MICROGENERATION FRAMEWORK CONSULTATION - Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer DOC-300420-FSI - ESB Networks
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MICROGENERATION FRAMEWORK CONSULTATION Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer DOC-300420-FSI May 2020
Microgeneration Framework Consultation Microgeneration Framework Consultation
Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer
CONTENTS
Section 1 Introduction 4
1.1 Changing Landscape: A Transformation of the Energy System as We Know It 5
1.2 About ESB Networks 6
1.3 ESB Networks Role in Facilitating Microgeneration 7
Section 2 Microgeneration Grid Connection Process 8
2.1 Microgeneration Grid Connection Process 10
2.2 ESB Networks Review of the Connection Process 12
2.3 Grid Connection Process for Generation Greater than 6 kW (single-phase), 11 kW (three-phase) 12
Section 3 Legislative Basis 14
3.1 Clean Energy Package / Renewable Energy Directive 15
3.2 CRU Regulatory Decisions 15
3.3 Government Climate Action Plan 15
3.4 Private Member’s Bill 19
3.5 Building and Planning Regulation 19
Section 4 Technical Network Implications 20
4.1 Technical Analysis of Solar PV Microgeneration on the Distribution Network 21
4.2 Interaction of Electric Vehicle and Heat Pumps Loads 23
4.3 System Impact of PV at MV and Above 23
Section 5 Microgeneration Support Schemes 26
5.1 ESB Networks Microgeneration Support Package 27
5.2 Electric Ireland Microgeneration Pilot Scheme 27
5.3 FarmGen Solar PV 27
5.4 SEAI Grants 29
Section 6 Smart Metering 30
6.1 Benefits of Smart Metering 33
6.2 Smart Metering Programme and Microgeneration 33
Section 7 Enabling the Transition from Consumers to Prosumers 34
7.1 Recommendations 35
7.2 Loss Adjustment Factor 36
7.3 Interim Solution 36
7.4 Next Steps 36
Section 8 Enduring Solution for Microgeneration 38
Section 9 Safety review 40
9.1 SEAI Domestic Solar Photovoltaic Code of Practice for Installers 41
9.2 Electrical Safety 41
Section 10 Conclusion and Summary of Questions in Framework Document 42
Acronyms and Glossary – Explanation of Key Terms 46
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Changing Landscape: A Transformation
of the Energy System as We Know It
This strong ambition from the Irish government aligns
with RED II which brings the prosumer into the centre of
EU energy policy. Due to a combination of current building
The power sector is undergoing transformative change regulations, SEAI grants, the rise of the active, engaged
with the growth of low carbon technology and changing consumer and the future provision of a microgeneration
consumer preferences. European policy, such as the Clean support scheme, ESB Networks anticipates increased
Energy Package (CEP) and the revised Renewable Energy future levels of microgeneration connecting to the
Directive (RED II), are driving a change in behaviour and distribution network. Consumers have been recognised
supporting the decarbonisation of the European power as playing a major role in this transition and have been
sector. identified as a key player in Ireland’s ability to achieve
its 2030 renewable energy goals. The actions relating to
The Irish Government recently published the Climate
microgeneration in the CAP are extracted for review in
Action Plan (CAP) which sets ambitious targets to facilitate
a later section. These actions provide a comprehensive
and enable the transformation to a low carbon future. This
overview of the necessary steps, timelines and relevant
ambition includes the goal of reaching 70% of electricity
stakeholders in order to establish a robust framework to
generated from renewable energy by 2030. Renewable
enable the transition from consumer to prosumer.
energy of all scales, from large-scale to small-scale
renewable generation, community energy renewable It is important to note when considering microgeneration,
energy projects, and microgeneration, will all play a part that as there is a capital cost associated with the purchase,
in contributing to Ireland’s decarbonisation goals. The installation and future operation and maintenance of the
CAP1 had a dedicated section to microgeneration where microgeneration equipment (e.g. solar PV panels), certain
“The Government strongly supports enabling people to customer classes i.e. fuel poor customers or vulnerable
sell excess electricity they have produced back to the customers may feel that they cannot equitably participate
grid”. Developments in policy and technologies are likely in the microgeneration journey. It is vital that any holistic
to evolve and advance to facilitate this goal, for example review of microgeneration considers the issue of equity
the forecasted increasing development of large off-shore to all users of the electricity network and seeks to identify
wind generation and the increased roll-out of community and minimise unintended cross-subsidisation between
energy schemes. customers i.e. customers with a form of microgeneration
and customers without any form of microgeneration. In
There are many actors involved in delivering Ireland’s
this context, relevant stakeholders should be cognisant of
decarbonisation objectives. ESB Networks is one actor
the need to ensure that the range of processes, incentives
within this group of actors and we seek to proactively
and rules relating to microgeneration encourage an
contribute towards Ireland’s decarbonisation targets. This
economically efficient future level of microgeneration.
framework focuses on microgeneration which is a form of
renewable energy generation that may be more accessible As Distribution System Operator (DSO), ESB Networks
to the ordinary energy customer compared to large scale has an important role to play in facilitating this
renewable energy generation. Through this framework, transformation. We aim to support our customers along
ESB Networks hopes to inform the energy customer of each stage of the process as they adopt small-scale low-
some aspects of microgeneration, to collect and collate carbon technologies and make the transition towards
their views regarding this topic and to use this feedback being active participants in the energy system.
when considering areas relevant to microgeneration.
In a 2016 briefing from the European Parliament,
‘prosumer’ is described as a relatively new term that, in
the energy field, most often denotes consumers who both
produce and consume electricity.2 This document refers
to consumers who wish to install microgeneration and 1 https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/5350ae-climate-action-plan/
export excess electricity onto the electricity network as
prosumers. 2 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.
html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2016)593518
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1.2 About ESB Networks We carry out all the functions relating to the electricity 1.3 ESB Networks Role in Facilitating The Commission for Regulation of Utilities (CRU) is
distribution system. This includes financing, planning, Microgeneration Ireland’s independent energy and water regulator. This
ESB Networks provides the electricity infrastructure
construction, maintenance and operation of the high, paper, along with all feedback received, will be provided
that transports electricity to all customers in Ireland. Customer service is at the heart of everything we do at
medium and low voltage distribution networks. ESB to CRU to support their decision-making process on
Our assets cover the entire country and include a range ESB Networks. We provide services to every electricity
Networks fills a number of different market roles through microgeneration. CRU’s aim is to protect the interests of
of overhead lines, underground cables and associated customer irrespective of their electricity supplier. Our
the Metering and Registration System Operator (MRSO) energy customers, maintain security of supply, and to
technical equipment to safely convey electricity to countrywide staff are committed to making excellence the
function, it is responsible for providing meter registration, promote competition covering the generation and supply
more than 2.3 million customers. We have served hallmark of all aspects of our dealings with our customers.
data processing and data aggregation services. ESB of electricity and supply of natural gas. This paper will
Irish customers for over 90 years and have provided
Networks also delivers the data collector, meter operator also be provided to the Department of Communications,
the electrical infrastructure on which our society has We are committed to facilitating the move towards low
and DSO roles. ESB Networks finance, build and maintain Climate Action and Environment (DCCAE) in the hope
developed. We now have one of the most progressive carbon technologies and want to support our customers,
the high voltage transmission system through which that it may provide useful information in achieving the
electricity systems in the world. not only through the process of installing microgeneration
electricity flows from generation stations to bulk supply microgeneration goals as set out in the governmental
but also strive to enable them to participate in the energy
points near cities and towns across Ireland. ESB Networks CAP.3
market. This framework document seeks to examine
has connected over 2,000 MW of renewable energy
options available to facilitate the transformation of ESB Networks is committed to leading the transition to
generation to the distribution network at present.
our customers from consumers of electricity to active a low carbon future as evident through ESB Networks
prosumers. Innovation Strategy which can be found on the ESB
Networks website.4
The framework contains a number of questions where we
welcome feedback from you, the customer. This feedback The ability of electricity networks to adapt and innovate in
will then be studied and incorporated into further this changing and uncertain environment will be crucial to
refinement of developing possible solutions to enable the their future success. This changing environment provides
155,000km 23,500 km
transition from energy consumer to energy prosumer.
ESB Networks will incorporate the feedback received to
us with challenges but also provides great opportunities
Overhead Lines Underground Cables for innovation. By 2030 our network will support, through
this publication into any review of its microgeneration the identification of innovative opportunities, huge
processes. changes in electricity generation and consumption.
646 1,300 MW
HV Stations of energy storage
and 2,500 MW of
1,500 MW up to 30,000 customer flexibility
of solar PV grid edge devices
236,000 km 164,000
MV Pole Mounted Subs Mini Pillars
Add in “Forecasted” before both sentences so they read
“Forecasted New Domestic Connections over PR4” and
“Forecasted New Commercial Connections over PR4”
20,000 Circa 1 million
electric vehicles
MV Ground Mounted Subs
on our roads
2.2 MILLION 2.3 MILLION 11,700 MW 2.3 million
Poles Customer Meters smart meters
of wind generation
(onshore and in homes and
offshore)
FORECASTED
NEW DOMESTIC
FORECASTED
NEW COMMERCIAL businesses
3 https://www.dccae.gov.ie/en-ie/climate-action/topics/climate-action- 600,000
plan/Pages/climate-action.aspx homes equipped with
e-heat capability
4 https://www.esbnetworks.ie/who-we-are/innovation/our-innovation-
strategy/our-innovation-roadmaps Figure 1 ESB Networks Innovation Strategy - What will the Network Support in 2030
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SECTION 2
MICROGENERATION GRID ESB Networks5 defines microgeneration as a source of
electrical energy and all associated equipment, rated up to
and including:
The vast majority of domestic connections in Ireland
are single-phase connections. ESB Networks charges a
connection fee for all types of business and domestic
CONNECTION PROCESS • 6 kW, when the DSO network connection is single-
phase
connections, and a full list of these regulatory approved
charges can be found in the ESB Networks Statement of
Charges.8 Each connection is calculated using the least
cost technically acceptable connection method.
• 11 kW, when the DSO network connection is three-
phase If a customer wishes to upgrade their connection from
a single-phase to a three-phase connection this can be
and designed to operate in parallel with the ESB Networks
done, however, higher connection charges will apply.
low voltage (LV) system. Full details and conditions can be
These arise because the physical conductor connecting
found on the ESB Networks website.6
the customer to the network needs to be replaced and
This definition makes no explicit reference to any specific connected to a three-phase circuit. In an urban location
form of generating technology. The following are examples this will most likely involve street excavation, but in rural
of different types of microgenerators: areas would most likely involve building some new MV
overhead line. The level of network capacity required by
• Wind-power (Turbines) the customer will determine the actual connection point
the customer wishes to connect to. The distance between
• Solar-power (Photovoltaic (PV) panels)
the connection point and the network, as well as various
• Small hydroelectric schemes other works that may need to be carried out, additional
charges will be apportioned to the customer as per the
• Micro combined heat-and-power (CHP) regulatory approved Basis of Charges for Connection to
the Distribution System.9
• Combined renewable microgenerator and
storage systems7 ESB Networks is committed to facilitating
microgeneration connection applications to the grid.
This framework consultation is technology agnostic i.e.
Since 2016, ESB Networks has facilitated over 15,000
does not differentiate between microgeneration from
microgeneration connection applications to the electricity
a roof mounted solar PV panel, a wind turbine or small
network.
hydro schemes. For information, please note that there are
technical differences between inverter based generation
(e.g. PV), which is inherently less onerous on the network
than other technologies.
7 https://www.esbnetworks.ie/new-connections/generator-connections/
connect-a-micro-generator
5 Further information relating to the regulatory basis defining 8 https://esbnetworks.ie/docs/default-source/publications/approved-
microgeneration is outlined in Section 3.2 statement-of-charges-2019-2020.pdf?sfvrsn=224533f0_33
6 https://www.esbnetworks.ie/docs/default-source/publications/ 9 https://esbnetworks.ie/docs/default-source/publications/
conditions-governing-connection-and-operation-of-micro-generation- basis-of-charges-for-connection-to-the-distribution-system.
policy.pdf?sfvrsn=ad5c33f0_8 pdf?sfvrsn=5e5d33f0_4
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esbnetworks.ie
The microgeneration connection application process is the
FORM NC6 same for new builds as it is for customers who choose to
MICROGENERATION NOTIFICATION
ESB Networks DAC requires the information requested on this application form to
enable us to set up and manage your electricity supply connection. As the Distribution FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Date received: _____________________________________________________
add microgeneration to an existing connection.12 There is
6000
System Operator, this information is also required to enable ESB Networks DAC to
Planner group: _____________________________________________________
no application fee or charge to the customer when sending
manage the electricity network. The data controller is ESB Networks DAC.
No. of Approved Connections
Please refer to our privacy policy at https://esbnetworks.ie/privacy DUOS group:______________________________________________________
Supplier: __________________________________________________________
Please fill in ALL sections in BLOCK CAPITALS
1. FULL NAME AND CORRESPONDENCE DETAILS
an NC6 form to ESB Networks for processing. Technical
5000 5000 studies are largely not required for microgeneration grid
Landline: Mobile number: connection applications to date, unlike grid connection
4000 3900 Email:
2. SITE ADDRESS (IF DIFFERENT FROM ABOVE)
applications for larger generators, although this does not
mean that studies would not be required in particular
3000 3000
Please provide 11 digit MPRN no:
circumstances.
MPRN must be registered in Applicant’s Name. If not please contact your supplier to change.
2000 3. INSTALLER / CONSULTANT NAME AND CORRESPONDENCE DETAILS
Current Process for Planned Multiple
1600
1000
Landline:
Email:
Mobile number:
Installations:
4. MICROGENERATION INTERFACE DETAILS Please attach certified proof as per Conditions Governing the Connection and Operation of Microgeneration - DTIS-230206-BRL
Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 The application process for planned multiple installations,
0 Manufacturer
Manufacturer’s Reference No. / Model applies to planned (green field) multiple installations
2016 2017 2018 2019
Rating (kVA)
Does interface have type test certification as per Conditions Governing
the Connection and Operation of Microgeneration - DTIS-230206-BRL? Yes No Yes No Yes No such as new housing schemes, where it is planned to have
microgeneration installed in every house or premises.
Does interface have Irish settings installed as per Conditions Governing
the Connection and Operation of Microgeneration - DTIS-230206-BRL? Yes No Yes No Yes No
Year 5. MICROGENERATOR DETAILS
Manufacturer
Manufacturer’s Reference No. / Model Within an existing housing estate, if the total capacity of
Type (Wind / Solar / Hydro / CHP / Energy Storage / Other)
6. SIGNATURE the installed microgeneration on the transformer is 50
Signed:
kVA or if the penetration levels is greater than 40% of
Figure 2 ESB Networks Approved Microgeneration Connection Applications Full Name (BLOCK CAPITALS):
Date:
7. DID YOU REMEMBER TO? the transformer then ESB Networks needs to do a more
refined network study before connection.13
• Attach Type Test Certificate for Microgenerator Interface Please return completed form to:
Rev Oct 2019. DOC-210116-CDD
• Insert your MPRN number networkservicesbureau@esb.ie or
The section below outlines the current process and policy For sporadic once-off installations in existing premises,
• Fill in your Microgeneration Interface Rating (kVA) Details in Section 4 ESB Networks DAC, NC6 Microgen Notifications,
New Connections, Sarsfield Road, Wilton, Cork T12E 367
for installing a microgeneration unit. as defined above, the customer shall complete the For new connections, application for connection will
ESB Networks DAC
PLEASE REMEMBER! DIRECTORS: Jerry O’Sullivan (Chairman), Paddy Hayes,
DON’T BUILD UNDER OR NEAR POWER LINES Paul Mulvaney, Caroline Spillane, Ian Talbot .
LINES CAN KILL Registered Office: Clanwilliam House, Clanwilliam Court,
Microgeneration Installation Notification Form. ESB NETWORKS LTD.
Dublin 2, D02 CV61, Ireland.
be made in the normal way but the intention to install
2.1 Microgeneration Grid Connection
Registered in Ireland No. 465172
(Application Form NC6) microgeneration, shall be flagged by the applicant in the
Process Figure 3 NC6 Application Form application form.
This should be sent to ESB Networks DAC, NC6 Microgen
Details on the current connection arrangements Notifications, New Connections, Sarsfield Road, Wilton, If ESB Networks become aware of any other technical
for microgenerators connecting at a domestic level Cork, T12E 367. Type-test certification for the interface[s] or location specific reason why installation should not
are detailed below and further information on associated with the microgenerator[s] in question proceed, then ESB Networks shall inform the customer
microgeneration connection policy can be found on the should also accompany this notification. The equipment within 20 working days of receipt of the notification.
ESB Networks website.10 supplier is able to provide the relevant certification.
Customers can also send their NC6 applications to If no such notice or request for type test certification
Current Process for a Single Application: NetworkServicesBureau@esb.ie. or instruction to suspend installation is received by the
customer within this time-frame, then the installation can
A sporadic once-off installation is defined as follows:
ESB Networks understand that microgeneration is proceed without any further correspondence with ESB
• Only one customer is involved primarily for the purpose of self-consumption with excess Networks.
electricity being exported to the distribution network and
• Only one installation is involved believes that the existing ESB Networks microgeneration
export thresholds of 6 kW (single-phase) and 11 kW (three-
• Where multiple customers on the same site or
phase) are sufficient to encourage the transition from
housing scheme are involved, and the penetration
consumer to prosumer.
level achieved is less than 40%11 of the capacity in
10 https://www.esbnetworks.ie/new-connections/generator- 12 https://www.esbnetworks.ie/docs/default-source/publications/
kVA of the existing MV/LV substation that supplies the connections/connect-a-micro-generator. conditions-governing-connection-and-operation-of-micro-generation-
site or scheme. policy.pdf?sfvrsn=ad5c33f0_8
11 At a penetration level of 40% of the transformer capacity it is possible
that power quality and loading issues may arise, and consequently such 13 https://www.esbnetworks.ie/docs/default-source/publications/
proposed installations would need to be reviewed in advance by ESB conditions-governing-connection-and-operation-of-micro-generation-
Networks policy.pdf?sfvrsn=ad5c33f0_8
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2.2 ESB Networks Review of the The grid connection process for generators greater than
Connection Process 6 kW (single-phase) and 11 kW (three-phase) is outlined
under CRU’s Enduring Connection Policy (ECP). 14
To ensure the connection process works for our customers As per regulated grid connection policy, this range of
and in anticipation of the large increase in the numbers of export capability is not considered as microgeneration
microgeneration forecasted to connect to the network, we however, we feel it may be useful information for the
see it appropriate to review the current microgeneration reader. In 2018, the CRU published a decision on Enduring
application process. We have received initial feedback Connection Policy – Stage 1 (ECP-1) with the intent of
from stakeholders that the current NC6 process is working allowing projects which were ‘shovel ready’ to have an
well, however, we strive for continuous improvement. We opportunity to connect to the network. As per ECP-1,
welcome your input and feedback relating to the existing generators in the range of 12-500 kW are processed
application process. outside the batch in a non-batch process. At present, as
per ECP-1, 30 applications per year in this range as well
Question 1: as autoproducers and DS3 system services qualifying
Do you have any feedback in relation trial projects are being processed outside the batch in the
to the existing grid connection process non-batch process. The processing of such applications
for microgeneration (up to 6 kW single- required a technical study to be carried out to establish
phase and 11 kW three-phase)? what works and equipment are required to facilitate the
connection of those generator applications on to the
2.3 Grid Connection Process for network. CRU published an ECP-2 consultation in Q4 2019.
Responses from industry and interested stakeholders
Generation Greater than 6 kW (single-
were received by CRU in Q1 2020 and CRU is currently
phase), 11 kW (three-phase) considering Enduring Connection Policy Stage 2 (ECP-
Article 17 of the Renewables Directive requires 2). Any changes to regulated policy within ECP-2 will be
establishment of simple notification procedure for grid implemented by ESB Networks.
connections where installation or aggregated production
units of renewables self-consumers with an electrical
capacity of 10, 8 kW or less are to be connected to the grid.
Member States may allow a simple-notification procedure
for installations or aggregated production units with an
electrical capacity of above 10, 8 kW and up to 50 kW,
provided that grid stability, grid reliability and grid safety
are maintained.
14 https://www.cru.ie/document_group/electricity-connection-policy-2/
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SECTION 3
LEGISLATIVE BASIS 3.1 Clean Energy Package / Renewable
Energy Directive
3.2 CRU Regulatory Decisions
As mentioned in the introduction, CRU are the decision
makers for a wide array of energy related areas.
The Clean Energy Package (CEP) is a package of measures
designed to keep the European Union (EU) competitive Existing determinations from CRU that are relevant to
as the clean energy transition changes the global energy microgeneration are detailed within this section. In 2007,
markets.15 The package is aimed at keeping the EU a global the CRU published a Decision (CER/07/208) Arrangements
leader in renewables and, more broadly, helping the EU for Microgeneration which outlined the technical and
to meet its emissions reduction commitments under the commercial arrangements for microgeneration including
Paris Agreement.16 installation, safety, notifications to ESB Networks and
metering for microgenerators that rate at or below 11
kW. Within this decision the CRU encouraged electricity
suppliers to develop payment arrangements for
© Shutterstock
microgenerators.18
EUROPEAN
ENERGY
DIALOGUE
In 2008, ESB Customer Supply (ESBCS), as the Public
Electricity Supplier at the time, made a submission to
facilitate the payment for output of micro generators. CRU
TEN
SECTION published the ESBCS Domestic Micro-generator Export Tariff
Decision Paper (CER/09/033) in February 2008 in which
it published details of the interim export tariff. ESBCS
EUROPEAN ENERGY DIALOGUE
offered a payment of 9.00 cent per kWh of exported
«Clean Energy for All Europeans»
package electricity.19 The scheme was open until 31st December
2014 and ESBCS (now Electric Ireland) continue to offer
the payment of 9.00 cent per kWh to those customers who
European Economic and Social Committee
signed up before the closing date.
3.3 Government Climate Action Plan
Figure 4 Clean Energy for All Europeans package
In June 2019, the Irish Government published a CAP20
The CEP contains specific provisions dealing with the which sets out an ambitious course of action to address
issue of ‘renewable self-consumers’ and microgeneration. the issue of climate change.
Further details on the CEP can be found on the European
Commission’s website here.
In December 2018, the revised Renewable Energy Directive
2018/2001/EU (RED II) entered into force, as part of the CLIMATE
Clean Energy for all Europeans package. The Directive
establishes a new binding renewable energy target for the ACTION
PLAN
EU for 2030 of at least 32%, with a clause for a possible
upwards revision by 2023.17
15 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-16-4009_en.htm 2019
To Tackle Climate Breakdown
16 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-
energy-directive
17 https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-
energy-directive
18 https://www.cru.ie/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/cer07208.pdf
19 https://www.cru.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/cer09033.pdf Figure 5 Government Climate Action Plan 2019
20 https://www.cru.ie/wp-content/uploads/2007/07/cer07208.pdf
15
ocean energy opportunity (wind, wave and tidal) within 100 km of the Irish coastline. The
development of offshore renewables will be plan-led and aligned with the National Marine
Planning Framework. We will also develop an offshore electricity grid, in tandem with
new interconnection. This will allow Ireland to balance its significant renewables potential
Microgeneration Framework Consultation
with security of electricity supply and develop long-term ambitions to export its offshore Electricity
Microgeneration Framework Consultation
Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer
renewable resources
• Examine the increased use of cross border joint cooperation mechanisms for funding
renewables, particularly offshore wind, to reduce the cost impacts on Irish consumers
and businesses, including for hybrid assets as part of the North Seas Energy Cooperation
Initiative
• Put in place a planning and consenting regime and a grid connection framework for offshore
wind that aims to deliver offshore wind projects. Prioritise the passage of the MPDM
legislation and the new consenting model, as well as implementation of a new offshore grid
connection policy that lines up with the RESS auction timeframes
Micro-generation
•
Figure 6 is an extract In from
line with our commitment
Section in Future Jobs Ireland 2019, establish a pilot Top Team in
7.3 of the governmental
offshore renewables
CAP, entitled, “Measures to Deliver Targets”. to provide
21 a multi-organisational response to leveraging the industrial/
employment opportunities
The snippet outlines the government’s plan for arising from the operationalisation of the offshore energy Action 30: Develop an enabling framework for micro-generation which tackles existing barriers and
policy framework
supporting microgeneration over theunder
comingtheyears.
Marine Planning and Development Management Bill (MPDM) establishes suitable supports within relevant market segments
legislation
Timeline by Other Key
Steps Necessary for Delivery Lead
Quarter Stakeholders
3. Micro-generation
Establish a working group on micro-generation and
The Government strongly supports enabling people to sell excess electricity they have produced CRU, SEAI,
renewable self-consumption and agree terms of reference e.g.
back to the grid To enable this, we will have to make a number of changes Q3 2019 DCCAE DHPLG,
appropriate definitions, policy objectives, engage with the CEP
ESBN
• We have established a pilot micro-generation grant scheme for solar Photovoltaics (PV),
transposition project etc.
targeting self-consumption, which provides a grant of circa 30% of the installation costs for Begin review of requirements for resolving market settlement
individual homes Building on the pilot, we will put an ongoing support scheme in place for Q3 2019 CRU
issues for renewable self-consumers exporting to the grid
micro-generation by 2021 at the latest, focusing on a number of key pillars, including: equity
and accessibility for all, ongoing technology cost and remuneration analysis, addressing Conclude review of the current exemptions relating to solar
technical barriers and planning constraints, a clear grid connection policy, and supporting panels as provided for in the Planning and Development
community participation in micro-generation. This will be further supported by measures in Regulations, in consultation with the Department of Q4 2019 DHPLG DCCAE
building regulations Communications, Climate Action and the Environment and
• Mechanical electricity meters will be replaced in every house by 2024 under the Smart implement amendments arising from review
Metering Programme. This will facilitate better demand management and cost savings for
consumers, particularly when closely aligned with the ambitious roll-out of retrofitting Determination of appropriate grid connection policy to
programmes and micro-generation capacity for homes and small enterprises facilitate renewable self-consumers and access for micro- Q4 2019 CRU ESBN
• Change the electricity market rules in early 2020 in order to enable micro-generated
generation
electricity to be sold to the grid. This should include provision for a feed-in tariff for micro- Assess potential implications for distribution network of
generation to be set at least at the wholesale price point Q4 2019 ESBN
defined higher penetrations of distributed generators
• Design market mechanisms, network tariffs, competitive auctions for renewables and
the public service obligation in a way that distributes costs fairly, including in terms of Assess possible support mechanisms for micro-generation/
competiveness renewable self-consumption differentiated by segment (public
SEAI, DBEI,
sector, including schools, residential, community, farming, Q1 2020 DCCAE
DAFM
commercial and industrial etc ), ensuring principles of equity,
58
Figure 6 Government Climate Action Plan Section self-consumption and ‘energy efficiency first’ are incorporated
Public consultation/call-for-evidence on basis of above
Q3 2020 DCCAE CRU
The CAP requires changes to the electricity market rules The CAP contains actions to assist Ireland in meeting assessment
to allow for a “feed-in-tariff for microgeneration to be set its ambitious objectives for climate action. The actions
at least at the wholesale price point”. This makes provision relating to microgeneration in the CAP are extracted for Assessment of the impact of the current structure of electricity
for payment to prosumers who export electricity review in the following table. These actions provide a bill charges (including PSO and standing charges) on renewable Q3 2020 CRU DBEI, DCCAE
produced from microgeneration to the grid. comprehensive overview of the necessary steps, timelines self-consumers and other consumers
and relevant stakeholders in order to establish a robust Functionality to enable smart services in place, subject to initial
framework to enable the transition from consumer to Q2 2021 CRU
review
prosumer.
Launch finalised policy and pricing support regime for micro-
Q2 2021 DCCAE SEAI
generation
21 https://www.cru.ie/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/cer09033.pdf
16 17Microgeneration Framework Consultation Microgeneration Framework Consultation
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Electricity
3.4 Private Member’s Bill 3.5 Building and Planning Regulation
Action 31: Deliver pilot solar PV micro-generation scheme with a view to commencement of enduring The Microgeneration Support Scheme Bill 2017 is
support scheme by 2021, at the latest, to ensure that people can sell excess electricity they produce back
Solar Planning Exemptions:
currently before Dáil Éireann. The bill is entitled “An Act
to the grid to provide for the growth of electricity production from Currently rooftop solar PV installations (across all rooftop
micro-generators through a Supplier obligation to provide installations including domestic, industrial, agricultural
Timeline by Other Key
Steps Necessary for Delivery Lead a tariff for electricity exported to the grid”. If introduced etc.) are subject to planning requirements with an
Quarter Stakeholders
as proposed, the bill would see electricity suppliers above exemption for installations up to 12sq. m (domestic),
Review of scheme (incl. budget) and potential for new 10 per cent market share obliged to provide a payment for 50sq.m (industrial or agricultural) or 50% of the total roof
Q3 2019 SEAI
technologies and sectors to be included in broadened scope kWhs of electricity exported to the grid from domestic area, whichever is the lesser.23 A review of Building and
microgenerators. There would also be an obligation on Planning Regulations could be considered timely given
Decision following review of pilot scheme Q4 2019 DCCAE SEAI the publication of the CAP and the desire to facilitate
suppliers to provide at least 5 per cent of their electricity
Allocation of appropriate budget Q4 2019 DCCAE SEAI from microgeneration.22 microgeneration.
22 https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/bills/bill/2017/155/?tab=debates
Action 32: Deliver Smart Metering Programme in line with current planned timelines that will support the 23 https://www.housing.gov.ie/planning/legislation/solar-panelsmicro-
market for micro-generation renewable-technology/exemptions-solar-panels-and-other-micro
Timeline by Other Key
Steps Necessary for Delivery Lead
Quarter Stakeholders
Commence review of requirements for resolving market
Q3 2019 CRU
settlement issues for renewables self-consumers
Support research and demonstration projects with a focus
on enabling the ‘smart home’ (e g demand side management, Q3 2019 SEAI EirGrid, ESBN
storage, communication protocols, automated control, etc.)
Carbon Capture and Storage
ESB Networks has been assigned actions in the CAP • Support research and demonstration projects with
(either as lead entity or as key stakeholder) with respect to
Action 33: Establishment of a Steering Group to examine and a focus on enabling
oversee the “smart
the feasibility home”
of the (e.g. demand
utilisation of
microgeneration. These actions are: side management,
CCS in Ireland, and report to the Standing Committee on Climate Action as appropriatestorage, communication protocols,
automated control, etc.)
• Assess what are the implications for the distribution
Timeline by Other Key
Steps Necessary
network forhigher
of defined Delivery
penetrations of distributed ESB Networks is activelyLead
contributing toStakeholders
the DCCAE led
Quarter
generators. microgeneration working group which seeks to remove
Establish Steering Group existingQ2 2019and establish
barriers DCCAE suitable supports for
• Assess whether there is appropriate grid connection microgeneration.
policy to facilitate renewable self-consumers and DHPLG, CCS
Agree appropriate research investment by Ervia/Gas Networks
access for microgeneration. Q3 2019 DCCAE Steering
Ireland in CCS feasibility
Group
Monitor progress of Ervia proposal in Cork Q2 2020 DCCAE
Draft necessary legislation and regulatory regime if CCS
Q3 2020 DCCAE
research is positive
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SECTION 4
TECHNICAL NETWORK 4.1 Technical Analysis of Solar PV
Microgeneration on the Distribution
There are significant differences between urban and rural
networks – in broad terms, urban networks tend to have
large numbers of customers (around 200) connected to a
IMPLICATIONS
Network
ground mounted substation housing a transformer with a
PV based microgeneration potentially impacts on LV typical capacity of 400 kVA and connected to customers
distribution networks principally in terms of: using large underground cables. In contrast, rural
networks typically consist of small pole mounted 15 kVA
(a) Voltage Rise
transformers feeding up to 8 customers, but with about
(b) Thermal Loading on Network infrastructure 50% feeding only one or two customers.
(c) Harmonics Urban:
For the impact to be of significance it is the cumulative In general terms, most housing estates in the last 30 years
impact of all connected generation on that section of have been planned for using an After Diversity Maximum
network which is important, as the effect of an individual Demand (ADMD)25 of 2.5 kW per customer so that typical
PV microgeneration unit up to 6 kWP, acting alone PV installations of 2 kWP should neither create voltage
connected under ESB Networks The Conditions Governing rise or thermal issues. Harmonics could become an issue,
the Connection and Operation of Microgeneration (DTIS- although voltage rise and thermal loading would normally
230206-BRL) 24 should not cause material disturbance. be expected to arise in advance, and the reinforcement
to address these issues would largely alleviate any
Note: The principal impact to voltage and thermal loading
harmonics issues.
arises from microgeneration exports, not from self-
consumption. Harmonic generation arises from installed At over 2 kWP PV per house on a modern housing estate the
capacity but is a much less significant effect. issue is what cumulative value of PV exists i.e. the number
(penetration rate) of PV x Size of PV unit. In general,
The impact of PV microgeneration export on the network
installations of up to 3 – 4 kWP PV on up to 50% of houses
therefore depends on the strength of the network and the
would not in be expected to cause any significant issues
amount of PV microgeneration connected in terms of
on the local LV network. However if there is sufficient
PV unit size and numbers (penetration level). Typically,
LV microgeneration in an area it will accumulate on the
the worst-case scenario is a hot summers day with the
upstream higher voltage networks feeding these areas and
PV generating fully, load being at minimum and network
could driver reinforcement there, particularly if it added to
already operating at a high summer ambient temperature.
existing generation already present.
Unlike domestic loads there is no diversity with PV, that
is within a local area maximum generation from each With the predicted future electrification of heat and
microgenerator will tend to occur simultaneously. This transport, ESB Networks has examined the ADMD
typically occurs around midday where solar irradiance is requirements of domestic units (in keeping with Action
greatest on a clear day. 174 of the CAP). Future housing schemes will be designed
to an ADMD of 5.5 kW per customer and it is currently
There are also variations in the strength of networks to believed that greater penetrations of PV of 3 – 4 kWP (up
which customers are connected so that what might not to near 100%) would not be expected to cause issues of
cause problems on one area of the network could be an issue voltage rise or thermal issues on the local LV network,
on another (likely older) network. This is the reason why although there might be issues with some higher harmonic
ESB Networks reviews connection groups where planned frequencies which would require harmonic filtering. ESB
capacity is 50 kVA or 40% of transformer capacity in more Networks understands that CRU will review this item in
detail than smaller groups of individual connections. late 2020.
24 The Conditions Governing the Connection and Operation of 25 After diversity maximum demand (ADMD) is used in the design of
Microgeneration (DTIS-230206-BRL) is currently under review to reflect electricity distribution networks where demand is aggregated over a
the changes necessitated by the adoption of European Network Code large number of customers. ADMD accounts for the coincident peak
on the Requirement for Generators and the resultant transition from I.S. load a network is likely to experience over its lifetime and as such is an
EN50438:2013, which has been withdrawn, and the introduction I.S. overestimation of typical demand http://www.networkrevolution.co.uk/
EN50549:2019 project-library/diversity-maximum-demand-admd-report/
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Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer Enabling the Transition from Consumer to Prosumer
In practice the size of the suitable roof space available Typically, it would be expected that up to 2 kWP of PV Question 2: Do you have any feedback In summary, at 2-3 kWP PV per rural house it is unlikely
and suitable for PV would itself determine the quantity of per customer would seldom cause problems, but once in relation to the examination of that PV would force significant reinforcement, but at
PV installed per house e.g. a typical semi-detached house the amount of PV exceeds the transformer rating there higher levels on transformers with over 4 customers,
possible export limiting controls to
might have 21m2 of roof space and assuming no legislative will be an impact, especially because with solar PV the either PV or electrification of heat and transport will drive
facilitate self-consumption?
restrictions (currently 50% of areas or 12m2) could transformer will be operating in high summer ambient reinforcement. The nature of the reinforcement will either
support about 2 kWP of PV. A larger detached bungalow temperatures when this generation occurs. For self- be the installation of a larger transformer of the splitting
might have a roof area of 30m2 and support 4 kWP of PV. supply and installation of 2-3 kWP most networks would 4.2 Interaction of Electric Vehicle (EV) and of the group by dividing the group into two using an
be able to cope, but at 4 kWP per customer, then four Heat Pumps (HP) Loads additional transformer. Further consideration is likely to
Obviously if PV were installed on the opposite side of customers with PV begin to overload the transformer, be required as to the most equitable means of recovering
the roof, which by definition will be less exposed to the Customers mainly install PV to use the electricity
and at 6 kWP over two such customers will overload the generated to feed their own household loads. It is these additional costs.
sun, then there would be physical space for more panels transformer and result in reinforcement being required. expected that household load will increase appreciably
although less economic to install as they generate less. Potential resulting implications of this may include the with additional electrification of heat and transport.
4.3 System Impact of PV at MV and Above
In the UK, PV is typically less than 4 kW per house as the requirement to add additional transformers or source Consequently, in any community the mix of PV and In system terms and for high penetration rates:
G98 process,26 which is ‘fit and inform’, applies to unit larger transformers than are currently used. Additionally,
with generation less than 16A per phase. Units larger than additional load will tend to net off against each other and
the MV rural network is not designed to cope with • PV microgeneration at LV may at times displace
this are subject to evaluation by Distribution Network on average usually reduce the load on the transformer at
significant single-phase loading as this causes unbalance imports of electricity from MV connected generators
Operators (DNOs), the UK equivalent of the DSO, and these times.
when feeding into the three-phase network. These would upstream, requiring them to export more of their
cannot be connected until they are approved by the have an associated potential increase in costs and future However, this will not prevent network reinforcement generation upstream. This could cause an increase
DNO. Additionally, whilst the Irish conditions allows up consideration will need to be given to the distributional being required when there is extra PV or electrification. in voltage at MV above required limits. However, this
to 6 kWP PV on single-phase (which is much larger than impacts of these costs and options surrounding how This is because the worst-case conditions for each would require high penetration levels at LV which
the 3.68 kWP limit in the UK), once this is exceeded the these costs will be recovered from both existing and new technology occur at separate times – the determining could take a significant time to develop.
protection requirements become more complex and customers of the network. scenario for PV is a hot summers week day with
expensive. There can obviously be older urban networks • Additionally, significant PV export from widespread
customers at work, and low loads so that PV generated is
which have less capacity and can accommodate less PV microgeneration may also interact with other larger
Export Limiting Schemes: at a maximum and all is exported through the transformer.
without reinforcement, which is why ESB Networks scale generation exports on associated upstream
In contrast, for electrification of heat and transport the
require notification of any significant groups of planned As technical issues with generation arise generally from high voltage networks and hence require significant
worst-case scenario is likely to be in winter during the
installations. the export of power onto the grid, it should be possible reinforcement.
later afternoon/evening when PV is at minimum but
to increase the size of generation installed if the export
In summary, if customers are generally installing PV for electrified heat and EV loads are a maximum. • PV microgeneration protections settings may be
were restricted. This would facilitate greater levels of
own use, the amount installed will be about 2 – 4 kWP self-consumption and could be arranged through the difficult to change in the future (if required) as there
Consequently, the interaction between PV and
per customer and unlikely to move the system outside of development of an export limiting scheme. There are such would be so many small generators that it would be
electrification of heat and transport arises as a result
operational limits in general up to penetrations of 50% schemes in operation in the UK but require an analysis impractical to each domestic residence and change
of either one or both of them stressing the system and
and possibly beyond. of the network before installation. Voltage control by the protection settings. This is an issue for the EU in
requiring reinforcement – once the system has been
limitation on kW exports to avoid excessive voltage rise general and ESB Networks Conditions Governing the
reinforced for either, then there is some extra network
Rural: (as in Australia) is also being considered. For maximising capability to cope with the other. It is also likely that
Connection and Operation of Microgeneration specifies
self consumption it could be possible to develop an export these for Ireland. These settings are generally set
About 40% of customers live in rural areas and supplied areas likely to require reinforcement will have both
limiting scheme which prevented export of more than by the DSO however some e.g. Rate of Change of
mainly from 15 kVA single-phase pole mounted PV and electrification of heat and transport, simply
3-4 kWP but allowed more PV to be installed by the Frequency (RoCoF) are determined in conjunction
transformers, so it is much easier to encounter limits as because reinforcement will only be required where
customer to facilitate self-consumption. with the TSO. A possibility could be that each PV unit
the size of the transformer is small, the distance to the there are enough customers to load the transformer
has a facility to accept a remote-control device, (which
customer could be large and there could be a relatively sufficiently and sufficient numbers to then add Low
ESB Networks is now examining the use of an export might also be used to control export levels) although
large number of customers and associated PV per Carbon Technologies such as PV or Electrification (EV/
limiting control which would facilitate larger installed the associated economics and practicalities are not
transformer. HP). However, the uprating on networks to accommodate
capacity as long as the export was limited. In addition, ESB established.
LCT will only provide modest additional capacity for
Networks is considering the use of type tested equipment
extra microgeneration export, as LCT loads are spread
to simplify connections of packaged installations up to 50
throughout the day/week and hence require less peak
kW installed on three-phase network conections.
capacity than the same amount of installed PV, which has
26 Engineering Recommendation G98 - Requirements for the no diversity. The addition of LCT loads would provide
connection of Fully Type Tested Micro-generators (up to and including 16
greater scope for self-consumption of microgeneration
A per phase) in parallel with public Low Voltage Distribution Networks on
or after 27 April 2019 but not for additional export.
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• Note under/over frequency, under/over voltage
and RoCoF are protection requirements for
microgenerators under ESB Networks Conditions
Governing the Connection and Operation of
Microgeneration.
• The provision of a digital input to cease generation
from microgeneration is part the EU Network Code
Requirements for Generators (RfG) which is now
in force for all generators. However, to enable this
capability the DSO requires communications at the
microgenerator.
There may also be Transmission System Operation (TSO)
implications of high levels of microgeneration which
would impact on the TSO and are outside the scope of this
paper, however, we welcome engagement with the TSO at a
future date to review this issue in more detail.
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SECTION 5
MICROGENERATION ESB Networks is committed to leading the transition to
a low carbon future. As evident through ESB Networks
Innovation Strategy, we have set out a clear vision of how
The scheme has been closed to new customers since the
31st December 2014, however customers already signed
up for the scheme continue to receive payment. Under the
SUPPORT SCHEMES we intend to deliver a world class electricity network for
the future.
We are aware of three microgeneration support schemes
scheme, payment is made to the prosumer within their
Electric Ireland bill. In 2018, Electric Ireland announced
that it would extend the payment rate of 9.0 cent per kWh
to its existing domestic customers already signed up to
which were at one stage operational or currently the scheme until 31st December 2020. This is the tenth
operational in the market – one historic support scheme year that Electric Ireland continue to pay its Microgen
from ESB Networks, one current support scheme from Pilot Scheme customers the prevailing Electric Ireland
Electric Ireland and a recent introduction to the market rate once their contract continues to be active.27
from Glanbia and SSE Airtricity. Under these schemes,
prosumers received payment for electricity they exported 5.3 FarmGen Solar PV
to the grid. While the Electric Ireland and ESB Networks
Glanbia Ireland and SSE Airtricity have recently launched
schemes are now closed to new applicants, in some cases
a microgeneration scheme, FarmGen, in July 2019. This
customers who signed up to these schemes before the
renewable energy initiative is based around bringing
closing date continue to receive payment for any excess
solar powered energy solution to Glanbia Ireland farmers
electricity they export.
only. FarmGen’s 6 kW solar PV system will assist in
Further details on these schemes can be found below. powering energy intensive processes in order to reduce
the costs to the farmer. Farms will also have export meters
5.1 ESB Networks Microgeneration installed that will measure their exported electricity to
Support Package the distribution network. SSE Airtricity are providing an
annual export rebate to FarmGen customers.28 Farmers
As an initiative to support microgeneration, ESB Networks
can receive financing for the FarmGen initiative through
offered a support package for microgenerators which
the existing Glanbia Ireland FundEquip scheme and can
launched in February 2009. Customers who signed up for
also apply for TAMS II (Target Agricultural Modernisation
the scheme got a complimentary import/export meter
Schemes) or SEAI.
installed free of charge and a support payment 10 cent/
kWh applied to the first 3,000 kWh exported annually. This We have had some initial engagement with various
payment lasted for a period of five years and ended on suppliers and are not aware of any other pilot
the 5th anniversary of the contract start date. The scheme programmes or feed-in-tariff schemes that are
closed to new applicants on the 29th February 2012. currently or were historically available to prosumers.
5.2 Electric Ireland Microgeneration Pilot
Scheme
Electric Ireland (formerly ESB Customer Supply) launched
its microgeneration support scheme in February 2009.
Customers who signed up for the scheme received an
export payment rate of 9.0 cent/kWh.
27 https://www.electricireland.ie/residential/help/micro-generation/
electric-ireland-micro-generation-pilot-scheme
28 https://www.sseairtricity.com/news/glanbia-announce-farmgen-
sseairtricity-activ8-solar/
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