PHD IN METROLOGY RESEARCH TITLE: ADVANCED METROLOGY - DIDATTICA POLITO
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PhD in Metrology
Research Title: Advanced Metrology
SESSION: SUMMER 2020
Funded by INRIM/Ateneo Fondi CRT
The Thematic Grants are related to the general research title Advanced
Metrology. This includes five research Topics, each of them with a
General context
specific title and proponent Supervisor/s. The applicants have the
possibility to identify the specific topic they are interested in.
TOPIC 1 Multiband Open Optical Networks for Metrology
Dr. Davide Calonico d.calonico@inrim.it
Supervisor
Prof. Vittorio Curri vittorio.curri@polito.it
Telecommunications data networks are fast expanding to support the fast‐
increasing in traffic demand that is foreseen to grow at an average CAGR of 26%
in next years. Besides the last km that is mainly supported by wireless
technologies (Wi‐Fi, 4G and soon 5G), all data transport is coveyed over optical
network infrastructures, i.e., meshed topologies connected by optical fiber line
systems, in general periodically amplified. Node a reconfigurable optical
switches able to route wavelength division multiplexed lightpaths. So, the optical
data transport infrastructure is a transparent infrastructure for end‐to‐end
transmission of optical signals that at the state of the art are polarization‐
division‐multiplexed data signals exploiting multilevel modulation formats.
The major players of the fields, such as Google, Facebook, Microsoft, At&T,
Telefonica, etc., are promoting the openness paradigm in the optical
infrastructure to overcome the traditional limitations of closed systems. So,
Context of the research optical infrastructures are becoming transparent channels to be used also for
activity transmission of signals that are not carrying data, as signals for time/frequency
distribution. Such a potentiality is further extending with the introduction of
optical transmission systems operating on other bands – L an L+S in the near
future – than the traditional C‐band. Moreover, the optical fiber is a medium
with optimum sensing capability to mechanical stresses, so, optical
infrastructures are also a potential pervasive sensing web, if sensing signals are
propagated together with data signals. Synergies between optical data
networking and metrology can also come from DSP based receivers used in
optical transceivers. This technology can be effectively used for phase‐locking
through optical signals between remote clocks.
Thanks to the INRiM‐PoliTo synergies, the PhD candidate will develop the
knowledges of optical data transport in open and transparent optical networks
and will apply this concept in the following fields.
Refs: http://rime.inrim.it/labafs/The proposed research will focus on modelling how metrological signal can be
embedded in data networks in the most effective way, allowing new services.
In particular, the prospect of super‐dense digital architecture for
ultrabroadband communications (Terabit/s) will be investigated. Moreover,
new schemes to transfer time and frequency signals using telecommunication
approaches will be studied, in order to improve the accuracy and stability of the
time and frequency transfer, allowing high‐speed measurements, new services,
and new primary metrology capabilities. Possible tasks hence will include:
Objectives 1. Models of superdense optical data networking: effect of nonlinear effect
(scattering) on metrological time and frequency optical signals
2. Modulation techniques of high‐speed optical networking applied to time
and frequency transfer: models and experimental set‐up
3. Experimental applications: the PhD student will implement the proposed
techniques in field, in terrestrial and submarine cables.
4. Multiband approach: implementing T/F ditribution on L band and L+S band
5. Polarization and Phase control in optical fibres typical of Optical Networking
for T/F and new applications such as quantum information
Skills and competencies
Optical Networking (preferred), Fiber Optics, Signal Processing and Analysis
required
Cotutele del proponente (6 in the last 5 years): Gianmaria Milani, Benjamin
Rauf, Anna Tampellini, Filippo Bregolin; Piero Barbieri; Irene Goti.
Pubblicazioni in collaborazione:
Alessio Ferrari, Mark Filer, Karthikeyan Balasubramanian, Yawei Yin, Esther Le Rouzic, Jan
Kundrát, Gert Grammel, Gabriele Galimberti, Vittorio Curri, GNPy: an open source application
for physical layer aware open optical networks, IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications
and Networking 12 (6), C31-C40, 2020
Internazionalizzazione C Clivati, P Savio, S Abrate, V Curri, R Gaudino, M Pizzocaro, D Calonico, “Robust optical
frequency dissemination with a dual-polarization coherent receiver”, OSA Optics Express 28 (6),
8494-8511, 2020
Wengerowsky, S et al. “ Passively stable distribution of polarisation entanglement over 192 km
of deployed optical fibre NPJ QUANTUM INFORMATION 6, 5 (2020)
M. Cantono et al. Physical Layer Performance of Multi-Band Optical Line Systems Using Raman
Amplification, JOURNAL OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING, 11, A103-
A110 (2019)
Capacità di attrazione Project EMPIR‐17IND14‐WRITE, Project EMPIR‐ 18SIB06‐TIFOON, Project MSCA‐
finanziamenti ITN‐FACT, Project MSCA‐ TN ‐WON
TOPIC 2 Coherent optical interferometry over fiber for geophysics
Supervisor Cecilia Clivati, c.clivati@inrim.it
At its highest performances, the distribution of high‐accuracy frequency signals
from the National Metrology Institutes where they are generated to scientific
users is achieved using optical fibers. This technique is based on the transfer of
a narrow‐linewidth laser, whose frequency is measured against an atomic clock,
over a standard telecom fiber. Specific techniques are used to detect and
compensate the fiber length changes, occurring due to acoustic vibrations and
Context of the research temperature noise, which otherwise would degrade the performances of the
activity transmitted laser. Thanks to these techniques it is possible to control the fiber
length at the 1 μm level over thousands of kilometers, allowing the distribution
of optical signals with a resolution of 1E‐18 (relative units) over continental
distances [1]. The same technique could be exploited for geophysical research:
a buried fiber cable is sensitive to all perturbations occurring on the ground in
its proximity, and thus it is potentially a long, distributed temperature and
displacement sensor. As demonstrated by our group, it is possible to detect theoccurrence of Earthquakes by monitoring length changes of the optical fiber
cables commonly used for telecommunications [2]. This raised a strong interest
in the geophysics community for what concerns the detection of weak
earthquakes in seas and oceans, where currently no seismometers are available
and most seismic events remain undetected. A more efficient detection would
help gaining knowledge about the internal dynamics of the Earth. Another
interesting topic is the study of the variations in the Earth rotation speed
occurring during large seismic events, which is a parameter of interest in
rotational seismology. The Earth rotation variations can be measured by optical
fiber gysroscopes exploiting the Sagnac effect [3]. In the simplest
implementation, such devices are composed by a fiber ring; however, using
telecom networks in a looped configuration it is possible to realize giant fiber
gyroscopes with a much‐higher sensitivity. Optical interferometry is a very
promising technique to increase resolution and insight capability in geophysics
measurements, and INRIM is investigating this topic in collaboration with
experts of the field.
[1] Ch. Lisdat et al., “A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science,” Nat. Commun. 7, 12443
(2016).
[2] G. Marra et al., “Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and
submarine cables,” Science 361, 486 (2018).
[3] C. Clivati et al., “Large‐area fiber‐optic gyroscope on a multiplexed fiber network,” Opt. Lett. 38, 1092‐
1094 (2013).
Refs: http://rime.inrim.it/labafs/
The candidate will work on the design, realization and characterization of
interferometric sensors for the detection of seismic events and will derive a
model for its response to different seismic perturbations. The developed sensors
will be tested over parts of the 800‐km‐long optical fiber at INRIM disposal. The
Objectives research will focus on different aspects: the modelling of the response of an
optical fiber to perturbations of the surrounding environment, the design of
suitable measurement setups and their implementation over the available
optical networks. Measurement campaigns and data analysis will also be a core
part of the activity.
Skills and competencies
Signal analysis, Electronic measurements, Interest in experimental activity
required
Pubblicazioni in collaborazione:
G.Marra, C.Clivati, R.Luckett, A.Tampellini, J.Kronjaeger, L.Wright, A.Mura, F.Levi, S.Robinson, A.Xuereb,
B.Baptie, D.Calonico, "Ultrastable laser interferometry for earthquake detection with terrestrial and
submarine cables," Science 361, 6403 (2018)
J. Grotti, S. Koller, S. Vogt, S. Häfner, U. Sterr, C. Lisdat, H. Denker, C. Voigt, L. Timmen, A. Rolland, F. N.
Internazionalizzazione Baynes, H. S. Margolis, M. Zampaolo, P. Thoumany, M. Pizzocaro, B. Rauf, F. Bregolin, A. Tampellini, P.
Barbieri, M. Zucco, G. A. Costanzo, C. Clivati, F. Levi and D. Calonico “Geodesy and metrology with a
transportable optical clock,” Nature Physics 14, 437–441 (2018).
C. Clivati, A. Tampellini, A. Mura, F. Levi, G. Marra, P. Galea, A. Xuereb, D. Calonico, "Optical frequency
transfer over submarine fiber links," Optica 5, pp. 893 (2018)
• European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Reseach (EMPIR),
Capacità di attrazione contracts: OFTEN, OC18, ITOC
finanziamenti • Italian Space Agency: contract DTF‐Galileo
• Horizon2020: contract Demetra
TOPIC 3 3D Random‐Distributed Force Measurements
Alessandro Germak, a.germak@inrim.it
Supervisor
Maurizio Galetto, maurizio.galetto@polito.it
Many industrial sectors, such as the automotive, aerospace, offshore energy,
Context of the research
healthcare, and construction sectors, as well as research, rely on material and
activity mechanical tests to ensure the safety and quality of their products. In theseapplications, force measurements are most often carried out in continuous and
dynamic conditions with single‐axis force transducers. Furthermore, recent
developments in the industrial and healthcare sector (e.g. Industry 4.0, IoT and
robotics) also require simultaneous measurements of forces and moments along
the three axes. At present, the traceability to national primary standards is
ensured with static calibration methods (ISO 376) on a single axis. In this context,
INRiM is developing and testing calibration methods for continuous, dynamic
and multicomponent force transducers, in the Meganewton range, and is
performing comparisons between these methods. In this context, recently,
INRiM has recently developed two 400 kN and 5 MN hexapod‐shaped
multicomponent force transducers, consisting of six uniaxial force transducers.
The proposed activity will focus on the characterization of multicomponent
transducers, their use in different test machines for simultaneous
measurements of 3D forces and moments, on the investigation of transfer
standards and their interaction with the test machines, on the evaluation of
parasitic influences, and on the development of a test procedure for force
measurements in static, continuous and dynamic conditions with single‐axis and
multicomponent transducers, in industrial applications. The proposal is framed
in the context of a recently funded European project, EMPIR ComTraForce
(https://www.euramet.org/research‐innovation/search‐research‐
projects/details/project/comprehensive‐traceability‐for‐force‐metrology‐
services/?L=0&cHash=6dcf75f72771f916f4a696b40809d1c1).
Refs: https://www.inrim.it/servizi/servizi‐di‐metrologia/massa‐e‐grandezze‐
apparentate/forza
Implementation of new improved methods for static, continuous and dy‐
namic force calibrations in a force range up to 1 MN, with analysis of parasitic
components;
Development of advanced models that accurately describe the influences in
force measuring devices including the development of digital twins of force
measuring devices according to the future requirements for digitisation and
industry 4.0;
Objectives
Evaluation and development of calibration procedures for multicomponent
transfer standards and for multicomponent testing machines selected from
industrial applications (e.g. spring testing machines, seismic dampers testing
machines, etc);
Development of an uncertainty estimation model for multicomponent force
and moment measurements in industrial applications (e.g. spring testing ma‐
chine, robotics, dampers testing, etc).
Master degree in Physics or Mechanical Engineering. Skills on mechanical
Skills and competencies measurements, measurement uncertainty assessment, Finite Element Method
required (FEM) programs, Matlab and LabVIEW development environment are
appreciated, but not mandatory.
Pubblicazioni in collaborazione:
Kumme, Rolf; Averlant, Philippe; Bartel, Tom; Germak, Alessandro; Knott, Andy; Man, Joh...; 2019. Final
report on the force key comparison CCM.F‐K3. pp.1‐27. In METROLOGIA ‐ ISSN:1681‐7575 vol. 56 (Num‐
ber 1A, Technical Supplement 2019).
Prato, Andrea; Palumbo, Stefano; Germak, Alessandro; Mazzoleni, Fabrizio; Averlant, Philippe; 2018. Ef‐
fects due to the misalignment of build‐up systems for force measurements in the Meganewton range. In
Internazionalizzazione Proceedings of IMEKO XXII World Congress 2018.
Schiavi, A; Origlia, C; Cackett, A; Hardie, C; Signore, D; Petrella, O; Germak, A; 2018. Comparison between
tensile properties and indentation properties measured with various shapes indenters of Copper‐Chro‐
mium‐Zirconium alloy at macroscale level. In JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONFERENCE SERIES ‐ ISSN:1742‐
6596 vol. 1065 (062010).
V. Pálinkáš; et al.; 2017. Regional comparison of absolute gravimeters, EURAMET.M.G‐K2 key compari‐
son. In METROLOGIA ‐ ISSN:1681‐7575 vol. 54 (Technical Supplement). O. Francis et al.;2015. CCM.G‐K2 key comparison. In METROLOGIA ‐ ISSN:1681‐7575 vol. 52 (Issue 1A
(Technical Supplement 2015)).
o EURAMET (EMPIR 18SIB08), ComTraForce ‐Comprehensive Traceability for
Force metrology services, 2019‐2022
o EURAMET (EMRP SIB 63), Force traceability within the meganewton range,
Capacità di attrazione 2013‐2016
finanziamenti o EURAMET (EMRP IND 05), MEPROVISC ‐ Dynamic Mechanical Properties
and Long‐term Deformation Behaviour of Viscous Materials, 2011‐2015
o MIUR / MEDIOCREDITO, NO FALLS (DM49702) – La regressione delle capa‐
cità motorie nel III millennio, 2012‐2015
From precision laser radiometry down to faint single‐photon
TOPIC 4
detectors
Mauro Rajteri: m.rajteri@inrim.it
Supervisor
Giorgio Brida: g.brida@inrim.it
The Photometry and Radiometry sector at INRIM carries out research in the field
of classical and quantum radiometry. In the last years, it has been involved in
many European project for the development of the Predictable Quantum
Efficient Detector (PQED), a Si photodiode based detector with extremely low
internal quantum deficiency of around 0.01 %. The PQED complies well with the
high‐accuracy transfer standards requested by CIPM’s Consultative Committee
for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR).
Context of the research While PQED represent the best detector for laser radiometry, the fast
activity development of quantum technologies requires the capability to apply
metrology also at the single photon level. INRIM is involved in the development
of superconducting Transition‐Edge Sensors (TESs), single photon detectors that
are able to show a Photon‐Number Resolving (PNR) capability. This property
allows to obtain a better characterization of single photon sources, and open
new possibilities in quantum optics experiments.
Refs: www.inrim.it, http://chipscale.aalto.fi/index.html
The overall objective of the PhD is to develop new experimental techniques for
optical power measurements and single photon detection over a wide spectral
and dynamic range. The specific objectives are:
To develop instrumentation enabling self‐calibration of PQED photodiodes.
The photodiodes should be operated in both photocurrent and electrical
substitution mode with sufficient sensitivity and equivalence between opti‐
cal and electrical heating.
Objectives To provide traceability of the self‐calibrating photodiodes to the revised SI
by measuring the fundamental constant ratio e/h
To develop and characterize TESs as single photon detectors in the visible
and near infrared region with the aim to obtain a detector quantum effi‐
ciency greater than 80%
To extend the equivalent power detected by TESs to be able to compare di‐
rectly the photon flux measured with a TES with a reference photodiode.
Strong interest in research activities is required. It will constitute factors of
preference:
the attitude for experimental work;
Skills and competencies
knowledge in one or more of the following fields: optics, cryogenics, su‐
required perconducting devices;
experience with one or more of the following programming languages:
Labview, Matlab, Python, Comsol.Pubblicazioni in collaborazione:
[1] M. Rajteri, M. Biasotti, M. Faverzani, E. Ferri, R. Filippo, F. Gatti, A. Giachero, E. Monticone, A.
Nucciotti, A. Puiu, TES microcalorimeters for PTOLEMY, J. Low. Temp. Phys. 199, 138–142, (2020).
[2] L. Lolli, E. Taralli, C. Portesi, M. Rajteri, E. Monticone, Aluminum‐Titanium Bilayer for Near‐Infrared
Transition Edge Sensors, SENSORS 16, 953 (2016).
[3] L. Lolli, T. Li, C. Portesi, E. Taralli, N. Acharya, K. Chen, M. Rajteri, D. Cox, E. Monticone, J. Gallop, L.
Hao, Micro‐SQUIDs based on MgB2 nano‐bridges for NEMS readout, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 29,
Internazionalizzazione 104008 (2016).
[4] T. Dönsberg, F. Manoocheri, M. Sildoja, M. Juntunen, H. Savin, E. Tuovinen, H. Ronkainen, M.
Prunnila, M. Merimaa, C. Kwong Tang, J. Gran, I. Müller, L. Werner, B. Rougié, A. Pons, M. Smîd, P.
Gál, L. Lolli, G. Brida, M. L. Rastello and E. Ikonen, Predictable quantum efficient detector based on n‐
type silicon photodiodes, METROLOGIA 54, 821‐836 (2017).
[5] A. Meda, I. P. Degiovanni, A. Tosi, Z. Yuan, G. Brida and M. Genovese, Quantifying backflash
radiation to prevent zero‐error attacks in quantum key distribution, LIGHT‐SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS
6, e16261 (2017)
o EMRP‐ENV53: Metrology for earth observation and climate (MetEOC2)
Contact person: Mauro Rajteri, Durata: 1/9/14‐31/8/17
o EMPIR 18SIB10: Self‐calibrating photodiodes for the radiometric linkage to
fundamental constants (chipSCALe) Contact person: Mauro Rajteri, Durata:
1/6/19‐31/5/22
o EMRP EXL02: Single‐photon sources for quantum technologies (SIQUTE),
Capacità di attrazione
Contact person: Giorgio Brida, durata: luglio 2013 – giugno 2017
finanziamenti o EMPIR 17FUN06 Single‐photon source sas new quantum standards (SIQUST),
Contact person: Giorgio Brida, durata: luglio 2018 – giugno 2021
o FetOpen SuperGalax, Highly sensitive detection of single microwave photons
with coherent quantum network of superconducting qubits for searching
galactic axions, contact person: Giorgio Brida, durata: gennaio 2020‐
dicembre 2022
Cavity‐enhanced strontium optical lattice clock for cavity QED
TOPIC 5
experiments and quantum metrology
Marco G. Tarallo, m.tarallo@inrim.it
Supervisor
Filippo Levi, f.levi@inrim.it
Optical lattice clocks are the most precise devices ever made, reaching a record
relative uncertainty below 10‐18. Their extreme sensitivity has a reach far
beyond the pure time&frequency metrology field. Their application will enable
extremely precise time tags and frequency references useful for
telecommunications, financial trading, space navigation, radio astronomy, and
even enabling precise geodetic measurements. Optical lattice clocks are based
on laser‐cooled atomic vapors optically trapped to suppress motional frequency
shifts. Among several atomic candidates, strontium (Sr) has a prominent role,
Context of the research and it is one of the candidates to replace the cesium atom as primary frequency
activity standard. The Italian National Institute of Metrology (INRIM) is developing a
new optical frequency standard based on Sr atoms. The ultracold strontium
apparatus and the clock lasers are under construction [1,2]. The research
activity will exploit new methods to create compact and stable laser sources for
transportable systems.
[1] Tarallo et al. "A strontium optical lattice clock apparatus for precise frequency metrology and beyond",
IEEE Xplore, doi:10.1109/FCS.2017.808902 (2017)
[2] Barbiero et al. "Sideband‐Enhanced Cold Atomic Source for Optical Clocks", Phys. Rev. Applied 13 (1),
014013 (2020).
Refs: http://rime.inrim.it/labafs/
This research activity aims to develop a new high‐stability optical lattice clock
setup based on ultracold strontium atoms coupled to a high‐cooperativity
Objectives
optical cavity [1]. The interplay between the quantized photonic field and
collective atomic clock states will be used to investigate and study new methodsto progress optical clocks beyond their classical limits, such us the thermal noise
from the local laser oscillator and the quantum projection noise due to
destructive measurements, towards a new generation of quantum‐enhanced
optical clocks. The proposed activity will include atomic spin squeezing [2],
superradiance [3] and cavity‐enhanced spectroscopy [4]. The experiment will
also represent a test bed for cavity QED experiments on long‐lived atomic states
driven by an optical transition [5]. The PhD candidate will primarily perform
experimental laboratory activity. Modeling (simulation) activity is also present.
[1] Tarallo M., "Toward a quantum‐enhanced strontium optical lattice clock at INRIM", EPJ Web Conf., 230
00011 (2020)
[2] Hosten et al., ”Measurement noise 100 times lower than the quantum‐projection limit using entangled
atoms”, Nature 529, 505 (2016).
[3] Norcia et al., “Superradiance on the millihertz linewidth strontium clock transition”, Sci. Adv. 2,
e1601231 (2016)
[4] Westergaard et al., “Observation of Motion Dependent Nonlinear Dispersion with Narrow Linewidth
Atoms in an Optical Cavity”, Phys. Rev. Lett 114, 093002 (2015)
[5] Walther et al. Rep. Prog. Phys. 69 1325 (2006)
A Master degree in Physics is welcome, in particular with experience with lasers
Skills and competencies
and laser optics. Computational skills are also useful, in particular Python, C++,
required Matlab, Mathematica
Cotutele del proponente (ultimi 5 anni): Daniel Racca (UNITO), Laurea in Fisica
Pubblicazioni in collaborazione:
1) MG Tarallo, GZ Iwata, T Zelevinsky, "BaH molecular spectroscopy with relevance to laser cooling", Physical
Review A 93 (3), 032509
Internazionalizzazione 2) MG Tarallo, D Calonico, F Levi, M Barbiero, G Lamporesi, G Ferrari, "A strontium optical lattice clock
apparatus for precise frequency metrology and beyond", IEEE Xplore, doi:10.1109/FCS.2017.808902 (2017)
3) M Barbiero, MG Tarallo, D Calonico, F Levi, G Lamporesi, G Ferrari, "Sideband‐Enhanced Cold Atomic Source
for Optical Clocks", Phys. Rev. Applied 13 (1), 014013 (2020)
Capacità di attrazione o EMPIR call 2017: "USOQS" (2018 ‐ 2021);
finanziamenti o ERA‐NET call QuantERA: "Q‐Clocks" (2018 ‐ 2021).You can also read
