Mother-daughter relationship and daughter's self-esteem in female college students
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EurAsian Journal of BioSciences
Eurasia J Biosci 14, 2455-2459 (2020)
Mother-daughter relationship and daughter’s self-esteem
in female college students
Izzatul Fithriyah 1,2*, Nalini Muhdi 1,3, Yunias Setiawati 1,3, Nining Febriyana 1,3
1
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60131, INDONESIA
2
Department of Psychiatry, Universitas Airlangga Hospital, Surabaya 60115, INDONESIA
3
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine-Dr. Soetomo Teaching Hospital, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya
60131, INDONESIA
*Corresponding author: izzatul-fithriyah@fk.unair.ac.id
Abstract
Introduction: Mothers play an important role in the development of their daughter’s self-esteem.
This study aimed to examine the correlation between mother-daughter relationship and daughter self-
esteem in female college student at Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya.
Methods: This was an analytic cross-sectional study. Mother-daughter relationship was measured
by mother-adult daughter questionnaire (MADQ). The self-esteem was measured by Rosenberg self-
esteem scale (RSES).
Results: Connectedness and interdependency subscale in the mother-daughter relationship had
significant correlation to daughter’s self-esteem (p = 0.000, r = 0.333; p = 0.016, r 0.025;
repspectively). This showed that the higher connectedness and interdependency between mother
and daughter, the higher level of self-esteem in daughters. However, the trust in hierarchy subscale
did not correlate to daughter’s self-esteem (p = 0.515).
Conclusion: Connectedness and interdependency in mother-daughter relationship were important
to daughter’s self-esteem.
Keywords: mother-daughter relationship, self-esteem, daughter
Fithriyah L, Muhdi N, Setiawati Y, Febriyana N (2020) Mother-daughter relationship and daughter’s
self-esteem in female college students. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 2455-2459.
© 2020 Fithriyah et al.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
INTRODUCTION of energy and interest, feelings of guilt, reduced
concentration and attention, loss of appetite, and the
Typically, psychological capital is very important in presence of thoughts about death or suicide (Agus et al.
students (Ahmed et al., 2017). Therein, for daughters, 2019, Starki et al. 2019). Adolescents from lower-
mothers play an essential role in the development of income families or neighborhoods also report higher rate
their self-esteem. The quality of daughters’ experiences of suicidal ideation (CheeK.-Y. et al. 2015). Other
with their mothers is positively related to self-esteem. In studies suggest low self-esteem shows lower physical
addition, when a mother supports and shows interest in and mental health, poorer economic prospects, and
her daughter’s ideals, she will support the development higher levels of criminal behavior (Trzesniewski et al.
of her daughter’s psychological well-being. In addition, 2006). The prevalence of depression in medical
mother-daughter relationships have a significant role in students is higher than general population (Alkaff et al.
the lives of girls (Luo, 2020). Girls who have insecure 2018). Female students undergoing medical education
bonds with their mothers during infancy tend to have study programs experience higher psychiatric disorders.
psychological problems and are not functioning well, Previous study also support that female medical
such as reactive attachment disorder, personality students show more disruption in axis I multiaxial
problems, and interpersonal relationship problems, diagnosis than male students (Strous et al. 2012).
especially in adulthood (Onayli, 2010). According to a study with respondents of medical
Self-esteem is one of the factors that determine a students in Egypt (Haseeb et al., 2020), the results of
person’s mental health. Self-esteem that is owned by an neuroticism and depression scores were higher in
individual shows whether the individual has high or low female students than in male students (Amr et al. 2008).
self-esteem (Djau et al. 2017). Low self-esteem is very Another report in 2009 showed that female students
closely related to depression, hopelessness, and
suicidal ideas (Overholser et al. 1995). Stress can occur Received: October 2019
causing the induction of depressive symptoms (Effendy Accepted: April 2020
et al. 2019). They with depressive mood experience loss Printed: July 2020
2455EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 2455-2459 (2020) Fithriyah et al.
Table 1. Mother-daughter relationship score, with connectedness, interdependency and trust in hierarchy subscale and
self-esteem score
Variables N Minimum Score Maximum Score Mean SD
Connectedness 115 20 45 37.69 5.37
Interdependency 115 3 15 12.72 2.28
Trust in hierarchy 115 8 30 23.20 3.76
Self-esteem 115 9 26 18.29 3.35
showed higher psychiatric disorders and obtained a Table 2. Correlation of mother-daughter relationship with
significant negative correlation of psychiatric morbidity self-esteem
Variables p r
with self-esteem (Aarif et al. 2009). In addition, utilization Connectedness 0.000 0.333
of psychotropic medication for treatment of psychiatric Interdependency 0.016 0.225
disorders in children and adolescents increase (CheeK. Trust in hierarchy 0.515 -
Y. et al. 2016). Therefore, this study examined the
correlation between mother-daughter relationship and the highest level of education of mothers was college
daughter self-esteem in female college student at graduates (69.5%). Most of the mothers of the study
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya. subjects were working outside the home (47%). Mostly,
the income of subject parents was above 5 million
METHODS (61.7%) with mostly democratic parenting parents
(67%).
This was an analytic cross-sectional design study of
The subjects mostly had to cover a distance of 0-5
female students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas
km (32.8%), met with mothers every day (31%), and
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. This study was
communicated with their mothers every day (74.1%). If
conducted at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas
cost was no longer a problem, most research subjects
Airlangga, Surabaya in September 2015. This study
(50%) wanted communication with the same frequency
used cluster random sampling method. Samples were
as now. The research subjects were 65.5% who stated
taken at each level in the first, second, third and fourth
that their relationship with their mother was closer than
year with a minimum sample size of n = 112. Sample
other family members, and the level of satisfaction of the
and data collection was carried out after obtaining
subjects towards their relationship with the mother was
approval from the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of
the overwhelming majority.
Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. The inclusion criteria in
Before analyzing the relationship of the mother-
this study were female students of the Faculty of
daughter relationship subscale and the level of self-
Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, aged ≥18
esteem, the data distribution normality test was
years, still having biological mothers, being cared for by
conducted with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov One-Sample
biological mothers both in total and assisted by others,
test with the result that the subscale data
obtaining information about this study (listed in the
connectedness, trust in hierarchy, and self-esteem were
information for consent), willing to follow it (sign informed
normally distributed, while the interdependency
consent), and understanding Indonesian verbally and in
subscale was not normally distributed. The normally
writing. The exclusion criteria for this study were
distributed connectedness and trust in hierarchy
respondents who did not complete the questionnaire.
subscales were correlated with the level of self-esteem
The instruments used in this study were demographic
with the Pearson’s correlation test. Interdependency
data collection sheets, mother-daughter relationship
scale not normally distributed was correlated with the
questionnaire (MADQ) sheets and self-esteem
level of self-esteem using Spearman’s correlation test.
questionnaire sheets using Rosenberg self-esteem
The connectedness subscale had a significant
scale (RSES). Data were analyzed statistically using
meaningful relationship with the level of self-esteem (p
Pearson’s correlation test if data were normally
= 0.000). This shows that the higher connectedness
distributed and Spearman’s correlation test if data were
between mother and daughter, the higher level of self-
not normally distributed.
esteem in girls. The interdependency subscale had a
significant relationship with the level of self-esteem but
RESULTS
with weak strength (p = 0.016). This means that the
Subjects who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to higher the level of interdependency, the higher the level
participate in this study were 116 persons. One subject of self-esteem. This trust subscale of hierarchy had no
was excluded because she did not complete the relationship with self-esteem (p = 0.515). This indicates
questionnaire. The data processed amounted to 115 that the higher or lower the scale of trust in hierarchy
people. Most of the study subjects were 21 years old was not related to the level of self-esteem (Table 2).
(50.4%) with mostly Javanese (75.7%) and mostly in the
first birth order (44.3%). The marital status of the parents
of the study subjects was mostly married (94.8%), and
2456EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 2455-2459 (2020) Fithriyah et al.
DISCUSSION Connectedness will show behavior that is emotionally
The dimensions of connectedness and close, indicating a concern. Connectedness is often
interdependency in mother-daughter relationships are termed closeness in some literature (Rastogi 2002).
related to the level of self-esteem. The value of Closeness of children with significant figures, mother, is
connectedness has the same value as the average of significantly related to self-esteem. The relationship a
the connectedness subscale in previous study in Turkey child has with a significant figure, in this case the mother,
on 426 female students with an average value of will affect the perception of how the child will carry
connectedness as much as 37.80, SD = 5.43 (Rastogi themselves. Child’s reflection and acceptance of the
2002). Most subjects communicated with their mothers opinion of significant figures contribute to the formation
every day, and they stated that their relationship with of self-esteem (Burnett et al. 1996). Parents, especially
their mothers was very satisfying (Sittisom, 2020). The mothers, who have a high level of connectedness will
closeness between girls and mothers in the study enjoy time together, communicate freely and openly,
subjects shows a secure attachment andcan provide a support and respect, share life values, and have an
sense of security and comfort and give positive optimistic outlook on the future. Closeness between
affirmationsto girls. daughter and mother shows a strong attachment and
The value of interdependency in this study was can provide a sense of security and comfort to the girl
higher compared to previous study conducted in Turkey. and can give positive affirmation to the girl. The close
Interdependence indicates emotional and practical relationship of parents, in this case the mother, will be a
dependence on mother and child relationships in a protective factor against the prevention of various kinds
positive context. In the high interdependence, there is a of mental and social health problems (such as
relationship seeking advice and assistance between the substance abuse, violence, unwanted pregnancy) (Lezin
mother and child with a feeling of openness without any et al. 2004). However, there are still many factors
pressure (Rastogi 2002). The small difference in the influencing the level of self-esteem in addition to
value of interdependence in this study from before could closeness in mother-daughter relationships.
be due to cultural differences in the two countries. In this study, the interdependency subscale had a
Interdependence assessment is closely related to a meaningful but weak relationship with the level of self-
country’s culture. esteem. This results are in accordance with theory that
The value of trust in hierarchy in the subjects of this interdependency has a positive meaning in which a girl
study was higher than that of previous studies in Turkey. tries to seek advice or help from her mother, vice versa.
Trust in hierarchy shows intergenerational relationships Interdependency also includes emotional dependence
in several collectivistic cultures. Women who score high without distress (Rastogi 2002). The results of this study
on this subscale will show high obedience to the mother are also consistent with previous study in 63 young
regardless of the age of the daughter. Trust in hierarchy adults, showing independence is negatively related to
shows respect for mother’s wisdom because of her self-esteem. The higher level of independence, the
higher status in the family (Rastogi 2002). lower the level of self-esteem a daughter has. It also
The level of self-esteem in this study was lower than means that the interdependence of girls and their
that of the study in Turkey. This is consistent with the mothers will have a good effect on self-esteem (Bosacki
theory that self-esteem in the Asian race is lower than et al. 1997). According to a meta-analysis study in 1999,
the Caucasoid (Sarandria 2012). Another study on positive interdependence in the form of cooperation had
medical students in the suburbs of India showed a a positive relationship with self-esteem. Positive
similar average of self-esteem values of 18.97±4.23. interdependence can occur if there is a positive
This could be due to Indonesia and India being relationship between individuals to achieve a positive
developing countries with the same economic level and goal. Valuable collaboration in positive interdependence
having the same racial family, Asian (IMF 2015). In will result in psychological health rather than
accordance with existing theories, that the level of self- independence where one aspect of psychological health
esteem may also be influenced by racial groups and is self-esteem. The experience of cooperation in positive
social and economic status (Sarandria 2012). interdependence is related to the intrinsic belief that
The connectedness subscale had a significant someone is valuable, and others will judge the positive
meaningful relationship with the level of self-esteem. side of someone that is, capable, competent and
This is consistent with previous research that successful compared to others. On the other hand,
connectedness is significantly related to the level of self- independence leading to individualism tends to lead to
esteem. The higher the level of connectedness, the conditional self-esteem based on winning or losing and
higher the level of self-esteem (Onayli et al. 2013). leads to basic self-rejection. Positive interdependence
Women who have high scores on connectedness will be gives positive results: higher achievement, higher level
able to share feelings and opinions with their mothers of reasoning, more accurate perspective taking, more
and also show satisfaction in mother-child relationships. accepted by others, and a more positive attitude towards
conflict (Stanne, Mary Beth et al. 1999).
2457EurAsian Journal of BioSciences 14: 2455-2459 (2020) Fithriyah et al.
The trust in hierarchy subscale in mother-daughter CONCLUSION
relationship did not show a meaningful relationship with The level of the mother-daughter relationship among
the level of self-esteem. These results are consistent female students of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas
with previous research conducted in Turkey. There are Airlangga showed quite good results with the average
no significant relationship between trust in hierarchy and value being above the middle range value and the level
the level of self-esteem. Trust in hierarchy subscale of of self-esteem showing the average range. The
mother-daughter relationships changes according to dimensions of connectedness and interdependency in
cultural change (Onayli et al. 2013). The hierarchy of mother-daughter relationships are related to the level of
mother-daughter relationships differs between self-esteem. The dimension of trust in the hierarchy
generations. The old generation lives in control, while subscale is not related to the level of self-esteem.
the current generation is more autonomous. In this Connectedness in mother-daughter relationships is
study, trust in hierarchy was not a predictor of self- strongly correlated with the level of self-esteem.
esteem.
Limitations in this study are the research subjects
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
consisting of specific population of female students of
the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga with a We thank Prof. Mudita Rastogi who has permitted
limited sample. Therefore, the results of the study the use of the mother-adult daughter relationship
cannot be generalized to the general population of girls. questionnaire and Mrs. Sarandria who has permitted the
This study also uses a self-measured rating scale that use of the Indonesian version of the Rosenberg self-
can lead to social desirability problems and can affect esteem scale questionnaire in this study.
research results; thus it requires cross-validation of
research with more extensive and more diverse
samples.
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