B4 Summer 2018 - Ireland's Only Diving Magazine - Irish Underwater Council
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SUBSEA
Ireland’s Only Diving Magazine
VINCENT O’BRIEN
AWARDS 2018
B4
Vol. 10 No. 161
Summer 2018
Ireland’s Islands Trip
Can you dive with Diabetes
A dive between two Continents
EL HIERRO
DIVER’S PARADISE ISLAND!
DEPARTURE DATES
Book your Ryanair flights to Tenerife on
the designated date. I collect you at
Tenerife airport and we transfer to a hotel
in the nearby resort of Los Cristianos from
where we depart by fast ferry next day to
El Hierro. We travel back on Sunday
evening to the bright lights of Tenerife
EL HIERRO THE DIVING before flying home Monday.
A magic, undiscovered little gem of an The best diving in all of Spain. The Spanish
island on the western edge of the Canary Open U/W Photography Competition (a
AUTUMN 2018 DEPARTURES
archipelago. Only 25 miles long but major, heavily sponsored event) has been
5,000ft high it has an extraordinary held here for the last 16 years! Probably
■ Monday 8 Oct
diversity of scenery from green fields the best diving in all of Euro-land. It is, after
and stonewalls like the west of Ireland, all, the most southerly (28 degrees) and ■ Monday 15 Oct
up on the plateau, through beautiful the most westerly (18 degrees) point in
pine and laurel forests and vineyards Europe. Temperatures are tropical and the ■ Monday 5 Nov
down to fertile coastal plains awash with Ocean is 25 degrees in autumn so there is
bananas, pineapples, papayas and abundant Oceanic and tropical life, ■ Monday 19 Nov
cereals. The people are extremely particularly in the Marine Reserve, situated
friendly and there is zero crime on the in The “Mar de Las Calmas” or tranquil sea, The diving holiday price which includes
island. There are no Irish bars, no English an area of several square miles completely all transfers and transport; all ferries; all
bars, no fast food joints, no golf courses, protected from the prevailing NE winds by accommodation and ten boat dives with
no snakes or mosquitoes - and hardly huge cliffs. tanks, air, weights and dive guide is €645.
any tourists. In fact no nasties at all! Non divers and hill walkers (5 days guided
The seascape is spectacular with
The scenic driving and hill walking are dramatic dropoffs, caves and pinnacles. walking) travel for just €445.
both dramatic and amazing so it is idyllic Depths are daunting with 3,000m not far
for the non-diving spouse who values offshore. Visibility is 30m plus and the
peace and quiet and an utterly relaxing sea is a vivid blue. The variety and Good Diving!
holiday in the sun. abundance of marine life is exceptional. Shane
2 SubSea Summer 2018
SUBSEA ISSN 0791 - 475X
CONTENTS
Volume 10 Number 161 Summer 2018
5 EDITORIAL
Editor's comment
5 BRIEFINGS
What’s happening at home and abroad
6 DIVING WITH DIABETES IN IRELAND
By Dr Richard O’Regan
7 DIABETES AND DIVING
By Drs Chris Edge, Mark Glover and Phil Bryson
13 MECHANICAL KELP HARVESTING IN BANTRY BAY
By Jack Trá
16 DIVING FOR TREASURE
Book review by Denny Lawlor
The bow of the Justicia. Darragh Norton’s entry in the 17 UW PHOTO DAY AND VINCENT O’BRIEN AWARDS
Vincent O’ Brien memorial photography competition. By Ivan Donoghue
22 SIFRA, ICELAND
By Ray Yeates
Attention SubSea contributors
25 THE COAST GUARD AND DIVERS
• Submit all material to the Editor at editor@diving.ie
or to Head Office By Don Baldwin
• Material must arrive well in advance of the deadline. 29 RNLI DIVER SEA SURVIVAL COURSE
• Pictures are essential to illustrate news items and articles. By Ray Yeates
• Authors must remember that they bear responsibility to
ensure that material is not copied from another 31 IRELAND’S ISLANDS TRIP
copyrighted publication. By Marco Salino
• Ensure that digital photos submitted are: 120 pixels/cm
(300 dpi) and sized at 30cm X 21cm. 35 DUBLIN M1 COURSE
By Maja Stankovski
SubSea is published by the Irish Underwater Council. The
views expressed are not necessarily those of the Council.
37 REBREATHER
By Steve Mulhall
The magazine is not intended as an invitation or prospectus to
members of the public or other interested parties to dive on any of the 38 SOUTH EAST DIVE RALLY
sites that are mentioned in the text and anyone intending to do so
should take appropriate advice with regard to the safety and viability of
Details of the July event and Hook Peninsula guide
their proposed actions. Boarding a wreck requires the permission of
the owner. Diving on a 100 year old wreck requires a permit.
42 UNDERWATER HOCKEY NEWS
League results
Edited by: Martin Baillie-Johnston
Advertising: Sarah Campbell
45 OUR CLUB – SHANNONSIDE SUB AQUA CLUB
Proofreading: Eibhir Mulqueen
Shannonside celebrate 42 years of diving
Colm Lowney 47 SNORKEL NEWS
Typesetting and Design: Bernard Kaye Shannonside SAC snorkel activities
Honorary Archivist: Marie Grennan Affiliated to 49 NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY SOCIETY NEWS
SubSea, Irish Underwater Council,
NMS Wreck Viewer and Museum Conservation Tour
78a Patrick St.,
Dun Laoghaire Co. Dublin.
51 MART AND EXCHANGE
Tel: (01) 2844601. Fax: (01) 2844602.
Web site: www.diving.ie CMAS Autumn 2018 Issue Deadline
E-Mail: info@diving.ie All articles for inclusion in the next issue of SubSea
Printed by Doggett Print & Design, Dublin.
should be sent to the editor before August 25th.
Tel: (01) 453 3151. Fax: (01) 453 3156.
All advertising should be sent to CFT Head Office before August 25th.
SubSea Summer 2018 3
LANZAROTE
With the best situation for diving on Lanzarote,
Safari Diving is located in the family friendly, safe
resort of Puerto del Carmen.
The shore dives are literally on the doorstep and
boat dives a 5-10 minute ride. Photo © Rinie Luykx
Lanzarote is Ireland's No 1 tourist destination !! We can assist with local
accommodation at great rates
Contact Wendy at:
Email enquiry@safaridiving.com Web www.safaridiving.com Tel 0034 625 059 713
A
BRE THING
IR
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING LTD.
CYLINDER TESTING & INSPECTION
INTERSPIRO B/A EQUIPMENT IRISH AGENTS FOR NARDI INTERSPIRO
SERVICED COMPRESSORS DIVATOR AGA NOW
SERVICED
WORKSHOP
Unit 5, Enterprise Centre, Blessington, Co Wicklow
OFFICE
153 Forest Hills, Rathcoole, Co Dublin,
Phone: 01 4447938, Mobile: 087 9471620, Email: eddienulty@gmail.com
www.breathingairsystems.
KIRBY MORGAN SERVICE
4 SubSea Summer 2018
BRIEFINGS
Search and Recovery medals
Editorial
I hope this issue finds
everyone enjoying
this beautiful weather
and getting into the
full swing of the
diving season.
As always people have been very kind with their
time, writing articles about the great diving and
snorkelling that has been taking place at home
and abroad.
is edition of Subsea has another fine
collection of articles.
CFT’s own medical advisor Dr. Richard O’Regan
brings us the final instalment of his medical
In recognition of the service carried out by long serving members of
fitness for diving trilogy.
CFT/IUC S and R units, CFT would like to invite nominations from
Advanced Nitrox instructor Steve Mulhall
clubs for S & R unit members with 10 or more years of service. e
shares his experience of using a rebreather for the
nominations should also include members who are no longer active
first time with us.
but have completed 10 years of service in the past. It is proposed to
Ivan O’Donoghue tells us all about the Vincent
award a medal to these members at the 2019 AGM. Please send your
O’Brien Memorial photo competition that was
nominations to info@diving.ie”
held earlier this year. We have news on the
upcoming North West and South East Dive rallies.
Jack Tra gives an update on the environmental
issue being faced at Bantry Bay. Ray Yeates brings
us two articles, first an article about his trip to the
Silfra and then an article about new RNLI Course.
We also have articles, about the Coast Guard and
Divers, Island Diving at home, the recent M1
Instructors course and information on how “long-
term” Search and Rescue Team members can
apply for their long service medals.
We have updates on NAS News, Snorkel News,
UWH News, book reviews and an article from the
Shannonside Sub Aqua Club in the “Our Club”
section.
Please feel free to drop me a line if you have any
suggestions or ideas of what you would like to see
in Subsea or have your club featured in the “Our
Club” section. I am always interested to hear what
is going on around the country.
Many thanks to all the people who helped
prepare this edition of Subsea
Safe Diving
Marty
SubSea Summer 2018 5
Diving with diabetes in Ireland
By Dr Richard O’Regan – CFT/IUC Medical Officer
When I was appointed to the post of developing diabetes and a further tingling, pins and needles etc. but how
IUC/CFT Medical Officer I was 300,000 30-40 year old were at risk. A are we to know that diabetics with
specifically asked to attempt to VHI study of 30,000 members revealed tingly feet after diving haven’t early
facilitate diabetics dive. After that 17% had abnormal fasting blood decompression problems rather than
discussion with the President Jean sugar levels, that 10% were pre-diabetic diabetic complications. ose with
Kellegher, NDO Dermot Moynihan and that 2% were unknowingly peripheral neuropathy or being treated
and General Manager Louise Gilligan diabetic. is study found that males for it will not meet the criteria for
it was decided that the best were 2.5 times more likely than females diabetics wishing to dive. Previously
mechanism that would allow for this to develop diabetes. Overweight (BMI those problems alongside the increased
was for the IUC/CFT to formally join >> 30) was the commonest modifiable risk of a heart attack or stroke
the UKDMC group (alongside BSAC, risk factor. If diabetes prevalence is excluded diabetics from diving.
SSAC and SAA). We would then have increasing in the general population it However well controlled and
full access to their medical information will increase in the diving population. monitored diabetics are probably not
database and procedures. If IUC/CFT e elevated blood sugar (& Lipids) in at much greater a risk than their peers
were to have attempted to develop its diabetes damages blood vessel walls, whose underlying medical problems
own procedures it would have been there is an increased risk of heart attacks might not be known. Diabetics wishing
cost and expertise prohibitive and why and strokes. Damage to peripheral blood to dive have to maintain a high level of
reinvent the wheel. All of the scuba vessels can led to difficult to heal leg control but this rather than being seen
dive medical advisory groupings DAN, ulcers and potentially lead to limb as a hindrance should be taken as an
UHMS, SPUMS and UKDMC amputation. Diabetes can cause opportunity to maintain their general
recommend that carefully managed blindness. Diabetes can cause kidney health. To date the UKDMC
and selected diabetics be allowed dive. damage leading to dialysis. mechanism has passed all those who
IUC/CFT now allows diabetics dive Markers of blood vessel disease are have been presented to it.
if they meet the criteria as set by In the associated article reprinted
UKDMC. All Irish (& British) divers 1) visible changes to the blood from BSAC’s SCUBA magazine by Drs
have to be cleared by UKDMC’s active vessels at the back of the eye, Chris Edge (endocrinology), Mark
diver and consultant endocrinologist hence the free to access Diabetes Turner (cardiology) and DDRC’s Phil
Dr Chris Edge. Retina Screening Programme Bryson explain diabetes and diving. I
As a disease diabetes is common and available top all diabetics. would also suggest that those diabetics
becoming more common. Various 2) the presence of sugar, protein or and DOs with diabetic divers look up
studies have estimated that there are blood in the urine, the DAN website on their suggestions
approximately 250,000 diabetics in on how to manage diabetics at a dive
3) abnormal feet/leg sensations,
Ireland, 6.5 % of the population site.
peripheral neuropathy.
(Diabetes Ireland). 85% of diabetics are
adult onset Type 2 diabetics. e One of the earliest complaints that Safe diving,
Healthy Ireland study estimated that diabetics develop is abnormal
850,000 40+ year old were at risk of perception of sensation in their feet, Richard O Regan.
6 SubSea Summer 2018
Diabetes and diving:
What we all need to know
Testing blood glucose as part of a diabetes management system. Photo: Pixabay.com.
Diabetes is a disease affecting a growing number of people, and has
serious implications for divers.
Report by Doctors Chris Edge, Mark Glover and Phil Bryson
Over the last 20 years or so, the
attitude of diving doctors in the UK
have been fundamental to this change.
e partnership has involved collecting
What is diabetes mellitus?
towards people wishing to dive with diving and medical data from both new Type 1 diabetes
diabetes has altered dramatically from and established divers with diabetes, Diabetes mellitus was first described by
being a categorical “No, you can’t dive” which has allowed doctors to see what the ancient Egyptian and Indian
to “You may be able to dive safely, sort of diving activities diabetic divers physicians who noted that a diabetic
provided your diabetes is well- are participating in, and how diving person’s urine was sweet and would
managed and you have none of the may have affected the diabetic attract ants. Undoubtedly these patients
long-term complications of the condition. us safety issues around had what is now known as type 1
disease”. is change has been adopted diving with diabetes can start to be diabetes (and used to be known as
world-wide with many countries now addressed. insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or
acknowledging that a blanket ban on is article salutes all those divers IDDM). Type 1 diabetes usually
diving with diabetes cannot be who have made this possible, and tries manifests itself during childhood or
sustained in the light of current to explain to anyone with diabetes who early adulthood and comes about as the
evidence and experience. British divers dives or who is thinking of learning to islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
with diabetes, in a unique partnership dive what the potential challenges to cease to produce the hormone insulin,
with the UK diving medical doctors safe diving might be. thus necessitating replacement with
SubSea Summer 2018 7
Diabetes and Diving
insulin injections. Insulin is part of the What might be the consequences of
regulation mechanism for glucose and diving with type 1 or type 2 diabetes,
fat in the body. It allows glucose (one of and does the changing proportion of
the main fuels in the body) to be type 1 to type 2 make any difference?
absorbed by skeletal muscle cells and Broadly, the answers can be divided
fat tissue. Unless the levels of insulin into two main categories: short-term
are carefully regulated then one of two and long-term.
conditions may be the result: a) high Any drug capable of causing a ‘hypo’
blood sugar (hyperglycaemia) in which (low blood sugar) that is taken to
there is too much glucose in the blood control diabetes could cause the diver
(caused by insufficient insulin) resulting to have a fit underwater (as a result of
in the excess glucose acting like a toxin the neurons in the brain having
Metformin is the drug most commonly pre-
to the bodily tissues, or b) low blood scribed to help control type 2 diabetes in the UK.
insufficient glucose to function
sugar (hypoglycaemia) in which there is Photo by Ash, Wikimedia Commons. properly), or to lose control of the
too little glucose in the blood (caused regulator, with disastrous
by too much insulin resulting in consequences.
excessive absorption of glucose into the gliclazide, rosiglitazone, or sitagliptin is may occur rapidly after taking
cells and tissues). e brain, which uses to name but a few) to insulin the drug, as for example with too
glucose as fuel, is thereby starved of injections, either alone or in much insulin, or rather more slowly, as
glucose leading ultimately to fits, combination with the aforementioned in the case of the sulphonylurea class
unconsciousness, and death unless drugs. It’s important to recognise that of drugs, which include gliclazide and
treated rapidly by administration of all the treatment methods for type 2 glibenclamide. is ‘hypo’ state may be
glucose orally or intravenously. Another diabetes with the exception of diet- brought on more rapidly if the diver is
treatment for hypoglycaemia is to use control alone and diet plus metformin exercising hard, such as finning against
the hormone glucagon which is alone have the potential to cause low a current, or even breathing rapidly as
injected, like insulin, int the blood sugar with the same a result of anxiety. Cold, too, may
subcutaneous tissues. Glucagon causes consequences as for type 1 diabetes exacerbate the problem. It is therefore
the rapid release of stored glucose from namely unconsciousness and death if essential that a diver who dives with
the liver into the blood stream. not treated promptly. diabetes has the condition under good
Additionally, diabetes (both type 1 and A third type of diabetes, diabetes control and is able to recognise signs
type 2 – see below) may lead to other insipidus, may be confused with of an impending ‘hypo’, even in an
conditions such a high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus. It is caused by the environment which may have many
coronary heart disease and stroke. A lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or distractions. Such a ‘hypo’ can then be
person with diabetes may therefore be its failure to act on cells in the kidney. avoided underwater by taking glucose
on medication for the treatment or It is much rarer in the population than in the form of a tube of paste which
prevention of such conditions. diabetes mellitus and is not covered can be inserted into the corner of the
further in this article. mouth without removing the
regulator, or on the surface in the
form of sugary snacks. Whatever the
Type 2 diabetes Consequences for scuba diving form of sugar, the diver must practise
Type 2 diabetes (which used to be In 1991, the collection of data from taking it underwater and using it, so
known as non-insulin dependent divers with diabetes started. Figure 1 that a ‘hypo’ does not become an
diabetes mellitus or NIDDM) occurs shows the percentage of divers with emergency situation. Even on the
either when the body can still make diabetes who have the two types of surface, a diver may have difficulty in
some insulin, but insufficient to control diabetes for the years 2001 and 2013. safely ingesting the sugar as a result of
the amount of glucose in the blood, or e rise in the numbers of divers with the swell and spray; again, practise
when the body becomes resistant to type 2 diabetes is reflected in the under controlled conditions will help
the effects of insulin (insulin national statistics of the numbers of to prevent the problem getting out-of-
resistance). is form of diabetes people with diabetes in the UK hand.
usually occurs in people over the age of population where 90 per cent of
40 but recently (and very worryingly) is diabetic persons are classified as
being increasingly seen in children. having type 2 diabetes; before 1960 the Long-term consequences
e vast majority of cases of type 2 number of people in the UK Diabetes, whether type 1 or type 2,
diabetes are linked with being population with type 2 diabetes was in must be kept under good, long-term
overweight. e diabetes is treated in a single figures. In 2008 in the general control. Control can be maintained by
variety of ways ranging from diet- UK population it was estimated that measuring the blood sugar
control alone, through drugs such as three people were being diagnosed concentration on at least a daily basis
metformin (used alone or in with diabetes every 10 minutes, and (and more often if insulin is being
combination with other drugs such as this figure is increasing. used) and by having a blood test for
8 SubSea Summer 2018
Diabetes and Diving
Consequences of diabetes
for scuba diving
Percentage of Divers with Diabetes divided according
to type in 2001 and 2013
80 Type 1
70 Type 2, Diet or Metformin Only
Type 2, Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
60
50
Percentage
40
30
20
10
0
2001 2013
YEAR Figure 1
glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) on warning sign of an impending heart decompression illness. e symptoms
at least an annual basis (again, this attack is often absent in people with may appear or disappear rapidly and it
should be performed more frequently, diabetes. may be difficult for the doctor in the
depending on the control of the Another problem with the heart in hyperbaric chamber to come to the
diabetic condition). Poor control is diabetes is not recognised widely. correct diagnosis.
more likely to lead to long-term Diabetes can affect the nerves in the
complications of diabetes, with autonomic nervous system that Kidneys: One of the tasks of the
implications for diving. ese controls the heart rate. If this happens, kidneys is to filter blood to remove
complications can arise in many then the heart rate does not vary unwanted products but keeping the
organs, including the eye, heart, blood appropriately in response to, for vital blood proteins and salts that are
vessels, kidney, nervous system, and example, exercise, a Valsalva important for maintaining the body’s
skin. ey appear to arise from a manoeuvre (pinching the nose whilst internal physiology. Diabetes can
common cause, namely the blockage of puffing out the cheeks) or stress and, disrupt the filtration process, leading
the small and medium-sized arteries in as Wang Shuhe recognised as early as first to a loss of protein and then to a
the body. Here are a few of the more the third Century AD, this too can lead more general loss of function, resulting
important complications and their to sudden death. in long-term kidney failure. is in
consequences for divers: turn will affect the functioning of many
Nerves: Diabetes can cause problems of the other organs in the body.
Heart: Diabetes can accelerate the such as numbness, tingling, Although dialysis may help, the
blockage of the coronary vessels, hypersensitivity, and pain. ese logistics of diving when having regular
leading to early heart attack and other symptoms tend to occur in the arms dialysis are overwhelming in all but a
serious problems. Sudden exercise and the legs and feet. Numbness in the very few cases.
such as finning against a current, feet (in a so-called ‘stocking’
particularly in people who don’t distribution) can then lead to
normally take much exercise, is ulceration of the feet. Should a diver Diving with diabetes
particularly prone to cause such with diabetes experience any of these As diving is one of the very few
problems (see box). Cardiac pain problems, there is a risk that the activities in which a person is
(angina) on exercise, which may be a symptoms can be confused with completely immersed in a non-
SubSea Summer 2018 9
Diabetes and Diving
A pack containing the medical forms for
diving with diabetes is obtainable from
the BSAC website. A diving medical
must be undertaken annually by a
diving medical referee. A list of such
referees is available again on the BSAC
website or at www.uksdmc.co.uk
e reason for this is that many doctors
do not have specialist knowledge of
diving medicine which a diving medical
referee will have. e annual
requirement is necessary, as diabetes
may evolve over time, necessitating
medication changes which may have an
effect on diving.
Diving with diabetes involves
both pre and post-dive planning
Pre-dive: e diver with diabetes
should be as fit and mentally prepared
to dive as his/her non-diabetic buddy.
e diver with diabetes should be espe-
cially careful with regard to being ade-
quately (but not over) hydrated as there
is some evidence that the level of hy-
dration affects the chances of experi-
encing decompression illness. e Dive
Manager must be aware that the diver
is diabetic and should also be informed
of the profile of the dive (‘plan the dive,
dive the plan’). e diabetic diver’s
buddy should be a person who is either:
· A regular diving partner and who is
familiar with the diabetic person and
the problems he/she is likely to
experience
· A trained medic, nurse, or paramedic
who is familiar with the problems of
A hypoglycemic attack could be brought on by a diver with unmanaged diabetes having to work hard
underwater. Photo: Pixabay.com.
diabetes
A diver with type 1 diabetes or type 2
breathable environment, there are some growth has occurred and the doses diabetes taking any medication that
limits placed on both divers and of insulin required are more stable. could cause hypoglycaemia may be
potential divers with diabetes. ese are:
· No would-be diver under the age of
· No person with diabetes who has
any of the long-term complications
unable to help him / herself. In order
that appropriate and timely assistance
18 with diabetes is allowed to dive in of diabetes (with the exception of can be given, the diver should carry the
open water, and may only dive in the mild background retinopathy) is following in his / her dive kit:
pool with close supervision. e
reason for this is that during
allowed to dive. The reason for this
is that once long-term
· Oral glucose tablets or a tube of
glucose paste
adolescence, insulin requirements
may vary within short periods of
complications of diabetes are
present, then neuropathies and · Emergency intramuscular injection
of glucagon;
time due to the glucose demands of
the body. Such changes are difficult
to take into account when diving and
kidney problems are more likely to
develop. These can cause serious
problems with diagnosis of possible
· Glucose measurement sticks together
with the necessary glucometer kit
the risks of hypoglycaemia in the decompression illness and with and CLEAR instructions for use of
water are high. By the age of 18, most exercise tolerance. such a kit.
10 SubSea Summer 2018Diabetes and Diving
It is essential that there is at least one trials conducted in hyperbaric
person in the dive party who is able to
use and administer the glucose tablets
Heart attack in Belize chambers have found that hyperbaric
oxygen can lower blood sugar levels
and intramuscular injection of Roberta was diving off the coast of quite rapidly, but these trials have been
glucagon. Belize, when she experienced conducted in people with long-term
If a diver with type 2 diabetes is shortness of breath. A 60-year-old consequences of diabetes while
controlled only on diet or diet plus diabetic with a history of coronary breathing 100 per cent oxygen. Such
metformin then it is not necessary to problems, she didn’t waste time in people are not permitted to dive.
have emergency supplies of glucose in proceeding to the local hospital,
the dive kit, as the diver will not where she was diagnosed with a mild
heart attack… She was provided with
become hypoglycaemic during the
course of the dive. private ground and air ambulance How can the diver with diabetes
A diver with diabetes should transport with full medical teams to
take her to Miami, FL where she
stay healthy?
probably dive no deeper than 30
received appropriate medical One of the main concerns with type 2
metres until considerable experience is
intervention and was stabilised. diabetes is early recognition of the
gained of how diabetic control is
From a diving magazine condition. Tiredness, frequency of
affected by diving. e reason for this
advertisement passing urine, multiple skin infections,
is that dives to greater depth are more
and blurred vision are some of the
likely to require compulsory
symptoms and signs that may occur. In
decompression stops, with a greater
older studies, people presenting with
risk for the development of Post-dive: On arrival back at the boat
type 2 diabetes had had the disease for
decompression illness if hypoglycaemia (or on shore if a shore-dive) the diver
4-7 years, which is ample time for
forces the diver to surface early and with diabetes should check their
long-term complications to be present.
stops are not carried out correctly. glucose level and, if necessary, correct
Diving doctors are becoming
erefore, he/she should remain well it in the appropriate manner. Any
increasingly concerned about these
within the tables or have no less than adverse symptoms or signs should
complications and the effect that they
two minutes no-stop time left on a immediately be reported either to their
may have, if unrecognised, in the diver.
dive computer. diving buddy or to the Dive Manager
In more recent studies, 25 per cent had
· He/she must not dive with a buddy
who has diabetes
and should not be passed off as merely
‘part of diving’.
eye disease, nine per cent nervous
disease, and 8 per cent kidney disease
· Safety equipment must be carried,
for example – marker buoy, flag,
at the time of diagnosis. It is important
to have regular, annual medical check-
flares
Does diving have any effect on ups for diabetes if there is a history of
· Long-term build-up of nitrogen in
the tissues must be avoided by
diabetes?
e short-term effect of exercise on
diabetes in the family, or you have a
BMI (Body Mass Index) of over 30
(calculated as the weight in
ensuring that no more than three diabetes generally is to lower the blood kilogrammes divided by height in
consecutive days’ diving are sugar level which may result in a ‘hypo’. metres squared).
undertaken, with no more than two Many divers can recognise this as Some divers who have been
dives to be done each day. mentioned above and take suitable diagnosed with diabetes, especially
It would seem sensible for the diver steps to avoid serious consequences. In type 2 diabetes in which the condition
with diabetes to ensure that he/she has the long-term, exercise undertaken by can be controlled only by diet, fail to
a slightly high blood sugar level before divers with well-controlled diabetes is recognise the potential seriousness of
the dive by consuming glucose in thought to be beneficial, as it is with the condition. It is important, given the
whatever form takes their preference. most other forms of exercise. A few exercise-limiting potential of cardiac
Five tests for CAN
1. Heart rate variability during inspiration and expiration
2. Heart rate variability during and after a Valsalva manoeuvre
3. Heart rate variability between lying down and standing
4. Blood pressure change between lying down and standing up
5. Blood pressure difference before and during a sustained handgrip measured using a dynamometer
SubSea Summer 2018 11Diabetes and Diving
A balanced diet with careful carb and fat control is the key to both avoidance and management of type 2 diabetes. Ration those burgers! Photos: Pixabay.com.
autonomic neuropathy (CAN) that recommended to discuss these options, with all diving instruction, a gradual
regular testing for the condition is which must not be taken lightly. programme should be undertaken of
carried out. Five simple clinical tests Provided there are no long-term graded instruction. Competent divers
(see box) that can be carried out in the complications from the procedure, wishing to learn new skills in shallow
GP’s surgery can, together with a diving should not be affected, but water might be a useful starting point,
careful history, help this condition to clearance from a diving doctor will be with progression up to novice divers
be diagnosed. Once diagnosed, then required before diving is restarted after undertaking their first dive in open
treatment can be given to reduce the the operation. water. It would be unacceptable for the
impact of this condition on the diver dive to have an instructor with
with diabetes. It is also important that diabetes teaching another diver with
any change in medication, especially Can diving instructors dive with the same condition in the water.
addition of new medication, is
discussed with a diving medical doctor diabetes?
as this medication may have
consequences for fitness to dive.
Given the increasing numbers of divers
diving with diabetes, the question of
Summary
Failure to do so can invalidate any instructing with the disease was bound Despite opposition from many
diving medical insurance that the diver to arise. When considering this groups over the years, it is now
may have. problem, the over-riding concern must largely accepted that divers with
If diabetes is already present, then be the duty of care to the diver under well-controlled diabetes and none
the diver can stay healthy by regular instruction. is must apply whether of the long-term complications can
exercise, eating healthy foods, regularly the instructor is being remunerated for safely dive recreationally. is is
measuring blood sugar levels, taking instruction or not. It would be radically different situation from
any medication as prescribed, and unacceptable for a trainee diver to have that which existed 20 years ago,
attending annual diabetic clinics. If, in to deal with a medical condition, such where people with diabetes were
the case of type 2 diabetes the BMI is as a hypoglycaemic attack, that has banned from diving altogether.
greater than 35 and attempts at weight- occurred in the instructor. erefore, Although divers with diabetes may
loss have been unsuccessful, then there the instructor must be in control of be reticent to undergo an annual
is the option of bariatric surgery, which his/her diabetic condition at all times diving medical, regular check-ups
is recommended by the National when diving. can enable the complications of
Institute of health and Care Excellence Most diving doctors would want to diabetes to be avoided or
– NICE. is may take the form of see that any person with diabetes has postponed, and this in turn means
either a banding of the stomach, or a been able to control their disease both that diving can continue for a
re-plumbing of the stomach and on land and underwater, diving under longer time period, which has to
intestine (called a Roux-en-Y different conditions, for a period of at be a good thing! Divers in the UK
procedure). Both methods result in least one year. is means keeping with diabetes and the UK diving
weight reduction and fewer records of blood sugar measurements medical doctors have been largely
medications being required to control every day, particularly before and after responsible for this worldwide
the diabetes, but in the case of the any dive. Long-term control must also change in the attitude to diving
Roux-en-Y procedure it can in some be good and there must be no long- with diabetes and it is something
cases lead to disappearance of the type term complications of diabetes present. for which the diving community as
proud. ◼
2 diabetes altogether. Consultation Once the instructor with diabetes has a whole in this country can be
with a general practitioner is been passed as fit to instruct then, as
12 SubSea Summer 2018Mechanical Kelp Harvesting in Bantry Bay
by Jack Trá
Dive site - North Atlantic Ocean 51.695338, -9.596121
Kelp at the North Wall, Co Dublin. Photo courtesy of and © Lucinda Keogh.
“A licence to Industrially Extract 1860 acres of Native Kelp
in Bantry Bay has been issued to BioAtlantis, Tralee”.
ese are the words of the people of government officials after travelling to
Bantry in their valiant attempt to seek “We the people speak the capital for scheduled meetings.
justice against the issuing of “the Bantry Bay is famous the world over
largest industrial scale native kelp for the sea and the for its scenery, seafood, wildlife and
harvest licence ever issued in Irish or land and urge fishing. Many local jobs revolve around
British waters”. BioAtlantis intends on the health of the bountiful bay and
using the wild kelps to create fertilisers everybody to holdfast have sustainably done so for
and growth promoters for intensive pig generations. It is no wonder the local
farming. Both of these creating grave and build strength community have raised concern
environmental threats of their own. against the regarding the extraction of 80% of
e people of Bantry are backing their targeted kelp species from the people,
coastal heritage and feel hard done by, privatisation of the animals and environment that rely on
on the inadequate consultation and them. We the people speak for the sea
advertising of the proposal to the
wild.” and the land and urge everybody to
public, and the fact that the holdfast and build strength against the
government had signed off on an e fight for Bantry Bay quickly privatisation of the wild.
industrial harvest where no gained traction in local and national Mechanical kelp harvesting on an
environmental impact assessment news agencies, however the group are industrial scale has caused controversy
would be necessary. still being left waiting at the offices of the world over. France, Norway,
SubSea Summer 2018 13Kelp Harvesting in Bantry Bay
Urchins . Photo courtesy of Ian McAllister: https://pacificwild.org/visual-media/photography/underwater-world
Western United States and South A trophic cascade is the knock on and in the end the ecosystem becomes
Africa have been mechanically effect felt by an ecosystem, that unbalanced and begins to rapidly slope
harvesting for many years now. influences all of its members when one in a particular direction, ultimately
Opening up the boundaries of a kelp member is removed or a new member downwards. Kelp forest ecosystems are
forest allows for the entry of invasive added. Imagine removing all the trees no different. With the removal of
species which have been seen in of one particular species from a forest, particular kelp species we see an
France. Other non-commercially viable well the forest may survive, but any opening for new species, a common
kelp species from warmer tropical opportunistic culprit in kelp forest
waters are beginning to take hold. degradation being, the Sea urchin.
ese species are of no interest to
“If enough of the kelp Sea urchins prey predominantly on
harvesting companies, and greatly alter in places is removed kelp. Research from over 30 years ago,
the composition of the native kelp a paper by Harrold and Reed 1985,
forests. In the licence application by and the Sea urchins shows how barren zones adjacent to
BioAtlantis it is said that full recovery
of harvest sites will take 5 years. is
gain entrance to the kelp forests are characterised by
grazing pressures from sea urchins.
on an environmental scale is not all inner circles of the kelp e Sea urchins graze the periphery,
that long, although when growth is while the inner kelp forest thrives as
analysed in the lab and teamed with
forest, then the Sea usual and the balance allows for both
results from limited current study, how Urchins gain the to survive. If enough of the kelp in
sure can we be? In a paper by Smale et places is removed and the Sea urchins
al. 2013, compiling and analysing 60 advantage.” gain entrance to the inner circles of the
years of research on kelp and kelp kelp forest, then the Sea Urchins gain
forests, it has been shown to take animal that relied specifically on that the advantage.
between 7-10 years on average for kelp tree species will leave, or cause I have witnessed this very
forest communities to fully recover disruption in another part of the forest phenomenon on a recent research
from perturbation. Recovery however to try to survive. ese interactions expedition to a remote sound system
is at the mercy of one inevitable will continue throughout a web of in northern British Columbia. In
natural phenomenon, trophic cascade. interconnected members in the forest Caamano Sound a kelp disease has
14 SubSea Summer 2018Kelp Harvesting in Bantry Bay
caused desolation of the kelp forest response was received almost the Sea Search Adopt a Site Scheme
communities. e kelp is recovering in immediately, and action followed suit lended itself enormously to the cause.
places, although on closer inspection soon after. Until now, due to limited Two 30-metre line transects were
while snorkelling, one quickly notices budget, resources and technical conducted along the edge of the kelp
that each new strand of kelp is being knowledge, no independent surveys bed. One documenting fauna and one
attacked from all angles by green, red had been carried out for the Bantry for flora. e results were compiled
and purple sea urchins. Here the Bay kelp protection group. ankfully and video footage consulted and the
population of Sea urchins has grown so information handed to the people of
large that there is no certainty for the Bantry. I am a graduate biologist and
future of the kelps here, or those who
rely on them. New friends of mine,
“Gathering data on am new to diving, however my passion
grows daily to explore the blue world
from indigenous First Nations
communities rely on the kelp forests
Irish coast lines and that rises with the tides. I completed
an observer course with Sea Search
for food. Abalone were for tens of
thousands of years, a staple in the
the subtidal region Ireland in early 2017, and after a dive
with them I now feel competent in
seasonal diet of these native people. is imperative if completing surveys of my own.
Due to over industrial harvesting the Gathering data on Irish coast lines and
species is now classified as endangered mechanical the subtidal region is imperative if
and a zero take policy implemented. mechanical harvesting or other marine
With the rise in Sea urchin numbers, harvesting or other exploitation is to occur. ere are large
the kelp suffers and the endangered gaps in our baseline knowledge of
Abalone, outcompeted. Only when the marine exploitation marine species distribution around
Sea Urchins completely exhaust their Ireland, but if the Adopt a Site Scheme
food source or began to once again is to occur. There continues to be employed by local
become predated upon by Sea Otters
(which have been hunted to local
are large gaps in divers and clubs, then we stand a far
greater chance in the preservation and
extinction in many areas), and decline
in numbers, will the kelp forests have
our baseline sustainable management of our coastal
ecosystems.
the chance once again to sway high
into the intertidal zone and carry with
knowledge of So, ask yourself. Have you ever
enjoyed Irish sea food? Do you often
it the fishes, crabs and mollusks, marine species take trips to the beach? If so, then you
familiar to the coastal waters of BC. are an ambassador for the ocean. Even
And thus, the battle for balance begins. distribution around if you have no interest in the oceans
Now don’t get me wrong, I have seen whatsoever, well you still breathe
colour like I never could have imagined Ireland...” oxygen, right? Over 50% of the Earth’s
in some of the coastal waters and oxygen is produced by the ocean, so
seamounts of Northern British basically you owe every second breath
Columbia. Sea lions and seals flourish to the big blue sea.
in large colonies, Humpbacks, Fin Divers, fishers, kayakers, swimmers,
whales and Orca (whom I was boaters and anyone who is
there to study) flock inland to enchanted at the brilliance of the
the nutrient rich deep water coastal waters of the Island of
ordlands to feast on Krill, Ireland, it is your voices that
small fishes and the need to be heard. It is you
seasonal wild Pacific who must be conscious and
Salmon. Here, life lifts the pass on the knowledge in
seas to bubbling heights, the pledge to protect our
much like it does in seas. So from food, to
Bantry. If the situation as sport, to nature, to
it stands does not change, business, to tourism, to
then Bantry Bay may flood defences, I think our
never in our lifetimes be kelps are due a little more
the same. credit than we have given
In October 2017, I them.
approached Sea Search Ireland Follow the efforts of the Bantry
in relation to conducting a series Bay Kelp Group online,
of surveys in the Bantry Bay area, as www.bantrybaykelpforest.com
Help the kelp! ◼
to provide the kelp protection group
with some unbiased scientific data. A
SubSea Summer 2018 15Diving For Treasure
When Jenna Irvine from Whittles
Publishing sent me another book
edited by the very prominent and
famous Rod McDonald, I was delighted
and couldn’t wait to join in the treasure
search, albeit from my armchair.
Book Review by Denny Lawlor However, this is a book with a
difference. It is really a “coffee table”
sort of book, one you can take up and
put down when the mood and time
allows.
It is a list of famous ships, some
carrying very rich cargos, that never
made it to their port of destination.
eir final resting places are, for the
most part, under the right conditions,
quite diveable. Some are as shallow as
20m and indeed one listed is only at
10m on low tide. However many of
them came to rest at greater
depths,130m plus, and demand greater
diving expertise using rebreathers that
allow longer bottom times.
But depth is only part of the story,
location and sea conditions change the
story considerably. Such diving is not
for the fainthearted or amateur.
e SS Laurentic is worth a mention,
not because it rests off the northeast
coast of Ireland, and not because it sits
at 130m but because it was carrying 43
tons of gold, some of which was
recovered over time but much of which
still remains on the bottom, lost
probably for ever.
Once again we are given the history
of each ship from its birth to its
demise including pictures before and
after and some of the valuables
recovered.
is book is a must for your
collection.
It is published by Whittles Publishing
Dunbeath, Caithness, Scotland,
e
KW6 6EG, UK
.i
731400 ◼
t: +44(0)1593 731333; f: +44(0)1593
ing
div
16 SubSea Summer 2018Underwater Photography Day and Vincent O’Brien awards
Dublin City University – 15th April 2018
Text by Ivan Donoghue Event images by Marco Salino
Devonshire coral – Joe Fitzbibbon – winner beginners macro
SubSea Summer 2018 17Vincent O’Brien Awards
XRatedNudies – Macro – Mike Orth.
e “Beast from the East”, caused chaos download on the CFT Underwater Pho- of his methods for post production of
for those travelling to the dive show in tography facebook page. images. His talk on natural light
Limerick. A number of the photogra- e first speaker was Matthieu Ben- struck a chord with the audience, that
phy speakers and participants couldn’t tot Who explained the techniques and even without artificial light, you can
make the journey.Photography organiser challenges of taking photographs at capture great images. All you need to
Marco Salino hated to see all the good much deeper depths than recreational consider is subject matter, time of day
work go to waste, so with Brian Stone’s divers get to. Regularly he takes images to maximise sun light, and stay shal-
help they secured the use of Dublin City around the 80meter mark. His first low. Nick also explained his recent
University for a day of photography slide was a real eye opener and reality work with trying to win a bet, by get-
talks.It also gave us the chance to pre- check, as he explained the consequence ting usable images out of old film
sent the awards and sponsors prizes for of a poorly sealing o-ring seal. A flood cameras. When you see the results, it
the Vincent O’Brien.e get together at 60 meters requires a cool head to shows that the old techniques still
was held on Sunday 15th in the Business help save the camera and the lens. work. In fact Nick explained having
Centre and for those that couldn’t make Nick Blake had two talks: “Working only thirty six shots to work with was
it, the presenter’s slides are available for with Natural Light” and an overview beneficial as it removed his “digital
18 SubSea Summer 2018Vincent O’Brien Awards
Tompot Blenny – snorkel diver – Dave Wall.
Lobster – winner beginner wide angle – Eamon O Herlihy.
SubSea Summer 2018 19Vincent O’Brien Awards
Matthieu Bentot. Photo by Marco Salino.
Nick Blake. Photo by Marco Salino.
sloppiness” with an overreliance on
software to improve images.This is
where Nick’s afternoon talk on using
Lightroom overlapped. Those new to
the topic would have been amazed and
what the software can do and the old
pros would have learned a new trick
or two.
Damien McGuirk explained that it is
not all about scuba and that you can
get very decent images on breath hold.
Richard orn explained his approach
to snorkel photography with a view of
finding and photographing unique and
abstract images.
We were able to present the spon-
Camouflage – Foreign Image – Naomi Roche sor’s prizes and the awards to those
that could make the event. It was nice
to be able to do this in person, as it
gave Vinnie’s dad Ruairi and his sister
Catherine, a chance to present the
prizes to the winners.We would like to
thank all of the sponsors for their kind-
ness, and also the people who entered
the competition. ank you.
We finished the session with Aine
Purcell Milton, who is a diver with
UCD and is also a Clean Coasts Officer
in their Environmental Education Unit.
Aine gave us a reminder of the dangers
of plastic in the marine environment
and left us with a message to make
safeguard our seas. ◼
small changes in our plastic usage to
Group photograph of attendees. Photo by Marco Salino.
20 SubSea Summer 2018Vincent O’Brien Awards
Richard Thorn. Photo by Marco Salino.
Richard Thorn & Damien McGuirk. Photo by Marco Salino.
Ivan Donoghue & Joe Fitzgibbon. Photo by Marco Salino. Catherine O’Brien presents Maja Stankovski with her Waterworld
prize. Photo by Marco Salino.
Andy Keegan (left) received his OceanAddicts voucher from Eddie Ruairi O’Brien presents Anchor dive lights prize to Aine Purcell Mil-
Masterson. Photo by Marco Salino. ton. Photo by Marco Salino.
Aine Purcell Milton. Photo by Marco Salino. Catherine O’Brien presents Brendan Moran with his OThree bundle
prize. Photo by Marco Salino.
SubSea Summer 2018 21Silfra, Iceland - A dive between two Continents
by Ray Yeates
Ray Holding the planet apart.
When you look at lists of best dives/bucket list dives one site in Iceland crops up among the
usual suspects like the Galapagos, Raja Ampat etc. The Silfra Fissure is in Thingvellir National
park – an UNESCO heritage site, about 60km from Reykjavik. The Silfra Fissure is actually a
crack between two continental plates – The North American and the Eurasian continents,
meaning that you dive right where the continental plates meet and drift apart at about 2cm
per year, making it a totally unique dive and the only place in the world offering the opportu-
nity to experience diving between tectonic plates.
This is an inland dive. The water in
Silfra is of glacial origins, so this
The Dive bring your thermals. We opted to
bring our own drysuits and they gave
means a near constant year-round The operator we used on the basis of a us a small discount. However it was
temperature of just above freezing - 2 recommendation of another Irish not our bodies that got particularly
degrees Celsius. This glacial water is diver was Dive.is who are based in cold but our hands. Our experience
crystal clear with visibility of over 100 Reykjavik. The company can provide was that after about half an hour we
meters due to the water being filtered visitors with all the equipment needed had to surface to get some sense of
over decades through underground including dry suits. We were shown feeling back into our fingers. We did
lava rocks giving it an almost perfect around the dive center and they have the trip in November and the air tem-
visibility and chemical purity, in fact over 250 sets of equipment for rental perature was -10C. This was very sig-
the water is drinkable. including drysuits. You do need to nificant as 2 dives are planned in the
22 SubSea Summer 2018Silfra, Iceland
Entering the fissure.
fissure but it is conditional on the ‘Big crack – where the two continents which is the widest section at about
equipment not freezing between the can be touched, we swan on through 20 meters. Silfra Hall leads into a cave
dives. The fissure is diveable all year to Silfra hall a short 30 meters swim, system with a maximum depth of 45
round so the summer months would
be the optimal time to go to Iceland in
any case.
Our dive group consisted of three
divers and a guide, who was profes-
sional, knowledgeable and enthusias-
tic. To get to the entry platform for
the dive we had to walk over ground
from the carpark for about 100 meters
which had to be taken slowly as it was
winter and the ground was a bit icy.
This dive for us was unlike anything
we had done before, it is said “that it’s
probably best described as the closest
experience to a space walk you are
ever likely to get on earth ”. Due to
the extreme clarity you can lose all
sense of depth. At this temperature -
2 degrees, there is very little aquatic
life. The fissure is 62M at its deepest
but we took their word for that !
The dive brings you through four
main areas of Silfra. Starting with the Ray, guide Ant and Aoife.
SubSea Summer 2018 23Silfra, Iceland
Ray and Aoife in the Silfra Fissure.
meters. Swim throughs underneath
rocks and Boulders can be done here
at different depths. From here it’s
about a 200-meter swim to Silfra
Silfra Fact File
Cathedral. The ravine rises sharply to
a depth of barely 1 meter and we had Iceland ere is a fair bit of hiking involved.
You can dive all year round. e tour
to almost crawl over the shallow Iceland is a 2-hour flight from Ire- duration is approximately 6 hours, in-
rocks to enter the next stage. On the land. We booked a 5-day trip with cluding pick up and return to Reyk-
other side a spectacular crack ap- Lastminute.com that included flights javik. is is in a National Park so
peared, and this section has lava rock with Wow air and an apartment in there is a Park warden on site. You
walls falling straight down on either Reykjavik. Nearly all visitors to Ice- must be certified diver, have a dry suit
side of us - we had reached the land rent a car. Speed limits are low diving cert, and have logged a dry suit
Cathedral, a visual demonstration of and on the spot fines are common. dive within two years of tour date.
the earth’s incredible power to divide Iceland is a low crime and very ey accepted my Instructor status in
two continents, friendly country. English universally verifying my buddy’s use of her dry-
On our left was the American plate spoken. It’s a photographer’s paradise. suit. We dived with Dive.is
and our right the European. The Do go during the summer months. www.dive.is.
depth of the fissure is about 20 meters Remember to get your drysuit cert
and about 100 meters long. From Diving (free of charge) from Head office be-
there we entered the final section of fore you travel.
e maximum depth of the dive is 18
the dive, Silfra lagoon a natural shal-
meters, but the average depth of the
low pool. This is the place where the
dive is between 7 and 12 meters. e Currency
visibility is most apparent and at the
Silfra dive site only requires a shore We used card payments for almost
far side of this lagoon is the exit plat-
local currency. ◼
entry and has steps at entry and exit. everything, there is little need for
form and from here it’s a hike back to
It is a demanding dive physically.
the parking area.
24 SubSea Summer 2018The COAST GUARD and DIVERS
By Don Baldwin
Irish Coast Guard Sikorsky Search and Rescue helicopter approaching. Photo by Bernard Kaye
Dotted strategically around our coast like unwavering sentinels on steadfast watch out upon
an uncertain sea, the Coast Guard has long been the last bastion of rescue for seafarers in
desperate need. In purely logistical terms the Coast Guard can coordinate up to 2500
emergencies each year, in an area which spans a staggering 220 million acres. They will
also assist 3500 people and save approximately 400 lives.
In total the Coast Guard helicopters both divers and Coast Guard alike. 1. In the event that someone on land
can fly up to 1000 missions, assist in Standard communications between wishes to contact you, the Coast
40 mountain rescues, evacuate 100 seafarers and the Coast Guard in Sea Guard then know your details.
medical patients from our islands, and Area A1 (30 miles from coast) is of 2. Should you run into difficulties, the
assist other nations Coast Guards over course done primarily through Vhf Coast Guard have an idea of your
200 times in any given year. While radio, and the first point of routine general location.
Coast Guard volunteer units respond contact with the Coast Guard is
to over a 1000 calls, with the RNLI usually a T.R. report; using proper 3. Another useful reason for logging
and Community Rescue boats SRC procedure (Short Range this kind of information is in the
assisting in 850 emergencies. All this Certificate). event of an emergency situation,
the Coast Guard will then have a
T.R. Report
as the Coast Guard maintain its
routine function of up to 6000 detailed inventory of all available
(Track Report or Traffic Routing)
broadcasts annually to shipping, craft in a given area.
fishing and leisure craft.
A T.R. Report should include the
Given the extent of the Coast
e Irish Coast Guard stations accept following:
Guard’s on-going operations, having a
clear understanding of how to and record passage details (T.R. - Your position.
communicate and interact with the Reports) from leisure craft as a safety
facility. e purpose of recording this - Your destination (or intention).
Coast Guard especially in emergency
situations, can only be beneficial to information is three - fold: - Type of boat or vessel.
SubSea Summer 2018 25You can also read
