THE EFFICACY OF THE CERAMIC WATER PURIFIER FOR RURAL SIERRA LEONE - BY MIRIAM HANSEN MENG CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN COLLABORATION WITH PHD CANDIDATE ...
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The efficacy of the
Ceramic Water Purifier
for rural Sierra Leone
by Miriam Hansen
MEng Chemical Engineering
In collaboration with PhD candidate Ana Vieria and Dr. Blanca Andizar-Ladislao
Acknowledgements
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Aims and Objectives
i. Laboratory
ii. Ceramic Water Purifier Design
iii. Community Integration
3. Results and Discussion
4. Preliminary Conclusions
5. Further Work
Motivation • 5,000 children die daily across the world due to unsanitary water (WHO, 2005). • In Sierra Leone only 32% of the countries rural population have access to improved drinking water sources (UNICEF, 2004). • Achieving water purification in developing countries is a fundamental human right which so far has failed to be achieved (UNICEF and WHO 2004). References WHO and UNICEF (2005) Water for life: making it happen. France, WHO and UNICEF. UNICEF (2004) Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: A Mid Term Assessment of Progress. Geneva: WHO. UNICEF(2004) At a glance: Sierra Leone. http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/sierraleone_statistics.html
Motivation
The CWP Process
The Ceramic Water Purifier (CWP) was designed by Dr. Fernando
Mazariegos of the Central American Industrial Research Institute (ICAITI)
in Guatemala, in 1981.
Colloidal Ag
coating
Ceramic pores
< 2μm
Motivation
The CWP Process
The Ceramic Water Purifier using a TiO2 coating. Incorporating low energy, low
cost solutions with locally available resources.
Natural
Contaminated
UV-visible
Water
radiation
Colloidal
Colloidal Ag
coating filter
TiO2
coating
Ceramic0.2μm
pores
< 2μm
ceramic filter
Potable
Water
Motivation
DNA
damage
Cell wall,
DNA and
protein
damage
Adapted from: Wu L, Khraisheh M, Antizar-Ladislao B (2008), Investigation of the use of doped-TiO2 to water disinfection and decontamination.
Water and Sanitation in International Development and Disaster Relief, Proceedings of International Workshop, Edinburgh, 274
Motivation
“Development does not start with
goods; it starts with people and
their education, organisation and
discipline”
E.H.Schumacher
E.H,Schumacher, Small is Beautiful, USA1973
Aim and Objectives
AIM
Aim
To evaluate the potential of the CWP as a low cost, low energy water
treatment solution which uses local skills and materials for
sustainability in rural and peri-urban Sierra Leone.
Objectives
To investigate the ability of colloidal TiO2, a local resource in Sierra
Leone to remove organic contaminants under natural conditions.
To compare the ability of TiO2 and colloidal silver as filter pot coatings
in their ability to remove organic contaminants and pathogens.
To address the need of intermediate education and community
participation to ensure sustainability.
Method
• Collecting
water from
the River
Almond
Objective 1: Laboratory
Water
Samples
collected
places in
from the
brown
River
jars and
Almond.
stored at
4oC.
Method
The effect of TiO2/Ag on the
removal of organic
contaminants and pathogens
in water in the presence of
Objective 1: Laboratory
humic substances.
Environmental conditions:
Temperature, 26-310C
pH, 7
Natural light and darkness.
Humic substances:
Leonardite 40 mg l-1
Organic contaminant
Phenanthrene 0.8 mg l-1
Colloidal particles
TiO2, 10mg/l
Silver, 1.5mg/lMethod
The efficacy of TiO2 to remove PAH’s
Objective 1: Laboratory
River Water Ultra Pure Water Natural Light Darkness
L3 X X
L5 X X
D3 X X
D5 X XMethod
The efficacy of TiO2 to remove Humic substances
1.2
1
Objective 1: Laboratory
0.8
C/Co
0.6
D4
D8
0.4
L4
0.2 L8
0
0 24 48 72 96 120 144
Time (hours)
River Water Ultra Pure Water Natural Light Darkness
L4 X X
L8 X X
D4 X X
D8 X XMethod
The effect of TiO2/Ag on the
removal of organic
contaminants and pathogens
Objective 2: Ceramic Water
in water in presence of humic
substances, using CWP.
v
Leonardite
Purifier Design
Phenanthrene
E.Coli
TiO2
Ag
J=(1/A)*(dV/dt)Objective 3: Community Integration Method
Objective 3: Community Integration Method
Method
Interactive Learning:
Taking Science back to hands on
Objective 3: Community
E • Engage
E
• Explore
Integration
E • Explain
E • Elaborate
E • Evaluate
Roger Meacham, Headmaster, Dalmeny Primary School, Edinburgh in conjunction with Primary Connections,
AustraliaResults
Results: Intermediate Education
Objective 3: Community
IntegrationPreliminary Conclusions TiO2 is able to remove PAH’s though the current time of 72 hours is too long a residence time for the CWP. Preliminary trials making the filter showed that the mould needs to be of a very rigid, yet still locally available material. Heavy stones could be fashioned to provide the weight required for pressing and can be simulated using concrete weights in the lab. Preliminary work has proved that it is possible to communicate the science and engineering principles behind the CWP making intermediate education at a community level viable.
Further Work
Further Work
To test the performance of TiO2 as a ceramic
filter coating in its ability to remove organic
material and pathogens.
To investigate the effect of doping TiO2 in order
to reduce the residence time of the CWP.
To conduct field studies to investigate the
appropriateness of the technology and
technology integration potential in Sierra Leone.Thank you for your
attention
Miriam Hansen
School of Engineering
The University of Edinburgh
The Kings Buildings
Edinburgh EH9 3JL, Scotland
E-mail: M.L.Hansen@sms.ed.ac.uk
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