RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada

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RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO
RAPTORS
OF THE PEMBINA
VALLEY REGION

  www.arocha.ca
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                       Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
                                                       Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
                                             Osprey    About raptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
              Vulture                        Osprey    How to use this guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
              Turkey Vulture
                                                       Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
                                                       Vultures (Turkey Vulture) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
                                                       Osprey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
                                                       Eagles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
                                  Harrier                 Bald Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
                          Northern Harrier
                                                          Golden Eagle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
                                                       Harriers (Northern Harrier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
                    Eagle                              Accipiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
               Bald Eagle                                 Sharp-shinned Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
             Golden Eagle                                 Cooper’s Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
                                                          Northern Goshawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
              Accipiter                                Buteos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
    Sharp-shinned Hawk                                    Broad-winged Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
         Cooper’s Hawk                                    Swainson’s Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
      Northern Goshawk                                    Red-tailed Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
                                                          Rough-legged Hawk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
                                                       Falcons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
                   Falcon                      Buteo
                                                          American Kestrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
         American Kestrel        Broad-winged Hawk
                   Merlin           Swainson’s Hawk       Merlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
                Gyrfalcon            Red-tailed Hawk      Peregrine Falcon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
         Peregrine Falcon         Ferruginous Hawk     Rare raptors in the Pembina Valley Region . . 39
                                 Rough-legged Hawk     Check-list of raptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
                                                       Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1                                                                                                                                2
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                     INTRODUCTION
    Funding for this pocket guide was provided by                        Birds of prey have fascinated people through the
    the Canadian Wildlife Federation, Manitoba                           ages. They have appeared in the courts of kings,
    Tourism Secretariat and A Rocha donors. Special                      on the arms of falconers and have been studied
    thanks goes to the following people who                              by many biologists and scientists. For anyone
    provided photographs: Alfred Aug, Vic Berardi,                       who has grown up on the prairies, the lazy
    Gordon Court, Jerry Liguori, Bob Shettler, Phil                      circling of a hawk on a warm summer day is an
    Swanson, Dennis Swayze, Robert Visconti and                          iconic memory. Historically persecuted for their
    Brian Wheeler. Raymond Klassen produced the                          real or perceived threat as “chicken hawks”,
    initial raptor silhouettes. Many thanks to Valorie                   raptors are now recognized as important links in
    Goossen, Rudolph Koes, Allen Schritt, Bob                            sustaining the ecosystem. Legislation protects all
    Shettler and Peter Taylor for their review of the                    raptors in North America and for some species
    guide. Pembina Valley Tourism Association                            additional conservation measures are needed as
    facilitated funding for this guide. Special thanks                   they are considered species at risk.
    to Yvonne Peters for her excellent work on the
    design of this guide. This booklet could not have                    Birds of prey can be seen in any season of the
    been produced effectively without the aid of                         year, but one of the best times to see raptors is in
    reference material (see Bibliography). Cover                         spring. For the novice birdwatcher, identifying
    photo by A. Aug. Cover background image by                           birds of prey can be a major challenge and the
    Raymond Klassen.                                                     cause of much frustration. Even experts can have
                                                                         difficulty with raptor identification. Many raptors
                                                                         look very similar to each other because of their
                                                                         mottled and dull plumages. Adding to the
                                                                         challenge of identification are the differing
                                                                         plumages among juveniles, subadults as well as
                                                                         adults. Also, some species have different
                                                                         colour morphs.
    Recommended citation: Goossen, J. Paul. 2015. A pocket field guide
    to raptors of the Pembina Valley Region, second edition. A Rocha
    Canada, Morden, Manitoba and Surrey, British Columbia. 42 pp.
    Printed on FSC certified paper.
                                                                                                         Prairie Falcon
    © 2015 A Rocha Canada. All rights reserved.                                                          Photo by V. Berardi
3                                                                                                                               4
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
ABOUT RAPTORS                                          HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE
    The term raptor applies to birds of prey including     This field guide is intended to be a helpful
    hawks, falcons, eagles and owls. Raptors are birds     introduction to the novice birdwatcher and a
    which capture and consume other living creatures       quick reference guide for the expert in the
    or feed on dead animals (carrion). Generally the       identification of raptors in the PVR (see map on
    term raptor applies to birds of prey which are         back cover). The guide focuses on the
    active during the day (diurnal) thereby excluding      identification of raptors in flight.
    owls which are mostly active at night (nocturnal).
    Of the 21 diurnal raptor species recorded in           So how do you use this guide? First determine
    Manitoba, only 16 breed in the province.               that the bird you are viewing is a raptor. Then
                                                           consult the silhouette guide on the front inside
    Diurnal raptors can be grouped into seven              cover to decide what type of raptor you are
    categories: vultures, osprey, eagles, harriers,        looking at. Is it a vulture, osprey, eagle, harrier,
    accipiters, buteos and falcons. Vultures are           accipiter, buteo or falcon? Once you have
    soaring birds which feed primarily on carrion and      decided what type of raptor you are observing,
    rely on their sense of smell and good eyesight to      consult the section in the guide that pertains to
    find food. Ospreys are the fish hawks of the raptor    that group of raptors. For those unfamiliar with
    world. Eagles are large birds known for their          the topographical terminology of birds, please
    strong flight and powerful strength. Harriers are      check the glossary section of this guide for
    often seen flying low over marshes or grasslands       definitions and see Figure 1 which illustrates
    in search of small rodents. Accipiters are agile and   many of the terms.
    swift woodland hawks that pursue
    songbirds. Buteos are the chunky hawks
    seen soaring over fields and open
    woodlands or perched on telephone or
    hydro poles. Falcons are the fast, powerful
    aerial hunters of the raptor world.

    In the Pembina Valley Region (PVR), raptors live
    in or near a variety of habitats including forests,                                        Rough-legged Hawk
    riparian woodlands, marshes, lakes and grasslands.                                         Photo by V. Berardi

5                                                                                                                    6
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
GLOSSARY
    Adult – a bird that has reached full adult plumage.   Trailing edge – the back edge of the extended
    Armpit – area where underwing coverts meet               wing.
       body.                                              Underwing coverts – small feathers on the open
    Diurnal – active during the day.                         underwing covering the bases of the flight
    Fingers – descriptive term referring to primary          feathers.
       feathers of a wing.                                Wing panel – area of light colouration on the
    Flight feathers – the primary and secondary              primary feathers.
       feathers.                                          Wrist – the bend in the wing.
    Juvenile – a bird that is in its first year.          Figure 1. Topography
    Leading edge – the front edge of the extended                                               Subterminal
                                                          of a raptor.                                Band
       wing.
    Morph – a descriptor of the overall colouring of a
       bird (e.g., light, dark).                                            Armpit
    Moustache – a dark vertical facial mark.                         Belly Band
    Nape – the upper neck region just below the head.
    Patagium – fold of skin between the wrist and the                 Nape
       body.
    Primary feathers – the long feathers at the outer      Patagium
       edge of an open wing.
    Rump – the region between the base of the tail         Wrist
       and the back.
    Secondary feathers – the long inner feathers           Leading
       between the primary feathers and the body.          Edge
    Subadult – a bird that has not acquired an adult
       plumage. Age may range between 1-5 years            Fingers
       depending on the species.                                                          Terminal Band
    Subterminal band – second last band near the tip                                   Trailing Edge
       of the tail.
    Terminal band – last band at the tip of the tail.                             Secondary Feathers
    Topography – pertains to the external features of
       a bird.                                            Red-tailed Hawk    Primary Feathers
7                                                         Photo by A. Aug                                     8
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
VULTURES                                               edges are darkish. Golden Eagle has large head
                                                           with golden nape and has steady stable flight.
    TURKEY VULTURE                                         Rough-legged Hawk has dark subterminal
    (Cathartes aura)                                       undertail band.

    Size: Large raptor. Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.       Status in the Pembina Valley
                                                           Region: Breeds. Arrives in late
    Key identifiers: Large dark raptor, small red          March or early April. Highest
    head, white or ivory bill. Long wings, two-toned       total spring count in the
    underwings (black coverts, silvery flight              Pembina Valley is 360
    feathers). Long tail, silvery on underside.            (2013).

    Flight characteristics: Rarely flaps its wings,
    usually seen soaring with wings held in a strong
    V over its back (dihedral position). Teetering and
    unsteady flight when soaring.

    Confusing species: Golden Eagle and dark
    morph Rough-legged Hawk. These species also
    have two-toned underwings but their trailing

                                     Photo by P. Swanson
                                                                               TURKEY
9
                                                                              VULTURE                       10
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
OSPREY
                                                      OSPREY
 OSPREY
 (Pandion haliaetus)

 Size: Large raptor. Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.

 Key identifiers: Large raptor, whitish breast,
 belly and underwing coverts. Dark brown back
 and upper wings. Long, narrow wings crooked at
 wrist which extends even with or beyond the
 head. Wings appear in shape of a “W” or “M”
 with dark wrist patches. White head with dark
 brown eye stripe extending to neck. Long tail.

 Flight characteristics: Wings are slightly bowed
 downward; shallow, stiff wing beats.
 Occasionally soars.

 Confusing species: From a distance gulls may
 look similar but lack the dark eye stripe and dark
 wrist on the underwings and do not show
 “fingers” on the wing. Subadult Bald Eagles may
 be mistaken for Osprey. Osprey are smaller with a
 white breast.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
 First arrival during second week in April.
 Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley
 is 243 (2013).

11                                                         Photo by A. Aug   12
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
Adult
 EAGLES                                               Photo by V. Berardi

 BALD EAGLE
 (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)

 Size: Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.

 Key identifiers: Adult - White head, dark body
 and wings, white tail, yellow bill. Adult plumage
 attained in five years. Subadults (1-4 years) -
 various dark and white plumage patterns. Highly
 variable mottling on body and wings. Underwing
 coverts generally whitish.

 Flight characteristics: Flapping, gliding and
 soaring. Heavy, lumbering, flat wing beat. Plank-
 like wings held flat when soaring.

 Confusing species: Subadults can be confused
 with Golden Eagles. Golden Eagles have golden
 nape, tawny bar on upper wings (except juveniles)
 and proportionally smaller head compared to the
 rest of the body. Golden Eagles soar with wings
 held in slight dihedral.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds but
 most are migrants. May overwinter, feeding on
 wild or domestic carrion. Migrants first seen
 around mid February. Highest total spring count in
 the Pembina Valley is 1,868 (2013).

                                                                            Subadult (early)
13                                                                                             14
     BALD EAGLE                                                             Photo by A. Aug
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
GOLDEN EAGLE
                                                      GOLDEN
  (Aquila chrysaetos)                                 EAGLE
  Size: Larger than Red-tailed Hawk.
  Key identifiers: Adult - golden nape and dark
  body. Tawny upper wing bar, silvery underwing
  flight feathers, dark band along trailing edge of
  underwing. Juvenile - golden nape, dark body,                          Juvenile
  lacks tawny wing bar. White wing patch visible
  on upper and underwing. White tail with broad
  dark band. Subadult - golden nape and dark body.
  Tawny upper wing bar; base of primaries can be
  white. White tail with dark broad band. Less
  white in tail and primaries with age. At a
  distance, shape like large buteo.
  Flight characteristics: Strong, slow wing beats.
  Soars with wings in slight V shape.
  Confusing species: Subadult Bald Eagle, dark
  morph Red-tailed Hawk and dark morph Rough-
  legged Hawk - all lack golden nape. Bald Eagle
  head larger and body bulkier than Golden Eagle's.
  Red-tailed Hawk is smaller, has shorter wings
  and lighter underwing flight feathers than Golden
                                                               Adult
  Eagle. Dark morph Rough-legged Hawk,                         Photos by P. Swanson
  compared to adult Golden Eagle, has whitish
  underwing primary and secondary feathers, and a
  whitish tail with one or more black bands.
  Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
  First seen around mid February. Highest total
  spring count in the Pembina Valley is 104 (2013).
15                                                                                    16
RAPTORS A POCKET FIELD GUIDE TO - A Rocha Canada
HARRIERS
 NORTHERN HARRIER
 (Circus cyaneus)

 Size: Medium-sized raptor.
 Comparable to American Crow.
                                                 Female
                                               Photo by
 Key identifiers: Appears                    R. Visconti
 lanky; long tail and wings.
 White rump (not visible when
 viewing bird from below). Owl-like face. Males
 undersides are almost white, back is grey. Upper
 wings are grey with black wingtips and black
 trailing edge. Females brown with streaked
 breast.

 Flight characteristics: Flaps and
 glides in a rocking motion. Wings in
 slight V over back. Often flies near
 ground. Soars but not as much as
 some other diurnal raptors.

 Confusing species: Flight is similar to Turkey
 Vulture, but harriers are smaller. Depending on
 flight mode and weather conditions can take on
 buteo or falcon-like appearance.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds.
 First migrants arrive after mid March. Highest
 total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 198
 (2013).                                                             Male
                                                           Photo by A. Aug
17                                                                           18
ACCIPITERS
 SHARP-SHINNED HAWK
 (Accipiter striatus)

 Size: Small accipiter. Comparable to a Blue Jay
 but a bit larger.

 Key identifiers: Short, small head barely extends
 past leading edge of wings. Wings held forward.
 Square tail.

 Flight characteristics: 3-6 rapid wing beats then
 glides. Flitty flight style. Soars with wings flat.

 Confusing species: Cooper's Hawk has
 proportionally longer head than Sharp-shinned
 Hawk when compared to rest of body and
 rounded, long tail.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
 Arrives in late March or early April. Highest total
 spring count in the Pembina Valley is 1,591
 (2013).

                                                       Photos by V. Berardi

19                                                                            20
COOPER'S HAWK
                                                      COOPER’S
 (Accipiter cooperii)
                                                         HAWK
 Size: Medium-sized accipter. Comparable to
 American Crow.

 Key identifiers: Cooper's head extends past
 leading edge of wings. Appears long and lanky,
 head extends beyond wrists, rounded tail.

 Flight characteristics: 3-6 wing beats (not as
 rapid as a Sharp-shinned Hawk) and then glides.
 When soaring, looks like a flying cross with
 leading edge of wings straight.

 Confusing species:
 Sharp-shinned Hawk has
 proportionally smaller head
 compared to the rest of its
 body and square tail.

 Status in the
 Pembina Valley
 Region: Breeds.
 Migrants generally
 first seen in late
 March or early
 April. Highest
 total spring count
 in the Pembina
 Valley is 123
 (2013).
                                Photo by B. Wheeler      Photo by J. Liguori
21                                                                             22
NORTHERN GOSHAWK
 (Accipiter gentilis)

 Size: Large accipiter. Larger
 than an American Crow.

 Key identifiers: Dark crown,
 wings and back. Breast finely
 scaled with grey. Long, white
 eyebrow. White, fluffy under-
 tail feathers. Broad tail.
 Body
 appears
 heavy.

 Flight
 characteristics:
 Several wing beats
 followed by a glide. Wing beats are        Photo by
 heavy, deep and laboured. Soars.          J. Liguori

 Confusing species: Sharp-shinned and Cooper's
 hawks. Northern Goshawk is larger and stockier.
 Wing beats shallower and slower. Upper wings
 are two-toned while Sharp-shinned and Cooper's
 hawks are more uniformly coloured.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
 First seen in early to mid March. Highest total
 spring count in the Pembina Valley is 56 (2005).

                                                        Photo by B. Wheeler
23                                                                            24
Photo by
 BUTEOS                                               SWAINSON'S                              D. Swayze
                                                      HAWK
 BROAD-WINGED HAWK (Buteo platypterus)                (Buteo swainsoni)

 Size: Small buteo. Comparable to American Crow.      Size: Medium-sized
                                                      buteo. Comparable to
 Key identifiers: Light morph - Brown upperparts.     Red-tailed Hawk.
 Light underparts. Breast mottled white and brown.
 Dark primary tips and trailing edge. Distinct        Key identifiers: Light
 white-and-black banded tail. Dark morph (rare) -     morph - Dark brown
 Dark body and underwing linings. Distinct white-     head. White throat
 and-black banded tail. One white tail band wider     patch and brown bib.
 than the others as in light morph.                   Pale to white underwing
                                                      linings contrasting with brown, barred flight
 Flight characteristics: Soaring, gliding and         feathers giving a two-toned appearance. Leading
 flapping.                                            edge of wing is pale to white. Long pointy wings.
                                                      Dark morph - Brown including underwing
          Confusing species: Red-shouldered           linings.
            Hawk adult has rufous underwing
             linings, white patches on outer upper    Flight characteristics: Soaring and gliding.
               wings and narrow white tail bands.     Wings slightly V-shaped over back. Teetering
                                                      flight like Turkey Vulture.
                             Status in the Pembina
                           Valley Region: Breeds.     Confusing species: Red-tailed Hawk.
                           Arrives after mid April.   Swainson's lacks dark patagial wing marking,
                               Highest total count    breast band and rufous tail of the Red-tailed
                                  in the Pembina      Hawk.
                                    Valley is 733
                                      (2013).         Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Breeds.
                                                      Usually first seen in early April. Highest total
                                                      spring count in the Pembina Valley is 133 (2013).
     Photo by P. Swanson
25                                                                                                    26
 BROAD-WINGED HAWK                                    SWAINSON’S HAWK
RED-TAILED HAWK (Buteo jamaicensis)                     Eastern Red-tailed Hawk
                                                         Head medium brown, white throat, belly band
 Size: Medium-sized buteo. Comparable to                 less defined than Western, sometimes absent,
 Common Raven.                                           underwing linings and body whitish, patagial
                                                         markings moderate to distinct.
 Key identifiers: Wide range of plumage
 variation from light to intermediate to dark            Krider's - Very light morph of Eastern race.
 morphs. Partial or complete albinism is rare.           Considerable white on head, body and
 Three races in Pembina Valley Region:                   underwings. Patagial markings faint.
 Western, Eastern and Harlan’s.                          Breast band absent or faint. Tail a
                                                         faint rufous.
 Western Red-tailed Hawk
 Light morph - Dark head and throat.
 Breast band usually distinct.
 Rufous tail. Dark patagial
 markings.

 Dark morph - Breast and
 underwings dark. Dark
 head. Multi-banded                                                                                    Eastern
 rufous tail. Intermediate                                                                 Photo by V. Berardi
 morph has rufous and dark
 body.

                                Western - Intermediate
                                 Photo by P. Swanson

                                                                                                      Krider’s
                                                                                           Photo by J. Liguori
27          Western - Light                                                                                 28
       Photo by P. Swanson
Harlan's Red-tailed Hawk
 Light morph - Light body and breast band.
 Distinct dark patagial markings. Tail is greyish or
 whitish mottled with smudgy terminal band or
 distinctly banded.

 Dark morph - Very dark. Nearly solid black body
 and underwings. Tail greyish or whitish, mottled
 with smudgy terminal band or distinctly
 banded.

 Flight characteristics: Soars with wings in
 slight V shape. Slightly tucked when
 gliding.

 Confusing species: Swainson's
 Hawk has pointed wings.
 Lacks rufous tail and belly
 band. Ferruginous
 Hawk is larger. Tail
 lacks subterminal
 band.

 Status in the                        Photo by A. Aug
 Pembina Valley
 Region: Breeds.
 First migrants seen
 about mid March. Highest total spring count in
 the Pembina Valley is 12,488 (2013).
                                                        Photo by J. Liguori

29                                                                            30
ROUGH-LEGGED HAWK (Buteo lagopus)

 Size: Medium-sized buteo. Comparable to
 Red-tailed Hawk.

 Key identifiers:
 Light morph - Body
 and underwing
 linings mottled white
 and black. Dark wrist
 patches. Black trailing edge.
 Dark broad belly band.
 Distinct broad, black tail band.
 Dark morph - Body black to                                             Photo by B. Shettler
 dark brown. Underwings white or
 slightly mottled. Black lining on
 trailing edge. Distinct black band on
 broad tail.

 Flight characteristics: Gliding and soaring.
 Wings held in V fashion. Hovers when hunting.

 Confusing species: Red-tailed Hawk and
 Northern Harrier. Similar shape to Red-tailed
 Hawk. Rough-legged Hawk has longer tail,
 not rufous coloured. Northern Harrier has
 white rump.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.      Photo by G. Court
 Seen as early as late February. Highest total
 spring count in the Pembina Valley is 77 (2007).

31                                                                                             32
FALCONS
 AMERICAN KESTREL
 (Falco sparverius)

 Size: Small falcon. Comparable to but larger
 than Blue Jay.
                                                                                                   Female
                                                                                      Photo by R. Visconti
 Key identifiers: Adult male - White cheeks with
 facial moustache. Rufous back. Upper wings
 blue-grey. Light underwings. Trailing edge has
 white spots, visible in good light. Spotted
 belly. Distinct rufous, black-tipped tail.
 Adult female - Facial moustache. Rufous
 back and upper wing. Streaked breast and
 belly. Rufous tail with numerous dark bands.                       Female
                                                       Photo by R. Visconti
 Flight characteristics: Flap-gliding flight.
 Wings flat when soaring. Rapid wing beat. Flight
 is dainty, buoyant, fluttery and wandering.                         Male
                                                                     Photo by R. Visconti
 Confusing species: Merlin. Lack of distinct
 moustache, darker appearance, heavier wing
 beat and lack of rufous back and rusty tail
 separate Merlin from the kestrel.

 Status in the Pembina Valley Region:
 Breeds. First migrants seen in late March
 or early April. Highest total spring count
 in the Pembina Valley is 59 (2013).

                                                                  Male
                                                    Photo by B. Wheeler
33                                                                                                      34
MERLIN (Falco columbarius)                                          Photos by J. Liguori

 Size: Small falcon. Slightly larger than American
 Kestrel.

 Key identifiers: Adult male – Small,
 stocky with bluish-grey back and
 wings. Wings tapered. Tail has distinct
 dark bands. Light, streaked
 underparts. Adult female - larger,
 brown appearance overall. Light,
                                                              Male
 streaked underparts. Tail banded.

 Flight characteristics: Rapid,
 continuous, strong wing beat.
 Occasionally soars. Tail appears two-
 toned when soaring high.

 Confusing species: American Kestrel
 and Prairie Falcon. Kestrel is slighter
 than Merlin and has reddish-brown
 back and tail. Prairie Falcon may                   Female
 appear similar to Merlin from a
 distance but at close range its
 larger size and dark armpits distinguish it
 from the Merlin.

 Status in Pembina Valley Region: Breeds.
 Migrants first seen in late March or early April.
 Highest total spring count in the Pembina Valley                    Female
 is 88 (2013).

35                                                                                     36
                                                              MERLIN
PEREGRINE FALCON (Falco peregrinus)                Confusing species: Prairie Falcon. Lighter
                                                    overall colour and dark armpits distinguish
 Size: Medium-sized falcon. Comparable to           Prairie Falcon from Peregrine Falcon.
 American Crow.
                                                    Status in the Pembina Valley Region: Migrant.
 Key identifiers: Dark head and moustache.          First seen in late March or early April. Highest
 Upper body and wings blue-grey. Throat and         total spring count in the Pembina Valley is 210
 chest white. Underwings and lower body barred.     (2013).

 Flight characteristics: Swift, strong, shallow
 wing beat. Soars occasionally with tapered, flat
 wings.

                        Photos by D. Swayze
37                                                                                                 38
RARE RAPTORS IN THE                                       CHECK-LIST OF RAPTORS
 PEMBINA VALLEY REGION                                     OF THE PEMBINA VALLEY REGION
                                                            Common Name    Status     √
 RED-SHOULDERED HAWK
 (Buteo lineatus)                                          Black Vulture        Rare Migrant
 a

 Status: Rare migrant.                                     Turkey Vulture       Breeds
                                                           Osprey               Migrant
                                              Photo by
     Photo by                                 B. Wheeler   Bald Eagle           Breeds
     G. Court    GYRFALCON
                                                           Golden Eagle         Migrant
                 (Falco rusticolus)
                 a

                 Status:                                   Northern Harrier     Breeds
                 Rare migrant.                             Sharp-shinned Hawk   Migrant
                                                           Cooper’s Hawk        Breeds
                                                           Northern Goshawk     Migrant
            BLACK VULTURE                                  Red-shouldered Hawk Rare Migrant
            (Coragyps atratus)
            a
                                                           Broad-winged Hawk    Breeds
            Status: Rare migrant.            Photo by
                                             V. Berardi    Swainson’s Hawk      Breeds
                                                           Red-tailed Hawk      Breeds
                          PRAIRIE FALCON                   Ferruginous Hawk     Rare Migrant
                          (Falco mexicanus)
                          a
                                                           Rough-legged Hawk    Migrant
           Photo by       Status: Rare migrant.
           B. Wheeler                                      American Kestrel     Breeds
                                                           Merlin               Breeds
                          FERRUGINOUS HAWK                 Gyrfalcon            Rare Migrant
                          (Buteo regalis)
           Photo by
                          a                                Prairie Falcon       Rare Migrant
           V. Berardi     Status: Rare migrant.
                                                           Peregrine Falcon     Migrant
39                                                                                             40
Liguori, J. 2005. Hawks from every angle.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY                                       Princeton University Press. Princeton, New
                                                    Jersey. 132 pp.
 American Ornithologists' Union. Check-list of
 North and Middle American birds. Retrieved 19      Manitoba Avian Research Committee. 2003. The
 March 2015 from http://checklist.aou.org/taxa/.    birds of Manitoba. Manitoba Naturalists Society,
                                                    Winnipeg. 504 pp.
 Bildstein, K., J.P. Smith, E. Ruelas Inzunza and
 R.R. Veit. 2008. State of North America's birds    Manitoba Breeding Bird Atlas. Retrieved 26
 of prey. Series in Ornithology, No. 3. Nuttall     March 2015 from http://birdatlas.mb.ca.
 Ornithological Club and the American
 Ornithologists Union. Cambridge and                National Geographic Society. Field guide to the
 Washington, D. C. 466 pp.                          birds of North America. 1st and 2nd edition.
                                                    Washington, D.C. 464 pp.
 Earley, C.G. 2004. Hawks & Owls of the Great
 Lakes Region & eastern North America. Firefly      Pembina River Watershed Planning Authority.
 Books, Richmond Hill, Ontario. 128 pp.             2011. Pembina River integrated watershed
                                                    management plan. Pembina River Watershed
 Ferguson-Lees, J. and D.A. Christie. 2005.         Planning Authority. 38 pp. plus appendices.
 Raptors of the world. Princeton University
 Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 320 pp.              Sibley, D.A. 2000. The Sibley guide to birds.
                                                    National Audubon Society. Alfred A. Knopf, New
 Godfrey, W.E. 1986. The birds of Canada            York. 544 pp.
 (Revised Edition). National Museum of Natural
 Sciences, Ottawa. 595 pp.                          Wheeler, B.K. and W.S. Clark. 2003. A
                                                    photographic guide to North American raptors.
                                                                    Princeton University Press.
                                                                           Princeton, New Jersey.
                                                                           198 pp.

     Ferruginous Hawk
     Photo by V. Berardi
41                                                                                                    42
THE PEMBINA VALLEY REGION
       The Pembina Valley Region harbours a rich
       diversity of flora and fauna. Although agriculture
       is predominant in the region, wildlife habitats can
       be found in woodlots and wetlands, along streams
       and rivers and in grasslands. Within this region,
       the Pembina Valley is a significant riparian
       corridor and an important migratory thoroughfare
       for thousands of birds including raptors. The
       Pembina River, with its source in the Turtle
       Mountains, flows through this region into the
       United States where it empties into the Red River
       near Pembina, North Dakota. Slopes of the
       Pembina Valley are typically covered by
       deciduous forest and shrubs.

                                                N
 MAP LEGEND
        Pembina Valley Border
                                                         PEMBINA VALLEY                                             WINNIPEG
        U.S. Border
        Highway                                                                        Starbuck
        Divided Highway
                                                                  13                              San-
        Local or Gravel Road                    S                                   Fanny-        ford              247
                                                                                    Stelle
        Community                                        2            Elm
        Customs                                                       Creek                                     Domain
                                            St. Claude
                                                                                     305
                                           240                                                    Brunkild
                   245                                                                                                 75
                                     245                                     3                           Rosenort
                                                 Roseisle             Carman                                              Aubigny
              Somerset                                                                       332
                               244                                                                    422
                                                    Miami                                                                  200
                                     23                                Roland

Mariapolis                                                                              Lowe                    Morris
                                           240              432   3
             34   La Rivière
                                                                                 306    Farm
                                Manitou                                428
                                   Darlingford                                Plum Coulee
             Pilot
             Mound                                  3                   Winkler
                                                                                         14                         Letellier
                                                              Morden
        Crystal       242                                                                                201
        City
                         Snowflake
                                           31           432
                                                                      32      201                   Altona
                                                                                                          421
                                                 201                                                                      Emerson
                                                            A Rocha
                                                    Pembina Valley
                                                    Provincial Park
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