Talking SEA USAID SEA PROJECT: IMPACTS & EXPERIENCES - SUSTAINABLY MANAGING MARINE AND COASTAL
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ISSUE NO. 6 / FEB / 2021
newsletter
Talking SEA
USAID SEA PROJECT: IMPACTS & EXPERIENCES
SUSTAINABLY MANAGING
MARINE AND COASTAL
RESOURCES IN INDONESIA
USAID SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMS
ADVANCED (USAID SEA) PROJECT
Contents Implementing an ‘Ecosystem Approach To Fisheries Management’ 2 Promoting Sustainable Fisheries and Securing Marine Biodiversity through Marine Protected Areas 8 Supporting Marine Spatial Planning for a Sustainable Future 12 SPOTLIGHT ON Innovations 14 A Multi-Scaled Approach to Supporting Law Enforcement 16 Impact Stories from the Field: Communication Platforms Support Front-Line Enforcement 19 Incentivizing Change 21 Impact Stories from the Field: Alternative Livelihood Opportunities 22 Impact Story from the Field: Flying Fish in Fakfak 25 Changing Behaviors for a Sustainable Future 26 Building the Skills for Change 32 Supporting a Robust Legal and Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Marine and Coastal Management 34 Editor's Choice Photo 35 Cover photos clockwise from top: Biophysical survey in Lease Island MPA, Maluku, in October 2020 (CTC/ Purwanto); Small-scale fisher in Seram Sea, Maluku (USAID SEA/Ben Khan); Catch Recording with shrimp fishers in South Sorong,West Papua (WWF/Inayah); USAID SEA Project partner Marine Change conducting an underwater survey of critical reef habitat in Morotai, North Maluku (Marine Change/Alex Westover);The community around Seribu Satu Sungai Teo Enebikia MPA contributing to a Public Consultation for the Zoning and Management Plan (RPZ), conducted by USAID SEA in South Sorong,West Papua (USAID SEA/Chris Rotinsulu). i | Talking SEA No. 6
Editorial
T
his final issue of the Talking SEA
Newsletter (No. 6) is packed with
the tangible results of the USAID
Sustainable Ecosystems Advanced (USAID
SEA) Project that began in 2016 and ends
March 2021.
The Project has been supporting the sustainable
use and management of fisheries and other marine
resources in Indonesia, working closely with our
government counterparts in the Ministry of Marine Alan White, Ph.D. Chief
of Party
Affairs and Fisheries (MMAF) and through the
provincial fisheries offices in North Maluku, Maluku
and West Papua. Our overall mission is to build the Finally, to ensure that EAFM, MPAs, and MSP
capacity of government and non-government entities succeed, people need to understand the value of the
that have significant roles supporting and ensuring that work. Without an appreciation of the objectives,
Indonesian fisheries and marine areas are under wise people will not change their behaviors to take
stewardship and management with benefits accruing to the necessary actions to conserve and manage
local stakeholders. resources. Thus, we also put a major focus on
behavior change and education. Part of the recipe
At first, it might appear easy to support marine
for behavior change is having incentives to support
conservation and fisheries management in three
that change (e.g., income from tourism, stable fish
provinces and partially across FMA 715. But, if you ask
catch, rights to local fishing grounds, etc.).
our core staff and 13 NGO and university partners,
they will say otherwise. Rather, the SEA Project has I am amazed at how much we accomplished in the
been a complex undertaking that to succeed had to be USAID SEA Project. I thank our core staff and all the
fully integrated across a range of sectors and activities, staff of our partner NGOs for their excellent work
and coordinated among actors so that synergies from and being part of this complex undertaking. I see the
the activities support the long-term outcomes of project whole as an interconnected organism, where
enduring capacity, sustainability, and improved marine all parts depend on each other to function properly.
ecosystems. The positive results reflect that interconnectedness
of the SEA Team and the interface with all the
This last issue sums up the results of our work. government agencies and communities with whom
Implementing an ‘ecosystem approach to fisheries we have worked. Success depends on collaboration,
management’ (EAFM) is already a daunting task and coordination, and being very strategic in the
is often considered to be inclusive to all aspects of activities undertaken in consultation with our
fisheries and marine resource management. But the counterparts, from the MMAF to the smallest
reality of fisheries management means it must be village in the field. Marine and fisheries resources
broken into tangible sets of activities. The marine management and conservation cannot succeed
biodiversity conservation track established marine without the buy-in and support of all stakeholders.
protected areas (MPAs) that contribute to enhancing
fisheries, protecting critical habitats, and bringing We hope you found the Talking SEA Newsletters
benefits to local communities. Then, the higher-level useful. We appreciate your interest, and your
planning task of marine spatial planning (MSP), which feedback is always welcome! All of the USAID SEA
requires provincial-wide planning, is essential to secure Publications are available until 2025 on the USAID
the most valuable marine sites and fishing areas to be SEA website (www.sea-indonesia.org). We are also
free from damaging activities. Ensuring that fisheries launching a new publication of lessons learned from
rules are followed and the MPAs are enforced requires the Project: Sustaining Indonesia’s Marine Environment:
coordinated and effective law enforcement, and, Lessons Learned from the USAID SEA Project. Please
supportive policies must be in place to legally guide avail of these publications and we are happy to have
these plans and activities. served you as our audience.
Talking SEA No. 6 | 1
EAFM: Promoting sustainable fisheries
IMPLEMENTING AN ‘ECOSYSTEM
APPROACH TO FISHERIES MANAGEMENT’
T
o promote sustainable fisheries in eastern
Indonesia, the USAID SEA Project
focused on implementing an ecosystem “[EAFM is] an approach to fisheries
approach to fisheries management (EAFM).
management and development that
In recent decades, EAFM has emerged globally as
an alternative to conventional fishing management strives to balance diverse societal
practices that tended to focus on fisheries in
isolation. Instead, EAFM considers the complexities objectives, by taking into account
of a fishery as a whole.
In Indonesia, EAFM began to guide national and the knowledge and uncertainties
regional fisheries planning in the late 2000s. In
2016, the USAID SEA Project committed to about biotic, abiotic, and human
supporting three key areas of work:
components of ecosystems and
(1) assessing the status of stocks and developing
harvest strategies for fisheries in FMA 715, their interactions and applying
(2) establishing systems for fisheries monitoring,
and an integrated approach to
(3) strengthening fisheries governance. fisheries within ecologically
In the following pages we explore the impact of
the USAID SEA Project on advancing EAFM and meaningful boundaries.”
promoting sustainable fisheries in FMA 715. UN FAO [Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations] (2003). FAO Technical Guidelines for
Responsible Fisheries. Rome. ISBN 92-5-104897-5; p.6.
Photo: CTC
MPA Socialization in Buano, Maluku.
2 | Talking SEA No. 6
ANCHOVIES
Raja Ampat,
West Papua
EAFM advances REEF FISH
North Maluku
REEF FISH
Maluku
in Eastern Indonesia FLYING FISH
Fakfak,
T
he USAID SEA Project focused West Papua
SMALL
on implementing EAFM in five PELAGIC FISH
prioritized fisheries in FMA 715. across FMA 715
The selected fisheries are vital to fisher and coastal
Once completed, these assessments formed the
communities’ livelihoods, and face increasing
basis of management plans for each target fishery;
pressure and risks from overfishing, destructive
becoming the first completed harvest strategies in
fishing and unsustainable fishing practices.
Indonesia!
The first step toward securing these fisheries
For each fishery, the management plans identify key
was to assess the status of the stocks. Data for
issues to address (challenges), operational objectives
these assessments included primary data (fresh
(interventions) and target reference points (targets)
from the field) and secondary data (existing in
for sustainability, and lay out key measures and
various studies and reports). Information was
indicators of success (see our map on the next page
gathered through collaborations between the
for a snapshot of these elements for each fishery).
MMAF Center for Fisheries Research (Pusat
Riset Perikanan—Pusriskan) and Marine Research The area (in ha) that each harvest strategy covers
Agency (Badan Riset Perikanan Laut—BRPL), is tailored to its target species’ ‘stock unit’: the area
the provincial fisheries offices (Dinas Kelautan where a specie's reproductive cycle occurs plus
dan Perikanan—DKPs), and USAID SEA Project the range of movement of that stock (delineated by
partners (WWF, WCS, UKIP, and MDPI). genetics studies, bathymetric analysis and observed
distribution/migration patterns).
Using this data, stock assessments were
undertaken following a three-step process: The small pelagic fish harvest strategy area covers
21,786,624 ha, based on the distribution/migration
(1) training BRPL researchers and academic
of small pelagic species between the Weber and
counterparts from UKIP and UNIPA in new
Lydekker lines (natural ecological boundaries).
and improved data-limited methodologies for
stock assessments1; Two of the other target fisheries also occur
within the boundaries of the small pelagic fish
(2) analyzing and interpreting the fisheries data
management area:
through these methodologies to assess the
• The fisheries management plan for reef fish in
status of the stocks; and
North Maluku covers 41,600 ha, based on the
(3) reviewing the results with the National coral coverage around Halmahera island.
Commission Fisheries Resources Assessment • The area of focus for reef fish management in
(Komisi Nasional Pengkajian Sumber Daya Ikan— Maluku covers 33,800 ha, based on the coral
Komnas Kajiskan), senior MMAF researchers coverage around Seram Island.
and senior scientists from the Indonesian
The remaining two fisheries’ areas are in West Papua:
Institute of Sciences (Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan
• The anchovies fisheries management plan in South
Indonesia—LIPI), and through various national
Misool covers 75,593 ha and is based on the
and international fora.
fishing grounds observed during regional studies.
1 Methodologies included: (i) the length-based spawning • The flying fish management plan in Fakfak
potential ratio [LBSPR] method, (ii) the length-based covers 638,798 ha, delineated by the species’
Bayesian biomass [LBB] method, and (iii) the non-
equilibrium biomass dynamic model (NE-BDM); and fishing grounds.
training included risk assessment procedures and
projections on biomass, fishing mortality, and yields. continued on page 4
Talking SEA No. 6 | 3
SEA supported harvest strategies for prioritized fisheries in FMA 715
The combined area covered by these harvest strategies is more than 22.5 million ha: an area larger than the entire nation of Cambodia, and
more than double the area of South Korea! Not only does this achievement mean there is an enormous area under improved management, it also
more than quadrupled the USAID SEA Project’s aim to advance EAFM in at least 5.1 million ha of marine and coastal waters in FMA 715. #
REEF FISH NORTH MALUKU ANCHOVIES, WEST PAPUA
q fish biomass q yields by traditional fishers
q vessel productivity q stocks
!juveniles & small sizes caught q local income potential
! competition with lift-nets
· prohibition on hook sizes < # 13 · limit on lift-net operators
· closed fishing seasons Lydekker W E ST
Line PA P UA (max 10)
· closed fishing areas (via MPAs) · lift-net zone (3km away
from village coastlines)
· 14% reduction in fishing effort · reduced fishing time
Raja Ampat
· 20% SPR (13 days at new moon)
· relative biomass =1 · opening markets for
· relative fishing mortality =1 local-caught products to
· fish length at first capture = access supply chain (for
optimum length of indicator species
· 10% increase in vessel productivity
pole and line live-bait)
· 10% reduction in juvenile mortality NORTH
MA L U K U · 20% SPR
Fakfak · 50 communities benefiting
SMALL PELAGIC, FMA 715 from home-based processing
q fish biomass
q productivity
q fisher income MA L U K U FLYING FISH, WEST PAPUA
fishing pressure
q
(# vessels & vessel capacity) q roe production
! juveniles caught 0 km Weber ! low benefit/participation of local communities
Line !
Produced by SSIC. lack of robust data in setting allowable catch rates
· reduced # fishing days · limit on # outsider vessels
REEF FISH, MALUKU · reduced # fishing days
· development of local-based supply chain
q fish population/biomass
q vessel productivity opportunities and apprenticeships
· 10% reduction in fishing effort q
· 30% SPR capture of non-target species
4 | Talking SEA No. 6
· relative biomass =1 · 80% of MSY and FSMY for total allowable catches
· relative fishing mortality =1 · reduced # fishing days · increase local participation and government
· fish length at first capture ≥ 20 cm · closed fishing seasons revenue generation from the fishery
· CPUE @ 139 tons/vessel/year · closed fishing areas (via MPAs)
q
Challenges Increasing
MSY = maximum sustainable yield · 30% SPR
FMSY = fishing mortality that produces MSY · relative biomass =1 Interventions q Decreasing FMA 715
CPUE = catch per unit effort · relative fishing mortality =1
SPR = spawning potential ratio · fish length at first capture = optimum length of indicator species Targets 0 50 100 200 km
EAFM: Promoting sustainable fisheries
SEA supports increased fish catches at key sites
H
ow do you know if the fishery fishers in Bintuni Bay, West Papua, experienced
interventions you’ve put in place an average 41 percent increase in catch! These
are working? One approach used results suggest sustainable fisheries measures
by scientists is to assess fishers’ ‘catch per implemented at these sites were effective.
unit effort’ (CPUE) by regularly measuring Management measures included the establishment
the amount of fish caught by a fisher/vessel of community surveillance teams, awareness
(catch) in a fixed block of time (effort). Over and reduction of destructive fishing practices,
the long term it is possible to see changes in zonations for MPAs to support stock growth and
catch results for fishing effort. managed access regulations in some areas.
For example, if fishers at one point in time are Meanwhile, handline fishers in Maluku saw a slight
regularly catching 10 kg of fish in one hour, and decline in fish catches in East Seram, Central
at a later point in time are routinely catching Maluku and West Seram (-3 percent), while purse
only 5 kg of fish in one hour, this indicates that seine fishers North Maluku (Tidore, North and
the availability of fish (stock) in the water may be South Halmahera) found their catches remained
diminishing and the fishery may be under threat. steady (only a 1 percent increase), suggesting
more effort is required to implement, and
Conversely, where data show that the amount
promote compliance with, sustainable fisheries
of catch (kg) per unit of effort (hour) is stable
interventions.
– or even increasing – it can indicate that the
availability of stock is maintained or improving. It is important to note that this data is reliant on a
relatively short-term data set, and to truly assess
Under the USAID SEA Project, CPUE was
change over time longer term data is needed.
measured in four key fisheries, revealing increased
Provided CPUE data collection is ongoing, it
fish yields in North Maluku and West Papua.
should be possible to see the long-term impact of
Handline fishers in North Maluku (Tidore Islands,
these management measures on fisheries in these
South Halmahera and Morotai Island) experienced
key sites. #
an average 20 percent increase in fish catches
over the Project period, while folding trap shrimp
Handline fishers Purse seine fishers
NORTH MALUKU + 20% NORTH MALUKU + 1%
Project start Project end Project start Project end
MALUKU – 3% Folding trap shrimp fishers
Project start Project end WEST PAPUA + 41%
Project start Project end
Talking SEA No. 6 | 5
More small fishing vessels registered than ever
before in Indonesia
M
onitoring a fishery is essential to Why is vessel registration
understand whether interventions important?
are working and if the fishery
To maintain stocks in any given fishery it is
is being managed sustainably.
necessary to know, and ultimately manage, the
Under the USAID SEA Project, a range of number and size of fishing boats permitted in the
activities were implemented to support area. This is known as managing ‘fishing effort’.
fisheries monitoring.
By law, fishing vessels over 10 gross tonnage
• Small-scale fisher logbooks were designed, (> 10 GT) require licenses and permits to
developed, tested, and rolled out in target operate1, while small fishing vessels of less than
areas across FMA 715 to capture and or equal to 10 GT (≤ 10 GT) do not require
document data on fisheries’ catches (yields licenses but are expected to be ‘registered’.
and species). This led to a draft regulation to However, small vessel registration is not the
support small-scale fisher logbooks being used ‘norm’ for fishers, or fisheries officers, at any level
more widely across the country. of government. Nearly all small-scale fisheries—
• Various innovations were tested to track accounting for around 85 percent of Indonesia’s
vessel movements and build a better picture of entire fishing sector—are unregistered. Low
where fishers fish, how long their fishing trips levels of registration creates a significant challenge
take, what times they fish, etc. Innovations to to monitoring fishing pressure.
support supply chain traceability were also
piloted at several sites with private sector
operators (more information on page 14).
• And finally, small fishing vessels were registered
at an unprecedented level in FMA 715.
1 Indonesian Fishery Law no. 31/2004 jo no. 45/2009
19%
# vessels registered 20
BPKP+Pas kecil 2 81%
137
BPKP 62 16
531
Pas Kecil
SIPI 3 4 150 400
ACHIEVED
72
TARGET
2% 3
73% 145
25%
5.5%
170 WEST
43% 550 PAPUA
189
46% 34
5.5% 400 35%
ACHIEVED
90 65%
TARGET
163
ACHIEVED 468 412
400 56
OUTSIDE
ACHIEVED
FMA 715 NORTH
TARGET
MALUKU
1
MALUKU
6 | Talking SEA No. 6
EAFM: Promoting sustainable fisheries
Steps to Register Fishing Vessels ≤ 10 GT
Through their representatives,
fishing vessel owners
1 (individual or collective
groups) prepare the following
A measuring expert
(appointed by KSOP/
2
documents for verification by UPP) measures the fishing Boat Registration (Pas Kecil)
KSOP/UPP: vessel and checks
documentation
3 and Worthiness Certificate
(1) Request for vessel * Incomplete documents will be returned for
measurement review (to no. 1)
(2) Photocopy of identification
(3) Proof of vessel ownership
(4) Mechanic’s letter
CO A
S T GU
ARD
Through their representatives,
fishing vessel owners prepare
4 documents for verification by
Provincial/ District DKP
Fisheries Inspector
(appointed by Provincial/District
5
and/or Provincial PTSP: Proof of Vessel Registration
DKP) inspects the vessel and
(1) Request for physical check
compiles Physical Inspection Report
* Incomplete documents will be returned for
6 (BPKP)
of vessel and API review (to no. 4)
(2) Request for BPKP
(3) Photocopy of ID
(4) 2 passport photos
(5) Photocopy of Pas Kecil and
Worthiness Certificate
Authorized government agencies involved:
API – fishing gear (alat pengangkap ikan); BPKP– proof of vessel registration (Bukti Pencatatan Kapal Steps 1-3: KSOP and/or nearest UPP
Perikanan); KSOP – Harbormaster Office and Port Authority (Kantor Kesyahbandaran dan Otoritas Steps 4-6: Provincial/District DKP and/or Provincial PTSP
Pelabuhan); UPP – port administration unit (Unit Penyelenggara Pelabuhan)
What did the USAID SEA Project do?
To address this challenge, the USAID SEA Project These efforts resulted in a total of 1,639 vessels
supported the MMAF Directorate of Vessel being registered over the life of the project (far
Licensing and Fishers and the provincial DKPs to exceeding the original SEA target of 1,200). Each
intensify and streamline the registration process of these vessels was verified through one or
and establish an integrated national-provincial more of the following registration documents:
small-scale fishing vessel database. This work
• A proof of registration document (Bukti
involved:
Pencatatan Kapal Perikanan—BPKP)
• gaining national-level commitment for vessel • A boat registration certificate (Pas Kecil)
registration between the Directorate of • A fishing permit (Surat Izin Penangkapan Ikan—
Vessel Licensing, the Ministry of Home Affairs, SIPI)2
Ministry of Transportation, Coordinating
This achievement goes beyond any previous
Ministry for Maritime Affairs, and the
efforts to register small-scale vessels in Indonesia,
provincial DKPs in FMA 715;
and has set a precedent for other regions of the
• creating a streamlined six-step system for
nation to aspire to replicate. #
registering vessels; and
• actively supporting fishers, government
agencies and associated stakeholders to
register vessels.
2 This is relevant for vessels between 5 and 30 gross tons.
Talking SEA No. 6 | 7
MPAs: Maintaining and enhancing marine biodiversity, improving productivity
PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE FISHERIES
AND SECURING MARINE BIODIVERSITY
THROUGH MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
T
Using Indonesia’s MPA management effectiveness
he creation and effective management
scorecard (EKKP-3-K),1 assessments were
of marine protected areas (MPAs) has
undertaken at each of the MPAs at the start
proven to be an effective approach
and end of the Project, revealing dramatic
to maintaining and enhancing marine
improvements in management effectiveness.
biodiversity, particularly in areas of coral,
These assessments cover five levels, from Level 1
seagrass, and mangrove ecosystems. MPAs
(MPA initiated) to Level 5 (MPA self-sustaining),
serve to protect marine habitats and provide
with each level provided a score from 0 to 100.
refuge for a wide array of marine species,
Across the USAID SEA Project portfolio of MPAs
including endangered, threatened and
management effectiveness improved by an average
protected species. MPAs also enhance the
of 243 percent.
productivity of fisheries by protecting the
breeding and spawning sites of commercially This is an impressive result, but is still only the
important species, enabling them to increase beginning. Key next steps for all of these sites
in biomass and restock neighboring fishing is the establishment of on-site management and
areas through the ‘spillover effect’. systematic management processes to secure
these MPAs for the long term. We hope that
The USAID SEA Project supported the design,
the foundation provided through support from
development, establishment, and management
USAID SEA will continue to inspire and motivate
of 14 MPAs across North Maluku, Maluku
the key provincial government agencies, their
and West Papua, covering a combined area of
district counterparts, communities, fishers, and
1,630,106 ha. With project support, nine of the
associated resource users, to work together
MPAs were formally gazetted under ministerial
into the future to ensure the MPAs are optimally
decrees and management and zoning plans were
effective and ultimately self-sustaining. #
developed for all of them in collaboration with
local communities and district and provincial
1 Evaluasi Efektivitas Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi
government agencies. Perairan, Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil - EKKP-3-K.
FISHING AREA NO-TAKE ZONE
MPAs and
'no-take' zones
protect the
breeding and
spawning sites
of commercially
important
species, allowing
them to spillover
and restock
neighboring
fishing areas.
Source: WWF, 2015. Produced by SSIC.
8 | Talking SEA No. 5MPA management effectiveness ranking and improvement
of MPAs in the USAID SEA MPA Portfolio 2015/17–2020
Management effectiveness levels
T1 54 +238%
T1 46 +238% Level 5 (self-sustained)
T1 45 +760% Level 4 (optimally managed)
Level 3 (managed)
T0 100 T0 100 Level 2 (established)
T0 0 MOROTAI 81 Level 1 (initiated)
MARE 81 T1 30 +190%
MAKIAN-MOTI
Key
86 T0 18
T1 38 +543% = MPA Sites
T0 = Highest score at
SOUTH
baseline (2015/17,
T1 39 +514% T0 100 SORONG 82 MMAF)
WIDI 90 T1 33 +32% T1 = Highest score by
end of USAID SEA
T0 100 Project (Sept, 2020)
GURAICI 86 T1 14 +12% 18 MPA # = Status
T0
(current ranking
having completed
T0 0 BERAU BAY &
up to 100 scores in
NUSA LASI 62 previous levels)
SAWAI 86
T1 45 +353% + % = Percent increase
in management
effectiveness overall
T0 0
SULA 86 T0 T1 50 +115%
T1 20 +66%
T1 25 +88%
T1 45 +10%
18
T0 0
T0 0
0 50 100 200 km BUANO 82 T0 0 KOON-NEIDEN
Talking SEA No. 5 | 9
LEASE 91
AY-RHUN 57 82MAKING A DIFFERENCE:
USAID SEA MPAs stabilize and increase reef health ….
O
ne of the measures of success of the These are impressive results considering that
USAID SEA Project was the status these MPAs have only recently been formally
of reef health in the MPAs supported declared through ministerial decree and, to date,
by the Project. Reef health is determined zone compliance and the management of the
by the percent of hard coral cover (HCC) area has principally fallen to local community
observed during underwater transect surveys. surveillance groups (pokmaswas)! This suggests
Without protection, reef health is expected high levels of voluntary compliance from resource
to deteriorate over time due to ongoing users to cease destructive and/or extractive
detrimental practices, including destructive practices such as coral gleaning and harvesting.
fishing, extraction of habitat (such as coral
In total, the areas showing improved biophysical
gleaning), damaging fishing gears, and trophic
condition came to 16,596 ha (which is the
changes from overfishing.
combined total of the stable or improved
In the USAID SEA Project portfolio of MPAs, no-take zones surveyed). Further on-site MPA
eight sites were selected for baseline surveys management measures and ongoing surveys
between 2016–18, and were surveyed again will be necessary to assess the longer-term
in 2020 to assess reef health over time1. All impacts of protection at these sites; but these
the surveys were conducted in the planned preliminary findings are encouraging, and show
‘no-take’ zones of the MPAs, where the that demarcating protected areas can make a
USAID SEA Project has worked with the tangible difference to sustainable marine and
provincial government, local governments, coastal management.
and communities to establish fully protected
areas, off-limits to fishing, coral gleaning, = Fish biomass
and other extractive practices. = Hard Coral Cover **
= significant increase
The surveys revealed that nearly all the sites had MOROTAI
= significant decrease
managed to maintain stable reef health through
= stable
MPA protection, with two sites even showing
increases in hard coral cover through this time. ** = highly significant
**
In particular, one site (Mare MPA in North
Maluku) showed a statistically ‘highly significant’ ** MARE
increase in coral cover between 2017 and 2020, GURAICI
and another (Morotai, also in North Maluku)
showed a ‘significant’ increase. WIDI
1 These surveys following standardized protocols based
on Ahmadia G.N, Wilson J.R. & Green A.L. (2013).
Coral Reef Monitoring Protocol for Assessing Marine
Protected Areas in the Coral Triangle. Coral Triangle
Support Partnership; and USAID (2020) SEA Project ** **
reef health monitoring protocol. USAID Sustainable SULA
Ecosystems Advanced Project. Jakarta. NORTH
MALUKU
10 | Talking SEA No. 6…. But ‘fishing and
Photo: CTC/Purwanto
fusiliers’ can confound
the impact for livelihoods
Biophysical survey in Lea
se MPA
Another indicator used by the USAID SEA
This suggests that while there may have been a
Project to assess changes in the MPAs over time
reduction in destructive or damaging gears used
was the measure of ‘fish biomass’. This is assessed
at these sites over this time (thus the stable or
in terms of the number of kilograms (kg) of fish
improved reef health), fishing may nonetheless be
per hectare (ha) observed during underwater
continuing at unsustainable levels within these MPAs
visual census surveys. These surveys were also
(as the no-take zones are not yet enforced), leading
conducted in the eight selected MPAs, revealing
to declines in biomass. This presents a concern
some interesting findings.
for the fishers and communities that rely on these
Mare MPA in North Maluku showed a ‘highly resources for their livelihoods; overextraction
significant’ increase in fish biomass between of fish from these refuges will reduce the ability
baseline and end of project surveys — increasing of these areas to restock neighboring fishing
from an average of 189 kg/ha to 559 kg/ha. This grounds and provide a sustainable source of marine
is interesting because Mare was also the site products.
showing the greatest improvement in reef health
However, the results may also be skewed by the
(coral cover) in this period, suggesting that the
presence of Fusiliers (Caesionidae) at these sites.
local management at the site is having some
Known as the ‘surveyor’s nemesis’, these schooling
considerable impact in terms of measurable
planktivores1 are common in the waters of these
biophysical results.
MPAs, and often present in very high densities,
Three of the MPAs (Widi, Guraici and Lease) making up a large part of the fish biomass on the
showed stable levels of reef fish biomass (i.e., no reefs. Their presence or absence during a survey can
statistically significant difference over time), while affect results as they can sway biomass calculations
the remaining four MPAs (Morotai, Sula, Koon- considerably. Therefore, longer term, repeat surveys
Neiden and Sawai) showed ‘significant’ (and ‘highly will be necessary to gain a clearer picture of what is
significant’) levels of decrease in reef fish biomass happening in these MPAs in terms of fish biomass.
over the project term.
Survey results should inform and guide fishery
management measures, and the findings so far
highlight the importance of restricted fishing
activities in protected zones in MPAs. While
** the seemingly ‘endless ocean’ provides plentiful
areas for harvesting the oceans bounty, these few
SAWAI protected areas are the only ‘off-limits’ refuges for
marine species to exist without threat of extraction,
LEASE
somewhere to breed undisturbed, reproduce and
KOON-NEIDEN grow in stock, and to ensure the richness and
heritage of Indonesia’s seas are secured, for today
and for future generations. #
1 A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on
MALUKU planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton.
Talking SEA No. 6 | 11MSP: An important governance tool
SUPPORTING
MARINE SPATIAL
Photo:WWF/Ehdra Beta Masran
PLANNING FOR
A SUSTAINABLE
FUTURE
E
ffectively managing coastal and marine
Participatory MSP mapping in West Papua Province.
resources requires understanding
utilization practices and designating
(1) Initiation — Establishing the provincial MSP
which areas are appropriate (or not
working groups, securing funding, and
appropriate) for particular activities through a
acquiring necessary governor approvals for
political process. Therefore, spatial planning is
plan development.
an important governance tool, and in recent
years, it has become a worldwide practice for (2) Data Collection — Collation, analysis and
defining and governing the use patterns of mapping of a considerable amount of physical
nations’ land and sea. and thematic data; overlaying biophysical,
oceanographic, bathymetric, socioeconomic and
In Indonesia, marine spatial planning (MSP) governance data onto base maps and thematic
maps for review and preliminary designation of
“… determine[s] appropriate marine spatial utilization areas.
spatial utilization of water areas,
(3) Technical Consultation — Verification and
developed with consistent provisions validation process with MMAF to ensure all
for spatial structures and patterns, key steps aligned with Ministerial Regulation
no. 23/2016.
and determin[es] permissible activities,
(4) Draft Plan Production — Drafting a spatial
non-permissible activities, and activities zoning plan and associated draft regulation
permissible only with relevant licenses” documentation.
(law no. 27/2007 and law no. 1/2014). (5) Public Hearings — Reviewing the plan
through extensive public consultation and
Every province is mandated to produce a marine incorporating feedback.
spatial plan for their provincial waters1 for better
(6) Finalization and Adoption — Completing the
marine management and local economic benefits.
draft MSP local regulation, approval by the
Beginning in 2016, the USAID SEA Project
Provincial Regional People’s Representative
supported North Maluku, Maluku, and West
Council and Ministry of Home Affairs, and
Papua Provinces to achieve this mandate.
finalizing the provincial regulation.
The plans were developed through a six-step
These steps were achieved for Maluku by August
process:
2018, North Maluku by September 2018, and West
Papua by December 2019. Each of the plans outline
1 These marine spatial plans are known as Rencana a range of utilization zones and together provide
Zonasi Wilayah Pesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil (RZWP- spatial planning for the management of an area
3-K) as stipulated under laws no. 27/2007 and no. totaling 17,312,391 ha within FMA 715 waters.
1/2014 on coastal and small islands management.
12 | Talking SEA No. 6Summary MSP Zonation WEST PAPUA
for the USAID SEA Total MSP coverage:
7,276,052 ha
Project focus provinces in
FMA 715
NORTH MALUKU MALUKU
Total MSP coverage: Total MSP coverage:
7,942,405 ha 2,093,933 ha
GENERAL UTILIZATION
Tourism: 45,511 ha
Coastal and small islands: 36,359
Underwater: 5,454
Water sports: 3,697
Capture Fisheries: 4,133,154 ha
Pelagic: 2,369,039
Pelagic and Demersal: 1,727,493
GENERAL UTILIZATION GENERAL UTILIZATION Demersal: 36,622
Tourism: 17,531 ha Tourism: 100,571 ha Aquaculture: 174,687 ha
Water sports: 10,181 Underwater: 95,723 Mangrove: 685 ha
Underwater historical sites: 4,514 Coastal and small islands: 4,848
Coastal and small islands: 1,928 Capture Fisheries: 1,838,095 ha PROTECTED AREAS
Underwater: 908 Pelagic: 1,704,571 MPAs: 2,549,531 ha
Capture Fisheries: 6,832,284 ha Demersal: 133,525 MPA – no zoning: 1,168,027
Pelagic: 6,185,593 Aquaculture: 14,370 ha MPA – sustainable fishing: 1,013,418
Pelagic and Demersal: 604,981 MPA – limited use: 321,914
Demersal: 41,710 PROTECTED AREAS MPA – core: 30,571
Aquaculture: 16,845 ha MPAs: 132,052 ha MPA – other: 13,446
MPA – seasonal closure (sasi): 2,154
Coastal and Small Islands
PROTECTED AREAS Protected Areas: 8,846 ha Coastal and Small Islands
MPAs: 566,315 ha Protected Areas: 345,343 ha
Coastal and Small Islands Marine Wildlife Reserves: 16,110 ha
Protected Areas: 509,431 ha Other Conservation Areas
(marine nature reserve): 11,030 ha
Notably, each plan includes areas dedicated for marine and coastal protection. Within FMA 715, North
Maluku allocated approximately 14 percent of its provincial waters for protection and Maluku 7 percent,
while West Papua allocated a staggering 40 percent of its marine waters for protection. These allocations
enable the development of more MPAs and other forms of marine managed areas, including community-
managed sites.
Importantly, all three of the province’s plans have allocated the area 0–2 nautical miles from the shoreline
as customary use, specifically for resident communities. This is a new and unique inclusion in MSP in
Indonesia, and — as well as many other lessons learned through the development of these plans — has
been held as exemplary by the national government. Each province is now producing and sharing their
own best practice approaches and recommendations to wider provinces. #
Talking SEA No. 6 | 13SPOTLIGHT ON
INNOVATIONS SUPPORTED BY THE USAID SEA PROJECT
PROCESSES
AN ENGAGEMENT MODEL FOR MSP INCORPORATING ROBUST
PROCESS: A USAID SEA led participatory approach to
INSTITUTIONAL MANAGEMENT
facilitate, coordinate and engage fisher and adat communities FRAMEWORKS INTO POLICY
in the MSP process, enable multiple stakeholders to score and
PROCESS: Advancing methodological
weigh prospective utilization patterns, and apportion roles and
approaches to policy development and
responsibilities to agencies for technical support.
revisions through the incorporation of robust
IMPACT: North Maluku, Maluku and institutional frameworks, e.g., designing
West Papua are now in the top ranked institutional steps for pokmaswas, draft
provinces for MSP nation-wide. Other revisions for siswasmas, and advancing MPA
provinces have expressed interest in networks and associated national guidelines.
replicating this engagement model.
IMPACT: Promoting new opportunities
for systematic policy enhancement and
PROCEDURES FOR THE strengthened governance.
PARTICIPATORY DESIGN AND
ESTABLISHMENT OF TURFs/
MANAGED ACCESS AREAS
PROCESS: Rare (Raja Ampat) and ILMMA (Seram Island)
facilitated the participatory design and establishment of
TURFs/Managed Access Areas through mediating community
tenure claims, mapping boundaries, and implementing area-
specific harvest control strategies.
IMPACT: Procedures and process steps provide a framework
for replication in other regions for the advance of rights-based
fisheries management.
HANDHELD DEVICES FOR OCEAN EYE CELL PHONE APP
FISHERIES DATA COLLECTION
TOOL: A conservation app that enables
TOOL: Field-based fisheries catch data visitors to an area to log key marine species
collection systems (OurFISH, MDPI— they observe in the wild, with each log
supplier app, etc.) with robust protocols generating payments to the local communities
that record and upload data in real time. for protecting their marine environment.
Compatible with MMAF’s central I-Fish
database. IMPACT: Provides a powerful incentive
for communities to protect marine fauna
IMPACT: Enables fishery catch analysis instead of fishing or hunting for monetary
and real-time monitoring of stock gain. Also enables citizen observations
health. System users include fishery to contribute to scientists’ understanding
managers, scientific researchers, the of species movements and locations.
private sector and communities. Ocean Eye is being trialed in Morotai.
14 | Talking SEA No. 6TOOLS
SEANODE MSP GEOPORTAL DATABASE TRACETALES APPLICATION FOR
TOOL: SEANODE operates TRACKING TUNA SUPPLY CHAINS
on LINUX and is equipped TOOL: A digital tally-based system to replace paper-
to house all provincial spatial based recording and improve the traceability of products
data, MSP thematic data, and within a processing company; enabling clear supply chain
official guidance documents. labeling and tracking from source to sale.
IMPACT: Provides a
mechanism to monitor and IMPACT: TraceTales is installed in the processing
evaluate the progress of MSP facilities of PT. Harta Samudra in Buru, Ambon,
in Indonesia, securely store and manage data and and Morotai. The Morotai operations are now
information for users, and support permits and 100 percent paperless.
licensing systems for sustainable marine utilization.
TRAFIZ APPLICATION FOR TRACKING
TUNA THROUGH TRADERS
NON-EQUILIBRIUM BIOMASS TOOL: A cell phone app alternative to paper-based
recording of transactions among fishers, middlemen
DYNAMICS MODELING (BDM) and suppliers.
FOR STOCK ASSESSMENTS
IMPACT: Deployed at 15 suppliers across eight sites
TOOL: A statistical analysis in FMA 715, the app supports traceability and market
tool to support the effective transfer of products through the processor supply chain.
testing of available data
(pre-analysis) and utilization
of approved data (analysis)
to determine stock status OFFLINE SIMKADA—PROCESS AND APP
assessments. FOR FISHING LICENSES
IMPACT: Provides an alternative model to inform and TOOL: A system and storage application
guide fisheries management planning. Supports trend to integrate vessel registration data from
analyses and the formation of ranging scenarios for remote areas into a central database.
fishery projections.
IMPACT: Supports regions where limited
internet access prevents operationalizing the online
SIMKADA one-stop-center process.
MPA ALERT SYSTEM USING
VISIBLE INFRARED
IMAGINING RADIOMETER GPS VESSEL TRACKING SYSTEMS TO
SUITE (VIIRS) DATA IDENTIFY FISHING GROUNDS
TOOL: Developed with support from NOAA, the TOOL: Systems that use satellite
system detects boat activity at night in a defined area technology to track fishing vessels’
(such as an MPA core zone) from lights >1,000 watts. movements (e.g., Spot Trace and Pelagic
Data Systems) and relay them to a
IMPACT: Collated data correlates with Vessel central database. Compatible with I-Fish, the systems can
Monitoring Systems (VMS) and Automatic reveal the scale of fishing pressure in an area.
Identification Systems (AIS) data and extends existing
capabilities to capture the movement of vessels. Has IMPACT: Enables real-time tracking and trend analysis
the potential to provide data to assess zone compliance of fishers’ movements; helps identify fishing locations,
in MPAs, enable real-time reactive enforcement, patterns and pressures. Supports management planning
and reveal trends to inform MPA management. and monitoring.
Talking SEA No. 6 | 15Law Enforcement: Supporting effective marine and coastal management
A MULTI-SCALED APPROACH TO
SUPPORTING LAW ENFORCEMENT
L
aw enforcement is a critical component
of effective marine and coastal
management. The USAID SEA Project
successfully supported several advances in
law enforcement at the national, provincial,
and site levels.
Photo: USAID SEA/ David Hermanjaya
Nationally, illegal, unreported, and
unregulated (IUU) fishing is estimated to cost
the Indonesian economy an enormous USD 20
billion per year1 , with a corresponding USD 4
billion loss for fishers in marine wild-capture
profits.2 Tackling IUU fishing at sea is costly and
problematic due to Indonesia’s vast ocean and
limited enforcement infrastructure and facilities.
So in 2016, the Government of Indonesia
ratified an internationally binding agreement
Having participated in PSM training since 2018,
to instigate ‘Port State Measures’ (PSM) Mr.Yogi Effendi Darmawan (PSDKP Inspector)
(Presidential Regulation no. 43/2016), through has successfully prevented IUU fishing products
which all signatory nations make a concerted from foreign-flagged vessels from entering
effort to improve the management of vessels Benoa Port by preventing the landing or sale of
entering their ports, including port-based catch, refueling or fulfilling any other shipping
inspections and investigations. 3 needs, and reporting the vessels as non-
compliant to all other signatory nations globally.
The USAID SEA Project and the U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office Port State Measures Inspectors Training Modules
of Law Enforcement (NOAA-OLE) supported
Conducting
the development of the necessary measures Establishing physical Conducting
to implement the PSM agreement, primarily an inspection
team
inspections
of fishing
analysis on
findings
a systematic process for inspecting vessels gears, crews
and vessels
at ports. These measures included producing
1>2 >3>4>5 >6>7
an MMAF ministerial regulation on PSM
implementation (no. 39/2019) and associated
ministerial decree (no. 52/2020) on PSM
designated ports with accompanying standard
operational procedures, and a seven-module PSMA 101 &
pre-arrival
Verifying
fishing
Inspecting
fish catch
Reporting
the
training course for PSM Inspectors. information vessel
documents
inspection
Through the Project, MMAF trainers received
1 The USAID SEA Project (2018). US Government Supports Indonesia’s
high-level skills-building and mentoring to Efforts to Stop IUU Fishing: https://www.sea-indonesia.org/u-s-
become PSM instructors and 109 inspectors governmentsupports-indonesias-efforts-to-stop-iuu-fishing/
received PSM training, 12 of whom have already 2 Cabrel, R. et al. (2018). Rapid and lasting gains from solving illegal fishing,
gone on to enact measures in their home Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol 650(2), April 2018, pp. 650–658: www.
nature.com/natecolevol
ports to tackle IUU vessels (in Jakarta, Bali,
3 MMAF & USAID SEA Project (2018). State of the Sea: Indonesia, Volume
and Ambon). One: An Overview of Marine Resource Management for Small-Scale
Fisheries and Critical Marine Habitats in Indonesia. Jakarta, pp. 156.
16 | Talking SEA No. 5Pokmaswas are community groups allocated
responsibilities to supervise the marine environment,
particularly concerning local conflict situations. They
work to support marine management in the field and
can be assigned specific tasks relevant to a particular
coastal area and its needs, such as promoting
awareness and undertaking patrol, surveillance, and
monitoring activities.
Photo: CTC/Kasman
Specifically, pokmaswas are considered to be:
• a collection of exemplary citizens supporting the
implementation of fishery rules and reporting to
the surrounding community
La Nafsahu Idrus, leader of Tanjung Deko Pokmaswas, • part of the overall coastal management system
on patrol in Waisum Village waters, Sula, North Maluku • a partner group to fishery enforcement officers
and civil service investigators in conducting
surveillance activities
• monitoring support personnel for the
implementation of fishery legislation
(Fisheries Act 45, 2009).
Generally, pokmaswas implement what is known
as a sistem penawasan berbasis masyarakat, or
siswasmas, a community-based system for effectively
supervising and managing an area. Pokmaswas can
consist of both male and female community leaders,
fishers, religious leaders, traditional leaders, and
representatives from local associations/NGOs.
As local groups, pokmaswas provide critical
support to law enforcement through their greater
understanding of local conditions, challenges, and
threats and can implement regular monitoring
activities.
At the local scale, law enforcement is vital to ensure fishers and other resource users conform
with local fishing regulations and harvest strategies (where they exist) and comply with MPA zoning
limitations. The USAID SEA Project supported the establishment of 38 community-based surveillance
groups (pokmaswas), with a combined membership of 534 fishers and community members, from 14
different regions across North Maluku, Maluku, and West Papua provinces.
The Project also worked with the MMAF to develop and trial a three-stage pokmaswas training
program (initial to advanced) with the aims of refining the course and training trainers for its national
rollout in the future. Ninety-three instructors were trained to deliver the course (28 stage 1 trainers,
65 advanced trainers, and 7 master trainers). In the field, 18 pokmaswas were trained through to
advanced level, with a further 20 receiving initial-level training (see our map on the next page for
pokmaswas distribution and training levels). To further support these groups, the Project also developed
a quick and practical Pokmaswas Handbook to help guide tasks in the field. The handbook substance
aligns with the new community-based surveillance system outlined in a draft ministerial regulation (also
supported by the USAID SEA Project) currently in the final stages of legislation.
By 2020, more than 55 percent of all pokmaswas members (298) had shown proactive engagement in
law enforcement practices in their communities. #
Talking SEA No. 5 | 17Pokmaswas Distribution, Stages of Training Achieved and Training Curriculum
Bangkit Sehat 10 Morotai No. of members – stage 1
# training completed
Batu Kopi 10 10 Loumardoro
# No. of members – stage 3
Ahu Malinga Horomoi 10 training completed
Jiko Se Doe 10
10 Mare
Sebelei 15 Makian-Moti
15 Tafamutu
W EST
Guraici Giman Widi PAP UA
Kie Ruru 15 GROUPS: 11
NORTH 15
MEMBERS: 187
M ALUKU 15 Widi Widi Star
GROUPS: 16 Ene Lo Ene 15 20 Knasaimos
Metemani 15
MEMBERS: 197
Sula 23 Udang Warai
Mangewang 24
Pagama Indah 14 Fat Bot South Sorong Tahiti 10
10 12
Pasir Putih 23 Siganoi 20 Bintuni
Tanjung 13 Pantura 26 Kenaburi
Deko 10 Hena Puan 11 Bay
Toha
Sawai Awegro10 Babo12
Hena 10 Buano Putih 14
Berkarya
Uku Ha’a 10 Lease Nusa
Koon-Nieden Matan
18
Duurztede 12 Ay-Rhun 10 Tanjung
Keter Nusalasi
M ALUKU Rupranyo10
Lawere 15
GROUPS: 11 Pasukan
Naelaka 15
17 Leawana
MEMBERS: 150
STAGE 1: INITIAL STAGE 2: INTERMEDIATE STAGE 3: ADVANCED
KNOWLEDGE FOCUS
1. Pokmaswas Role, 1. Communication Ethics 1. Village Planning
Function and Main 2. Safety Principles 2. Provincial Action
Assignment 3. Management of Sensitive Issues Plan for Alleviating
2. Marine Ecosystem 4. Management Plan for Fisheries and MPA Destructive Fishing
Threats and Potential 5. Surveillance Network and Protection 3. Self-reliance and
3. Resource Management for Pokmaswas Contribution of
4. Reporting Management 6. Basic rules on the criminal code related Pokmaswas to Villages
5. Pokmaswas to Marine and Fisheries Violations 4. Entrepreneurship
Organizational 7. Pokmaswas Organizational 5. Pokmaswas Network
Development (Internal) Development (Internal & External) Development (External)
1. Monitoring 1. Effective Communication 1. Advanced
SKILLS BUILT
2. Reporting 2. Evidence Management Communication Skills
3. Technology Usage 3. Monitoring Skills (Bargaining, Promotion,
4. Pokmaswas Logbook 4. Information and Data Management Negotiation, Diplomacy)
5. Reporting Management (Recording) 2. Entrepreneurship
6. Pokmaswas Organizational 5. Pokmaswas Organizational Development 3. Statute and By-laws
Development (Internal) (Assessment for improvement) Development
FORMAT
Three Modules Six Modules Four Modules
24 hours (3-day minimum) 24 hours (3-day minimum) of training 18 hours (2.5-day
of training minimum) of training
18 | Talking SEA No. 6Law Enforcement: Impact Communication Platforms
stories from
the field Support Front-Line Enforcement
R
eal-time communication technologies
hold great potential for enforcement
in the 21st century. As connectivity
and communication platforms develop
at almost exponential speed, it is more
important – and opportune – than ever to
use these technologies to aid enforcement
and sustainable management.
In March 2019, Pak Pilimon Anjamsaru was going
about his patrols with the Pokmaswas Knasaimos
team members on a bright and sunny day.They looked
out across the Saifi District waters in South Sorong,
on alert for any activities that might violate the fishing
and conservation rules in their area. After only a
few moments, they spotted andon (outsider) fishers It was early morning when Pokmaswas Hena Berkarya
hauling catch out of one of the South Sorong MPA's set off on their patrols in June 2020. Heading through
protected zones. the Buano MPA (Maluku), they were disturbed to
discover compressor fishers and other illegal fishers
Picking up his phone, Pilimon contacted the MMAF
harvesting from the core zone — the most protected,
Control Center immediately – using the new ‘SMS
off-limits area of the MPA.They quickly alerted the
Gateway’ he had learned about through his USAID
Maluku Marine and Fisheries Office and the MMAF
SEA Project training – and reported what they were
Surveillance Unit in Ambon through the WhatsApp
seeing.
group.The Surveillance Unit advised the Pokmaswas
Within moments the Directorate General of Marine members to keep watch and, if they made contact,
and Fisheries Resources Surveillance instructed the provide educative information only (i.e., inform the
Technical Management Unit of Tual Marine and fishers about the MPA, the protected core zone, the
Fisheries Resources Surveillance and West Papua DKP importance of protection, and the damage caused by
to investigate the incident, successfully acquiring data destructive fishing activities).
and evidence against the andon intruders.
While the Hena Berkarya members followed these
WhatsApp is another platform that provides for instructions, the surveillance station dispatched a
immediate individual and group communication team to the area. When they arrived, they were able
and is almost ubiquitous among eastern to find the perpetrators thanks to the communications
Indonesian fishers. The pokmaswas and provincial and location services of WhatsApp, and formally
surveillance agencies in North Maluku and collected evidence from the site and communicated
Maluku have established WhatsApp groups to aid with the perpetrators regarding the dangers and
communication. penalties of destructive fishing.
continued on page 20
Talking SEA No. 6 | 19Law Enforcement: Supporting effective marine and coastal management
Community Surveillance Groups Win Local Support
T
he sustainability of pokmaswas relies
on appreciation and support from local
communities, as well as financial and
material operational contributions. Across the
USAID SEA Project's three focus provinces,
pokmaswas were encouraged to galvanize local
support and leverage funds and materials for
long-term viability, with considerable success.
NORTH MALUKU: Pokmaswas Tanjung
Photo: DKP Maluku
Deko from Sula Islands received a longboat
with a 15 HP engine, a printer, a laptop, and an
underwater camera from MMAF Loka PSPL Sorong.
MALUKU: Mr Mutiin Gay, recipient of a boat grant from Maluku DKP
Pokmaswas Toha Putih from Pokmaswas Hena Berkarya Patrol logbook entries show that
Sawai received a patrol boat from Buano received two Mr. Mutiin Gay, the passionate
from the Vice Governor of radio communication sets from leader of Pokmaswas Toha
Maluku Province and won MMAF Minister Edhy Prabowo Putih and motivator for comm-
their village’s commitment and won a commitment from unity monitoring, has had his boat
to allocate community funds their Village Fund to review the wrecked by destructive fishers
for another motorboat and purchase of a longboat and fuel three times in under two years.
communication equipment. for operations. In a welcome response, Maluku
DKP provided a boat grant to
assist surveillance efforts.
WEST PAPUA:
Pokmaswas Knasaimos, Pokmaswas Kokoda from Pokmaswas Nusa Matan from
Mangewang, Udang, Siganoi, South Sorong received Fakfak received communication
and Metamani from South a longboat, an outboard and surveillance equipment and
Sorong received vests, engine, a set of binoculars, a dedicated radio frequency for
binoculars, digital cameras, cameras, and portable radios patrols from DKP West Papua
GPS units, and flashlights from to aid in surveillance activities and Diskominfo radio station. #
DKP West Papua. from MMAF through Loka
PSPL Sorong.
continued from page 19
As Pokmaswas Kie Ruru approached Rajawali Island (North Maluku) in March
2020, the sound of explosives detonating in the sea caught their attention instantly
and guided their craft until they could see the perpetrators in action. Keeping a safe
distance, the team immediately contacted the Water Police in South Halmahera. While
the Police crew launched their boat and headed towards the island, the Pokmaswas
continued to monitor and observe the destructive fishers to guide the police boat to an
intercept location.The Pokmaswas’ swift action, continued monitoring, and effective
communication, meant the police were able to arrest the bomb fishers and seize
evidence.The case is now going through the final stages of trial in court. #
20 | Talking SEA No. 6Incentives: markets, livelihoods, and tenure
INCENTIVIZING CHANGE
G
etting people to change to sustainable
practices can be hard. Providing
incentives — either positive or negative
— can have a big impact on the change process.
For example, a negative incentive to stop people
Markets for
from destructive fishing might be the provision
of increased law enforcement in an area (and
Sustainable Fisheries
F
the threat of legal recourse for individuals who
air Trade for fisheries is a certification
continue to operate illegally). A positive incentive
scheme intended to incentivize
for those same destructive fishers might be to
sustainable and equitable fishing
provide alternate gears or livelihoods to assist them
practices. To be certified by Fair Trade,
in changing their bad behaviors.
fishers need to commit to using sustainable
The USAID SEA Project provided three forms of methods to harvest and manage their
positive incentives to promote change: fisheries. In return, they are assured a
fair and reliable market price for their
(1) Markets for sustainable fisheries
products.
(2) Opportunities for alternative livelihoods
This arrangement ties sustainable management
(3) Increased security of tenure over marine to optimal earnings and protects the fishers
resources. against fluctuations in world market prices.
The end consumers of the fish pay a premium
Fisher Associations and Number of Members for the certified products in the knowledge
that their purchases are environmentally
sustainable and socially responsible.
The USAID SEA Project (with partners MDPI)
Doroici 28 Sinar Pulau
Tuna 38 Panjang
TOBELO implemented Fair Trade programs in six
28 31 34 key sites across North Maluku and Maluku.
Marimoi Sigaro The program involved 418 tuna fishers
Malaha who formed 16 fisher associations and
TERNATE
an oversight fisher committee. Through
Usaha these groups, all fishers learned and were
Laut required to meet the Fair Trade standards
related to sustainable resource management,
17 14 environment and biodiversity protection,
Samudra Tuna Beringin
Mandioli MANDIOLI Jaya Jaya fundamental human rights, empowerment
and community development, and sustainable
Tuna Bajo BISA 18 16 17 trade. As a result, fishers could access Fair
Sanana Trade markets with U.S. export companies.
Usaha
51 Tuna Sang Bersama Tuna They received improved rates for their
45 Jaya Bajo Parigi sustainably caught yields and benefited from
SANANA
Berkah 21 Pantura Parigi the Fair Trade Premium Fund, whereby grants
Tuna Parigi 18 15 15 indah totaling 1,199,405,500 IDR (approximately
PARIGI
USD 86,000) were provided to the fishers'
communities for sustainable development
activities. #
Talking SEA No. 6 | 21You can also read
