation and restore energy.

                              Long, flowing strokes tone soft tissues, stimulate
Swedish massage               circulation, improve oxygen flow and relax
                              muscles. It is the most common massage style.

                              Specific points in the soft tissue of the body
trigger point therapy         are compressed and stretched to reduce
                              muscular pain.

                                             Types of massage and touch therapies   11
Other touch therapies

     Personal accounts from people with cancer suggest that these gentle styles
     of touch may help promote relaxation and reduce pain.

                                 Through gentle touching and the movement
     Bowen therapy               of soft tissue and muscles, the body feels
                                 deeply relaxed.

                                 Gently releases tension from the soft tissue of
     craniosacral therapy        the head, spine and pelvis, aiming to improve
                                 overall wellbeing.

                                 The therapist’s hands softly touch the body
     healing touch               to help restore an inner feeling of harmony,
                                 balance and wellbeing.

                                 Fingertips or hands are placed on key parts
     jin shin jyutsu             of the body and special breathing techniques
                                 help restore the body’s energy.

                                 Gently touching and rocking the body, and
     polarity therapy            stretching or rotating the legs, can lead to
                                 deep relaxation and improved wellbeing.

                                 The hands are gently placed in different
                                 positions along the body or slightly above
     reiki                       the body, which can be calming and relaxing.
                                 Because of the limited touch involved this is
                                 sometimes considered an energy therapy.

                                 Soothing, rhythmic movements along the
     therapeutic touch           body promote peacefulness and relaxation
                                 by restoring the body’s energy.

12           Cancer Council
Having a professional
           massage
Choosing a massage therapist
It is recommended that you choose a therapist who is a member of
a professional massage association (see page 29 for details). These
associations ensure that members have received adequate training
in massage, undertake continuing professional education, and have
a current first-aid certificate and professional indemnity insurance.
Ideally a therapist has at least a Diploma of Massage or equivalent.

  Oncology massage therapists
  Some massage therapists have undertaken specialist training in
  massage for cancer (oncology massage). To find a local oncology
  massage therapist see www.oncologymassagetraining.com.au
  and enter your postcode in the ‘Find Your Nearest Therapist’ box.

Ask a potential massage therapist about their training and
experience, and whether they’ve worked with people who have
cancer. Other questions include:

• Do you have any specialist oncology massage training?
• What certification do you hold as a massage therapist?
• What types of massage or touch therapies have you been trained
  in? (See pages 10–12 for a list of different therapies.)
• What modifications would you make for me?
• What type of clients do you most often work with?
  (Ideally they are people who require special adjustments such
  as infants, the elderly, or those with a serious illness.)
• Are you able to treat me at home if I am unwell?

                                              Having a professional massage   13
• Would you be able to liaise with my doctors or other health
       professionals, if needed?
     • What is the cost?
     • Are your services covered by my health fund?

     Discussing your medical history
     It is important to talk about your medical history with your
     massage therapist, even if the massage is part of a beauty routine
     such as a facial or pedicure. This will help the therapist make the
     right adjustments to the session so that it’s safe and comfortable.
     The therapist may need to decrease the pressure of their strokes
     and avoid areas affected by cancer.

        Give your therapist information
        Let the therapist know if you have any of the following symptoms
        or side effects from treatment:
        •   fatigue                      • sensitivity to certain scents
        •   easy bruising or bleeding      or smells

        •   low white blood cell count   • skin conditions such as
                                           rashes, inflammation, broken
        •   recent blood clot
                                           areas of skin, or fungal
        •   oedema or lymphoedema          infections
        •   nausea
                                         • medical devices such as a
        •   pain                           catheter or stoma bag
        •   incisions or scars from      • cancer in the bones, or
            surgery                        fragile bones as a result of
        • neuropathy                       osteoporosis.

14   Cancer Council
Most professional massage sessions last 30–60 minutes and
  cost $60–$80 per hour. Prices vary, depending on the therapist’s
  location, training, experience and style of massage being used. If
  you have private health insurance, check with your fund whether
  you’re eligible for a rebate.

Setting the scene
Massage usually occurs in a warm, quiet room. It can be given
either while you lie on a massage table or sit in a chair. It can
involve only part of the body or the whole body. You can have a
massage while you’re fully clothed or directly on the skin. If you
have undressed, only the area being worked on will be exposed.
The other parts of your body will be covered by a towel or blanket.

The therapist may place pillows under different parts of your body
so they’re supported. Let the therapist know if you need anything
relevant to the session such as a change in pressure or another
blanket. You may like to close your eyes during the massage.

Taking it slowly
When starting a massage program, it’s important for the therapist to
begin with moderately light pressure. The therapist should consider
your state of health at the time and your recent treatments.

Judge the effects of the session not only by how the massage feels
while you’re having it, but by how you feel 24 hours afterwards.
While a massage may feel comfortable at the time, a few hours

                                              Having a professional massage   15
later or the next day you may feel light-headed, tired or in pain,
     even if the pressure was light. Massage related soreness should
     subside within 48 hours. If the symptoms persist consult your
     doctor. If you do not feel any side effects from the massage and
     want to increase the pressure of the strokes at your next session,
     ask the massage therapist to do so gradually until you find the
     right level of pressure for you.

     Feeling safe
     You should feel safe, respected and comfortable during a massage.
     Communicate your needs to the therapist (e.g. let them know if
     their pressure is too strong or if you’re feeling cold). If you feel
     uncomfortable for any reason, or the therapist is unable to make
     the adjustments you have requested, ask them to stop the session.

     • Talk to your doctor before          • Choose a massage time that
       having a massage.                     suits you. You may find it
                                             helpful to have the massage
     • A letter from your oncologist         before your pain becomes
       outlining your diagnosis
                                             severe or you get tired.
       and treatment will help your
       massage therapist develop an        • Tell the therapist if you are
       appropriate treatment plan.           sensitive to any lotions, oils
                                             or scents.
     • Tell the therapist if something
       hurts or causes discomfort,         • Record how the massage
       or if there’s a certain area that     feels in a journal or pain diary.
       shouldn’t be massaged.

16   Cancer Council
Making the right
           adjustments
Cancer treatments can be demanding on the body. Massage
during treatment and recovery may lift your mood, and offer
comfort and support. However, a person having chemotherapy
or radiotherapy needs a different type of massage to an athlete.
The therapist will need to adjust the pressure and speed of strokes.

Most people with cancer can enjoy the benefits of a massage that
has been adapted to suit their needs. After a massage people say
they feel relaxed, more energetic and nurtured.

Adjustments for different treatments
Chemotherapy – This drug treatment affects the whole body. If
you have a chemotherapy port, massage should not be done in this
area. Some people who have chemotherapy experience tingling in
their hands or feet, and may find they bruise or bleed easily. Massage
should be light with no pressure on the areas that are affected.

Radiotherapy – The skin may be sensitive to touch after
radiotherapy treatment. It may look red and appear sunburnt. If you
are having radiotherapy, you should avoid massage to the treated
area as you may find even light touch uncomfortable. Massage oils
may make already irritated skin feel worse.

Surgery – Recovery after surgery takes time, and it’s important to
avoid massaging the area of the operation. However, you may wish
to massage other areas of the body. Gentle ‘lotioning’ massage
with soft hands or gently holding other areas can provide comfort
and support.

                                                Making the right adjustments   17
After surgery, seek advice from a therapist who has been specially
     trained in massaging scarred tissue. See page 13.

     Adjustments for people after
     cancer treatment
     Ask your therapist to use less pressure in areas where you are still
     experiencing discomfort. Eventually, you may be able to try more
     firm types of massage, but some conditions, listed below, will require
     adjustments to the massage technique for a long period of time.

     Risk of lymphoedema – If you’ve had lymph nodes removed
     from the neck, armpit or groin during diagnosis or treatment, or
     if you’ve had radiotherapy to these areas, you should only have a
     very gentle massage in that area of the body. Massage needs to be
     light, and ideally is part of a manual lymphatic drainage or total
     lymphatic drainage treatment.

     Therapists not trained in these techniques should avoid the
     affected area. To find a registered lymphoedema practitioner,
     see www.lymphoedema.org.au.

     Bone fragility – Some treatments, such as radiation or
     medications, or the disease itself, may cause the bones to become
     more fragile. Care should be taken to avoid undue pressure.

     Neuropathy – Certain chemotherapy drugs can cause long-term
     numbness in the hands and feet. A lighter pressure is best for
     those areas.

18   Cancer Council
Having regular massage with a lymphoedema
practitioner means that someone else is keeping an
objective eye on my lymphatic arm to assess changes.
It’s also helped me maintain my mobility and flexibility,
and relieved discomfort and tightness.      Lilly

Massage for children
Many parents are interested in how massage might help their child
during treatment or recovery. If you have a child with cancer, you
may want to learn some simple massage techniques as a way of
being actively involved in their care.

  How to prepare a child for a massage
  • Reassure your child that        • Let your child know they can
    massage is safe and won’t         stop the massage at anytime
    hurt them.                        if they feel uncomfortable or
                                      don’t want to be touched in
  • Explain or demonstrate            a particular way.
    the massage technique on
    yourself or your child before   • Parents can remain in a
    the massage session begins.       massage session with their
                                      child, though an older child
  • Allow your child to feel and      might prefer to be alone.
    smell the oil.
                                      Ask what suits them.
  • Ask your child if they’d
    like the lights dimmed or
    soothing music played
    during the session.

                                               Making the right adjustments   19
Adjustments for the end of life
     Providing touch during the last stages of life can offer comfort
     and let someone know they’re important and loved. It can
     also be a way of spending quiet time together in a pleasurable
     and undemanding way. Receiving a massage during palliative
     care may reduce the person’s pain and they may need fewer
     medications. Some people worry that having a massage during
     this time may relax them too deeply and they may let go and pass
     away. They and their family may need to be reassured that this is
     unlikely to happen.

     A massage therapist or family members or friends can provide the
     massage. Having a professional massage may give family members
     and friends the opportunity to rest, eat or go for walk. Some
     people want a full-body massage, while others may want only
     parts of the body massaged or to just have their hand held. At the
     end of life, just holding a person’s hand can bring comfort.

     • Follow the lead of the person     in control of an uncontrollable
       having the massage. Any           situation.
       signs that they don’t want
       to be massaged must be
                                       • Allow the person to do
                                         what she or he can do for
       respected. Sometimes they
                                         themselves.
       may just want company
       rather than a massage.          • Teach the family or friends
                                         how to provide a gentle foot
     • Give the person choices.          or hand massage.
       This will help them feel more

20   Cancer Council
Key points

• With the right adjustments        • If you’ve had lymph nodes
  most people with cancer can         removed, you may be at risk
  enjoy the benefits of massage       of lymphoedema. Massage
  therapy.                            needs to be very light. Ask
                                      if you can have a manual
• After a massage that has            or total lymphatic drainage
  been adjusted to suit you,          treatment.
  you will probably feel relaxed,
  more energetic and nurtured.      • Children with cancer can
                                      also benefit from a massage
• If you have a port in place to      during treatment or recovery.
  receive chemotherapy, the           Parents may want to learn
  therapist should avoid areas        some simple massage
  close to the port.                  techniques as a way of being
                                      involved in their child’s care.
• After radiotherapy treatment
  you may find your skin looks      • Touch during the last stages
  red and is sensitive to touch.      of life can be comforting.
  You may find even a light
  touch on the treatment area       • Receiving a massage during
  uncomfortable.                      palliative care may reduce
                                      the person’s pain and need
• While you are recovering from       for medications.
  surgery, a massage therapist
  can hold or stroke areas          • Family and friends can give a
  away from the wound with            massage but should always
  soft hands.                         follow the lead of the patient.

                                             Making the right adjustments   21
Simple massage at home
     Family and friends often want to do something useful for you.
     One way they can help is by giving you a simple, gentle massage.
     This can bring comfort to both people and be a way of showing
     love and acceptance.

     Preparing for a massage
     It’s a good idea to prepare yourself and the place where the
     massage will take place before you begin.

     • Make sure the room is a comfortable temperature. You may
       want to have a blanket nearby in case you get cold.

     • Choose a comfortable position. You may want to lie down or sit
       in a chair. Pillows under the knees, feet or tummy may help you
       feel relaxed.

     • Ask family and friends to remove their jewellery and cut their
       nails before they touch you to avoid causing you discomfort.

     • Pick a time that suits you. You may want to have the massage
       before pain becomes severe or you feel tired. The length of a
       massage session can vary – any duration from a few minutes
       here and there to a planned half-hour can help.

     • Use lotion or oil during a massage to help keep the movement
       smooth and minimise irritation or discomfort. Warm the lotion
       or oil by rubbing it in your hands. Don’t use oil just prior to
       having radiotherapy.

22   Cancer Council
• Remove clothing from the area to be massaged if this is more
  comfortable or remain clothed if you prefer.

• Let the person giving the massage know how the massage makes
  you feel. If you feel pain or discomfort, ask them for gentler
  pressure or to change the area of massage. They must also make
  the same adjustments that a professional would by reducing
  their pressure, the direction of the strokes and the speed of the
  massage strokes.

• Keep a record of the massage and how it made you feel in a
  journal or pain diary. This may help you to give useful feedback
  to the therapist on your next visit.

  Massage makes a difference
  Providing there are no skin      For more detailed instructions
  issues, blood clots or medical   on how to provide a simple
  devices in the arm you can do    massage at home:
  a hand massage anywhere –
  at home while watching TV,
                                   • speak to a massage
                                     therapist
  lying in a bed or sitting in a
  waiting room.                    • source massage books at
                                     your local library, bookstore
  See the following pages for        or online bookstore.
  some instructions on simple
  massage techniques you can
  use at home.

                                                  Simple massage at home   23
Massage techniques

                             Hand massage
                             Apply lotion to the hand and with
                             your thumbs resting gently on the
                             palm of the hand, apply circular
                             motion to the palm of the hand and
                             then apply a comfortable pressure
                             up along each of the fingers.

                             Head and ear massage
             Head massage
                             Applying pressure to the head and
                             ear area is calming, reduces pain
                             and may help with sleep.

                             Sit down for this massage – or do
                             it yourself.

                             Using moderate pressure, gently
                             rotate fingertips all around the crown
                             of your head. Move to the top of the
               Ear massage
                             ears, gently rubbing them between
                             the thumb and forefinger, down to the
                             lobes. Work the fingers behind the
                             ears and across the back of the skull.

24       Cancer Council
Foot massage
                          Apply lotion to the feet with
                          slow strokes using full-hand
                          contact. Rest one foot between
                          the hands and apply moderate
                          pressure with the thumbs along
                          the sole of the foot.

                          Back massage
                          Apply lotion to the back using
                          long, slow strokes with full-hand
                          contact. Gently squeeze muscles
                          with moderate and controlled
                          pressure along the length of the
                          back. You may prefer to lie on
                          your side rather than face down
                          for this massage.

     Massage gave me something to look forward to
during a very bleak time. Nathan

                                       Simple massage at home   25
Self-help with acupressure
     Acupressure is similar to acupuncture – without the needles – and
     it is easy to do yourself. Pressure points on the body correspond to
     different organs. Massaging these points gently can help relieve a
     variety of symptoms. Focus on each point for a few minutes using
     a soft touch and repeat on both sides of the body.

     Xiphoid process – The area at the lower end of the breastbone
     (sternum) is called the xiphoid process. Gently circling the fingers
     on the xiphoid process is calming for many people.

     Abdominal massage – Apply lotion to the whole abdomen
     gently, in a clockwise direction. Also circle the fingers around the
     bellybutton. This soothes the entire body.

     Pressure point: pericardium 6 – This point is in between the
     ligaments (fibrous tissue) of the wrist. Measure three finger widths
     from the base of the palm. Hold the point with moderate pressure
     for several minutes or apply small circular strokes with firm
     pressure. This helps reduce nausea, pain, anxiety, insomnia and
     breathing difficulties.

     Pressure point: large intestine 4 – Massage the muscle
     between the thumb and forefinger to help stimulate intestinal
     activity, and possibly ease constipation.

     Pressure point: kidney 1 – Located in the middle of the foot. To
     massage this point, roll the arch of the foot or entire foot over a
     tennis ball on the floor. This can increase energy and reduce anxiety.

26   Cancer Council
Acupressure points
on the body

Xiphoid process

Abdominal massage

Pressure point: pericardium 6

                                              Pressure point:
                                              large intestine 4

   Pressure point: kidney 1

                                Simple massage at home            27
Key points

     • Family and friends can help        • Suggest they use lotion or oil
       by giving you a simple, gentle       during the massage to help
       massage.                             keep the movements smooth.

     • The timing of the massage is       • You can also try massaging
       important. Pick a time of day        some pressure points on
       that suits you (e.g. before you      yourself. The different pressure
       feel too tired).                     points correspond to different
                                            organs. Massaging these
     • There are many different types       points gently can help relieve
       of massage techniques your           a variety of symptoms, such
       family and friends can try at        as nausea, pain, anxiety,
       home: hand, head and ear,            insomnia, breathing difficulties
       foot or back.                        and constipation.

     • Before you have a massage,
       make sure the room is a
       comfortable temperature
       and choose a comfortable
       position. You may want to ask
       the person massaging you to
       remove their jewellery or cut
       their nails to avoid causing you
       discomfort.

     • Talk to the person giving the
       massage. Let them know what
       feels good and what feels
       uncomfortable so that they
       can make adjustments.

28   Cancer Council
Finding a professional
           massage therapist
To find a qualified massage therapist, contact one of the
professional massage organisations listed below and ask for a list
of therapists in your area. If you need treatment for lymphoedema
symptoms see a therapist trained in lymphatic drainage.
Visit the Lymphoedema Practitioners’ Register website at
www.lymphoedema.org.au to find a qualified therapist.

See page 13–14 for a list of questions to ask a potential therapist.

  Organisation                     Contact details
  Association of Massage           02 9211 2441
  Therapists                       www.amt.org.au

  Australian Association           1300 138 872
  of Massage Therapists            http://aamt.com.au

  Australian Natural               1800 817 577
  Therapists Association           www.anta.com.au

  Australian Traditional           1800 456 855
  Medicine Society                 www.atms.com.au

  Bowen Association                1300 780 638
  of Australia                     www.bowen.org.au

  Bowen Therapists                 1300 426 936
  Federation of Australia          www.bowen.asn.au

  Oncology Massage                 www.oncologymassagetraining.
  Training                         com.au

  Reflexology Association          1300 733 711
  of Australia                     www.reflexology.org.au

                                        Finding a professional massage therapist   29
Seeking support
     Coping with cancer isn’t something you have to do alone. Getting
     in touch with other people who have been through a similar
     experience can be beneficial. There are many ways to contact others
     for mutual support and to share information. These include:
     • face-to-face support groups – often held in community
       centres or hospitals
     • telephone support groups – facilitated by trained counsellors
     • peer support programs – match you with someone who has
       had a similar cancer experience, e.g. Cancer Connect
     • online  forums – such as www.cancerconnections.com.au.

     In these support settings, most people feel they can speak openly,
     share tips with others, and just be themselves. You may find you
     feel comfortable talking about any post-treatment issues you are
     experiencing.

     Ask your nurse or social worker to tell you about support groups
     in your area. Call the Helpline to access the Cancer Services
     Directory and find out how you can connect with others.

     Joining a consumer advocacy group can also be rewarding for
     people who want to use their experience to make a difference for
     others. Visit www.cancervoices.org.au for more information.

30   Cancer Council
Caring for someone
           with cancer
You may be reading this booklet because you are caring for
someone with cancer. Being a carer can be stressful and cause you
much anxiety. Try to look after yourself – give yourself some time
out and share your worries and concerns with somebody neutral
such as a counsellor or your doctor.

Many cancer support groups and cancer education programs are
open to carers, as well as people with cancer. Support groups and
programs can offer valuable opportunities to share experiences
and ways of coping.

Support services such as Home Help, Meals on Wheels or
visiting nurses can help you in your caring role. There are also
many groups and organisations that can provide you with
information and support, such as Carers Australia, the national
body representing carers in Australia. Carers Australia works
with the Carers Associations in each of the states and territories.
Phone 1800 242 636 or visit www.carersaustralia.com.au for more
information and resources.

You can also call Cancer Council Helpline 13 11 20 to find out
more about carers’ services and get a copy of the Caring for
Someone with Cancer booklet.

  Carers can try acupressure on themselves or the person with
  cancer. See pages 26–27 for instructions.

                                            Caring for someone with cancer   31
Useful websites
     The internet has many useful resources, although not all websites
     are reliable. The websites listed below are good sources of support
     and information.

     Australian
     Cancer Council Australia 	��������������������������������������� www.cancer.org.au
     Cancer Australia......................................http://canceraustralia.gov.au
     Carers Australia....................................... www.carersaustralia.com.au
     Department of Health	����������������������������������������������www.health.gov.au
     healthdirect Australia......................................www.healthdirect.gov.au
     beyondblue......................................................www.beyondblue.org.au
     Australian Lymphology Association	������������� www.lymphoedema.org.au

     International
     Macmillan Cancer Support	�������������������������������www.macmillan.org.uk
     Cancer Research UK................................www.cancerresearch.org.uk
     American Cancer Society	�������������������������������������������� www.cancer.org
     US National Cancer Institute	���������������������������������������www.cancer.gov
     Society for Oncology Massage	������������������������������������� www.s4om.org

32   Cancer Council
Question checklist
You might find this checklist helpful when thinking about the
questions you want to ask your doctor about massage. If your
doctor gives you answers you don’t understand, it is okay to ask
for clarification.

• Are there any types of massage or touch-based therapies that
  would benefit me?

• Are there any types of massage or touch-based therapies I
  shouldn’t have?

• Can you provide me with a letter giving your approval for me
  to have massage?

• Are there any areas on my body where the massage therapist
  needs to take special care?

• Can the treatment/tumour area be touched or should it be
  avoided altogether?

• Can you recommend a therapist in my area?

                                                     Question checklist   33
Glossary
     acupressure                                    radiotherapy, hormone therapy,
     An ancient technique that is similar to        immunotherapy and pharmaceutical
     acupuncture but uses non-invasive              medications.
     pressure on specific points in the body
     to unblock energy and restore health.          energy therapies
     aromatherapy                                   Therapies based on the concept of
     The use of essential oils extracted            energy or vital force surrounding or
     from plants to improve mood, physical          running through the body.
     symptoms and general wellbeing.
                                                    healing touch
     base oil                                       A gentle bodywork technique in which
     An oil used in massage or                      soft touch helps to restore harmony
     aromatherapy that allows the massage           and balance by working with the flow
     therapist to work over the skin easily.        of energy in the body.
     Base oils can be applied directly to the
     skin. Also called a carrier oil.               immune system
     body-based practices                           A network of cells and organs that
     A range of therapies that involve              defends the body against attacks by
     touching the body or the energy field          foreign invaders, such as bacteria and
     surrounding the body. Also called              viruses.
     bodywork.
     Bowen therapy                                  lymphatic fluid
     A non-invasive bodywork technique in           A clear fluid that circulates around the
     which the therapist’s hands touch the          body through the lymphatic system,
     body lightly but with precise movements        carrying cells that fight infection. Also
     to help it re-set and rebalance itself. This   called lymph.
     promotes pain relief.                          lymphatic system
                                                    A network of tissues, capillaries,
     complementary therapies                        vessels, ducts and nodes that removes
     Supportive treatments that are used            excess fluid from tissues, absorbs fatty
     in conjunction with conventional               acids and transports fat, and produces
     treatment. They may improve general            immune cells.
     health, wellbeing and quality of life,         lymphoedema
     and help people cope with side effects         Swelling caused by a build-up of
     of cancer.                                     lymph fluid. This happens when lymph
     conventional cancer treatments                 vessels or nodes don’t drain properly.
     Commonly used, scientifically
     validated treatments for cancer,               manual lymphatic drainage
     including surgery, chemotherapy,               A type of specialised massage in

34   Cancer Council
which therapists help to reduce the       pressure points
swelling caused by lymphoedema by         Areas on the body that correspond to
manually stimulating the flow of lymph.   different organs and may offer relief
massage                                   from a variety of symptoms.
A type of bodywork therapy in which
muscles are stimulated, stretched and     randomised controlled trial
relaxed through specialised pressure      A clinical trial in which participants are
and strokes.                              randomly allocated to receive the new
massage therapist                         treatment or the standard treatment
A person who practices therapeutic        (the control).
massage. They may be a member of a        reflexology
professional massage association, and     A type of complementary therapy.
can practice independently or in          The therapist stimulates specific points
a medical setting.                        (reflex points) on the feet or hands
metastasis                                using gentle pressure. This is said to
A cancer that has spread from where       support the body’s natural healing
it started in the body to another part    processes and improve wellbeing.
of the body. Also called secondary
cancer.                                   side effects
                                          Unintended effect of a drug or
neuropathy                                treatment.
Damage to the nerves. Symptoms            soft tissue techniques
include numbness, tingling, weakness      A range of manual therapy techniques
and discomfort in the feet or             directed towards muscles and
hands. Can be caused by certain           connective tissues in the body.
chemotherapy drugs.
                                          trigger point
oedema                                    A sensitive area of the body which
The presence of an excessive amount       when stimulated gives rise to a
of fluid around the cells or tissues of   reaction elsewhere in the body.
the body.
oncology massage training
Specialist training for massage
therapists to develop their awareness
                                          Can’t find what you’re looking for?
and expertise to modify conventional
massage for someone with a history        For more cancer-related words, visit
or diagnosis of cancer.                   www.cancercouncil.com.au/words or
                                          www.cancervic.org.au/glossary.

                                                                           Glossary    35
How you can help
     At Cancer Council we’re dedicated to improving cancer control.
     As well as funding millions of dollars in cancer research every
     year, we advocate for the highest quality care for cancer
     patients and their families. We create cancer-smart communities
     by educating people about cancer, its prevention and early
     detection. We offer a range of practical and support services for
     people and families affected by cancer. All these programs would
     not be possible without community support, great and small.

     Join a Cancer Council event: Join one of our community
     fundraising events such as Daffodil Day, Australia’s Biggest
     Morning Tea, Relay For Life, Girls Night In and Pink Ribbon Day,
     or hold your own fundraiser or become a volunteer.

     Make a donation: Any gift, large or small, makes a meaningful
     contribution to our work in supporting people with cancer and
     their families now and in the future.

     Buy Cancer Council sun protection products: Every purchase
     helps you prevent cancer and contribute financially to our goals.

     Help us speak out for a cancer-smart community: We are a
     leading advocate for cancer prevention and improved patient
     services. You can help us speak out on important cancer issues
     and help us improve cancer awareness by living and promoting a
     cancer-smart lifestyle.

     Join a research study: Cancer Council funds and carries out
     research investigating the causes, management, outcomes and
     impacts of different cancers. You may be able to join a study.

     To find out more about how you, your family and friends can
     help, please call your local Cancer Council.

36   Cancer Council
Cancer Council
          Helpline 13 11 20
Cancer Council Helpline is a telephone information service
provided by Cancer Council NSW for people affected by cancer.

For the cost of a local call (except from mobiles), you can
talk confidentially with oncology health professionals about
any concerns. Helpline consultants can send you information
and put you in touch with services in your area. If you need
information in a language other than English, an interpreting
service is available.

You can call the Helpline, Monday to Friday, 9am to 5pm.

If you have difficulty communicating over the phone, contact
the National Relay Service (www.relayservice.com.au) to help
you communicate with a Cancer Council Helpline consultant.

For more information, go to www.cancercouncil.com.au.

  Regional offices
  Central and           North Sydney          Western
  Southern Sydney       Crows Nest            Wagga Wagga
  Woolloomooloo         02 9334 1600          02 6937 2600
  02 9334 1900
                        Northern              Western Sydney
  Hunter and            Byron Bay             Parramatta
  Central Coast         02 6639 1300          02 9354 2000
  Charlestown
                        Southern
  02 4923 0700
                        North Wollongong
                        02 4223 0200
MASSAGE AND CANCER

For support and
information on cancer
and cancer-related
issues, call Cancer
Council Helpline. This
is a confidential service.
                                                SEP 2014 CAN788

For further information and details please
visit our website: www.cancercouncil.com.au
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