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NICKEL
MAGAZINE
T HE M AG A ZINE DE VOT ED TO NICK EL A ND I T S A PPLIC ATIONS
NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019
Today and tomorrow
Nickel in life and science
The future of Detecting cosmic gravitational New Champlain Bridge
Carbon Capture and Storage waves using nickel alloys 125 years to come
CASE STUDY 16 EDITORIAL:
MERDEKA PNB 118 NEW NEW, OLD NEW AND EINSTEIN
Vying to be the third tallest building in the world, the 644 metre (2,113 foot) Our society is fascinated by the new and that’s understandable. But we need
megatall skyscraper, Merdeka PNB 118 (Permodalan Nasional Berhad, a to be reminded that the materials that got us to where we are, are with us still.
government-backed investment company) is taking shape in Kuala Lumpur. That includes nickel.
Situated in the historically significant Merdeka site, where Malaysian inde-
A small example is nickel-containing stainless steel
pendence was declared in 1957, the crystalline tower will rise to 118 floors,
in the vehicles that will take humanity beyond
topped with a 150 metre high spire.
Earth in the future. That is the quest of Elon Musk,
According to Fender Katsalidis facilitating superior drinking water.
CEO of SpaceX. SpaceX is not alone, however, and
NSF LIGO SONOMA STATE UNIVERSITY A. SIMONNET
Architects, who worked with local Over 70 tonnes of stainless will be
– especially if its Super Heavy rocket is successful –
architect RSP Architects, and land- used for the plumbing system alone.
scape architects Sasaki Associates, Using Type 304 (UNS S30400) will be emulated by other space pioneers.
“the building’s faceted design is stainless steel, the pipes and fittings Closer to our everyday reality is infrastructure. A
reminiscent of those found in are sized from 15–60.5 mm. HOTO major bridge, opened with great fanfare in 1962,
traditional Malaysian arts and crafts.” Plumbing system (HOTO Stainless lasted only 50 years. It continued in use until 2019
Built to last Steel Industries), a Malaysian at a very high cost and inconvenience. Its replace-
A structural steel system comprising manufacturer of stainless steel tubes,
ment, the new Champlain Bridge across the St.
six belt truss zones, three outrigger was chosen to supply the cold and
Lawrence River in Québec, Canada, has a design
zones, composite floor decks and flushing water systems and
life of 125 years. A major difference between the
extensive roof framing make up the Qudotech Std Bhd will provide the
failed bridge and the new bridge is the extensive A lot is going on in this artist’s
main structure. These systems installation. This ambitous project is
use of nickel-containing stainless steels (see impression of a cataclysmic space
ensure stablity and are designed to due for completion in 2021.
event: two neutron stars colliding.
page 6). While the consequences of inadequate
resist wind and earthquakes. The This is a work of imagination but
material selections through the full life cycle of the
superstructure is supported by a there is a growing scientific
4 m thick raft foundation slab and 1962 structure were very costly, the new bridge understanding on how physics in
137 cast-in-place bored piles, each SPACEX reflects the lessons learned. the Universe probably works.
2.2 m in diameter and extending And Einstein? Increase your knowledge of gravitational waves and find out One example of that is the recent
60 m in length. detection and measurement of
how nickel-containing alloys made their detection possible (see page 10).
gravity waves and, yes, nickel is
HOTO STAINLESS STEEL PLUMBING SYSTEM
Plumbed in stainless steel
Nickel celebrates the continuing contributions of nickel-containing materials to involved. Turn to page 10 for the
FENDER KATSALIDIS ARCHITECTS
With 118 storeys to service, stainless
engineering, architecture and science. In various forms, nickel is an essential story on LIGO and Virgo.
steel pipes were chosen for the
part of our future. On and off this planet.
plumbing. Stainless steel is ideal for
the very high pressures encountered Clare Richardson
in supertall structures as well as Editor, Nickel Magazine
22 || NICKEL,
NICKEL, VOL.
VOL. 34,
34, NO.
NO. 2,
2, 2019
2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 3
NICKEL
Back to
NOTABLES
CONTENTS
SPACEEX
the future
02
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
Case study no. 16 Rocket ships were a staple of 1950’s
Merdeka PNB 118 science fiction. They were depicted
03 Editorial at that time as shiny, fat cigars
New, old and Einstein with windows, fins and legs. The
Metallic wood
spaceships of the future are now
04 Nickel notables
being designed with the prototypes
06 New Champlain Bridge looking very much like the fictional
125 years into the future speculative vessels of 70 years It’s as strong as aerospace titanium but
ago. And they are being made with lighter than water. While it is called
08 Boundary Dam
“metallic wood”, the material contains
nickel-containing stainless steels.
Five years of carbon capture
SpaceX is developing its Single no wood whatsoever. Researchers
and storage
Stage to Orbit (SSTO) vehicle that at the University of Pennsylvania,
10 Gravitational waves will be powered by its Super Heavy the University of Illinois, and the
Detection using nickel (formerly known as BFR) rocket. University of Cambridge have built
13 Hydrogen trains For a whole host of reasons, Elon a sheet of nickel with nanoscale
Nickel on board Musk, SpaceX CEO, says stainless pores that provides the same strength
steel is the best choice for technical, as titanium but is four to five times
14
EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE SOURCE
Discovery slides
performance and economic lighter. The pores make it wood-like,
Jewel Changi Airport
reasons, easily beating out with air spaces in between billions of
15 New publications aluminium and carbon composite. miniature “struts” of nickel. Magnified
thousands of times, the material looks
15 UNS details
like honeycomb. Next challenge?
16 Smash-proof guitar
Additive manufacturing uses nickel Bugs in space Figuring out how to produce this
material in large quantities. Big
Space is hard. It’s a stressful and unnatural environment for human beings. slabs could be revolutionary for the
Nickel magazine is published by Nickel Institute When humans arrive in space they carry with them bacteria from Earth. But building and automotive industries
www.nickelinstitute.org what is benign or easily managed on Earth, becomes problematic in space. looking for lighter materials able to
Dr. Hudson Bates, President Prof. Elisabeth Grohmann of Beuth University of Applied Sciences Berlin, shoulder heavy loads relative to
Clare Richardson, Editor
author of a new study, has said ‘Just as stress hormones leave astronauts their weight.
MALVIKA VERMA
communications@nickelinstitute.org
vulnerable to infection, the bacteria they carry become hardier – developing
Contributors:
Gary Coates, Rick Huza, Larry Martin, Richard Matheson,
thick protective coatings and resistance to antibiotics – and more vigorous,
A TB treatment that’s easier to stomach
Bruce McKean, Geir Moe, Kim Oakes, Odette Ziezold multiplying and metabolising faster’.
Design: Constructive Communications
A proprietary surface coating of silver and ruthenium has been developed
Material has been prepared for the general information of and tested in the toilet area of the International Space Station. Measured
the reader and should not be used or relied upon for specific
applications without first securing competent advice. While bacteria presence after 12 and 19 months was over 80% reduced compared to A thin coiled wire could provide a big advance in treating tuberculosis (TB), one of the world’s deadliest infectious
the material is believed to be technically correct, Nickel
control surfaces. diseases, infecting one-quarter of the population and killing more than one million annually. In rural areas of coun-
Institute, its members, staff and consultants do not represent
or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and tries like India, South Africa and China where rates are high, it has been difficult to administer the required six-month
assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection The silver/ruthenium is a surface coating. And the surface it coats is nickel-
with the information herein. course of daily antibiotics. The elastic wire, made of Nitinol (UNS N01555), an alloy of nickel and titanium, is inserted
containing stainless steel Type 304 (UNS S30400), an alloy well known for its into the patient. It changes shape once it reaches the higher temperatures of the stomach. Up to 600 “pills” of various
ISSN 0829-8351
ability to accept different surface treatments. antibiotics are strung along the wire, and the drugs are released over a one month period. The coiling prevents it
Printed in Canada on recycled paper by Hayes Print Group
Space will always be hard but nickel-containing materials, in leading and from passing further through the digestive system. Ensuring full treatment courses is a global challenge solved here
Image credits:
Cover: iStockPhoto©cemagraphics secondary roles, will make it possible to sustain human life. with the help of nickel.
4 | NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 5
MONTRÉAL’S
NEW CHAMPLAIN BRIDGE:
EXTENDED DURABILITY WITH
STAINLESS STEEL REINFORCEMENT
Crossing both the Saint Lawrence River and Saint Lawrence Seaway, the
Champlain Bridge is the busiest in Canada carrying over 50 million vehicles
annually and about 11 million transit users. It was first opened in 1962 linking
CHRISTINNE MUSCHI/THE GLOBE AND MAIL
Montréal and the South Shore and has served the Québec and eastern Canadian
communities for almost 58 years. Now it is slated for demolition.
Replacing it is the new Samuel de Designers were faced with many
Champlain Bridge, inaugurated on service-related challenges. Montréal’s
1 July 2019 by Infrastructure Canada. environment is extremely harsh with
The 3.4 km long bridge is a cable- winter temperatures often as low as
stayed structure with three separate -25 °C. Seasonal temperatures can
parallel road decks totalling 60.2 m in vary as much as 60 °C resulting in
ARUP — INFRASTRUCTURE CANADA
width which accommodates six extreme freeze-thaw cycles. The use
of road salt is necessary to keep the
highway lanes, two additional
bridge open in winter conditions.
ARUP — INFRASTRUCTURE CANADA
extra-wide shoulder lanes for buses,
two mass transit corridor lanes, and a As the bridge is an essential economic
3.5 m wide multi-use path for pedes- link to eastern Canada, the owner
trians and cyclists. mandated a 125-year service life for
the roadway component of the
Three possible stainless steel The original structure had severely
structure. The extended durability
alloys were specified – Types 2304 deteriorated mainly due to the was achieved through design in
(UNS S32304), 2101 (S32101) corrosive effect of road salt which rather than take a performance-based pre-cast and cast-in-place sections
combination with the selection of
and 304 (S30400). All three was not adequately planned for, and specification approach. This included of the roadway deck of the entire
appropriate materials. Extensive life
alloys would provide substantial the reinforcement materials (rebar) span of the bridge including the
some design flaws. Inadequate and cycle cost analyses justified the cost/ The bottom line is that stainless
corrosion resistance for 125 years
faulty drainage caused water ponding benefits of using more durable chosen. approaches, the abutments and all steel reinforcement is a value-
as they all include sufficient
and spillage onto critical structural materials in all the core elements. In the Government’s assessment, surfaces around the expansion joints. added feature to the design
levels of chromium and nickel.
elements. As well, the approach Savings will come over the life of the with measurable benefits in
Type 2304 (4% Ni) was used for the harsh conditions, the extended The new Samuel de Champlain Bridge
span’s concrete pre-stressed/post-ten- bridge from avoided repairs and terms of long term cost savings
cost and availability reasons service life for the main components combines beauty and utility, with
traffic disruption during roadworks. and higher utilisation of the
at the time of bidding. The sioned girders, which was a new of the structure, and the economic every possible mode of transportation
network by avoiding roadwork-
reinforcement was produced and technology in the late 1950s, deterio- To ensure that the desired durability importance of this link dictated that provided for. Thanks to its nickel-
induced traffic congestion.
fabricated in North America. rated significantly. In 2013 it was and service life would be achieved, the reinforcement steel be stainless. containing components, neither
announced that the bridge was to be the owner stipulated the use of A total of 17,000 tonnes of stainless climate nor changing transportation
replaced. Construction started in 2015. certain “durability-driving” materials steel reinforcement was used in the patterns will defeat this bridge.
6 | NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 7
Up to 90% of the CO2 can be removed shown the nickel-containing alloys
from the flue gas. This gas is throughout the unit to be in good con-
compressed to 17.2 MPa (2500 psig) dition. Process system components
pressure into a supercritical state such as vessels, purification and
or dense phase condition. It is then filtration units, piping, compressors, Since 2014, SaskPower’s plant
FIVE YEARS OF
transported via pipelines to geologi- and heat exchangers generally show performance statistics have
cal storage locations: an oil reservoir no signs of pitting and corrosion. In shown steady improvement,
approximately 1.4 kilometres deep at with approximately 2.6 million
most cases, the metal exposed to
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE an enhanced oil recovery operation
near Weyburn, Saskatchewan, or
a saline aquifer approximately 3.4
the process appears as good as it did
when first put in service.
tonnes of CO2 processed to date.
In 2018, the CCS facility captured
a total of 625,996 tonnes of
kilometres deep. To prove that storing Stainless steel AL-6XN®, a super- CO2, significantly more than
CO2 deep underground in a layer of austenitic alloy, is known for its high 2017. Once external reasons for
brine-filled sandstone is a safe way strength, as well as resistance to downtime are excluded, CCS
to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, crevice and pitting corrosion in acidic unit availability was 94%.
this geological storage site is subject solutions – just one example of how
There are many innovative paths to reduced carbon emissions. One of those
to measurement, monitoring and nickel-containing materials enable
is the Boundary Dam carbon capture and storage complex (CCS), also known
verification. innovative technologies in providing
as Boundary Dam 3 (BD3). After five years of operation, stainless steels
such as Type 316L (UNS S31603) as well as nickel alloys such as AL-6XN® Regular in-service inspections have paths to a reduced carbon future.
(N08367) and 254 SMO® (S31254) continue to perform well in service at what
Nickel-containing alloys are many initially considered to be a demonstration project.
performing well in SaskPower’s Meeting power and climatic needs world’s electricity. Saskatchewan
Boundary Dam CCS complex. Boundary Dam is a large coal-fired has more than five billion tonnes of
In the absorber section, power generating plant operated lignite coal reserves - sufficient for
AL‑6XN® with about 24% nickel by a Canadian provincial utility, another 250 years at current rates of
is utilised to withstand the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. consumption.
corrosiveness of wet flue gas. Operating since 1955, the BD3 turbine Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a significant
unit was retrofitted in 2014 with a combustion product and presents a
carbon capture and storage facility, double challenge for CCS: removal
becoming the first coal-fired power of both SO2 and CO2. Upstream,
station in the world to utilise Post particulate matter is first removed
Combustion Capture. from the flue gas in a precipitator. The
With a nominal 30-year life, the particulate, marketed as fly ash – is a
original design concept was to fine powder used in concrete, mining,
capture and store up to one million oil wells, road bases, as well as for
tonnes of carbon dioxide per year liquid waste stabilisation. Nitrogen
from the flue gas, with the added oxide (NOx) is minimised in the flue
benefit of extending turbine life by gas by the use of low-NOx burners,
decades. With a cost in the order of and the limiting of overfired air. The
Cdn $1.5 billion and a reduction of process used to reduce emissions is a
unit power output from 139 MW to solvent-based CO2 capture technique,
net 115 MW, the economics of this coupled with a SO2 removal process.
facility has not been without con- First, SO2 is removed from the flue gas
troversy even as the technology and and subsequently CO2 is captured in
materials are proving robust. the same facility. The SaskPower BD3
SO2 and CO2 – a double challenge CCS unit is capable of removing up
For utility-scale power generation, to 100% of the SO2, converting it into
SASKPOWER
SASKPOWER
coal is still very widely-used, provid- marketable sulphuric acid at the
ing energy for roughly 40% of the rate of 16,000 litres per day.
8 | NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 9
EINSTEIN CORRECT (AGAIN)
PREDICTED GRAVITATIONAL WAVES
DETECTED, ENABLED BY NICKEL-
CONTAINING ALLOYS
In 1916, Albert Einstein published the paper that predicted gravitational waves
– ripples in the fabric of spacetime resulting from the most violent phenomena
in our distant universe, such as supernovae explosions or colliding black holes.
For more than a century, this prediction has intrigued scientists: could such
waves – if they existed – be detected? If so, the implications for fundamental
physics – the confidence that Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity was
indeed a workable theoretical framework – would be profound.
Gravitational-wave astronomy was a aim of detecting gravitational waves
theoretical branch of observational by laser interferometry. This is done
astronomy which hoped to use by comparing the travel time of laser
gravitational waves to collect obser- beams sent along two perpendicular
LIGO/T. PYLE
vational data about objects such as paths 4,000 metres in length and
neutron stars, black holes and events reflected back from isolated,
EGO/VIRGO COLLABORATION/PERCIBALLI
such as supernovae. But first their suspended test bodies.
In the above illustration, two existence had to be proven. Scientific Initial LIGO operations between
black holes are about to merge. and political support for such a 2002 and 2010 did not detect any
Each will have its own rotation search was found and three coordi- gravitational waves. In 2008, work
and, powered by their mutual nated efforts, two in the United States commenced to enhance the original
gravitational attraction, are (LIGO) and one in the European LIGO detectors. With upgrades that
spiraling into each other. These Union (Virgo) were the result. resulted in a huge increase in sensi-
black holes were detected on 26 Theoretical no more tivity, the two 4000 metre paths are EU too Eleven gravitational events were
Dec. 2015, and were respectively, The Laser Interferometer Gravitational- now continuously compared with a Virgo, the European equivalent of detected during the first two observa-
14 and eight times the mass of the
Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large- precision of 10 -19 metre, 1/10,000th the LIGO, dates back to 2000 when tional runs between Sept. 2015 and LIGO has been upgraded for
sun. The wave-time dimension
scale physics experiment and obser- size of a proton. France (Centre nationale de la Jan. 2016 and Nov. 2016 to Aug. 2017. what is known as the Third
here is represented by the grid
vatory, operated for the U.S. National Achieving this degree of sensitivity recherche scientifique/CNRS) and Since the third observational run Observational Run. Here a
pattern and is being distorted
Science Foundation by Caltech requires a remarkable combination of Italy (Istituto Nazionale de Fisica began in Jan. 2019, there have been technician is working on one
by the gravitational waves
(California Institute of Technology) technological innovations in preci- Nucleare/INFC) formed the European an additional 18 detections yet to be aspect of that upgrade. The
generated by the merger. Such
and MIT (Massachusetts Institute sion lasers, vacuum technology, and Gravitational Observatory (EGO). confirmed as gravitational events. use and essentiality of nickel-
events are not trivial even at the
of Technology) to detect cosmic advanced optical and mechanical They were later joined by institutes containing materials for strength,
scale of the Universe. As LIGO Physics does not get more fundamen-
gravitational waves and to develop systems. Two LIGO observatories, from the Netherlands, Poland, machinability, rigidity and
and Virgo are demonstrating, tal than this and nickel-containing
gravitational-wave observations as an in the States of Washington and Hungary and Spain. It had a similar alloys have again allowed scientists thermal stability is apparent.
however, they are not rare.
astronomical tool. Louisiana, are operated in unison to history to LIGO and underwent a and engineers to push the boundaries.
Two observatories were built with the reject terrestrial disturbances. similar upgrade. In this case, into another dimension.
10 | NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 11
NICKEL ON BOARD
ALSTOM’S HYDROGEN TRAINS
PROVIDE EMISSION-FREE PASSENGER
SERVICE IN LOWER SAXONY
The Coradia iLint, a hydrogen fuel cell train built by Alstom Transport, took its
first scheduled trip from the station of Bremervörde in Lower Saxony, Germany
on 16 September 2018. The Coradia iLint is the world’s first passenger train
powered by a hydrogen fuel cell, which generates electric power for traction by
JOHAN JARNESTAD THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
combining stored hydrogen with oxygen in the air. The train is quiet and the
only emission is water vapour.
The kinetic energy recovered during Managing Director for Alstom in
braking and surplus energy generated Germany and Austria, states, “Our
by the fuel-cell is stored in nickel- technology is ready for use. It repre-
CORADIA ILINT
manganese-cobalt (NMC) lithium-ion sents an existing environment-
batteries. This stored excess energy is friendly alternative for non-electrified
available for normal operations, and or partially electrified lines and offers
supplies additional power during the increased passenger comfort thanks Two Coradia iLint engines will
acceleration phases of the train. to a significantly quieter train than a replace diesel trains on the
Where’s the nickel? The train can carry 150 seated
passengers and 150 standing passen-
conventional diesel multiple unit.”
High-strength nickel-containing stain-
100 km route linking the towns of
Cuxhaven and Buxtehude, with
gers. Its maximum speed is 140 km/h less steel 410L (UNS S40977) is used 14 other hydrogen trains set to be
Nickel-containing materials were used in the fabrication of many critical and can travel 600–800 km on a full for the car shells as it is corrosion- introduced across Lower Saxony
CALTECH/MIT/LIGO LAB
components in the LIGO and Virgo observatories which have similar instal- tank of hydrogen, with the assist of resistant and longer lasting than plain by 2021.
lations. At the LIGO observatories, to prevent air refraction from disturbing the NMC battery. Dr. Jörg Nikutta, carbon steel.
the laser path, each of the LIGO machines is enclosed in one of the largest
ultrahigh-vacuum systems on the planet. Each system is comprised of 8,000 m
of Type 304L (UNS S30403) stainless steel beamtube, 1.2 m in diameter and FUEL CELL HYDROGEN
ALSTOM
“Interferometers merge two or
3.2 mm thick. Beamtubes at both sites therefore include more than 120 tonnes The kinetic energy recovered during braking and Stored as gas in holding tanks on the roof,
more sources of light to create surplus energy generated by the fuel-cell is stored in hydrogen is the fuel used by the fuel cell.
of nickel; another 15 tonnes or so are included in the vacuum vessels, valves
an interefence pattern that can nickel-containing NMC lithium-ion batteries.
be measured and analysed. They and connecting spools that house and protect the optical systems at the vertex
are often used to make very and ends of each system.
small measurements that are Other internal components are fabricated from Type 304 (S30400), 304L and 316
not achievable any other way.” (S31600). Some components are further plated with non-reflective black nickel
Source: LIGO Caltech coatings, to control stray light reflections. Critical high-stress isolation springs and
suspension flexures are fabricated from age-hardened Maraging 300 (K93120),
ALSTOM
which are nickel-plated to resist corrosion during processing and assembly.
12 | NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 13
STUNNING DISCOVERY SLIDES
AT JEWEL, CHANGI AIRPORT NEW PUBLICATIONS
How do you make an airport more inviting? You create the world’s first The Nickel Institute has published Alloy selection for service in
art sculpture and slide combined into one unique attraction. Integral to the two new technical guides to assist hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric
airport’s strategy to provide an extraordinary visitor experience, the Discovery in the effective use of nickel- acid and fluorine (10074) exam-
Slides are part of this multi-dimensional lifestyle destination where nature containing materials. ines the corrosive effect of fluorine,
meets engineering under a beautiful glass and steel dome. hydrogen fluoride and hydrofluoric
Alloy selection for service in
Located in the Canopy Park on the It is over 18 m by 16.7 m in area and is acid with a range of materials
sulphuric acid (10057) reviews
highest level of the new development 6.5 m high at the highest point. including steels, stainless steels,
the corrosive effect of sulphuric
at Singapore’s Changi Airport, four The project took two years from concept nickel-base alloys, copper-base
acid at all concentrations, and the
slides of various gradients and heights to completion and was built in three alloys, titanium, zirconium and
influence of contaminants on its
offer different “wow” experiences; a different parts of the world before being tantalum under various conditions.
corrosivity with a range of materials
family slide, a steep drop slide and assembled in Changi by Playpoint. These fully revised technical pub-
including steels, stainless steels,
two glass-covered spiral slides.
The play-sculpture is quickly becom- nickel-base alloys, lead, titanium, lications from the Nickel Institute
The structure incorporates a double ing a hit, a social media favourite zirconium and tantalum under provide a useful guide for materials
curved steel surface, curved glass and and a great reason to book a flight engineers.
various conditions. It also briefly
fibre optic lights. Plates of Type 316 to Changi. As more of these elevated discusses sulphuric acid manufac- Available to download free from
(UNS S31600) stainless steel were experiences slide into airports in the
ture from three possible feedstocks. www.nickelinstitute.org
welded, hammered and polished to future, we hope that nickel continues
achieve the smooth mirror finish which to be along for the ride.
forms a continuous and seamless bright
UNS DETAILS
NICKEL
steel skin wrapping around the three Chemical compositions (% by weight) of the alloys and stainless steels
mentioned in this issue of Nickel.
IMAGE : JEWEL CHANGI AIRPORT
cones holding up the large access
O N L I N E
platform. Designed by Carve, the UNS Al C Co Cr Cu Fe H Mn Mo N Nb Ni O P S Si Ti
sculpture has over 311 m2 of stainless
K93120 0.05- 0.03 8.0- - - bal. - 0.10 4.6- - - 18.0- - 0.010 0.010 0.10 0.55-
steel and weighs a total of 70 tonnes of p. 12 0.15 max. 9.5 max. 5.2 19.0 max. max. max. 0.80
which 50 tonnes is stainless steel. WWW.NICKELINSTITUTE.ORG N01555 - 0.07 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.005 - - - 0.025 54.0- 0.05 - - - bal.
p. 5 max. max. max. max. max. max. max. 57.0 max
SUBSCRIBE to Nickel magazine free of charge and N08367 - 0.030 - 20.0- 0.75 bal. - 2.00 6.0- 0.18- - 23.5- - 0.040 0.030 1.00 -
p. 8 max. 22.0 max. max. 7.0 0.25 25.5 max. max. max.
receive a printed copy or an e-mail notice when a
new issue is published. www.nickelinstitute.org S30400 - 0.08 - 18.0- - bal. - 2.00 - 0.10 - 8.0- - 0.045 0.030 1.00 -
p. 2,4,6,12 max. 20.0 max. max. 10.5 max. max. max.
READ Nickel magazine online in several languages. S30403 - 0.03 - 18.0- - bal. - 2.00 - 0.10 - 8.0- - 0.045 0.030 1.00 -
www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/ p. 12 max. 20.0 max. max. 12.0 max. max. max.
Jewel is a nature-themed
S31254 - 0.020 - 19.5- 0.50- bal. - 1.00 6.0- 0.18- - 17.5- - 0.030 0.010 0.80 -
entertainment and retail SEARCH BACK ISSUES of Nickel magazine from our p. 8 max. 20.5 1.00 max. 6.5 0.22 18.5 max. max. max.
complex at Singapore’s Changi online archive, going back to 2009.
S31600 - 0.08 - 16.0- - bal. - 2.00 2.00- 0.10 - 10.0- - 0.045 0.030 1.00 -
www.nickelinstitute.org/nickel-magazine/ p. 12,14 max. 18.0 max. 3.00 max. 14.0 max. max. max.
Airport. Canopy Park is on
the tenth floor and features S31603 - 0.03 - 16.0- - bal. - 2.00 2.00- 0.10 - 10.0- - 0.045 0.030 1.00 -
FOLLOW US on Twitter @NickelInstitute p. 8 max. 18.0 max. 3.00 max. 14.0 max. max. max.
gardens and leisure facilities.
JOIN US on LinkedIn – S32101 - 0.04 - 21.0- 0.10- bal. - 4.00- 0.10- 0.20- - 1.35- - 0.040 0.030 1.00 -
p. 6 max. 22.0 0.80 6.00 0.80 0.25 1.70 max. max. max.
visit the Nickel Institute’s page
S32304 - 0.03 - 21.5- 0.05- bal. - 2.50 0.05- 0.05- - 3.0- - 0.040 0.040 1.00 -
p. 6 max. 24.5 0.60 max. 0.60 0.20 5.5 max. max. max.
WATCH nickel-related videos on
the Nickel Institute YouTube channel S33207 - 0.030 - 29.0- 1.0 bal. - 1.50 3.0- 0.40- - 6.0- - 0.035 0.010 0.80 -
p. 16 max. 33.0 max. max. 5.0 0.60 9.0 max. max. max.
www.youtube.com/user/NickelInstitute
S40977 - 0.030 - 10.5- - bal. - 1.50 - 0.030 - 0.30- - 0.040 0.015 1.00 -
CARVE
p. 13 max. 12.5 max. max. 1.00 max. max. max.
14 | NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 NICKEL, VOL. 34, NO. 2, 2019 | 15
A SMASH HIT!
One of the Top Ten electric guitarists in the world according to TIME
magazine, Swedish heavy metal musician Yngwie Malmsteen has smashed
over 100 guitars in his career. Sandvik Additive Manufacturing, producers of
metal powder for additive manufacturing, decided to challenge him by building
the world’s first indestructible, 3D printed, all-metal guitar.
“Materials technology, precision of this before. Sandvik’s design part-
COPYRIGHT © SANDVIK AB; (PUBL)
machining, additive manufacturing ner, UK-based guitar designer Andy
and data-driven production – these Holt of Drewman Guitars, had no idea
are the kinds of processes it takes if this was even feasible.
to create something as complicated
The body was built up using Powder
and beautiful as a guitar for a
Bed Fusion Laser, an additive technol-
master musician,” said Kristian
ogy ideal for printing metal compo-
Egeberg, president of Sandvik
Hyper-duplex steel is 30% stronger nents with extremely complex geome-
Additive Manufacturing. “But we also
than Sandvik’s previous strongest tries. Each layer was 50 microns thick
wanted to show that we could make
stainless steel. It was used to (thinner than a human hair).
it unbreakable.”
support the fretboard and join Confident they had a big hit on their
They selected titanium and SAF 3207
it to the guitar body, using an hand, they let Malmsteen take the stage
HD TM hyper-duplex (austenitic-ferritic)
Isotropic Lightweight Structure. and unleash his smashing skills on it.
stainless steel (UNS S33207) contain-
ing approximately 7% nickel. Nobody In his words? “It is impossible to
had ever printed a guitar body made break. But it breaks other things!”
16 NICKEL,
| NICKEL,
VOL.VOL.
34,34,
NO.NO. 2, 2019
2, 2019
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